PSsfO;f}+} ztfAbLsf] hgo'4 /
k|r08ky
cgGt
æqmflGt / k|ltqmflGtsf k|r'/ cg'eax?4f/f ;d[4
laZj ;a{xf/f cfGbf]ngsf] a}1flgs ;+Zn]if0f ub}{ lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] lbzfdf cufl8
a9\g' dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfbsf lzIFfsf] d"ne"t ;f/tTj xf] .Æ
— cWoIF s= k|r08
-Oltxf;sf cg'ej / @! cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf]
ljsf;jf/]_
e"ldsfM
qmflGt / k|ltqmflGtsf lazfntd Hjf/ef6fsf]
aLraf6 @)cf}+ ztfAbL labf ePsf] 5 eg] dfgj ;Eotfsf] ljsf;sf c;Lldt ;+efjgfx?
;lxt @!cf}+ ztfAbL xfdL;+u 5 . @)cf} ztfAbLdf ljZj dfgj ;d'bfon] b'O{
cf]6f ljgfzsf/L dxfo'4 / c;+Vo ;fgf–7"nf IF]qLo o'4x?sf] ;fdgf
u/\of] . To;/L g} zf]ifs, pTkL8s ju{sf] :ju{df wfjf af]Nb} >dhLjL
ju{sf] ljrf/wf/f dfS;{jfbsf] cg';Gwfgsf] hudf v8f eP/ ljZjsf] ^ efudf Ps efu
e"–v08dfly >dhLjL ju{n] ?;L cS6'a/ qmflGtåf/f o;} ztfAbLdf laho xfl;n
u/\of] . ;fy} @@ aif]{ u[xo'4 / /fli6«o d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] nfdf] cleofgdf
rLlgof“ qmflGtn] lahosf] 9f]sf v6\v6fof] . Oltxf;df g} ce"tk"a{
dxfgtd\ qmflGtx? ;kmn eP, dxfg\ k|ltefx?sf] hGd eof], cb\e"t sfo{x? eP /
TolQs} v+'vf/ tfgfzfxL zf;s / /QmkLkf;' vngfosx?sf] klg hGd o;} ztfAbLdf
eof] . ;dfhjfbL, hgjfbL / /fli6«o d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf lazfn Hjf/x? klg v8f eP
/ Ps ;dosf >dhLlj hgtfsf lazfn cf:yfsf w/f]x/ ?;, rLg nufotsf qmflGtsf
df]8]nx? klg o;} ztfAbLdf 9n]sf 5g\ . of] s;/L ;+ea eof] < o;dfly c;+Vo
zf]w / cWoogx? e};s]sf 5g\ / x'g] qmd hf/L 5, ;fy} /xg] 5 . o;} k|ZgnfO{,
k"+hLjfbL ;fd|fHojfbLx?n] ;fDojfbsf] c;fGble{stfdf laZn]if0f u/] eg]
;+zf]wgjfbL, lg/fzfjfbL / knfogjfbLx?n] la;h{gjfbsf] sf]0faf6 a'em] . t/,
qmflGtsf/Lx?n] eg] IFl0fs c;kmntf / u+eL/ kf7sf] ?kdf a'em]sf 5g\ .
;a{xf/fau{n] uNtL sxf“lg/ u/\of] < o;sf] ;xL lgSof}{naf6 >dhLjL au{nfO{
Oltxf;sf] ck/fh]o zlQmdf abNg ljrf/ / Aoaxf/sf] If]qdf ljZj ;a{xf/f au{
nfluk/]sf] 5 . o;} dxfg\ cleofgdf ef/t, k]?, lkmlnlkG;, 6sL{, O/fg nufotsf
sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/Lx?;+u} xfd|f] kf6L{ g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_, hgd'lQm ;]gf /
g]kfnL hgtf ut cf7 aif{b]lv hgo'4sf] d}bfgdf 5g\ . xfd|f] kf6L{n] cfhsf]
;fd|fHojfb / ;a{xf/f qmflGtsf] o'udf hgo'4sf] aLraf6 ljZj qmflGt / k|ltqmflGtsf
lzIffx?sf] ;f/ lvRb} dfn]dfjfbdf gof“ of]ubfg / ;d[l4 ug]{ sfo{ u/]sf] 5 .
h;sf] ;+Zn]if0f k|r08kysf] ?kdf e}O;s]sf] 5 / a}1flgs l;4fGt k|r08kysf] qmflGtsf/L
Aoaxf/df k|of]uaf6 yk ljsf; æ@!cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf;Æ sf] ?kdf ePsf]
5 . o;sf] bz{g, /fhg}lts cy{zf:q, j}1flgs ;dfhjfb / To;sf leGgf–leGg}
cjojx?df ljzb cg';Gwfg / AofVof klg e};s]sf 5g\ / x'g] qmd hf/L 5 . o;
/rgfdf, k|r08kyn] cf7 aif{sf] dxfg\ hgo'4df cfh{g u/]sf] 1fgsf] zfvf j}1flgs
;dfhjfbsf] Pp6f c+u ;}Go lj1fgsf] If]qdf k|r08kysf df}lns of]ubfg /
ljz]iftfaf/] ;+lIfKt rrf{ ul/g] 5 .
cfhsf] ;fd|fHojfb / ;}Go ljz]iftfM
;fd|fHojfbsf] cfly{s / /fhgLlts laz]iftfsf]
af/]df dxfg\ n]lggn] eGg'ePsf] 5– æ;fd|fHojfb ljQLo k"‘hL / Psflwsf/sf]
o'u xf]; h;n] x/]s
If]qdf :jtGqtfsf] k|of;nfO{ xf]Og\ a? k|e'Tj :yflkt ug]{ k|oTgsf] hGd
lbG5 .Æ@ / æ/fhgLlts b[li6n] ;fd|fHojfb cfd?kdf lx+;f tyf
k|ltlqmofjfbsf] lbzfdf Ps k|of; x'g] ub{5 .Æ ;fy} n]lggn] ;fd|fHojfbnfO{
k"+hLjfbsf] r/d / d/0ff;Gg ca:yf tyf æ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] k"j{ ca:yfÆ#
klg eGg'ePsf] 5 . pklgj]z, cw{pklgj]zsf] la:tf/, cf}Bf]lus tyf ljQLo
k"+hLsf] lgof{t, ljZjsf] efua08f / To;sf]nflu an k|of]u Pj+ ;}Go k|e'Tj
;fd|fHojfbsf] cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;}Go laz]iftf x'g] laZn]if0f k|:t't ug'{ ePsf]
lyof] . To;dfly, s= dfcf]sf] gf]s/zfxL tyf bnfn k"+hLjfbsf] ljsf; /
To;sf] laZn]if0f cfwf/e"t ?kn] ;xL 5g\ . ;fy}}, ;fd|fHojfbn] pTkLl8t
/fi6«sf k|ltlqmofjfbL zf;s ju{nfO{ bnfnsf] ?kdf pkof]u u/L Toxf“sf hgtfsf]
zf]if0f, pTkL8g ug]{, To; b]zsf] cy{tGqnfO{ cfkm\gf] c+usf] ?kdf k|of]u ug]{,
sRrfkbfy{ / ;:tf] >dsf] n"64f/f cs"t gfkmf cfh{g ug]{ / Toxf“sf
hgtf dfly /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;}lgs / ;f“:s[lts pTkL8g / bdgnfO{ k/fsfi7fdf
k'¥ofpg] Pj+ kl/0ffddf Plzof, Nofl6g cd]l/sf / clk|msf /fli6«o hgjfbL qmflGtsf]
t'kmfgL s]Gb| aGg] s= dfcf]sf] laZn]if0f clxn] klg cToGt} ;fGble{s 5 .
o;/L g} n]lggsf] ;fd|fHojfb / ;a{xf/f qmflGtsf] o'usf] AofVof Pj+ s= dfcf]n]
;fd|fHojfb / pTkLl8t /fi6« aLr cGt/lj/f]wsf] ;xL klxrfgaf6 lgsfNg' ePsf]
lgisif{ ljZjsf] d"n k|j[lQ qmflGt xf] eGg] k|:yfjgf klg TolQs} j}1flgs
5 .
cfh
ljZjdf, Psflt/ ljQLo k"+hLsf] jf]njfnf / clt s]lGb|s/0f 5 eg] csf]{lt/
c;dfg cfo lat/0f, c;dfg ljsf;, j]/f]huf/L, wgL / u/La aLrsf] lazfn vf8n v8f
ePsf] 5 . :jo+ ;fd|fHojfbLx?sf] tYofÍn] atfp5– æljZjsf] s]an !% k|ltzt
hg;+Vof /x]sf wgL b]zx? *) k|ltzt ljZj ;Dkbfsf] dflns ag]sf 5g\ eg] ljZjsf] *%
k|ltzt hg;+Vofsf] xftdf s]an @) k|ltzt ;Dkbf /x]sf]Æ 5 . To;/L g} æljZjsf
@ c/a %) s/f]8 dflg;x? eofgs u/LaLsf] lzsf/ ag]sf 5g\ . ! c/a dflg;x?
lg/k]If u/LaLsf] /]vfd'lg lylrP/ t8\lk/x]sf 5g\ .Æ$ o;n]
a]/f]huf/L, u/LaL, cfqmf]z / c/fhstf Pj+ ljb|f]xnfO{ Ps ;fy hGd lbPsf] 5 .
!(*)
sf] bzs kl5 lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; d"nt: On]S6«f]lgs / ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] If]qdf
ePsf] ce"tk"a{ ljsf;n] ljZjnfO{ Pp6f ufp“sf] ?kdf ;f“u'/f] agfPsf]
5 . cltdxfzlQmx? aLrsf] cfk;L åGb s} aLrdf ?;L ;fdflhs ;fd|fHojfbsf] ktgn]
cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] æPs ljZj, Ps ;fd|fHoÆ sf] Ps w|'aLo slyt ægof“ ljZj
Aoa:yfÆ sf] gf/f cGtu{t Psflwsf/L k"+hLjfbL ;fd|fHojfbL ækmf;LjfbnfO{Æ
æe"–d08nLs/0fÆ / æpbf/Ls/0fÆ sf] hfdf klx/fP/ ljZjJofkL ;}lgs x:tIf]k,
;}Go cv8fsf] la:tf/, cfly{s ;Dkbfdflysf] bf]xg / To;sf lj?4 p7\g] ;fgf] eGbf
;fgf] cfqmf]z, la/f]w / lab|f]xnfO{ lgd{d 9+un] bdgdf cleAoQm ePsf] 5 .
;f/fsf ;f/f ljZj ;Dkbf dflysf] cd]l/sL lu4] b[li6, k"a{ ;f]leot ;+3sf
ahf/x? afNsg If]q, vf8L If]qsf t]nvfgLsf] nflu k"j{ o'uf]:nfleof,
ckmuflg:tfg, O/fs;Ddsf v'gL cfqmd0fx? o;sf gd'gf x'g\ . a:t't: cfhsf] ;fd|fHojfb ljz]iftM
cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb ljZj j}+s, cGt//fli6«o d'b|fsf]if, h:tf 7"n–7"nf
a}+s / cfly{s k|lti7fgsf] dfWodaf6 ljQLo k"+hLsf] lgof{t, ljZjJofkL
;'bvf]/L, cfd ljgfzsf/L xltof/sf] ljqmL, t];|f] ljZjsf] k|fs[lts ;Dkbf / ;:tf]
>dsf] gfËf] n"6af6 af“r]sf] 5 . o;sf/0f cfh cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb
ljZjel/sf dhb"/, ls;fg tyf pTkLl8t hfltx?sf] Ps gDa/sf] b'Zdg ePsf]
5 .
;fd|fHojfbLx?
aLrdf cfh oxL n"6sf] /fHodfly /hfO“ ug]{ efu a08fsf] n8fO{ rs{b} uPsf]
5 . O/fs o'4df b]lvPsf] cd]l/sf;“u hd{gL, k|mfG; / ?; aLr v'Nnf 6Ss/ o;sf]
pbfx/0f xf] . o;n] ;fd|fHojfbsf] clgjfo{ laz]iftf cg';f/ ljZj o'4 / If]qLo
o'4x?sf] ;+s]t ub{5 . To;/L g} cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] v'Nnf n"6 /
gfËf] bfbflu/L lj?4 t];|f] ljZj / Toxf“sf hgtfsf] lj/f]w Pj+ :jod ;fd|fHojfbL
b]zsf hgtfsf] lazfn cfqmf]zn] ljZj qmflGtsf] klg :ki6 ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 .
dfS;{jfbn] cfly{s cfwf/df /fhgLlt l6Sg] / /fhgLltsf] leGg ?k o'4 x'g] tYonfO{
w}/} cufl8 AofVof ul/;s]sf] 5 . ;fd|fHojfbL n"6sf] /fhgLlt / To;sf]
nflu ul/g] o'4x? af/]– ;g\ 1833 df "on war" eGg] k':tsdf k|lzog ;}Go /0fgLlt1 Snfhljh ( Karl marie von clause
witz ) n] o'4sf]
af/]df eg]sf lyP–æo'4 leGg t/Lsfn] /fhgLltsf] hf/L ?k xf] .Æ(war is the
continuation of politics by other means.) eGg] egfOsf] zfgbf/ k'li6 ePsf] 5 .
cd]l/sfn] cfly{s ?kn] ljZj ;Dkbf n"6\g, ;}lgs ?kn] ;fd|fHojfbL
k|ltålGåx?nfO{ 3]/faGbL ug{ / /fhgLlts ?kn] ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL hg cfqmf]z,
lj/f]w, ljb|f]x / qmflGtnfO{ /f]Sg / lgdf]7\g ;+;f/ e/L cfkm\gf] ;}Go an t}gfy
u/]sf] 5 . Ps l/kf]6{ cg';f/, cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbn] ljZjsf] æ#(% :yfgdf
;}lgs cv8fÆ% /fv]sf] 5, æ% nfv eGbf abL ;]gfÆ -O/fsdf afx]s_, æ*,)))
eGbf a9L k/df0f' xltof/Æ, æsDtLdf @@,))) cGo c0f' xltof/,Æ^ t];|f]
ljZjdf y'kf/]sf] 5 . ljZjsf] % k|ltzt hg;+Vof ePsf] b]zn] cfkm\gf u7aGwg
;lxt ^@=#^ k|ltzt ljZjsf] ;}lgs ah]6df vr{ ub{5 . k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf] h+uL
a]8f xf];\ jf c/a ;fu/sf] ;}Go cv8f, rfx] ckmuflg:tfgsf] pRr ;fdl/s e"ld
dfly sAhf cyjf afNsg If]q, s'a]t, O/fs, ;fpbL c/]ljofsf] ;}Go hTyfaGbL, blIf0f
Plzofdf lu4] b[li6 / rnv]n ;a} g} cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] Plzof, clk|msf, Nofl6g
cd]l/sfsf] qmflGtnfO{ bafpg], Toxf“sf] k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] bf]xg ug]{, ;fd|fHojfbL
k|ltikwL{x?nfO{ 3]/faGbL ug]{, Pj+ cfkm\gf] gof“–gof“ k|efa If]q lj:tf/ ug]{
cltdxfzlQm dxTjfsf“Iffaf6 clek|]l/t 5g\ . o;af6 ;fd|fHojfbsf] gof“ /0fgLlt
æpbf/Ls/0fÆ, æe"–d08nLs/0fÆ / æljZj ;}GoLs/0fÆ aGg uPsf] 5 . o;n]
ljZj o'4 / ljZj qmflGtnfO{ cfdg]–;fdg] pEofPsf] 5 .
;fd|fHojfb
laz]iftM cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] cfly{s, /fhgLlts / kmf}hL /0fgLltsf]
ljZn]if0faf6 xfd|f] kf6L{n] ljZjdf lgDg $ cfwf/e"t cGt/lj/f]w /x]sf] 7x/
u/]sf] 5–
!– >d / k"+hLsf] cGt/lj/f]wsf] ?kdf
k"+hLklt au{ / ;a{xf/f au{ aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]w .
@– cGt/ ;fd|fHojfbL cGt/lj/f]w .
#– ;fd|fHojfb / pTkLl8t /fi6« Pj+ hgtf aLrsf]
cGt/lj/f]w .
$– k"“hLjfbL Aoa:yf / ;dfhjfbL Aoa:yf
aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]w .
o; dWo]
;fd|fHojfb / pTkLl8t /fi6« Pj+ hgtf aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]w g} ljZjsf] k|wfg
cGt/lj/f]w xf] .& cfhsf] b'lgof“df t];|f] ljZjdf x'g]
;fgf]eGbf ;fgf] 36\gf, ljb|f]x jf qmflGtn] ;f]em} ;fd|fHojfb;‘u 6Ss/ lng
clgjfo{ ag]sf] 5 . o;n] ;fd|fHo;‘u cfTd;dk{0f ug]{, 5Ng vf]Hg] jf 3'dfp/f]
af6f] /f]Hg] cfTd;dk{jfb, sfo/tf jf blIf0fk+yL ;+zf]wgjfb ljZj sDo'lgi6
cfGbf]ngdf d'Vo cfTdut ;d:of ePsf] 5 eg] ;fd|fHojfbsf] ljZjAofkL /0fgLlt,
pTkfbs zlQmdf ePsf] cfZro{hgs ljsf;, pTkfbgsf] ;fdflhs :j?kdf tLa|tf h:tf
;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kxn'sf] laZn]if0f lagf cufl8 a9\g vf]Hg] k|a[lQ
h8;"qLo ;+zf]wgjfbL k|a[lQ klg TolQs} vt/gfs 5 . o;af6 @)cf}+
ztfAbLsf dxfg\ ?;L / rLlgof“ qmflGtsf] w/f]x/nfO{ cem ;d[4 ug]{ / k|ltqmflGtsf
gsf/fTds kl/36gfaf6 ;a{xf/f au{n] u+eL/ lzIff lng / cfkm\gf] /0fgLlt /
sfo{gLltdf ljsf; / ;d[4 ug{ cfaZos ag]sf] xf] . o;sf] AofVof ub}{ k|r08kyn]
eg]sf] 5– ækl/l:yltsf] of] ljsf;n] aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] c;Lsf] bzs kl5 qmflGtsf
df]8]n ;DaGwL k|rlnt wf/0ffdf dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g cfPsf] s'/f :ki6 x'G5, cfh
bL3{sfnLg hgo'4df ;z:q ljb|f]x / ;z:q ljb|f]xdf bL3{sfnLg hgo'4sf /0fgLltx?sf]
gof“ ;+of]hg clgjfo{ aGg uPsf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] ;+of]hg lagf cfh ljZjsf
s'g} klg b]zdf ;Rrf qmflGt c;+ea 5 ."*
o;/L,
æe"–d08nLoÆ kmf}hL, cfly{s / /fhgLlts x:tIf]ksf] ljz]iftf ;fd|fHojfbsf]
ag]sf] 5 / ;a{xf/f au{sf] klg PsLs[t / ;dGjofTds k|lt/f]w ( Unified &
Co-ordinated offence ) h?/L
ag]sf] 5 .
k|r08ky / g]kfnL qmflGtsf] df}lnstfM
s=dfcf]sf] lgwg / rLg nufot ljZjel/
k|ltqmflGtsf] nx/, k]?sf] qmflGtn] vfPsf] wSsf / /fli6«o d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf]
dGbtf Pj+ cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] slyt ægof“ ljZj Aoa:yfÆ, Ps w|'aLo cfly{s / ;}lgs
k|e'Tjsf] jf]njfnf ePsf] ;dodf g]kfnL qmflGtsf] em08f p7fOPsf] lyof] . cfh
Ps w|'jLo ljZj Aoa:yf qmdzM cGt/;fd|fHojfbL cGt/lj/f]wsf] a[l4;‘u} ax' w|'aLo
ljZjsf] ;+s]t, ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL ljZjAofkL hgdtsf] a[l4, ;fd|fHojfbL pTkL8g,
k|e'Tj / zf]if0fsf] lgd{dtf / To;sf lj?4 ljZj ;a{xf/f au{ / pTkLl8t hgtfsf]
ljb|f]xsf lemNsfx?n] t'ngfTds cg's"n kl/l:yltsf] lgdf0f{ ePsf] 5 .
o;} a:t'ut / cfTdut l:yltsf] aLrdf g]kfnL qmflGt / g]kfnL hgtfn] ljb|f]xsf]
em08f p7fPsf] * aif{ k'Ub} 5 . g]kfnL hgo'4 cfkm\gf] ljlzi6tf, df}lnstf,
eAotf / ljZjAofkstfsf ;fy ;fd|fHojfb d"ntM cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb;‘u
cfdg]–;fdg] aGg cfPsf] 5 . lgZro klg ljZj ;a{xf/f qmflGtsf] dGbtf /
;fd|fHojfbsf] PstkmL{ k|e'Tj (Hegemoney) / babafsf] aLrdf g]kfnL qmflGt /fhg}lts / kmf}hL ?kn] /0fg}lts ;Gt'ngdf
cfpg ;Sg'df s]xL df}lnstf / j}1flgstfn] sfd u/]sf] 5 .
j}rfl/s
?kn] g]kfnL qmflGtn] blIf0fk+yL ;+zf]wgjfb, ;'wf/jfb / ;+;bjfbsf lj?4 nfdf]
;+3if{ u/]sf] 5 . dfS;{jfbsf ;fa{ef}d l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{ / o;nfO{
lghL{a a:t'sf] ?kdf a'em\g] eGbf klg ultzLn / ljsf;zLn ;hLa dfu{bz{ssf]] ?kdf
a'em\g] qmflGtsf/L åGbjfbnfO{ u|x0f ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} /fli6«o /
cGt/f{li6«o :t/df JofKt h8;"qLo ;+zf]wgjfb;“u nfdf] ;+3if{af6 xfd|f] kf6L{
u'lh|Psf] 5 . o;n] cfhsf] ljZj ;fd|fHojfbsf ljz]iftfx?, qmflGtsf :j?kx? /
gof“ /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltsf] ljsf; ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . oL g} cfhsf] g]kfnL
hgo'4sf] ljsf; / ;kmntfsf d"n sf/s x'g\ .
s=
dfcf] eGg'x'G5– æljrf/wf/fTds / /fhgLlts sfo{lbzf ;xL jf unt x'g'n] ;a} s'/fsf]
km};nf ub{5 . olb of] ;xL 5 eg] ;a} s'/f xfl;n x'G5g\ / of] unt ePdf xfl;n
ePsf ;a} s'/f klg u'D5g\ .Æ % s= dfcf]sf] of] k|:yfkgf g]kfnL
hgo'4sf] xsdf cToGt} ;fGble{s ag]sf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljZn]if0f,
qmflGtsf] sfo{lbzf lgdf{0f, hgo'4sf] P]ltxfl;s yfngL, ju{ ;+3if{ / b'O{ nfOg
;+3if{df cGt/lj/f]wx?sf] ;xL ;+rfng, bL3{sfnLg hgo'4sf] laz]iftf cg';f/
cfwf/e"t hg;d'bfo, u|fdL0f Onfsfx?df sfdsf] s]Gb|Ls/0f, ;+u7gsf] d'Vo ?k
;]gf, ;+3if{sf] d'Vo ?k o'4, ;fgf–ltgf 5fkfdf/ sfjf{xL / s]lGb|t xdnfx?,
b]zAofkL 5fkfdf/ ;+3if{ / lglZrt /0fg}lts Onfsfdf sfdnfO{ s]Gb|Ls/0f, b]zAofkL
;+3if{, wSsfd"ns s]lGb|t xdnf / zx/Lof dhb"/, laBfyL{, j'l4hLlj
aLrsf] sfd, k|rf/fTds sfo{ / ljb|f]xsf] /0fgLlt cGtu{t b]zAofkL cfd x8tfn, aGb
cflbaf6 ljb|f]xsf] l/x;{n Ps ;fy cufl8 a9fOof] . h;n] gof“ qmflGtsf/L
Aoaxf/sf ;fy dfn]dfjfbsf] 1fg e08f/nfO{ ;d[4 ub}{ k|r08kysf] ;+Zn]if0f ePsf]
5 . k|r08kyn] dfn]dfjfbsf] tLg ;+36s c+u bz{g, /fhgLlts cy{zf:q / j}1flgs
;dfhjfbsf] If]qdf ;d[l4 / ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . ;}Go lj1fgsf] If]qdf / ;du|df
;a{xf/f tyf hgjfbL qmflGtsf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltdf ljsf; ub}{ ;z:q cfd ljb|f]x /
bL3{sfnLg hgo'4sf] Ps–cfk;df ;+of]hgsf] l;4fGt dfn]dfjfbdf gof“ of]ubfg /
;fj{ef}d aGg] lbzfdf cl3 a9]sf] 5 . k|r08kysf] of] l;4fGtnfO{ ;dfof]hgsf]
!) sfo{gLlts l;4fGtn] zfgbf/ cleAoQm u/]sf] 5 M(
!– ufp“sf] sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf b]pm, t/ zx/sf]
sfdnfO{ klg g5f]8 .
@– cj}wflgs ;+3if{nfO{ k|fyldstf b]pm, t/
j}wflgs ;+3if{nfO{ klg g5f]8 .
#– lglZrt /0fgLlts Onfsfx?nfO{ k|fyldstf
b]pm, t/ cGo Onfsfx?nfO{ klg g5f]8 .
$– o'4sf] sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf b]pm, t/
hgcfGbf]ngsf] sfd klg g5f]8 .
%– e"ldut sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf b]pm, t/
v'Nnf sfd klg g5f]8 .
^– u|fdL0f ju{ ;+3if{nfO{ k|fyldstf b]pm, t/
b]zAofkL ;+3if{nfO{ klg g5f]8 .
&– 5fkfdf/ sfd sfjf{xLnfO{ k|fyldstf
b]pm, t/ /fhgLlts e08fkmf]/ / k|rf/sf] sfdnfO{ klg g5f]8 .
*– b]z leqsf] k|rf/sf] sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf
b]pm, t/ ljZjAofkL k|rf/sf] sfdnfO{ klg g5f]8 .
(– ;}Go ;+u7g lgdf{0fsf] sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf
b]pm, t/ df]rf{ ;+u7gx? lgdf{0fsf] sfdnfO{ klg g5f]8 .
!)– cfkm\g} ;+u7g / zlQmdf e/ kg]{ s'/fnfO{
k|fyldstf b]pm, t/ sfo{ut Pstf, cGt//fli6«o hgdtsf] ;xof]u / ;dy{g lng]
s'/fnfO{ klg g5f]8 .
;+If]kdf,
g]kfnL hgo'4sf] df}lnstfnfO{ lgDg a'“bfdf rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5 . klxnf]df,
æ/fhgLlts sfo{lbzf ;xL x'g'n] ;a rLhsf] km};nf u5{Æ eGg] cjwf/0ffsf] cfwf/df
;xL sfo{lbzf lgdf{0fdf hf]8 / To;åf/f nfvf}–nfv hg;d"xnfO{ k|lzlIft,
;+ul7t / cfGbf]lnt ul/g' . bf];|f]df, dfn]dfjfbnfO{ dfu{ lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf]
?kdf :jLsfb}{ æhgtf g} Oltxf;sf lgdf{tf x'g\Æ eGg] k|:yfg ljGb"df b[9 /xb}
cl3–kl5, bfof“– afof“ ug{ tof/ /xg' . t];|f]df, hgo'4sf] P]ltxfl;s yfngL
cfkm\g} df}lnstf / eAotf ;fy wSsfd"ns / ljb|f]xfTds ( Rebellion ) 9+un] b]zAofkL ?kdf ul/g' .
rf}+yf]df, ljb|f]xnfO{ ;'?jftaf6} /fhg}lts ;Qfsf] k|Zgdf s]lGb|t ug'{ .
kf“rf}df, juL{o ?kdf ;fdGt, bnfn tyf gf]s/zfxL k"‘hLklt ju{dfly / To;sf]
;+/Ifs ;fd|fHojfbdfly d'Vo k|xf/ s]lGb|t ul/g' . 5}7f}+df, ;+u7gsf] d'Vo
?k ;]gf / ;+3if{sf] d'Vo ?k o'4df ;a} rLhnfO{ s]lGb|t / kl/rfng ul/g' .
;ftf}+df, :yfgLo hg;Qf / cfwf/ Onfsfsf] k|ZgnfO{ cfwf/e"t dfGb}
hgljb|f]xsf] tof/Lsf] lg/Gt/ cEof; / s]Gb|Lo /fhgLlts x:tIf]k hf/L /fVg', h;sf]
pbfx/0f, b'O{ k6ssf] o'4 la/fd / aftf{ g} k|of{Kt 5 . cf7f}+df, kmf}hL
?kn] ljrf/ / dflg;nfO{ klxnf] :yfg Pj+ xltof/ / ;fwgnfO{ ;xfos :yfgdf /fvL
To;sf] åGbfTds 9+un] ;xL kl/rfng ug{ ;Sg' . gjf}+df, Oltxf;df an k|of]usf]
clgjfo{ e"ldsfnfO{ :jLsf/ / qmflGtsf/L lx+;f4f/f /fHo;Qfdfly
x:tIf]ksf]nflu hglbzfsf] k|of]u, h; cGt/ut nfvf}+–nfv hgtfsf] hgldlnlzof
lgdf{0f u/L ;z:q hgcfGbf]ng lgdf{0fdf hf]8 . bzf}+df, k|fljlws ?kdf sd;n
k|ljlw ( Low tech ) sf]
(High
tech ) pRr k|ljlw
dfly dfqf af6 u'0f / dfgjLo ;fx; Pj+ hgtfsf] kxnsbdLaf6 >]i7tf xfl;n
ul/g' . P3f/f}+df, cfqmd0f / /Iff, s]lGb|s/0f / ljs]lGb|s/0fsf] j}1flgs
k|of]u ul/g', afx|f}df, ;du| hgo'4sf] ;xL k|of]u tyf xltof/ / k|ljlwsf]
;fd|fHojfbL–k|ltlqmofjfbLx?sf] o'4nfO{ (Total peoples war ) ljrf/, dgf]an / hgtfsf] o'4sf] tl/sfåf/f
* aif{sf] g]kfnL hgo'4n] ;fk]lIfs >]i7tf / laho xfl;n u/]sf] 5, of] g},
g]kfnL hgo'4sf] d"n df}lnstf xf] .
@!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] hg;]gf af/]M
Oltxf;df
;a{xf/f ju{ / ;j{xf/f g]t[Tjn] u/]sf] uNtLaf6 l;Sb} @!cf}+ ztfAbLnfO{
ljZj–qmflGtsf] ztfAbL agfpg] ;kgf k|r08kyn] b]v]sf] 5 . dxfg\ ?;L /
rLlgof“ qmflGtx?, lazfn hg;]gf / ;a{xf/f /fHo;Qfx? cfh Oltxf; alg;s]sf
5g\ . o;sf] cy{ tL dfGotf c;fGble{s eP < o; k|sf/sf]
;fd|fHojfbL–k|ltlqmofjfbL / Oltxf; lgdf{0fsf] dxfcleofgaf6 ljrlnt ePsf ;+zf]wgjfbL
gfOs]x?sf] h:t} c;+easf] gsf/fTds hjfkm ;a{xf/f ju{ / To;sf] kf6L{sf] x'g}
;Sb}}g . oBlk, s] s'/fdf xfdL u+eL/ 5f}+ eg] Oltxf;df ;a{xf/f au{, ;a{xf/f
/fHo;Qf, ;a{xf/fjfbL kf6L{ / ;a{xf/f hg;]gf k6s–k6s k/fhLt aGg ;S5 . tfklg
cfkm\gf uNtLx? / cg'easf ckof{KttfnfO{ :jLsfb}{ lg/Gt/ k|oTgzLn aGg}
kb{5 . Oltxf;n] ljZj ;a{xf/f ju{nfO{ 7Ls ToxL cfTd;dLIffsf] ljGb'df
pEofPsf] 5 . qmflGtaf6 ljrlnt aGg / Oltxf;nfO{ cfkm\gf] :jfy{df AofVof ug{
xf]Og\ Oltxf;af6 l;Sg / cem a9L lahox? xfl;n ug{ Pj+ gof“ Oltxf;sf] lgdf{0fsf]
nflu qmflGtsf] cfTd;+3if{ clgjfo{ ePsf] 5 .
cfh
xfdLnfO{ dxfg\ cS6'a/ qmflGtsf] cu|b:tf n]lggsf] nfn;]gf, bf];|f] ljZj o'4sf]
clUgs'08df @ s/f]8 #& nfv ;f]leot hgtf / nfn;]gfsf] axfb'/Lk"0f{
jlnbfgsf] uf}/jdo g]t[Tj ug]{ / lx6n/sf] gfhLjfb / kmf;LjfbnfO{ w"nf]
r6fpg] :tflngsf] ;f]leot nfn;]gf, @@ jif]{ u[xo'4df / /fli6«o d'lQm o'4df %%
nfv RofªsfO;]ssf] ;]gf / nfvf} hfkfgL ;fd|fHojfbL tyf cd]l/sg, la|l6z
;fd|fHojfbnfO{ lrxfgdf k'/\ofpg ;kmn s=dfcf] T;]t'ªsf] axfb'/ hgd'lQm ;]gf Pj+
k|sf/n] rfx] leotgfdsf] qmflGt, rfx] sf]l/og qmflGtdf ;+;f/ g} ysf{pg] hg;]gf
cfh k|ltqmflGtsf] ;fwg ag]sf] 5 / k|ltqmflGtnfO{ /f]Sg ;s]sf] 5}g\ . o;
af/]df gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{, gof“ 9+usf] ;Qf lgdf{0fsf ;fy} hg;]gfnfO{ gof“
lz/faf6 ;+ul7t ug]{af/] k|r08kyn] lbzf lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 / PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf]
hgjfbdf elgPsf] 5 æ@!cf}+ ztfAbLsf]
hg;]gf eg]sf] /fHo;Qf sAhf ul/;s] kl5 lglZrt Aof/]sdf a;]/ laz]if tflnd /
xltof/4f/f cfw'lgs aGg] k|lqmofdf xf]Og\, cfd hg;d"bfonfO{ g} ;}lgsLs/0f
ug]{ tyf hg;d'bfos} ;]jf ug]{ qmflGtsf/L ;+jfxs alg/fVg] s'/fdf ;'lglZrt ug'{
kb{{5 .Æ!) k|r08kysf] of] ljsf; sfn{ dfS;{sf] æhgtfnfO{
xltof/a4 / xltof/ rnfpgsf] nflu cfd lzIff lbg] Æ!! ;z:q hg;d'bfosf]
/fHosf] cjwf/0ff;“u cGt/;DjlGwt 5 .
o;/L
hg;]gf lgdf{0fsf] If]qdf klg dfn]dfjfbsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / ;j{xf/f
;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] lg/Gt/tf, qmflGtsf] ljrf/nfO{ ;+u7gfTds l;4fGt / ljlwdf
;d]t ljsf; u/L–k|ltqmflGtnfO{ /f]Sg ;Ifd gof“ hg;]gf lgdf{0fsf] ;jfn g} d'Vo
xf] . To;f] eGbf, qmflGt ;DkGg dfq x}g k|ltqmflGtnfO{ /f]Sg ;Sg] j}rfl/s,
;f+u7lgs / ljlwut ;+/rgfdf v8f hg;]gf lgdf{0f cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
s=dfcf] T;]t'ªn] kf6L{, ;/sf/ / ;]gfsf] pRrtd lgsfodf 3';]sf ;+zf]wgjfbL /
k|ltqmflGtsf/L 8km\kmfnfO{ tLgj6} cu+af6 k/f:t ug{nfO{ ljrf/, /fhgLlt, ;+u7g /
;+3if{sf] If]qdf hglbzfsf] cjnDjg ug{'eof], hf] Oltxf;df ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts
qmflGtsf] gfdn] ljVoft 5 . pQm qmflGtdf hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] pRr kbx?df a;]sf
j'h'{jf ju{sf k|ltlglwx?, k|ltqmflGtsf/L / ;+zf]wgjfbLx?nfO{ nfvf}sf] ;+Vofdf
hgldlnlzofsf] lgdf{0f u/L -h;nfO{ /]8 uf8{ (Red guard) elgGYof]_ gfË]emf/ kfg]{,
hgsfjf{xL ug]{ / kbRo"t ug]{ cleofg rnfOof] . o;sf ;fy}, /]8 uf8{x?n]
qmflGtkZrft\\ cfw'lgs, ef/Le/sd / gf]s/zfxL ;+/rgfdf Aof/]sdf s}b ul/Psf]
a'h'{jfs[t hg;]gfnfO{ tfg]/ hgtfsf] ljb|f]x / /fhg}lts tyf cfly{s lgdf{0fsf]
dxfcleofgdf lnP/ cfof] . o;af6 kf6L{, ;]gf / qmflGtsf/L hg;Qf Pj+ ljzfn
hg;d'bfosf] dxfg\ / ce"tk"j{ Pstf xfl;n eof] . lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf]
dfWodaf6 g} dfgj ;d'bfo ;fDojfbdf k'Ug ;+ej aGg] j}1flgs ljrf/ dfcf]jfbsf] hGd
eof] . ;fDojfb ;j{xf/f ju{sf] ceLi6 xf] eg] To;nfO{ k|fKt ug]{ ;fwgx?
Kff6L{, ;]gf / ;Qf x'g\ . gof“ hgjfb / ;dfhjfbsf] Go"gtd pknlJw /
;fwgnfO{ pkof]u ub}{ ljZj ;fDojfbsf] pRrtd nIo xfl;n ug{ qmflGtsf ;fwgx?sf]
lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf/Ls/0f cfhsf] clgjfo{ cfjZostf xf] .
Oltxf;n]
b]vfof] ls, æ/fHo;Qf sAhf ul/;s]kl5 kf6L{sf tdfd g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x? /fHo;Qf
;+rfngdf dfq ;+nUg x'‘bf ef}lts kl/j]zn] g} kf6L{nfO{ qmdzM gf]s/zfxL, kbnf]n'k
/ ;'ljwf ;DkGg ju{df kl/0ft ug]{ vt/f tLj| / k|jn jg]/ hfG5 .Æ!@
To;/L g} æhg;]gfsf ;Gbe{df klg s] ;fljt u/]sf] 5 eg] qmflGt k"j{sf] sdhf]/
/ s7Lg 38Ldf Tofu, tk:of, jL/tf, jlnbfg / j}rfl/s lgi7f ;lxt hg;d"bfo;‘u
Psfsf/ x'‘b} b'Zdgsf lj?4sf] o'4df]rf{df ck/fh]o ;fljt x'g] hg;]gf /fHo;Qf sAhf
eO;s] kl5 qmdzM Aof/]sdf ljz]if Joj:yf cGtu{t /xg] j'h'{jf cfw'lgs lgoldt ;]gf
jGg] k|j[lQ k|jn x'‘b} hfg] ef}lts kl/j]z aGb5 .Æ!# To;sf] nflu
hg;]gfnfO{ qmflGt kZrft\ j'h'{jf lgoldt ;]gf h:t} Aof/]sdf s}b ug]{ / ef/Le/sd
cfw'lgs k|ljlwn] n}; ug]{lt/ xf]Og ls k]l/; sDo'gsf] cg'ejnfO{ ;+Zn]if0f ub}{
dfS;{–P+u]N;n] k|:tfj ug'{ eP h:t} ;z:q hg;d'bfosf] /fHo ;+ul7t ug]{ / cfhsf]
;fd|fHojfbnfO{ k/f:t ug{ s/f]8f} s/f]8 hgtfsf] qmflGtdf lg/Gt/ ;xefuLtf, pRr
k|ljlw / :yfoL ;]gfn] xf]Og\ ;z:q hg;d'bfosf] ljzfn ;d'Gb|, h;sf] Tofu, jlnbfg,
;fx;sf] andf / pRr k|ljlw (High tech) nfO{ sd;n k|ljlw (Low tech) sf] k|lt/f]w / cft+saf6 g} ;+ej 5 eGg] dflg;sf] ultzLn / lg0ff{os e"ldsf;“u ;+alGwt k|Zg xf] .
o;sf] nflu dfS;{n] k|:tfj ug'{ ePem}+ æ;fgf] :yfoL ;]gf ldlnlzofsf] sdf08/x?sf]
ljBfnosf] ?kdf pkof]u ug]{ Ps c:yfoL
cfjZostfÆ!$ k"/f ug]{ ?kdf hg;]gf ;+ul7t x'g h?/L 5 . o;
jf/]df k|r08kysf] cjwf/0ff 5– æljb|f]xsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ ;r]t ;z:q
hg;d'bfosf] ljsf; ug]{ P]ltxfl;s bfloTj k"/f ug]{ sfo{ef/ g} @! cf}+
ztfAbLsf] hg;]gfsf] k|d'v sfo{ef/ x'g' kb{5 .Æ!%
o;/L
dfq cfhsf] ;fd|fHojfb / ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf] o'udf ljzfn :yfoL ;]gf / g/;+xf/sf/L
c:qz:qsf] andf l6s]sf] ljZjJoj:yfnfO{ Wj+z ug{ / gof“ ;+;f/ lgdf{0f ug{ ;+ej
x'g]5 . o;/L dfq æcfjZostfsf] b'lgofaf6 :jtGqtfsf] b'lgof“Æ df km8\sf]
dfg{ ;+ej x'g]5 . g ls ;j{xf/f ju{ s'g} cfbz{ b'lgof“ / cd"t{
ank|of]udf cNdlng] 5 . lg;Gb]x, ;j{xf/fjuL{o ljrf/ / /fhgLltsf] hudf v8f
ePsf] PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] hg;]gf, æhg;d'bfosf] lgu/fgL, lgoGq0f / ;]jfdf /xg]Æ
lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] ;+jfxs ag]/ dfq Oltxf;sf] of] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ ;Dej
5 .
dfn]dfjfbL ;}Go lj1fgdf k|r08kysf] of]ubfgM
k|r08ky
/ g]kfnL hgo'4sf] ljlzi6tf Pj+ df}lnstfaf/] dfly ;lj:tf/ rrf{ eO;s]sf] 5 .
o;n], dxfg\ hgo'4sf] * jif{sf] dfn]dfjfbsf] ;}Golj1fgsf] If]qdf gof“ of]ubfg /
;d[l4 u/]sf] k'li6 ePsf] 5 . tL ljz]iftf / df}lnstf k|r08kysf] dfn]dfjfbL
;}Go lj1fgsf of]ubfg ag]sf 5g\ . ljz]iftM ?;L ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] df]8]n /
rLlgof bL3{sfnLg hgo'4sf df]8]nx?sf] cfk;L ;+of]hg (Fusion)af6 ag]sf] ;+of]hgsf] l;4fGt (Theory of
Fusion)
k"“hLjfbsf] ljsf; ePsf / gePsf cljsl;t b'j} cj:yfsf b]zx?df ;dfg ?kn]
nfu" x'g] / cfhsf] ljZjdf ;+of]hgsf] l;4fGt lagf s'g} klg b]zdf qmflGt
c;+ej k|foM 5 . cfhsf] ;fd|fHojfb / ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf] o'udf k|ltlqmofjfb /
;fd|fHojfb;“u n8\g] ljlw ;du| hgo'4(Total People's War) sf] ljlw / !) sfo{gLlts l;4fGt klg plQs}
dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfgsf] ?kdf /x]sf 5g\ . cfhsf] o'udf k|ltlqmofjfb /
;fd|fHojfbnfO{ k/f:t ug]{ / k|ltqmflGtnfO{ /f]Sg hgjfb, ;dfhjfb x'“b} ;fDojfbdf
k'Ug] ;'lglZrt ;+u7gfTds ljlwsf] ?kdf ;r]t / ;z:q hg;d'bfosf] /fHo lgdf{0f u/L
lg/Gt/ qmflGt ;+rfng Pj+ ljb|f]xsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ k"0f{ ;Ifd hg;d'bfo
lgdf{0f u/L :yfoL ;]gfsf] ljnf]kLs/0f ug]{ l;4fGt @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] hg;]gfaf/]
cjwf/0ffåf/f k|r08kyn] dfn]dfjfbL ;}Go lj1fgsf] ljrf/, ;+u7g / ljlwdf PsLs[t
of]ubfg k'/\ofPsf] 5 . pko'{Qm tYox?n] k|r08kyn] qmdzM ;fj{ef}ldstf xfl;n
ub}{ uPsf] k'li6 ub{5 .
pk;+xf/M
ljZj
;fd|fHojfb / d"ntM cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] ljZjJofkL k|e'Tj, x}sd /
x:tIf]ksf/L pb08 rl/qsf] j:t'ut cj:yf / ljZj ;j{xf/fju{ 7"nf]
ljZjJofkL wSsfaf6 k'gM ;+ul7t P+j
qmflGtdf cl3 jl9/x]sf] cfTdut cj:yfdf v8f eP/ g]kfnL qmflGtn] / g]kfnL ;j{xf/f
ju{n] Oltxf;sf] lzIffsf] dxfg\ cleofg yfngL u/]sf] 5 . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf
hgjfbsf] ljsf;sf] nflu gof“ jx; yfngL u/]sf] 5, qmflGtaf6 efUg xf]Og\ qmflGt
;DkGg ug{nfO{ / qmflGt ;DkGg ug{dfq xf]Og qmflGtnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbgnfO{
klg . P+u]N;n] Pp6f ;+be{df /]n, x'nfs, a}+s, 7"n–7"nf pBf]usf]
ljsf;nfO{ ;fDojfbsf] nflu k"jf{wf/ x"g] pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] lyof] .
To;sf] xhf/f}+ u'0ff ljsf; cfh lj1fg, k|ljlw / dfgj ;dfhsf] ePsf] 5 .
7"n–7"nf pTkfbg zfvfx?, oftfoft / ;+rf/ ljz]iftM On]S6«f]lgs
k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ;+;f/nfO{ ;f3'+/f] uf“pdf jbn]sf] 5= of] g} ;fDojfb k|flKtsf]
k"jf{wf/ xf] . dfq, d'¶Le/ ;fd|fHojfbL tyf ltgsf bnfn wgs'j]/x?sf]
xftaf6 ax';+Vos hgtfsf] xftdf lng] k|Zg dfq xf] . lgZro klg, cGt/lj/f]wsf]
pko'{Qm ljikmf]6s cj:yfdf ;j{xf/f ju{nfO{ j}1flgs ljrf/, qmflGtsf/L ;+u7g / ;xL
g]t[Tjsf] cfjZostf k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL qmflGt / k|r08kyn] ;fgf] eP klg
To;tkm{ sbd j9fPsf] 5 .
;j{xf/f
qmflGtsf] v8]/Ldf g]kfnL hgo'4 ;fgf] kfgLsf] d'xfg ag]sf] 5 . ljZj
hg;d'bfon] g]kfnL qmflGtnfO{ cfzfsf] ls/0fsf] ?kdf x]/]sf] 5 / oxL ljGb'df
;fd|fHojfb;‘u klg hDsfe]6 ePsf] 5– g]kfnL qmflGtsf] . cfhsf] b'lgof“df of]
clgjfo{ k|lqmof xf] . tfklg, g]kfnL hgo'4sf] /0fg}lts ;+t'ng / k|Tofqmd0f tyf ;z:q cfdljb|f]xsf] tof/Lsf]
ljGb'df of] hDsfe]6 cjZo klg r'gf}ltk"0f{ 5 . To;sf] nflu g]kfnL
hgd'lQm ;]gfn] @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfbsf] ljrf/af6 k|lzlIft x'g], hg;d'bfo;‘u
Psfsf/ x'g] / cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbnfO{ s= k|r08n] eGg' ePem}+ æb'Zdgn] hxf“ 6]S5
ToxL k8\sg]Æ kmf}hL /0fgLltsf cfwf/df jf:tljs hgo'4 ;~rfng ug{ ;s]df ljho
clgjfo{ / ;'lglZrt 5 . PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] g]kfnL hgd'lQm ;]gf k|r08kysf]
gof“ ljrf/åf/f ;z:q / gof“ ztfAbLsf] qmflGtsf] ;+jfxs dfq xf]Og k|ltqmflGtnfO{
/f]Sg] dha"t kx/]bf/ klg aGg] 5 .
;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM–
!– jt{dfg kl/l:ylt / xfd|f] P]ltxfl;s
sfo{ef/, k[= *, -g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf]
s]=;=, @)^) h]7_ .
@– n]lgg, ;+slnt /rgf v08–%, k[= #%! -!)
v08df, lxGbL_ .
#– P]=P]= k[= @!# .
$– dxfg\ cu|ufdL 5nf+uM Oltxf;sf] ckl/xfo{
cfjZostf, k[= !*, -g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] b:tfj]h @)%&_ .
%– Monthly review, june 2003
vol. 1, No. 3, p. 18 .
^– Update series- 9 December
2002, p. 7/9 .
&– dxfg\ cu|ufdL 5nf+uM =========, k[=
!%÷!^ .
*– P]= P]= k[= @) .
(– P]= P]= k[= ^$–^% .
!)– jt{dfg kl/l:ylt / ==============, k[=
!) .
!!– sfn{ dfS;{, dfS;{–P+u]N; ;+slnt /rgf
v08–@, efu–!, k[= !)@ lxGbL .
!@– jt{dfg kl/l:ylt /===================, k[=
( .
!#– P]= P]= k[= !) .
!$– sfn{ dfS;{, dfS;{–P+u]N; ;+slnt /rgf
v08–@, efu–!, k[= !)@ lxGbL .
!%– jt{dfg kl/l:ylt /======================, k[=
!) . ·