ljZjsf ax';ª\Vos hgtf cd]l/sfnfO{ zflGtsf] k|d'v zq' dfG5g\– gf]d rf]D:sL
gf]d
rf]D:sL nfdf] ;dob]lv lqmofzLn jfdkGyL /fhgLlt1, n]vs / efiff lj1fgsf k|fWofks
x'g\ .. jxf+sf ;+rf/ If]q, cd]l/sL ljb]z gLlt, cGt/f{li6«o dfdnf /
dfgjclwsf/ If]q;Fu ;DalGwt y'k|} k':tsx? k|sflzt ePsf 5g\ . jxf+sf kl5Nnf
k':tsx? …zlQm / cft+sÚ, tyf …dWok"j{sf e|dx?Ú x'g\ . O/fsdflysf]
cfqmd0f ljZjsf] jt{dfg /fhgLltsf] dxTjk"0f{ 36gf xf] . o;af/]df
cd]l/sL jfdkGyL ax'k|ltefzfnL JolQmTj gf]d rf]D:sLsf] wf/0ff g]kfnL kf7sx?nfO{
pko'Qm x'g]5 eGg] nfu]/ of] cGtjf{tf{ k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ . ut dfr{df 8]le8
jf;f{leofgåf/f lnOPsf] of] cGtjf{tf{ (Analytical Monthly Review)
Pglnl6sn
dGynL l/Eo"af6 lnOPsf] xf]–;+_
–
d o;nfO{ ut jif{ ;]K6]Da/df 3f]if0ff ul/Pem}+ s]jn If]qsf] dfq geP/ k"/}
ljZjel/ ;}GozlQm k|of]usf] dfGotf :yflkt ug{] k|of;sf ?kdf lng rfxG5' . ut
jif{ ;]K6]Da/df …cd]l/sfsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff /0fgLltÚ hf/L ul/Psf] lyof] .
To;df p;n] ;+;f/el/ an k|of]usf] cgf}7f] / pu| l;4fGt k|:t't u/]sf] lyof] .
clg of] s'/f a'‰g sl7g 5}g ls O/fsdflysf] cfqmd0fsf] xNnfvNnf To;;Fu g}
;DalGwt lyof] . ;fy} cd]l/sL sf+u|];leqsf] cleofgsf] k|f/De klg o;};+u
;DalGwt lyof] .
go+F l;4fGt cfqmfds o'4eGbf klg k|lt/IffTds o'4;DaGwL lyof] h'g cGt/f{li6«o
sfg"g cg's"n 5}g .. go+F l;4fGt zlQm k|of]uåf/f ;+;f/el/ zf;g
ug{] p2]Zodf cfwfl/t 5 . of] cd]l/sfnfO{ p;sf] bdg lj?4 s'g} r'gf}tL cfpg
nfu]df jf st} b]lvPdf / z+sf nfu]df Tof] cfpg' cufl8 g} lgld6\ofGg kfg{] clwsf/
k|fKt ug{' xf] .
/, olb s'g} alnof] /fi6«n] s'g} l;4fGt 3f]if0ff ug{'k¥of] eg] p;n] gofF
dfGotf l;h{gf ug{] Ifdtf /fV5g\ .. To:tf dfGotf :yflkt ug{ ;lhnf] pkfo
;a}eGbf sdhf]/ lgzfgfx? 5fg]/ dfgj Oltxf;s} 7"nf] ;}Go zlQm k|of]u u/L
To;nfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf k/flht ug{' xf] . / To;f] ug{ sd;]sd cfkm\g} b]zsf
hgtfnfO{ eolet agfpg' k5{ . To;sf/0f Tof] sdhf]/ lgzfgfnfO{ lj:dosf/L
cft+sdf abNg'k5{ . ut jif{ ;]K6]Da/sf] z'?lt/ ;2fd x';]g s]jn /fIf; dfq x}g
pgLx?sf] cl:tTjsf nflu ;d]t vt/f /x]sf] s'/f k|dfl0ft ug{ 7"nf] s;/t u/] /
cd]l/sf Pj+ ;+;f/nfO{ s]xL xb;Dd Tof] xf] ls eGg] kfg{ klg ;kmn eP .. /,
clxn] cfwfeGbf a9L cd]l/sL hg;+Vof x';]g ;]K6]Da/ !! sf08k|lt lhDd]jf/ lyof]
eGg] ljZjf; ub{5g\ .
oL ;a} s'/fx? Ps;fy cfp+5g\ . gof+ l;4fGt 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] 5 .
cd]l/sfn] cfkm\gf] an k|of]usf] dfGotf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . cd]l/sLx? kL8fdf
x]lnPsf 5g\ / s]xL cd]l/sfsf] cfTd/Iffsf] nflu ;}Go an k|of]uk|lt ;dy{g JoQm
ul//x]sf 5g\ . of] Jofks cfqmd0fx? lj:tf/ ug{] nIosf nflu lstfaL pbfx/0f
h:t} xf] .. klxn] ;/n dfdnf ;Dxfn]kl5 hl6n dfdnf ;DxfNg ;lhnf] x'G5 .
dflysf ;a} sf/0fx?n] ubf{ klg ;+;f/el/sf hgtfn] o'4sf] lj/f]w u/]sf x'g\ ..
To;sf/0f klg ;+;f/sf] 7"nf] hg;+Vofn] cd]l/sfnfO{ ljZjzflGtsf] zq'sf] ?kdf
lnG5g\ . hh{ a';n] Ps} jif{df cd]l/sfnfO{ cft+so'Qm, dg gkg{] / 3[0ff ug{
nfossf] b]zdf kl/0ft ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ .
xfdLn]
zflGt ¥ofnLx?df ‘t]nsf nflu /ut gr9fcf}++ eGg] Pp6f gf/f ;'Gof}+ ..
O/fsdflysf] cd]l/sfsf] cfqmd0f / x:tIf]ksf k5fl8 s] t]nsf] dfdnf g} k|d'v sf/0f
xf] < cd]l/sL /0fgLltsf] s]Gb|ljGb' t]n s;/L x'g;Snf <
–
of] låljwf/lxt d'Vo sf/0f xf] . dnfO{ nfU5 Pp6f ljj]sL dfG5]n] o;df låljwf
ln+b}g .. vf8L If]q ;+;f/s} d'Vo t]n pTkfbg If]q xf] . of] bf];|f]
ljZjo'4b]lv g} dflg+b} cfPsf] xf] . of] sd ;] sd csf{] k':tf;Dd /xg] cg'dfg
ul/Psf] 5 . of] ef}lts ;DklQ -/0fg}lts zlQm_ sf] eo+s/ 7"nf] ;|f]t xf] ..
/ O/fs Psbd o;sf] s]Gb|ljGb'df /x]sf] 5 . o;df ljZjsf bf];|f] 7"nf
t]nvfgLx? 5g\ . ;fy} of] ;lhn} pknAw / ;:tf] 5 . O/fsnfO{ lgoGq0fdf
lng'sf] cy{ t]nsf] d"No / pTkfbg tx lgwf{/0f ug{] alnof] l:yltnfO{
lgoGq0fdf lng' xf] . ;fy} cf]k]snfO{ cjd"Nog ub{} t]ndfkm{t ljZjel/
cfkm\gf] k|e'Tj lj:tf/ ug{' g} xf] . cd]l/sfsf] nIo s]jn t]n;Dd kx'+r
xf]Og, To;df lgoGq0f ug{' xf] . O/fs dWo]Plzof jf dWoclk|msf h:tf sd
vt/fk"0f{ If]qdf /x]sf] eP cd]l/sfn] x:tIf]k ug]{ vf;} k|of; ub{}gYof]
xf]nf .
cd]l/sfn]
sf]nlDaof, gfOh]l/of / e]g]h'onfaf6 t]n cfk"lt{ u5{ . oL ;a} /fi6«x?
cd]l/sfsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d:ofu|:t 5g\ . oL ;a} kIfx?af/] tkfO{nfO{ s] nfU5
<
– tL If]qx?df jf:tjdf cd]l/sfn] kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug{ rfx]sf] lyof] .
t/ dWok"j{df rflx+ lgoGq0f g} ug{ rfxG5 . pgLx?n] ;fj{hlgs u/] cg';f/
pgLx? dWok"j{df lgoGq0f ug{ rfxG5 / P6nflG6ssf] dflyNnf] efu / dfly tkfO{n]
pNn]v u/]sf b]zx?df kx'Fr lj:tf/ ug{ rfxG5 . t/ tL If]qdf lglZrGttfsf] cefj
Ps jf csf{] k|sf/n] c:tJo:t / To; If]qsf] ljz]if qf;n] O/fs h:t} csf{] 36gf x'g]
;Defjgf 5 . o;/L sfd u/]df lagf n8fOF, lagf ljklQ tyfslyt k|hftflGqs /fHo
:yfkgf ug{] k]G6fugsf] cfzf 5 . o;/L pgLx? ;kmn ePdf ltgLx? pTk|]l/t
x'g]5g\ / emg cufl8 a9\5g\ .
csf{]kl§, tkfO{ y'k|} ;Defjgfx? b]Vg ;Sg'x'G5 . tL dWo] lgZro g}
Pl08h If]q xf] . cd]l/sfsf ;}Go cfwf/x? oL If]q jl/k/L 5g\ . ;fy}
sf]nlDaof, e]g]h'onf, OSj]8/ / a|flhndf 5g\ . To;kl5 ltgLx?sf] k|lt/IffTds
o'4x?sf] cleofgsf] ;Defjgf 5 / To;kl5 O/fsdflysf] x:tIf]ksf] klg ;Defjgf 5 .
lgZro
g} O/fg–O/fsdflysf] o'4 l;l4Psf] ef]lnkN6 a';n] ‘zflGtsf] nflu dfG5]’
elgPsf :of/f]gn] O/fslj?4 hfg cd]l/sfnfO{ ;Nnfx lbPsf lyP . O/fgsf af/]df
s] xf] < b'i6x?sf] hdft gfdf+sg ul/Psf] /fHo h;;+u w]/} t]n 5 <
– hxfF;Dd Oh/fonl;tsf] ;DaGwsf] s'/f 5 . p;nfO{ O/fs slxNo} klg
7"nf] s'/f ePsf] 5}g .. t/ O/fgsf] k|;+u km/s
5 . O/fg cem a9L ;fdl/s / cfly{s zlQmk"0f{ /fi6« xf] . / w]/}
jif{b]lv Oh/fonn] O/fgdfly x:tIf]k ug{ cd]l/sfnfO{ bjfj lbO/x]sf] 5 .
O/fgdfly cfqmd0f ug{ Oh/fonnfO{ ufx|f] 5 To;sf/0f cfkm"eGbf 7"nf]nfO{
pm cfu|x ub{5 .
O/fsdflysf]
o'4 / x:tIf]kn] Kofn]l:6gLx?nfO{ s] cy{ /fVb5 <
– dxfF ljklQ .
zflGtsf
nflu /f]8Dofk xf]Og / <
– ljut kRrL;–tL; jif{b]lv Oh/fon, Kofn]li6gL /fhg}lts :yfloTjnfO{
;w}+ cj/f]w v8f u/]sf] 5 . h:t} ut l8;]Da/df h]?;]nfdk|ltsf] cfkm\gf] gLlt
a'; k|zf;gn] pN6\ofof] . ut l8;]Da/;Dd sd;]sd ;'/Iff kl/ifb\sf] Oh/fonnfO{
k"jL{ h]?;]nddf a:tLx? a;fNg], lj:tf/ ug{] / x:tIf]k ug{] gLltnfO{ ;}4flGts
?kdf ;dy{g u/]sf] lyof] . tL w]/}dWo]sf pbfx/0f x'g\ h;n] s'g}
cy{k"0f{ /fhg}lts :yfloTjsf] ;DefJotfnfO{ cjd"Nog ub{5g\ .
ut dWo dfr{lt/ a';n] c/a÷Oh/fonL ;d:ofaf/] dWok"j{ ;DaGwL cfkm\gf]
pNn]Vo 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP .. /f]8Dofkdf Pp6f jfSo /fd|f];Fu x]bf{ b]Vg'x'G5 .
h;} zflGt k|lqmof Pp6f laGb'df k'U5, Oh/fonn] cfkm\gf] gof+ j:tLx? lj:tf/
/f]Sg'k5{ . To;sf] dtna s] xf] < ha;Dd zflGt k|lqmof s'g} lglZrt ljGb'df
k'Ub}g h'g ;'b"/ 5, Tolta]nf;Dd cfkm\gf] j:tL lj:tf/ ug{ Oh/fonnfO{ 5'6 5 .
ToxL g} pgLx?sf] gLltdf kl/jt{g xf] . Toltv]/;Dd sd ;] sd cflwsfl/s ?kdf
u}/sfg"gL j:tL lj:tf/ /f]ls/x]sf] lyof] . t/ clxn] a'; To;sf] pN6f]
elg/x]5g\ . a:tL lj:tf/ u/ . xfdL To;sf] lx;falstfa u/f}+nf ..
xf], To;}sf/0f zflGt k|lqmofnfO{ / cGt/f{li6«o sfg"gnfO{ cjd"Nog ub{}
cd]l/sf cfkm\gf] gLltnfO{ cfwf/e"t ?kdf kl/jt{g ub{} emg\ cfqmfds x+'b}5 .
t/ To;nfO{ o;/L b]vfOPsf] 5}g . t/ To;sf zAbx?df x]g{'xf];\ t .
O/fsdflysf]
o'4sf lj?4 k|lt/f]w / lj/f]wsf] :j?knfO{ ‘ce"tk"j{ eg]/ JofVof
ug{'eof] .. Tof] k|lt/f]waf/] atfOlbgf];\ g <
– dnfO{ nfUb}g dfgjLo zlQmsf] k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . of]
hgtfn] lg0f{o u/] cg';f/ hfG5 . To;sf w]/} ;Defjgfx? 5g\ . of]
3gLe"t x'g'k5{ . sfdx? klxn]sf eGbf cem w]/} / a9L uDeL/ 5g\ .
csf{]tkm{ tL sl7g 5g\ . ;}Go cfqmd0fsf] lj/f]w dgf]j}1flgs ?kn] ;lhnf 5g\ .
t/ ;fd|fHosf] p2]Zosf] sfo{qmdnfO{ k|lt/f]w ug{ ufx|f] 5 . oL sfo{n] cem
a9L ljrf/, cem a9L Tofu, cem a9L bL3{sfnLg ;+nUgtf cfjZos 5 . 7Ls 5 d nfdf]
;do;Dd nfU5' / 7Ls 5 ef]ln k|bz{gdf hfG5' / ;fFem 3/ kms{G5' eGg]df km/s 5 .
s]
tkfO{ o"/f]k / k"jL{ Plzof cd]l/sflj/f]wL zlQmsf ?kdf s'g} ljGb'df
cfpnfg\ eGg]df ljZjf; ug'{x'G5 <
– ltgLx? k|s6 x'+b}5g\ . o;df låljwf 5}g ls o'/f]k / k"jL{ Plzof pQ/ cd]l/sfsf]
xf/fxf/Lsf cfly{s zlQmx? x'g\ / ltgLx?sf cfkm\g} :jfy{ 5g\ . ltgLx?sf :jfy{
s]jn cd]l/sL cfb]z k5\ofpg' dfq xf]Og .
cd]l/sfsf] o'/f]kk|lt ;+w}+ dxTjfsfª\IfL ;f]rfO 5 .
pm o'/f]knfO{ PsLs[t / ;xh ahf/sf] ?kdf /xf];\ eGg] rfxG5 . csf{]tkm{
o'/f]k csf{] lbzflt/ lx8\5 ls eGg] qf; ;d]t 5 . k"jL{ o'/f]ksf
b]zx?sf] o'/f]k]nL o'lgogdf k|j]zsf] k|;+u o;};+u ;DalGwt 5 . cd]l/sf
o'/f]ksf w]/} b]zx? cfkm\gf] k|efjdf /lx/x"g eGg] rfxG5 . ;fy} k|mfG;
/ hd{gLh:tf 7"nf–7"nf cf}Bf]lus /fi6«x? :jtGq lbzflt/ nfUnfg\ eGg]
lrGtf 5 . ;fy} o'/f]ksf] ;fdflhs ahf/ k|0ffnL h;n] plrt Hofnf, sfd ug{]
cj:yf / ;'ljwfx? k|bfg ub{5g\–nfO{ cd]l/sfn] nfdf] ;dob]lv 3[0ff ub{} cfPsf] 5 .
of] cd]l/sL k|0ffnLeGbf w]/} km/s 5 . cd]l/sLx? of] gd"gf rfxGgg\
lsgls Tof] ltgLx?nfO{ vt/gfs 5 . ;fy} cd]l/sfn] of] :ki6;+u pNn]v u/]sf] 5
ls sd Hofnf, >dzf]if0f / c? OToflb ePsf k"jL{ o'/f]k]nL b]zx?df kx+'r
a9fpg / klZrd o'/f]ksf] ;fdflhs / dhb"/sf] l:yltnfO{ cjd"Nog ug{ ;s]df
p;nfO{ w]/} kmfObf x'g]5 .
cd]l/sL
cy{tGqsf] lju|“bf] l:ylt / sfdbf/sf] a]/f]huf/L cem a9\bf] 5 . a';
k|zf;gn] :yfoL o'4 / c;+Vo /fi6«dfly x:tIf]k u/]/ kx/]bf/L kmf}hsf] /fi6«sf
?kdf s;/L yfDg ;Snf < ltgLx? o;nfO{ s;/L kf/ nufpnfg\ <
– ltgLx?n] o;/L c? ^ jif{;Dd cufl8 a9\g'kg{]5 . ltgLx? cd]l/sfleq
pRr:t/sf] k|ltlqmofjfbL sfo{qmdx? ;+:yfut ug{] cfzf /fVb5g\ . ltgLx?n]
cy{tGqnfO{ uDeL/ /fHodf kl/0ft ug{]5g\, eo+s/ 3f6f;lxt h;/L ltgn] ;g\ !(*) df
u/]sf lyP . clg of] ;ª\s6 6fNg] ;d:of c? s;}sf] x'g]5 . clxn] ltgLx?
;fdflhs sfo{qmdx?nfO{ cjd"Nog ub{}, k|hftGqnfO{ lgld6\ofGg kfb{}, h;nfO{
lgZro g} ltgLx? 3[0ff u5{g, lg0f{ox? ;fj{hlgs 3]/faf6 lgsfn]/ lghL If]qdf
k'¥ofp+b}5g\ .
/, ltgLx? o;/L cufl8 a9\g]5g\ ls ltgLx?nfO{ pDsg d'l:sn x'g]5 . ltgLx?n]
5f]8]sf] lj/f;t cToGt kL8fbfos / ufx|f] x'g]5 .. t/ of] clwsf+z dflg;x?sf
nflu x'g]5 .
cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf ltgLx?n] k|lt/Iff o'4 jf zlQm k|of]uåf/f ;fd|fHojfbL
bdgsf] l;4fGt ;+:yfut ug{] cfzf /fVb5g\ . cd]l/sfn] ;+;f/el/ ;a} b]zsf]
hf]8]/ eGbf a];L ;}Go vr{ ul//x]sf] 5 / of] Psbd vt/gfs lbzflt/ uO/x]sf] 5 .
ltgLx? cd]l/sL cy{tGq h]xf];\ dtna g/fv]/ hgtfnfO{ ltgLx? h] rfxG5g\, ToxL u/fpg
afWo kfg{ rfxG5g\ .
tL
tdfd zflGt sfod /fVg rfxg]x?nfO{ tkfO{+ s] eGg rfxg' x'G5 .. h;n] O/fsdfly
cltqmd0f /f]Sg e/dUb"/ k|oTg u/] / hf] clxn] l/; / ;fy;fy} b'Mv dflg/x]sf
5g\ <
– pgLx? j:t'jfbL x'g'kb{5 . pgLx?n] s'g} k|ult xfl;n ug{'cl3 slt
nfdf] ;+3if{ u/] t < tkfO{n] rfx]sf] h:tf] k|fKt ug{ ;Sg'ePg eg] ;Demg';\ cem
v/fa x'+b}5 . of] nfdf] / s7Lg ;+3if{ xf] . ;fy} s]xL dlxgfx?df ePsf
36gfx?nfO{ ;sf/fTds ?kdf x]g{'kb{5 . of] zflGt / Gofok"0f{ cfGbf]ngsf]
ljsf; / lj:tf/sf nflu cfwf/ agfOPsf] xf] / of] cem a9L sl7g :t/df a[l4 x'g]5 .
/ of] o;/L g} hfg]5 . of] Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g .