jftf{sf] kIfdf ¥ofnL
;'v]{t÷
;+o'Qm hg;+3if{ ;ldlt ;'v]{tn] >fj0f @) ut] jL/]Gb|gu/df zflGt jftf{
;kmntfsf] nflu P]Soa4tf ¥ofnL cfof]hgf u¥of] . k'/fgf] ;Qf kIf / g]=s=kf
-dfcf]jf]bL_ aLr o'4 lj/fd eO{ cfrf/ ;+lxtf / bf]>f] r/0f;Ddsf] cf}krf/Ls
jftf{ eO{;Sbf klg k'/fgf] ;Qf jftf{ k|lt O{dfGbf/ gb]lvg'n] t]>f] r/0fsf]
jftf{ x'g l9nfO{ eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df jftf{ lj/f]wL sfo{sf] e08fkmf]/ ug{ / zflGt
k|ltsf] hg;d'bfosf] efjgfk|lt P]Soa4tf k|s6 ug{ pQm sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ul/Psf]
jQmx?n] jtfPsf lyP . ;f] sfo{qmd c;kmn
kfg{ 7f“p 7f“pdf k|zf;gn] x:tIf]k u/]sf] lyof] .
Jofks x:tIf]ksf] jfjh'b klg zflGt k|]dL
hg;d'bfox? xft–xftdf Kn] sf8{, em08f / Jofg/ af]s]/ sfo{qmd :yn cfO{k'u]sf lyP
. lj/]Gb|gu/ kflnsfsf] d+unu9L rf]saf6
z'?ePsf] zflGt ¥ofnL jL/]Gb| rf]s x'b} lkkn rf}tf/Ldf k'u]/ ;efdf kl/0ft ePsf]
lyof] . u0f]z e08f/Lsf] ;+rfng / ;+o'Qm hg;+3if{ ;ldlt ;'v]{tsf ;+of]hs
/fdaxfb'/ rfkfufO{sf] ;efkltTjaf6 z'?ePsf] sfo{qmddf ;+oQm hg;+3if{ ;ldltsf
;b:o tyf cg]/f:jljo' –qmflGtsf/L_sf lhNnf cWoIf lj/]Gb| yfkfn] hg;d'bfonfO{
:jfut ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . aStfx?sf] tkm{af6 cg]/f:jljo' qmflGtsf/Lsf
e]/L–s0ff{nL If]qLo ;ldltsf ;b:o
k"0f{ ;']j]bL, aof]a[4 al/i7 afd g]tf dbg e6\6 / cg]/f:jljo' qmflGtsf/L sf
s]Gb|Lo ;lrjfno ;b:o ljGbdfg lji6n] ;d;fdoLs kl/l:yltdf cf cfkm\gf] wf/0ff
/fVg' ePsf] lyof] .
pQm
cj;/df al/i7 afdg]tf dbg e6\6n] k'/fgf] ;Qf kIf jftf{k|lt cem} OdfGbf/ 9+un]
k|:t't x'g g;Sg' lj8Dagf ePsf] atfpg' eof] . pxf“n] cd]/LsL ;fd|fHojfbsf]
x}sddf g]kfnL hgtf dfly xTof lx+;f / v/tfsf] /fh cj rnfpg g;Sg] atfpb} b]znfO{
zflGt k"0f{ cu|udgsf] lb;fdf
n}hfg
;a} O{dfGbf/ k"0f{ 9+un] nfUg' kg]{ atfpg' eof] . c;f]h !* kl5 k|ltudg
lj/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf /xg] bnx?nfO{ hgtfsf ;femf dfu ;lxtsf] Go'gtd ljifodf ;+o'Qm
cfGbf]ng p7fg ug]{ k|s[ofdf ;xefuL eO{ ;+o'Qm cfGbf]ngdf cfpg pxf“n] cfu|x
ug'{eof]] .
k'/fgf] ;Qf
kIfn] jftf{ ef8\g / jftf{af6 efUg vf]lh/]xsf] a]nfdf jftf{sf] kIfdf hgdt ;[hgf
ug{ pQm zflGt ¥ofnL ;kmn ePsf] ;'v]{tjf;Lx?n] atfPsf 5g\ .
zx/L If]qdf c3f]lift sÎo{"
g]kfnu+h . dWo klZrd If]qsf] d'Vo Pj+ Jo:t
zx/ g]kfnu+hdf :yfgLo k|zf;gn] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] jxfgf ub}{ x/]s j]n'sL ( jh]
b]lv c3f]lift ?kdf skm\o'{ nufpg z'? u/]sf] 5 . jftf{sfndf klg ;+s6sfnsf]
k'g/fj[lt ug]{ u/L :yfgLo k|zf;gn] nufPsf] pQm skm\o"{k|lt zx/jf;L
cfqmf]lift ePsf 5g\ .
zfxL ;]gf
/ k|x/Lsf] ;+o'Qm 6f]nLn] r]lsª ub}{ hj{h:tL k;n jGb ug{ nufpg], jf6fdf hf]
e]l6Pklg vfgtnf;L / ;f]wk'5 u/L x}/fgL kfg]{ sfo{ ul//x]sf] kLl8t JoflQmx?
jtfp5g\ .
;/sf/
dfcf]jfbL aLr o'4lj/fd eO{ t];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{ glhlsb}5 . t/, klg ;QfkIf
cft+sLt dfgl;stf / jftf{ lj/f]wL tTjsf] O;f/fdf ;Dk"0f{ ;'/Iff c+ux?nfO{
;lqmo jgfO{/x]sf]df ;/sf/n] of] s] ug{ vf]hL/x]sf xf] < jftf{ ef8\g ls ;kmn
jgfpg h:tf k|Zgx? g]kfnu+hsf ;8sdf ;'lgg yfn]sf 5g\ .
;dfrf/ ljZn]if0f
lgx'“ vf]hfO{ dfcf]jfbLsf] ls ;Qf kIfsf]
<
g]kfnu~h÷dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xL / k'/fgf]
;QfaLr t]>f] r/0fsf] jftf{sf] ldltaf/] 5nkmn eO{/x]sf s'/f cfO/xbf b]zsf
ljleGg efudf zfxL ;]gf / hg;]gfsf aLrdf le8Gt ePsf va/ kq–klqsfn] dxTjsf ;fy
lbg yfn]sf 5g\ . sltko kq–klqsfn] dfcf]jfbL cWoIf s= k|r08n] jftf{sf nflu
jftf{6f]nLnfO{ lgb]{zg lbPsf] nuQ} le8Gtsf sfo{x? ePsf va/ lbPsf 5g\ eg] sltn]
dfcf]jfbL cWoIf s= k|r08sf] lgb]{zgnfO{ hg;]gfn] kfngf gu/]sf] s'ts{ klg p7fPsf
5g\ . ljb|f]xL dfcf]jfbLsf hg;]gfx? jftf{ ef8\g] cleofgdf ;fd]n ePsf x'g ls
xf]Ogg\ Tof] cfd hgtfn] o'4lj/fd b]lvg} b]lv/x]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbL hg;]gf
o'4lj/fd ePkl5 / cfrf/;+lxtf ;fj{hlgs kl5 jftf{ lj/f]wL lqmofsnfk ug'{sf] abnf
cfkm" /x]s} :yfgdf /x]/ jftf{nfO{ ;kmn agfpg hgtfsf b'Mv ;'vdf ;xefuL x'b}
cfPsf 5g\ . of] s'/f x]g{sf nflu pgLx? ePs} :yfgdf hfg'kb{5 . xjfO{ sNkgf u/]/
hg;]gf jftf{ ef“8\g nfluk/]sf 5g\ eGg'sf] oltj]nf cy{ klg /xb}g . jftf{ ef“8\g]
sfo{df lgx'“ vf}Hb} zfxL;]gfsf]
Aof/]ssf] jl/k/L hg;]gf k'u]sf] klg b]lvb}g . hg;]gf s] ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] lhjGt
s'/f a'em\g ;+rf/ dfWod hgtfsf j:tLdf k'Ug h?/L 5 . a? jftf{nfO{ ef8\g] /
o;nfO{ zlQm ;+rosf ?kdf lng] sfd o'4lj/fd ePb]lvg} ;QfkIfn] lnPsf] b]lvG5 .
h;sf pbfx/0f Ps x}g xhf/ e]l6G5g\ .
jftf{df
ePsf lg0f{df ;xdlt hgfP/ ToxL cg';f/ /xg'sf] abnf pN6} Tof] lg0f{o pN6fpg] sfo{
;QfkIfsf] zfxL;]gfn] ul//x]sf] 5 . l:yltnfO{ pQ]lht kfg]{, jftf{nfO{ ;xL lgsf;
lt/ hfg glbg] sfd ug{ zfxL ;]gf nfu]sf] ljut b]lv xfnsf 36gfn] b]vfp5 . jftf{
ljufg{ vf]h]sf] x}g eg] lsg zfxL;]gf 5rGgfPsf] ;f“8] em}+ ufp“ ufp“ k;]/
dfcf]jfbL vf]Hb} lx8\5 < lgxTyf AolQmnfO{ kqmfp / a]kQf agfpg] sfd lsg u5{
< :jf:Yosf gfdsf lsg ljb|f]xLx?sf If]qdf k:g] sfd ub{5 < s] o:tf sfo{x?n]
jftf{nfO{ ;xof]u u5{ < cjZo ub}{g . ha zfxL;]gf dfcf]jfbLx?sf g]tfsf] lrof]
rrf]{ ub}{ ufp“ k:5, lgbf]{if AolQmnfO{ kqmg yfN5 Tof] cj:yfdf dfcf]jfbLx?sf
hg;]gfn] k|lt/f]w u/]kl5 To;nfO{ jftf{ ef“8\g] lgx'“ vf]h] eGg ldNb}g .
dfcf]jfbL hg;]gfn] s= k|r08sf] cfb]zsf] cIf/+z kfngf ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
dfcf]jfbLsf hg;]gf cfkm\gf ;fjf]{Rr sdf08/ s= k|r08n] h] cfb]z lbG5g\ Tof]
kfngf ug{ b[9 x'b} cfPsf] s'/f xfn;Ddsf tYox?n] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 . dfcf]jfbL
cfwf/If]qdf uP/ zfxL;]gfn] hyfefjL ug{ nfUbf hg;]gf r'krfk a:g' k5{ eGg] s'/f
;QfkIfsf] ;]gfsf] xf] eg] Tof] h:tf] gf}6+sL / xf:of:kb s'/f c? s]xL x'g} ;Qm}g
.
clxn] h'g
7fp“df le8Gt ePsf va/ cfPsf 5g\ lt 7fp“df ;QfkIfsf] ;]gf uP/ HofbtL dRrfpg
yfn]kl5 To;sf] lj?4 ljb|f]xL kIfsf hg;]gfaf6 cfkm\gf] ;'/Iffsf nflu
k|ltsf/ u/]sf] dfq b]lvG5 . /, Aof/]saf6 ha ;]gf ufp“df k;]sf] 5 ToxL a]nf dfq
bf]xf]/f] le8Gt ePsf 5g\ . xfn} dfq kf“ry/sf] gfuL uf=lj=;=sf] u0f]zrf}/df
ljB'tLo w/fkdf rf/ hgf zfxL ;]gfsf] d[To' eof] . o;f] x'g'sf] sf/0f ;]gf ufp“
hfg'g} xf] . ;]gf dfcf]jfbL g]tf vf]Hg ufp“ k;]kl5 cfkm\gf] ;'/Iffsf nflu
ljb|f]xLx?sf ;]gfn] Tof] ljlw k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
jftf{nfO{
kl/0ffdd'lv / cu|ufdL lgsf; lgsfNgsf] nflu jftf{ ef8\g] sfo{df lgx'“ vf]Hg]
zfxL ;]gfsf] sbdnfO{ ;QfkIfn] a]n}df /f]Sg' k5{ . zfxL ;]gfn] klg ljb|f]xLx?n]
eg]em}+ b'O{ ;]gf, b'O{ ;Qf / b'O{ ;+:s[ltnfO{ dgg\ ug'{kb{5 . /, cfkm\gf ;a}
jftf{ lj/f]wL xs{t aGb ug'{ kb{5 . zfxL ;]gf cfkm\gf] 7fp“df
O{dfGbf/Lk"j{s /x]kl5 dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xLsf hg;]gfn] eL8Gtdf pqg' kg]{
afWofTds cj:yf klg cfpb}g .
;a}n]
oltj]nf of] s'/fnfO{ a'em\g' k5{ – jftf{k|lt dfcf]jfbLx? Hofb} uDeL/ b]lvG5g\
pgLx? jftf{ ef“8\g] sfo{df nfu]sf klg b]lvb}gg\ .
a]kQf kl/Psf gful/ssf kl/jf/ s8f
cfGbf]ngdf
sf7df08f}+÷dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf qmddf
;/sf/åf/f ljb|f]xL ePsf] cf/f]kdf ljleGg ldltdf kqmfp ul/ xfn ;Dd j]kQf kfl/Psf
gful/ssf xhf/f}+ cfkmGtx?n] ca cfkm\gf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] l:ylt l5§} ;fj{hlgs
gul/P s8f, bjfjd"ns / ;/sf/nfO{ g}lts ;+s6df kfg]{ cfGbf]ngdf pqg] r]tfjgL
lbPsf 5g\ .
;/sf/åf/f
j]kQf kfl/Psf gful/ssf kl/jf/ ;dfhsf ;+of]hs Ps/fh e08f/Låf/f ljxLaf/ /fhwfgLdf
hf/L aQmJodf ;/sf/n] xfn;Dd klg a]kQf kfl/Psf ;of}+ gful/ssf] l:ylt ;fj{hlgs
gu/]sfn] cfkm"x? lgs} lrlGtt ePsf atfpg' ePsf] 5 . a]kQf kfl/PPsf ljBfyL{
g]tf jLkLg e08f/Lsf jfj' clwjQmf Ps/fh e08f/Ln] hgcfJxfg;“u eGg'eof]– ‘xfdL
j]kQf kfl/Psf ;fof}+ gful/ssf kl/jf/sf xhf/f}{+ ;b:o cfkm\gf cfkmGtsf] vf]hLsf
nflu l5§} ;+3if{df pqb} 5f}+ . xfd|f] klxnf] r/0fsf] k|rf/fTds ;+3if{af6
;/sf/n] xfd|f cfkmGtx?sf] l:ylt ;fj{hlgs u/]g eg] xfdL To;kl5 bjfjd"ns
;+3if{df pqg] 5f}+ .’
j]kQf
kl/Psf gful/ssf kl/jf/n] pQm aQmJodf ut kmfu'g @( ut] hf/L cfrf/;+lxtf /
>fj0f ( ut] ;/sf/L jftf{ 6f]nLsf ;b:o sdn yfkfn] ljb|f]xLx?nfO{ n]v]sf] kqdf
j]kQf kl/Psf gful/sx?sf] l:ylt ;fj{hlgs ul/g] k|ltj4tf hgfPklg # ;o @@ hgfdf
hDdf !& hgfsf] dfq l:ylt ;fj{hlgs ug{' cfZro{hgs ePsf] eGb} cufl8 elgPsf]
5– ‘o;af6 xfd|f cfkmGtx?sf] l:ylt s] xf] eg]/ xfdL yk lrGtLt ePsf 5f}+ . ;fy}
pQm ;dfhn] cfkm\gf j]kQf gful/ssf] l:ylt ;fj{hlgs ug]{ cleofgdf ;xof]u ul/lbg
cfd gful/s ;dfh, ;~rf/ hut / dfgj clwsf/jfbL ;d'bfodf xflb{s clkn klg u/]sf] 5
.
o;}aLr ut
jif{ r}q #) ut] cfkm\gf >Ldfg d'df/fd vgfn;+u} lu/km\tf/ ul/PsL hglbzf
b}gLssf ;Djfbbftf ldg' a'9fyf]sLsf] l:ylt ;/sf/n] xfn;Dd ;fj{hlgs gu/]sf]df
pxf“sL !) aifL{o 5f]/L kf?n vgfn / $ aifL{o 5f]/f k|Hjn vgfnn] aLxLaf/ Ps clkn
;fj{hlgs ub}{ cfkm\gf] cfdfsf] l:ylt ;fj{hlgs ug{ ;/sf/;+u cg'/f]w u/]sf 5g\ .
pgLx?n]
cfkm\gL cfdfnfO{ xfn dfxf/fhu~h l:yt e}/jgfy u0fdf /flvPsf] lhls/ u/]sf 5g\ /
k6s–k6s cfkm"x?n] ;}lgs lgu/fgLd} e]63f6 u/]sf] bfjL klg u/]sf 5g\ .
pgLx?n] cfkm\gL cfdfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o /]8qm;n] klg e]6]sf] / /]8qm; kl/ro kq g+=
))$@!! ePsf] klg hgfPsf 5g\ .
b}n]vdf lu/km\tf/ kl5 xTof
;]gfsf] jftf{ lj/f]wL sfo{ tLj|
;'v]{t
. dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xL / k'/fgf] ;Qf aLr t];|f] r/0fsf] jftf{sf] ldlt jf/] s'/f
rln/x]sf] j]nf k'/fgf] ;Qfn] jftf{ lj/f]wL xs{tsf >[+vnf eg] hf/L /fv]sf] 5
. cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf u/]sf] 9f]ª km'Sg] ;Qfsf ;]gfx?n] To;sf] pn+3g ub}{
b}n]vdf lgz:q JoflQmx?nfO{ lu/km\tf/ u/]/ r/d oftgf lbO{ xTof u/]sf] vj/ k|fKt
ePsf] 5 .
hg
cfJxfgnfO{ k|fKt vj/ cg';f/ ut zlgjf/ b}n]vsf] nflnsf“8f uf=h=;= sf]
w/dkf]v/fdf /fhg}lts 5nkmn ul//x]sf dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ cleofg If]qLnfO{ kqm]/
eL8Gt elg xTof u/]sf] 5 . /fhg}lts 5nkmnsf qmddf ;'v]{t cf]jnlrªsf snfsf/x?sf]
klg Toxf“ ;xefuLtf lyof] .
:yfgLo ^
jif{sf jRrfnfO{ rSn]6 v'jfP/ dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ j;]sf] 3/df ;]gfx? k'u]sf lyP .
;]gfsf] hTyf Toxf“ k'u] kl5 lgz:q
JoflQmx?nfO{ ;dfP/ oftgf lb+b} 3/jf6 jflx/ NofPsf] :yfgLo jfl;Gbfx?
jtfp“5g\ .
dfcf]jfbLsf
Pl/of ;b:o If]qLnfO{ kqm]/ r/d oftgf lbP/ dfq uf]nL xfgL xTof ul/Psf] lyof] .
b}n]vsf] /fgLdQf l/kL6/ 6fj/af6 cfPsf] zfxL ;]gfsf] hTyfn] b}n]v gf}d'n]
hg;f+:s[lts kl/jf/sf ;Demgf, cd[tf, ufoqL nufPt ^ hgf snfsf/x?nfO{ klqm ;fd'lxs
/ kf;ljs 9+un] anTsf/ u/]sf] 5 . !@ jif{ b]lv !* jif{ pd]/sf snfsf/nfO{ ;fd'lxs
anTsf/ kl5 cw{r]tg cj:yfdf lu/km\tf/ u/]/ nu]sf] 5 . ;fy} :yfgLo ufp“sf bh{gf]
dflg;x?nfO lg3f{t 9+uaf6 s'l6Psf] 5, h;af6 bh{gf} c+u e+u ePsf 5g\ .
;'Gb}df sxfnL nfUbf] / ljeT; of] 36gfaf6 k'/fgf]
;Qfsf] jftf{k|ltsf] cf]7] elQm leq st} u+eL/ if8oGq t 5}g, lh1f;fx? k|;:t
hGd]sf 5g\ .
cfrf/;+lxtfsf]
pn+3g ub}{ ;]gf ufp“df k;]/ lgbf]{if JoflQmx?sf] xTof u/]/ To;nfO{ eL8Gt elg
k|rf/ ug'{n] k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] kmf;LjfbL rl/qnfO{ pbfª\uf] jgfPsf] 5 . 5f8f ;f+9]
h:tf] ePsf ;]gfn] w/dkf]v/fsf cGo :yfgLo s]xL ls;fgnfO{ klg kqmfp u/]sf] vj/ 5
.
w/dkf]v/fsf
jfl;Gbfx?n] ;]gfsf] pQm HofbtLsf]
5fgjLgsf nflu dfgjclwsf/jfbLx?nfO{ cfJxfg u/]sf 5g\ .
o;}aLr
lxhf] ;'v]{tsf] bz/yk'/af6 lbkf s'df/L cf]nL ;lxt tLg hgfnfO{ ;]gfn] kqm]/
lgd{d oftgf lbb} /fd3f6 lt/ nu]sf] k|ToIf bzL{x?n] atfPsf 5g\ .
sf]s–k]K;L ljif lknfp“b} 5
g]kfnu~h÷
cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] k|lts jg]sf] sf]s pBf]un] s;/L pkef]QmfnfO{ ljiffn' k]o
kbf{y lknfO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f xfn} ef/tLo Ps cg';Gwfg ;]G6/ km/ ;fO{G; P08
O{Gefg{d]G6n] ;fljt ul/lbPsf] 5 . ‘;Eotfsf] k|lts jg]sf] sf]s ;+:s[ltdf o;n]
Pp6f gof“ vnjnL dlRrPsf] 5 . /, o;sf lj?4 ljZjJofkL k|rf/o'4 z'? eO;s]sf] 5 .
lj1fkgsf] bjfjdf /x]sf ‘Joj;flos ldl8of’sf] ;fxf/fdf cfkm\gf sn+s w'g k|of;/t
sf]s pBf]un] k]K;L / sf]s klxnf] k6s Joj;flos k|ltålGbtf -hGdhft ;q'Tj_ 5f]8]/
d+unjf/ Pp6f ;+o'Qm kqsf/ ;Dd]ng u/] .
cg';Gwfgn] sf]s / k]K;L pBf]unfO{
r'gf}tL lbb} l;4 u/]sf] 5– pgLx?n] cfkm\gf pTkfbgdf $) b]lv &) k|ltzt ;Dd
ljifn' kbf{y k|of]u u/L pkef]utf;+u d[To' Jofkf/ ul//x]sf 5g\ . o'/f]lkonL /
cd]l/sL pTkfbg dfkb08df g/x]sf k]K;L / sf]sn] /f]u k|lt/f]w Ifdtf gf;
u/fpg] dfq} x}g s}og cGo /f]ux? klg
hGdfpg] pQm cg';Gwfgn] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .
lj1fkgsf]
bjfjdf /x]sf ldl8ofx?n] k]K;L / sf]ssf] dfgjlj/f]wL x/stsf] e08fkmf]/ ;zQm
tl/sfn] ug{ g;s]sf]df ‘:jtGq Pj+ Jofj;flos ;Grf/ tGq sf] cf}sft / k|ltj4tfsf]
hxf“ Psftkm{ lgGbf / 3[0ff JoQm x'b}5 eg] csf]{ tkm{ s/kf]/]6 Joj;fosf klZrdf
bfbflu/L v]lk/x]sf t];|f] ljZjsf zf;sx? s;/L nfrf/ 5fof“df km]l/P/ hg:jf:Yo
dfly v]njf8 ul//x“bf /x]5g eGg] s'/f klg ;f] cg';Gwfgn] k|dfl0ft ul/Psf] 5 .
jt{dfg kl/l:yltdf j'l4hLljsf] bfloTj
;+s6u|:t jt{dfg k'/fgf] ;Qf tyf pbLodfg gof“ hgjfbL
;QfaLr b]znfO{ zflGtk"0f{ tl/sfn] cu|ufdL kl/jt{g tkm{ 8f]¥ofpg] ;xdltsf
;fy @)%( df3 !% ut] bf]>f] k6s b'j} kIfaf6 o'4lj/fd hf/L ul/of] . h'g j:t'ut
w/ftndf o'4lj/fd ePsf] lyof], Tof] cfkm}df tTsfnLg ;dosf] ;Gt'ngsf] kl/0flt
lyof] .
o'4
lj/fdsf] ;dodf zflGtk"0f{ tj/n] cu|ufdL lgsf;tkm{ b]znfO{ 8f]¥ofpg]
;Defjgfx? b]vf k/]sf eP klg cfrf/;+lxtf hf/L x'bf ;Dd b]zLo tyf j}b]zLs zlQm
s]Gb|x?sf] rnv]nsf] dfqfn] zf;s ju{sf] cfTdfut cfj:yfdf w]/} kl/jt{g cfof] .
jfWotfj; cfrf/;+lxtfdf ;xdlt hgfOPtf klg cfrf/;+lxtf cfh;Dd k"0f{ ?kdf
sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5}g\ . cfrf/;+lxtfaf6} jftf{ s'g df]8tkm{ 8f]l/G5 eGg]
s'/fsf] ;+s]t ldln;s]sf] lyof] . ;/sf/L kIfaf6 k"0f{ ?kdf cfrf/;+lxtf
sfof{Gjog gx'bf gx'b} klg cfd hg;d'bfosf] ljZjf; / kf6L{ k+lQmsf] b[9
OR5fzlQmsf] ;fy g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ jftf{sf] 6]j'ndf j:of] . kf6L{n] klxnf]
r/0fsf] jftf{ k|lqmofdf g} cu|ufdL /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ;f“:s[lts Ph]08f
k]z u¥of] . jftf{6f]nLn] k]z u/]sf] /fhg}lts Ph]08fx? —æuf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d
;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfjÆ h:tf d'Vo /fhg}lts Ph]08fx?df 5nkmnsf] t s'/}
5f]8f}+ jftf{k"j{ g} lgdf{0f ul/g' kg]{ ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f ;d]t jgfpg ;s]g
. ljZjf;sf] jftfj/0f jgfpgsf] lglDt ePsf] ;xdlt klg ;xdlt ePs} 5}g eg]/ :jo+
;/sf/L jftf{ 6f]nLsf ;b:ox?n] ;+rf/ dfWodx?sf] b'?kof]u ug]{ sfo{ eof] . jftf{
eg]sf] hgclwsf/sf] k|fKtL / /fi6«nfO{ cu|ufdL kl/jt{gtkm{ 8f]¥ofpg] Ps ;fwg xf]
. s]jn jftf{ jftf{sf] nflu xf]O{g jftf{ t clwsf/ k|fKtLsf] Ps cfGbf]ng xf] .
cfhsf]
of] w/ftnLo oyfy{tfdf ev{/}dfq g]kfn /fli6«o j'l4lhjL ;+u7gsf] P]ltxfl;s
t]>f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . o;n] ljljw /fhg}lts, ;f+u7lgs / cfly{s
gLlt / k|ltj]bgx? kf; u/]sf] 5 . cfhsf] of] j:t'ut cj:yfdf dfS;{jfbL
j'l4lhjLx?sf] e'ldsf s] < j'l4lhjLx?sf] bfloTj s] t < cfh oL o:t} k|Zgx? dfly 5nkmnsf] cfjZostf jg]sf] 5 .
jt{dfgsf] n8fO{sf] of] leif0ftfsf] aLraf6 j'l4hLjLx?nfO{ s;/L kl/eflift ug]{
<
dfS;{jfbL
j''l4lhjL Tof] xf] h;n] æb'lgofnfO{ j'em\g] dfq xf]O{g b'lgofnfO{ jbNg]Æ cf6
ug{ ;S5 . h;n] cfkm'nfO{ dfq ?kfGt/0f gu/]/ l;+uf] ;dfhsf] ;fdflhs :j?ksf] g}
?kfGt/0fsf] nflu lqmofzLn /xG5 . oxf“g]/ j'l4lhjLju{ eGg] ljlQs} kIfw/tfsf]
k|Zg klg 68\sf/f] ?kdf cufl8 cfpg] ub{5 . s:tf] j'l4lhjL < oxf“g]/ d}n]
p7fPsf] ;jfn eg]sf] dfS;{jfbL j'l4lhjLx?sf] xf] . h;n] dfS;{jfb–nlggjfb–dfcf]jfb
/ k|r08kysf] lgb]{zgdf ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmofdf cfk"mnfO{ ;dflxt
u/fp“5 . ljZj ;jxf/f ju{sf] d'lQmsf] bz{g åGbfTds ef}ltsjfb / P]ltxfl;s
ef}ltsjfbnfO{ cfkm\gf] klg d'lQm / k|ultsf] bz{g dfg]/ cufl8 j9\g'kb{5 .
g]kfn
cfh;Dd klg Ps cw{–;fdGtL / cw{–cf}klgj]lzs /fi6« xf] . hxf“sf] ;+:sf/ ;+:s[lt,
/xg ;xg, rfn rng d"ntM ;fdGtL rl/qsf] 5 . csf]{ lt/ cf}klgj]lzs k|lqmofn]
klg g]kfnnfO{ TolQs} uf“h]sf] 5 . rfx] ef/t;+u ePsf ;g\ !(%) / !(^% sf ;lGw
;Demf}tfx? x'g, rfx] dxfsfnL ;lGw, 6gsk'/ ;lGw nufotsf ;lGw ;Demf}tfx? g} lsg
gx'g . rfx] g]kfndf ;/sf/ kl/jt{gsf] cj;/df s]=eL= /fhg / cGosf] pkl:yltsf]
36gf g} xf]; of rfx] g]kfn cd]l/sf aLr ePsf] % jif]{ cft+sjfb lj/f]wL uf]Ko
;Demf}tf lsg gxf]; . lo ;Dk"0f{ 36gfjf6 s] k'li6 x'G5 eg] g]kfn cw{–cf}klgj]lzs
d'n's elgP klg d"ntM cf}klgj]lzs rl/q g} xfjL 5 . g]kfnsf] jt{dfg j:t'
l:yltdf dfS;{jfbL j'l4lhjLx?sf] e"ldsf s] x'g ;S5, o;sf] k|i6 ls6fg ug'{
kg]{ h?/L 5 .
oL ;fdGtL
/ k"+hLjfbL ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt / lrGtgsf lj?4 g]kfnL hgtfsf] k"0f{
d'lQm / :jtGqtfsf nflu cfd dfS;{jfbL
j''l4lhjLx?n] cf–cfkm\gf] j'l4 / ljj]ssf] k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf v8\lsPsf] 5
. cfh cd]l/sf tyf slyt cft+sjfbsf] gfp“df cfkm\gf lj/f]wLx?nfO{ gi6 kfg]{
cleofgdf nflu k/]sf] 5 . cfh cfkm\gf] lj/f]wLsf] ?kdf ljZj ;j{xf/f ju{sf] Ps
z;Qm 6's8L g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ nfO{
klg lni6]8 u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ng bjfpgsf] nflu cft+sjfb
lj/f]wL uf]Ko ;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ;d]t u/]sf] 5 . ljZjsf] j}nfxf ;f+8] cd]l/sfn]
ckmuflg:tfg / O/fsdf em}+ cft+sjfb lgoGq0fsf] gfddf ef]ln :jfledfgL g]kfnx?sf]
6fpsf] dfly jdjif{s ljdfg gp8fpnf eGg ;lsGg\ . cfh ljb]zL x:tIf]ksf] lj?4df
ljZje/sf j'l4lhjLx? / cfd Gofok"0f{ hg;d'bfosf] ;+o'Qm df]rf{sf] cfjZostf
5 . h'g sfo{ cfh ljz]if ?kn] dfS;{jfbL j'l4lhjLx?sf] sf“wdf cfOk/]sf] 5 .
ljb]zL x:tIf]kaf6 /fi6«nfO{ hf]ufpg] sfo{df lg/Gt/ lqmofzLn eO/xg' cfhsf]
j'l4lhjLx?sf] k|d'v bfloTj xf] .
j'l4lhjL ju{ eGg] ljlQs} of] /fhg}lts r]tgfsf] vfgL xf] .
h;n] /fhg}lts 36gfqmdnfO{ ;/;tL{ cWoog ug{ / j'em\g ;S5 . d'Vo df]rf{ /fhg}lts
df]rf{ ePklg cfhsf] of] k|ToIf n8fO{sf] ;dodf d'Vo df]rf{ ts{, 5nkmn / jx; geP/
kmf}hL -;}Go_ df]rf{ g} k|d'v /xG5 . t;y{ cfhsf] of] k|ToIf o'4 If]qdf
j'l4lhjLx?n] lgk"0f{ dfq jg]/ x'b}g nfn klg jGg} kb{5 . of] r'gf}tL
dfS;{jfbL j'l4lhjLx? aLr 68\sf/f] ?kdf cufl8 plePsf] 5 . lxhf]sf] ;/sf/L bdgsf
lj?4 Pp6f jQmJo lgsfNg y/y/fpg] j'l4lhjLx?sf] cfh s'g} cy{ / dxTj 5}g . cfhsf]
j'l4lhjLx?af6 Tof] lrh sf] dfu ul/Psf] 5 h;n] cfjZostf cg';f/ cfkm'nfO{ nfn /
lgk"0f{ b'j} jgfpg ;Sg' kb{5 . g]kfnL hgtfsf] rfxgf / efjgf eg]sf] /fi6«nfO{
k|ltudgaf6 cu|udg tkm{ n}hfg] / g]kfnL
hgtfnfO{ clwsf/ ;DkGg jgfpg] ;jfn g} k|d'v ;jfn xf] . h;sf] 7f]; / d't{ of]hgf
eg]sf] g} æuf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfjsf] k|Zg g} xf] .
h;sf] nflu ;dfhsf] j}l4s ;d'bfosf] x}l;otn] ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf] lbzfdf g]t[Tj /
lgb]{zg ug'{ cfd dfS;{jfbL j'l4lhjLx?sf] bfloTj xf] .
af9L / klx/f]n] ;8s c:tJo:t
hgcfJxfg ;Djfbbftf
g]kfnu+h . clj/n jiff{sf sf/0f ut xKtf cfPsf]
jf9Ln] d'n'ssf ljleGg 7fp“df 7"nf] dfqfdf hg, wgsf] Iflt u/]sf] 5 .
k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf sf/0f xhf/f}+ hgtf 3/jf/ ljxLg jGg k'u]sf 5g\ eg] ;Qf kIf
kLl8tnfO{ /fxt lbgsf] jbnf ;dj]bgfsf zJb jf“8]/ jl;/x]sf] 5 . j'wjf/ cfPsf]
clj/n jiff{sf sf/0f k[YkL /fhdfu{sf] gf}lj;]– d'UnLª v08, d'UnLª–gf/fo0fu9 v08
/ lqe"jgkysf] x]6f}8f v08sf ;8s Ifltu|:t x'bf xhf/f}+ ofq' cnkq k/]sf 5g\
.
‘k'/fgf] ;QfkIf hgtfn] b'Mv
kfPsf] cfZjf;g cfkm\gf ;+rf/dfWodaf6 k|;f/0f u5{ . pgLx? Tof] 7fp“df k'u]sf g}
x'b}gg\ olb hgtfsf] b'Mv si6 j'em\g] xf] eg] ToxL 7fp“df k'Ug' k5{’ Ps xKtfsf]
lx8fO{ kl5 gf/fo0fu9 cfPsf Zofdjxfb'/ 3tL{n] jtfP . ;8s jf6f] cj?4 eP kl5
ofq'x? aLraf6fdf cnkq k/]sf
5g\ . sf7df08f} pkrf/ ug{ uPsf lj/fdLx? aLrjf6fdf g} j:g' kbf{sf] kL8f eg] emg
j]Un} 5 .
cnkq k/]sf ofqLx? o; aLrdf
rsf]{ dx+uLsf] df/df k/]sf 5g\ . ‘/fhfsf] v]tfnf jg]sf] yfkf ;/sf/n] ofq'x?sf]
kL8f j'em\g ;s]g kf]v/faf6 gf/fo0fu9 cfPsL lgd{nf vqLn]
jtfO{g\ . x'g klg /fhfsf] gof“ v]tfnfsf] pkfwL kfPsf] yfkf ;/sf/ jf9Ln] jufPsf
;8s jgfpg ;lqmok"j{s nfu]sf] 5}g .
k[YjL /fhdfu{sf]
s[i0feL/sf] kL8f ofq'n] jif]{gL vk]sf lyP . t/, o;kfn t o:tf klx/f] cGoq 7fp“df
klg uPkl5 ofq'x? emg dsf{df k/]sf 5g\ . d'UnLª, gf/fo0fu9 v08sf] b'O{ lsnf]ld6/
jf6f] k'/} k'gMlgdf{0f ug'{ kg]{ l:ylt cfPsf] 5 . ;/sf/sf] sfd u/fO{ ;fx}| ;':t
utLdf 5 . gf/fo0fu9 b]lv d'UnLª ;Dd bh{gf} 7fp“df klx/f] uPsf 5g\ . o:t} klx/f]
sf7df08f} b]lv d'UnLª v08df klg cfPsf] 5 .
;/sf/L /j}of
jf9L klx/f]sf sf/0f xhf/f}+
ofq' cnkq x'bf klg pgLx?sf b'Mvdf ;/sf/ ;xefuL ePsf] kfO{b}g . jhf/df ;dfgfsf
d"No rf/;o u'0ff j9\bf klg d"v bz{s jg]/ ;/sf/ jl;/x]sf] ofq'x?
jtfp5g\ . jiff{ofddf ;8sdf klx/f] hfg ;S5 eGg] r]t of] hgtf lj/f]wL ;/sf/nfO{
s] x'GYof] / < jfUn'ªaf6 d'UnLª cfPkl5 lx8\b} gf/fo0fu9 k'u]/ g]kfnu+h cfPsf
efg'k|;fb kf}8]nn] cfqmf]; kf]v] . ;8s ljefun] jiff{ofd z'? ePkl5 o:tf 36gf
x'g] s'/fnfO{ dWogh/ /fv]/ 8f]h/x? tof/L cj:yfdff /fVg' kg]{df klx/f] uPsf] !@
306f kl5 klg Toxf“ 8f]h/ gk'Ug'n] pgLx?sf] r/d nfk/jfxLtfsf] k'li6 u5{ .
;]gf / k|x/Lsf] s] sfd <
hgtfn] lt/]sf /fhZjaf6
kflnPsf ;]gf / k|x/Lx? jf9L klx/f]sf] of] ljs/fn cj:yfn] ;8s lju|bf klg
Jof/]sdf g} ;'t]/ j;]sf 5g\ . dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]x bjfpg / ;L6fdf]n jf9\g] jxfgfdf
ufp“–ufp“ uP/ cft+s l;h{gf ug]{ ;]gf / k|x/L o:tf sfddf b]vfj6L ?kdf dfq ;xefuL
ePsf]df pgLx?sf] hg ;xof]u klg xfnsf] jf9L klx/f]n] pbfª\uf] kf/]sf] 5 .
hgtfn] lt/]sf /fhZjnfO{ jl;
jl; 8ufg]{ ;]gf / k|x/Lsf] pkl:ylt d'UnLª—gf/fo0fu9, d'UnLª—gf}lj;] v08df lj/n}
b]vg kfOG5 .
ufp“sf ;f]emf l;wf hgtfnfO{
cft+lst jgfpg hfg] ‘;'/Iff kmf}h’;8s lju|bf eg] b'O{—rf/ hgf uP/ 9'+uf kG5fPsf]
xf:of:kb b[io tL 7fp“df b]Vg ;lsG5 .
hgtfsf] lxtsf]nflu v8fePs]f
bfjf ug]{ ;/sf/ /]l8of]af6 jf9L klx/f]sf s/0f jGb ePsf] ;8s jlg/x]sf] k\rf/ ug{
Jo:t /x]sf] 5 eg] otf ;8ssf] xfnt To;sf] l7s pN6f] /x]sf] 5 .
ljb]zL bftfx?sf] ;xof]udf
jg]sf ;8sx?sf] ;Dxf/ / k'gM lgdf{0f ug'{sf] jbnf ;8saf6 p7\g] u/]sf c/jf}+
/fhZjdf klg pxL k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] e|i6 k|zf;gn] n'6 dRrfpb} cfPsf] 5 . hj jiff{
z'? x'G5 tj ;8s dd{t ug]{ sfd ;8s ljefun] ug]{ ub{5 . lj1x? eG5g\ –o;f] ubf{
;8s rf“8} ljlu|G5 / km]/L jgfpbf csf]{ /sd vfg kfOG5 .
/fhwfgLsf] k|d'v gfsfsf] ?kdf /x]sf] ;8ssf] cj:yf lbgfg' lbg
lh0f{ x'b}{ uPsf] kfOG5 . t/, To;sf] k'gM lgdf{0f eg] /fd|f];+u ePsf]
kfOb}g . ofq'x?n] ;Qfsf] r/d nfk/jfxLnfO{ cf}Nofpb} eGg yfn]sf 5g\ –/fHo;Qf hlt
lh0f jGb} uPsf] 5, To:t} ;8ssf] xfnt klg p:t} jg]sf] 5 .
P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]h
dfcf]jfbLn] k|:t't
u/]sf] /fhgLlts Ph]08f
s_ k|:tfjgfM
sl/j ;jf
b'O{ ;o jif{b]lv cljlR5Gg ?kdf ;+rfng x'b} cfO{/x]sf] xfd|f] b]z g]kfnsf]
k'/fgf] /fHo ;Qf cfGtl/s tyf jfXo k|ltufdL juL{o ;DjGwsf sf/0f uDeL/ ;+s6df
k/]sf kmn:j?k To;df cGtlg{xLt juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, lnª\uLo cGt/lj/f]wx?n]
cu|ufdL lgsf; vf]lh/x]sf] tyf /fHo;Qfsf] g} cu|ufdL k'gM ;+/rgf cjZoDefjL
jg]sf] ;':ki6 5 . @))& ;fn, )$^ / )$& ;fnsf /fhgLlts kl/jt{gx?n] Tof]
;+s6nfO{ cf+lzs ?kn] xn ug{ vf]h]klg tL k|of;x? /fli6«otf, k|hftGq / hghLljsfsf
cfwf/e"t ;d:ofx? ;dfwfg ug{ oy]i6 lyPgg\ eGg] s'/f ljut afpGg jif{ / vf;
u/L ljut jfx| jif{sf 36gfqmdn] k'li6 ul/;s]sf 5g\ . To;}sf/0f pTkLl8t ju{,
hflt, If]q, ln+u / ;d'bfosf hgtfn] g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] g]t[Tjdf ! kmfu'g
@)%@ af6 cfd'n /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f“:s[lts kl/jt{g / To;nfO{ ;+:yfut
ug]{ gof“ cu|ufdL /fHo;Qfsf] lgdf{0f x]t' z;:q ljb|f]xsf] em08f p7fPsf
lyP . ut ;ft jif{sf] u[xo'4 kZrft ;+s6u|:t k'/fgf] /fHo;Qf / pbLodfg gof“
/fHo;Qf aLr /0fgLlts ;Gt'ngsf] l:ylt sfod x'g k'u]sf] cj:yfdf b]zsf] ljlzi6
e"—/fhgLlts l:yltnfO{ Vofn u/L tTsfn zflGtk"0f{ tl/sfn] g} cu|ufdL
/fhgLlts lgsf; vf]Hg' jf~5gLo ePsf] dx;'; ub}{ b'j} kIfsf] ;xdltdf @)%( df3 !%
ut] o'4lj/fdsf] 3f]if0ff u/L jftf{ k|lqmofdf k|j]z ug{ lg0f{o ePsf] ;j{ljlbt} 5
. o;} kl/k|]Iodf jftf{ dfkm{t cu|ufdL /;fhgLlts lgsf;sf lglDt g]=s=kf=
-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] cflwsf/Ls jftf{ 6f]nLsf] tkm{af6 of] ;+lIfKt sfo{;"rLsf]
k|:tfj k|:t't ul/Psf] 5, h;nfO{ jftf{sf] 6]j'ndf cfjZostf cg';f/ yk JofVof /
kl/dfh{g ub}{ n}hfg ;lsg]5 .
v_ nIo tyf p2]Zo M
k'/fgf] /
gof“ ;QfkIfsf k|ltlglwx?aLrsf] jftf{sf] nIo tyf p2]Zo lgDg jdf]lhd x'g' kb{5 M
!= cu|ufdL /fhgLlts lgsf;åf/f ljBdfg åGbsf] l:ylt cGTo
ug]{ / b]zdf :yfoL zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ .
@= cu|ufdL cfd"n /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs,
;f“:s[lts kl/jt{g dfkm{t ljBdfg juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo, ln+uLo / cGo cGt/lj/f]wsf
;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ / k|hftflGqs ;d'Ggt g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ .
#= k|hftGq / /fli6«otfnfO{ cleGg cGof]Gofl>t / cGttM
;DjlGwt ju{x?sf] ?kdf c+uLsf/ u/]/ gof“, jlnof] / hgd'vL /fli6«o :jfwLgtf tyf
;fj{ef}ldstfsf] /Iff ug]{ .
$= ;j} / vf;u/L ljkGg tyf pTkLl8t tx / tKsfsf Jofks
hgtfsf dfgj tyf gful/s clwsf/x?sf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ / u[xo'4sf] bf}/fgdf kLl8t
kIfx?nfO{ plrt /fxt / k'g:yf{kgfsf] Joj:yf ug]{ .
u_ o'4lj/fd / cfrf/;+lxtfsf] sfof{Gjog tyf jftf{sf] ;xh
jftfj/0f lgdf{0f M
;ft jif{;Dd
rn]sf] u[xo'4 kZrft clwsf+z u|fdL0f Onfsfx? hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] lgoGq0fdf k'u]sf] /
/fhwfgL / lhNnf ;b/d'sfdx? / 7"nf zx/x? zfxL ;]gfsf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf]
w/ftnLo oyfy{tfnfO{ cfTd;fy ub}{ Tof] oyfl:yltnfO{ jftf{ cljlwe/ sfod /fVg] /
Ps csf{sf Onfsfdf ;z:q cltqmd0f gug]{ d'n dfGotfdf cfwfl/t eO{ !% df3df
o'4lj/fd 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] / @( kmfu'gdf
@@ j'“b] cfrf/;+lxtf hf/L ul/Psf] tYo huhfx]/} 5 . ;fy} u[xo'4sf] bf}/fgdf
Pscsf{sf] sJhfdf /x]sf j]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx?nfO{ ;fj{hlgs u/]/ l/xf ug]{ tyf
k'/fgf] ;QfkIfn] hf/L u/]sf cft+ssf/L tyf ljWj+;fTds sfo{ -lgoGq0f tyf ;hfo“_
P]g, @)%* h:tf dfgjtflj/f]wL sfnf sfg'g e'm6f d'2fx? vf/]h ug]{ tkm{ zL3| tyf
k|efjsf/L sbd rfn]/ dfq jftf{sf] lglDt ;xh ljZj;gLo jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 .
To; lglDt lglZrt cjlw tf]s]/ lgDg sfo{x? ul/g'kb{5 .
!= g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_ sf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o b08kfl0f Gof}kfg]
nufot k'ln; tyf zfxL ;}lgs lx/f;taf6 j]kQf kfl/Psf ;Dk"0f{ o'4jGbLx?sf]
l:ylt @)^) j}zfv d;fGt;Dd ;fj{hlgs ul/g'k5{ .
@= j}slNks kf]ln6Jo"/f] ;b:o /jLGb| >]i7 /
j}slNks s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox? jfdb]j If]qL, d'df/fd vgfn nufot zfxL ;}lgs lx/f;t /
h]ndf /flvPsf ;Dk"0f{ o'4jGbLx?nfO{ !% lbg leq l/xf ul/g' kb{5 .
#= !% lbg leq ;Dk"0f{ em'§f d'2fx? vf/]h ul/g' kb{5
/ ;Dk"0f{ cf:yfsf jGbLx?nfO{ l/xf ug'{kb{5 .
$= slyt cft+ssf/L tyf ljWj+;fTds sfo{ -lgoGq0f tyf ;hfo_
P]g @)%* tTsfn vf/]h ul/g'k5{ .
%= zfxL ;]gfnfO{ Ps xKtfleq Jof/]sdf lkmtf{ ul/g'k5{ /
zfxL ;]gfåf/f ;j{;fwf/0fsf] vfgtnf;L, w/ks8 t'?Gt jGb ul/g' k5{ .
^= cfrf/;+lxtfsf] kfngf tyf j]kQf kf/LPsfx?sf] l:ylt /
jGbLx?sf] l/xfO{sf] cg'udg tyf hf“rk8\tfn ug{ ljleGg /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o
dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;+3;+:yfx?, k|d'v k]zfut ;+u7gx? / gful/s ;dfhsf k|ltlglwx?
;lDdlnt Ps clwsf/ ;DkGg ;ldlt t'?Gt jgfOg'k5{ .
3_ jftf{ k|lqmof / ;dotflnsf M
jftf{
k|lqmofnfO{ kf/bzL{ / kl/0ffdd'vL jgfpg lgDgadf]lhd ul/g' kb{5 M
!= jftf{nfO{ ;xh / kf/bzL{ jgfpg b'j} kIfsf] ;xdltn]
lgikIf / k|ltli7t JolQmx? ;lDdlnt ;xhstf{x?sf] 6f]nL lgdf{0f ul/g'k5{ / pQm
6f]nLnfO{ cf}krfl/s jftf{ yfngLsf] j]nfb]lv g} ;j} r/0fsf jftf{x?df ;xefuL
u/fOg'k5{ .
@= jftf{sf] ldlt / :yfg ;xhstf{x? dfkm{t ul/g' k5{ .
#= jt{dfg åGbsf] d'Vo sf/stTj /fHo;Qfsf] k|Zg ePsfn] jftf{df
/fhgLlts Ph]08fnfO{ k|yfldstf lbO{g'k5{ / cGo ljifox? qmdzM p7fpb}
hfg'k5{ .
$= r/d t/ntfsf] l:yltdf /x]sf] b]zsf] jt{dfg /fhgLlts
kl/l:yltnfO{ clglZrt sfn;Dd nDJofpg' cg'ko'Qm dfq geO{ hf]lvdk"0f{ klg
ePsf]n] jftf{ k|lqmofnfO{ l56f] eGbf l56f] ;fy{s 6'ª\uf]df k'/\ofpg] k|of;
ul/g'k5{ .
ª_
jftf{sf] Ph]08f M
!=
d"n / /fhgLlts Ph]08f /fHo;Qfsf] k|Zg g} ;j} ;d:ofsf] s'~hL k|Zg ePsfn]
jt{dfg jftf{ k|lqmofsf] d"n Ph]08f /fhgLlts x'g'kb{5 / To;df g} d'Vo Wofg
s]Gb|Lt x'g'kb{5 . b]zdf ljBdfg ;+s6 ;dfwfgsf lglDt gof“ cu|ufdL /fHo k|0ffnL /
To;nfO{ kl/eflift ug]{ gof“ ;+ljwfg clgjfo{ePsf] / xfn b]zdf @)$^/@)$& sf]
hgcfgbf]ng kZrft lgld{t @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg j:t'tM d[t cj:yfdf k'lu;s]sf] /
b]z ;+ljwfg xLgtfsf] l:yltdf ePsf]n] of] w/ftnLo oyfy{nfO{ :jLsfb}{ gof“
;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] ljlw / gof“ ;+ljwfgsf] Go"gtd cGt/j:t' g} jftf{sf] d'Vo
Ph]08f x'g'kb{5 . @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgdf sltko k|hftflGqs ;jn kIfx? -h:t} M–
jx'bnLo k|lt:kwf{, cfjlws lgjf{rg, ljlwsf] zf;g, jfs\ tyf k|]; :jtGqtf O{Toflb_
ePklg To;df s]xL uDeL/ t'6L{ / ck"0f{tfx? -h:t} slyt æckl/at{gLoÆ ljifox?
;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo ;QfjLrsf] lj/f]wfef;, j]nfotL æcf}krfl/s k|hftGqÆ leq
pTkLl8t ju{ hftL, If]q, ln+u, cflbsf] ‘jf:tljs k|hftGq’ sf] ljno, O{Toflb_ lyP
eGg] s'/fnfO{ ljut jfx| jif{sf] cg'ejsf] k'li6 ul/;s]sf]n] cGtj{:t' Tof] eGbf
cu|ufdL x'g' kg]{ lglZrt 5 . @!cf}+ ztfJbLsf] gof“ hgr]tgf / ;ft jif{sf] leif0f
u[xo'4n] l;h{gf u/]sf] gof“ /fhgLlts zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] l:yltdf cj @)$& ;fn
eGbf kl5 kms{g] k|ltufdL lrGtg / @)$& ;fndf g} 6f“l;O/xg] oyfl:yltjfbL
lrGtgn] b]z / hgtfsf] gof“ cfjZostf k"lt{ ug{ g;Sg] / jt{dfg ;+s6sf]
;dfwfg gx'g] plQs} ;':ki6 5 . To;}n] gof“ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof jf ljlw /
To;sf] Go"gtd cu|ufdL cGtj{:t' lgDg adf]lhd x'g'k5{ .
s_
gof“ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof jf ljlw M
!=
cfGbf]ngsf/L zlQm / b]zsf k|d'v /fhgLlts zlQmx?sf] ;xdltdf cfGbf]ngåf/f hgtfdf
:yflkt ;j} k|hftflGqs, b]zeQm / jfdk+yL zlQmx?sf] j[xt\ uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf
ul/g'k5{ .
@=
pQm uf]nd]r ;Dd]ngn] @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfgn] k|Tofe"t u/]sf k|hftflGQs
clwsf/x? s6f}tL gx'g] u/L / gof“ /fhgLlts zlQm ;Gt'ng k|ltljlGjt x'g] u/L
cGtl/d ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 / cfGbf]ngsf/L zlQmsf] g]t[Tjdf ;j{kIfLo
cGtl/d ;/sf/ u7g ul/g'kb{5 .
#=
cGtl/d ;/sf/sf] dftxtdf 5 dlxgfleq ljleGg ju{, hftL, If]q, ln+u / ;d'bfosf]
;d'lrt k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg u/Lg'k5{ / pQm ;+ljwfg;efn] gof“ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f u/L
hf/L ug'{kb{5 .
v_
gof“ ;+ljwfgsf] Go'gtd cGtj{:t'
!=
hgtf k"0f{?kn] ;fj{ef}d;Qf ;DkGg x'g'kb{5 / /fHo;Qf ;Dk"0f{?kdf
hgtfsf] xftdf x'g'[kb{5 .
@=
hgtfsf] ;jf]{Rr k|ltlglw ;+:yfsf ?kdf ;Dk"0f{ ju{, hflt, hghflt, blnt
hflt, dlxn, efiff, wd{, If]q tyf ljlzi6 JoflQmTjx? ;d]tsf] ;d'lrt k|ltlglwTj
x'g] u/L Ps lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglw;ef u7g x'g]5 . /fHo;Qfsf ;Dk"0f{ c+ux?
hgk|ltlglwx?sf] ;efk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g]5g\ . ;/sf/df klg ;f]xL cg';f/ ;j}sf]
;d'lrt k|ltlglwTjsf] Joj:yf x'g] 5 .
#=
hgk|ltlglw ;efsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ jx'dtåf/f jf hgdt ;+u|x dfkm{t ;+ljwfgsf h'g;'s}
k|fjwfgx? ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg] x'g'kb{5 .
$=
zfxL ;]gf / hgd'lQm ;]gfdf pko'Qm ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{g u/L PsLs[t / /fli6«o
;]gfsf] lgdf{0f ul/g' k5{ / ;]gfnfO{ hgtfsf lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx?sf] dftxtdf
/flvg' k5{ .
%=
jx'bnLo k|lt:kwf{, cfjlws lgjf{rg,
aflnu dtflwsf/, ljlwsf] zf;g, jfs\ tyf k|]; :jtGqtf, df}lns xs / dfgjclwsf/ cflb ;j{:jLs[t k|hftflGqs tyf
gfu/Ls clwsf/x?sf] Uof/]06L ul/g'kb{5 .
^=
b]zsf ;j} pTkLl8t hflt–hghflt, dw];L ;d'bfo / pTkLl8t If]qx?nfO{ cfTdlg0f{osf]
clwsf/ ;lxt hftLo tyf If]qLo :jzf;gsf] Uof/]G6L ul/g'kb{5 .
&=
d'n'snfO{ k"0f{?kn] wd{lg/k]If /fHo jgfOg' kb{5 .
*=
lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/L hgtfsf] df}lns clwsf/k jgfOg' k5{, ;j}nfO{ lgMz'Ns Pj+
;j{;'ne cfwf/e"t lzIff tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5 .
(=
æhdLg hf]Tg]sf]Æ l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df gof“ e"ld;DjGw sfod ul/g'kb{5 / hldgsf]
Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f Pj+ pGgt Joj:yfkg ul/g'kb{5 . cfTdlge{/ /fli6«o
cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf] gLlt cjNDjg ug]{ / /fli6«o k"“hL tyf >f]t ;DkbfnfO{
;+/If0f ug]{ gLlt cg';/0f ug'{kb{5 .
!)=
;g\ !(%) sf] g]kfn–ef/t ;+lGw nufot ;j} c;dfg ;lGwx? vf/]h u/L ;j};+u k~rzLn
tyf c;+nUgtfsf cfwf/df d}qL ;DjGw sfod ug]{ :jtGq ljb]z gLlt cg';/0f ul/g'kb{5
. ljb]z;+u u/Lg] ;j} ;lGw;Demf}tfx? k|ltlglw ;efsf] b'O{ ltxfO{ jx'dtn] kfl/t
ul/g' kb{5 .
u_
cu|ufdL /fhgLlts lgsf;åf/f jt{dfg ;+s6 xn ug{ rfxg] /fhgLlt zlQmx?sf aLrdf
cu|ufdL gof“ ;+ljwfgsf pko'Qm Go"gtd cGtj{:t' jf/]df ;xdlt / ;dembf/L x'g
;Sb5 / x'g'kb{5 eGg] xfd|f] b[li6sf]0f
xf] . t/ lgMzt{?kdf x'g] ;+ljwfg;efn] o:tf] gof“ ;+ljwfg jgfpg] ePsfn] To;sf
;Dk"0f{ rl/q Pj+ ljz]iftfx?jf/] clxn] g] ls6fgL ug'{ ;}4flGts / Jojxfl/s
b'j} lx;fjn] pko'Qm x'b}g . pko'Qm Go"gtd\ cGt/j:t'df /fh;+:yf tyf cGo yk
cu|ufdL cGt/–j:t'x? /fhgLlts zlQmx?n] cf–cfkm\gf] b[li6sf]0f / dfGotf cg';f/
hgtfaLr lnP/ hfg] / hgtfn] g} clGtd km};nf ug]{ s'/f ;j}nfO{ :jLsfo{ x'g'kgg]{
s'/f :jtM :ki6 5 .
@=
/fli6«o tyf cfly{s ;fdflhs k|Zgx?
!=
cft+sjfbsf] k|ltsf/sf] jxfgfdf ljljw?k / gfdn] /fli6«o lxtdfly uDeL/ k|efj
kfg]{ tyf zflGtjftf{nfO{ k|lts"n c;/ kfg]{ u/L ePsf ;lGw ;Demf}tf, ;}Go
;xof]u, ljb]zL ;]gfsf] pkl:ylt / rnv]n tTsfn} /f]Sg'k5{ .
@=
g]kfn–ef/t v'nf ;Ldfgf lgolGqt / Jojl:yt ul/g'kb{5 . ;Ldf If]qdf x'g] ;j}
k|sf/sf 3';k}7 cltqmd0fnfO{ lgoGq0f ul/g'kb{5 . ljb]zLnfO{ /f]huf/ lb+bf js{
k/ld6 k|0ffnL nfu' ug'{kb{5 .
#=
/fli6«o sn+ssf ?kdf /x]sf] uf]vf{ etL{ s]Gb| /2 ul/g'kb{5 / g]kfnLx?nfO{
:jb]zleq} ;Ddfghgs /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .
$=
pBf]u, jfl0fHo ty ljQLo If]qdf sfod /x]sf] j}b]lzs Psflwsf/nfO{ cGTo ul/g'kb{5
. /fli6«o pBf]u / :jb]zL Jofkf/Lx?nfO{ ;+/If0f / k|f]T;fxg ul/g'kb{5 . lglZrt
cjlwleq b]znfO{ j}b]lzs C0fsf] b'Zrqmaf6 k"0f{?kn] d'Qm ug'{kb{5 .
%=
PghLcf]/cfO{PghLcf] cflbsf gfp“df eO/x]sf] j}b]lzs 3';k}7 / cGtWj+zsf] cGTo
ul/g'kb{5 . cGt/f{li6«o ljQLo ;+:yfx?n] nfb]sf / nfb\g] /fli6«o lxtljk/Ltsf
zt{x? /2 / cdfGo 3f]lift ul/g'kb{5 .
^=
b]zsf] k|r'/ hn;Dkbfsf] ;d'lrt pkof]usf] lglDt PsLs[t /fli6«o hggLlt lgdf{0f
ul/g'kb{5 . ;fgf tyf dWod hnljB't of]hgfx?nfO{ k|fyldstf lb+b} lglZrt cjlwleq
;Dk"0f{ b]zsf ljB'tLs/0f ul/g'kb{5 .
&=
e"ldxLg tyf u/Lj ls;fgx/nfO{ ;j} k|sf/sf] C0fx?af6 d'Qm u/fO{
k"0f{?kn] /f]huf/Lsf] Uof/]G6L ul/g' kb{5 .
*=
/f]huf/L / j;f]jf;sf] k"0f{ Uof/]G6L ub}{ sd}of, x?jf, r?jf k|yfsf] pGd'ng
ug'{kb{5 . ;Dk"0f{ ;'s'Djf;Lx?nfO{ plrt j;f]jf;sf] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .
(=
dn, aLpm nufot s[lifhGo j:t'x? ;:tf] / ;'ne ?kdf cknJw u/fO{g'kb{5 / l;rfO{sf]
;d'lrt Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 . s[lif{ pTkbgsf] plrt d"No / jhf/sf] Joj:yf
ul/g'kb{5 .
!)=
k]6«f]lnod kbfy{ tyf cGo b}lgs cfjZostfsf j:t'x?df ePsf / eO{/xg]
d"Noj[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f ug'{kb{5 . d"Noj[l4sf] cg'kftdf >ldsx?sf]
Hofnfbf/ / sd{rf/Lsf] tnj j[l4 ul/g'kb{5 .
!!=
e|i6frf/L, t:s/, sld;gvf]/ / gfkmfvf]/x?nfO{ t'?Gt s8f sfjf{xL ug]{ plrt ;+oGq
lgdf{0f ul/g' kb{5 .
!@=
/fli6«o / j}1flgs lzIffk|0ffnL nfu' ug'{kb{5 . lzIffnfO{ /f]huf/Ld"ns
jgfOg'kb{5 . lzIff eO{/x]sf] lghLs/0f / Jofkfl/s/0fnfO{ t'?Gt cGTo ul/g'kb{5 .
!#=
:jf:Yo ;]jfnfO}{ lgMz'Ns / ;j{;'nj 9+un] d'VotM u|fld0f / cGo If]qdf lj:tf/
ul/g' kb{5 .
!$=
cGwf, ckfª\uf, j[4, c;xfo / jfnjfnLsfx?sf] clwsf/sf] /Iff ub}{ pgLx?sf]
x]/rfxsf] ljz]if Jpj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .
!%=
dlxnfx?dfly ePsf ;j} k|sf/sf zf]if0fsf] cGTo ulg/kb{5 / k}t[s ;Dklt nufPt ;j}
If]qdf k'?if;/x ;dfg clwsf/ lbg'kb{5 . dlxnf j]rljvgnfO{ s8fO{k"j{s
/f]lsg'kb{5 .
!^=
blnt hfltdfly 5'jf5't nufot ;Dk"0f{ zf]if0f pTkL8gsf] cGTo ub}{ pgLx?nfO{
;Dk"0f{ ?kn] c?;/x ;dfg clwsf/ lbOg'kb{5 .
!&=
dhb'/x?sf lgldQ xKtfsf] $) 306fsf] sfo{lbg / Go"gtd Hofnf lgwf{/0f u/L
To;sf] s8fOk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug'{kb{5 . pBf]usf Joj:yfkgfdf dhb'/x?sf]
;xeflutfsf] Uof/]G6L ul/g'kb{5 .
!*=
o'jfx?sf] ;jf{ª\uL0f ljsf;sf nflu 7f]; gLlt jgfO{ of]hgfj4 9+un] nfu' ul/g'kb{5
.
!(=
;flxTosf/, ;f“:s[ltsdL{, j'l4hLjL, 8fS6/, jlsn, kqsf/, n]vs / OlGhlgo/, lzIfs
cflbnfO{ b]z / hgtfsf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t u/fpg pgLx?sf] k|fl1s :jtGqtf tyf k]zfut
;+/If0fsf] ;'lglZrttf ul/g'kb{5 .
@)=
k|ltufdL j}b]lzs ;f“:s[lts k|b'if0f / cltqmd0f /f]Sg'k5{ / b]zleq 5f8f l;g]df,
lel8of] / kqklqsfx?sf] cfoft / ljt/0fdf /f]s nufpg' kb{5 .
@!=
ufp“ufp“df vfg]kfgL, af6f], k'n, ljh'nL cflb k"j{wf/ ljsf; / lj:tf/sf]
ljz]if of]hgf jgfP/ tbf?stfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g'kb{5 . ufp“ / zx/ tyf ljleGg
ef}uf]lns If]qx?jLr ljBdfg c;Gt'ng x6fP/ ;Gt'lnt ljsf;sf] /fli6«o of]hgf
sfof{Gjog ul/g'kb{5 .
@@=
/f]huf/Lsf nflu ljb]zdf eP/ g]kfnLx?sf] xslxtsf] /Iffsf] ;'lglZrt ul/g'kb{5
.
@#=
b]z / hgtfsf] d'lQmsf nf;u ljleGg ;dosf] hgcfGbf]ng / hgo'4sf] qmddf
dfl/Psx?nfO{ ;lxb 3f]if0ff ul/g'kb{5 / xTof/fx?nfO{ s8f sfjf{xL ul/g' kb{5 .
#=
dfgjclwsf/ tyf tTsflng /fxt / k'g:yfkgfsf ljifox? M
!=
u[xo'4sf qmddf ePsf dfgjclwsf/ pNn+3gsf 36gfx?sf] lgikIf 5fgljg ug{
dfgjclwsf/jfbL ;+3;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?;d]t ;+nUg pRr:t/Lo / clwsf/ ;DkGg cfof]u
u7g ul/g'kb{5 / pNn+3gstf{x?nfO{ cfjZos sfjf{xL ul/g'kb{5 .
@=
;lxbsf kl/jf/x?nfO{ tTsfn /fxt tyf plrt Ifltk"lt{sf] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .
#=
u[xo'4sf] qmddf 3fO{t] ePsfx?nfO{ lgz'Ns pkrf/sf] Joj:yf ul/g'kb{5 .
r_
sfof{Gjog / cg'udg M
!=
jftf{df b'j} kIfaf6 ;xdlt ePsf ljifoj:t'x? lglZrt ;doleq sfof{Gjog ul/g'kb{5 /
sfof{Gjog ePgePsf] cg'udg ug{sf nflu Ps lgikIf cg'udg 6f]nL jgfpg'kb{5 .
ldlt M @)^) j}zfv !$
8f=
afj'/fd e§/fO{, ;+of]hs jftf{6f]nL,
g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_
klZrd g]kfnsf] dfcf]jfbL If]qdf hgjfbL lzIffn] NofPsf] pyn k'yn
hgcfJxfg ;Djfbbftf
g]kfnu~h÷/f]Nkf uh'n
% sf $# alif{o jfnf/fd lai6 clxn] cfkm\gf] ufp“df dfcf]jfbLn] gof“
hgjfbL lzIff nfu' u/]sf]df cfkm" cToGt ;Gt'i6 ePsf] wf/0ff /fV5g\\ .
‘Jojxfl/s, j:t'jfbL / cfTdlge{/ ePsfn] dnfO{ of] gof“ / cfw'lgs hgjfbL lzIff dg
k/]sf] xf]‘ pgL yKb5g\ . g]skf dfcf]jfbLn] ;+rfng u/]sf] ;z:q ljb|f]xn]
’hgtfsf] ;ayf]s ;dfKt x'g] ef] eGg]‘ xNnf ;'g]/ ufp“af6 efu]sf lji6 ljut $
jif{b]lv ef/tsf] g}lgtfndf ‘sfnfkxfl8of’ eP/ a:b} cfPsf lyP . ‘ef/t–g]kfn Pstf
;dfhn] ;DemfO{ a'emfO{ u/]sf]n] d ut ;fn cfkm\g} ufp“ ltjfª kms]{+ . ufp“df t
klxn]sf] t'ngfdf w]/} ljsf; ePsf] /x]5, d 5Ss k/]+’ lji6 ufp“sf] of] l:ylt
b]v]/ o;f] eG5g\ .
To:t} pgsf l5d]sL sfsf bfdf]b/ lji6 klg pgL;“u} ef/tsf]
sf“8Ldf a:b} cfPsf lyP . hj jfnf/fd lai6n] pgnfO{ lrl§ k7fP, bfdf]b/ klg ufp“
kms]{ . afnf/fd eG5g\ —’d]/f] lrl§ kfpg] ljlQs} bfdf]b/ sfsf ufp“ kms,]{ clxn]
xfdL b'j}hgf ufp“df hgjfbL lzIff l;ls/x]sf 5f}+ .‘
hgjfbL lzIff nfu' ug]{ p2]Zon] z}lIfs cfGbf]ng ;+rfng
ul//x]sf] cg]/f:jljo' -qmflGsf/L_ n] cfkm\gf] ;+u7gsf] ev{/} ;DkGg !^cf}+
/fli6«o ;Dd]ngaf6 ;a}sf] kx'“r x'g] / cfw'lgs Pj+ a}1flgs lzIff k|0ffnL nfu'
ug{ dxTjk"0f{ of]hgf lgdf{0f ePsf]] ;+u7gsf k"j{ cWoIF b]j]Gb|
k/fh'nLn] atfP . pQm !^ cf}+ /fli6«o ;Ddn]gaf6 ?s'd,/f]Nkf,hfh/sf]6 nufotsf
lhNnfx?sf @& uflj;df ;+u7gn] ;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] hgjfbL lzIffnfO{ cfkm\gf]
clei6 gLlt agfP/ b]zJofkL ?kdf nfu' ug]{ k|lqmofdf ;+3if{/t /xg] ;d]t lg0f{o
ul/Psf] 5 . ?s'd, /f]Nkf, hfh/sf]6af6 z'? ePsf] hgjfbL lzIffnfO{ Jojl:yt Pj+
lj:tfl/t ug{ / z}lIfs clwsf/nfO{ :yflkt ub}{ cu|ufdL km8\sf] dfg{] wfl/nf] tyf
alnof] ;'qwf/sf] ?kdf lnOg] ;+u7gsf k"j{ cWoIf k/fh'nLn] atfpg' eof] . t/
Tof] hgjfbL lzIffsf] ?k / vfsf :ki6 5}g lg eGg] lh1fzfdf k/fh'nLsf] egfO lyof]
– clxn] ufp“–ufp“df xfd|f] ;+u7gn] ;+rfng u/]sf] hgjfbL lzIff ev{/} hGd]sf]
aRrf h:t} xf] . o;nfO{ o'jf cj:yf;Dd x's]{sf] gj'em\g'xf];\, of] afns g} 5 . ca
o;nfO{ Jojl:yt 9+un] x'sf{pg] a9fpg] lhDd]jf/L xfdLdfly cfPsf] 5 . ;f]xL cg'?k
ev{/} ;DkGg !^cf}+ /fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] vfsf ;d]t agfPsf] 5 .‘
hgjfbL lzIffs} ;jfndf clvn
-qmflGtsf/L_ sf gjlgjf{lrt pkfWoIf /fdbLk cfrfo{ eGg'x'G5 – xfdLn] dfcf]jfbL
k|efljt lhNnfsf @& uflj;x?df $ jif]{ afnsb]lv ^) jif]{ a[4;Ddsf hgtfnfO{
hgjfbL lzIff lbO/x]sf 5f}+,] w]/} u[xsfo{ u/]/ hGdfPsf] hgjfbL lzIffnfO{
cfw'lgs, Jojxfl/s, a}1flgs Pj+ a:t'k/s / l;kd'ns lzIffsf] ?kdf ljsf; ul//x]sf
5f}+ .‘ o'4sfnLg cj:yfdf lzIff gLlt agfP/ klg nfu' ug]{ ;jfndf 7"nf
r'gf}ltx? x'G5g\ eGb} pkfWoIf cfrfo{ eGg'x'G5 – k"/fgf] ;fdGtjfbL lzIff
k|0ffnLnfO{ Wj+z ug]{ k|lqmofdf tTsfn} hgjfbL lzIff nfu' ug{ sl7g x'G5 t/ klg
xfdLn] cfkm\gf] d'Qm cfwf/ If]qx?df hgjfbL lzIff nfu' u/]sf 5f}| . ;f] of]hgf
cGtu{t clxn] @& uflj;x?df ;+rfng ePklg To;nfO{ qmlds ?kdf lj:tf/ ub}{ hfg]
xfd|f] of]hgf 5 . clvn -qmflGtsf/L_ n] ;+rfng u/]sf] hgjfbL lzIff ;DaGwdf
lh1f;f /fVbf lzIff dGqfnosf k|aQmf ne/fh lqkf7Lsf] wf/0f o:tf] 5 – olb s'g}
klg lzIff k|0ffnL l;kd'ns x'G5, /f]huf/d'ns Pj+ cfw'lgs 5 eg] Tof] d]/f]
JoflQmut ?kdf w]/} :jfut of]Uo xg]5 . t/ tkfO{n] eg] h:t} dfcf]jfbLn] ;+rfng
u/]sf] hgjfbL lzIffsf] ljifodf dnfO{
hfgsf/L 5}g . tkfO{n] ;'g]h:t} ul/ d}n] ;'g]sf] 5' t/ lj:t[t ?kd a'em\g]
df}sf kfPsf] 5}g . t/ dfcf]jfbLn] ;+rfng u/sf] lzIff xf];\ of s'g} gful/s
;dfhn] ;+rfng u/]sf] lsg gxf];\, Tof] hgtf / /fi6«sf] lxtdf x'G5 eg] Tof] lzIff
k|0ffnL hf] ;'s}nfO{ klg :jfutof]Uo g} x'g]5 / x'g' kb{5 . jf:tjdf eGg] xf] eg]
lzIff cfkm}df /fd|f] rLh xf] . ;du|df s'g}klg lzIff g/fd|f] x'b}g rfx] u'?s'n
lzIff xf]; of hgjfbL, t/ xfdLn] To;sf] k|lqmof x]g'{ kb{5 .‘ a:t'tM dfcf]jfbLn]
;+rfng u/]sf] hgjfbL lzIff / ;/sf/4f/f ;+rflnt jt{dfg lzIff k|0ffnLsf] tfTjLs
cGt/sf ljifodf lzIffljb\x? km/s–km/s l6Kk0fL ug'x'G5 . clxn]sf] lzIff k|0fnLleq
k|df0fkqd'vL Pj+ kl/Iffd'vL k|j[lt xfjL 5 . ;fy} lzIff k4ltnfO{ u"0ffTds
?kdf ljsf; ug'{sf] ;§f gLlhs/0f Pj+ Jofkf/Ls/0f ul/Psf] 5 . o;af6 g]kfnL
hgtfsf] ;dfg kx'“r x'g] / /f]huf/d'ns x'g g;Sg] k4lt ePsfn] o:tf] lzIff k4ltaf6
s:tf] ck]Iff ug]{ < o;} ;jfndf k|fWofks 8f= ;'/]z /fh zdf{ eGg'x'G5 – ’clxn]
;/sf/n] ;a}eGbf al9 vr{ cf}krfl/s lzIffdf ePklg /fd|f] ljsf; x'g ;s]g . pN6}
k|To]s txdf &) k|ltzt ljBfyL{ c;kmn x'G5 . Tof] km]n ePsf] gf]S;fgLsf]
lhDdf s;n] lng] < o;/L s] ;“w} &) k|ltzt ljBfyL{ km]n x'g] l;:6d xfdL
rnfO{ /fVg] <‘ pxf“sf] k|Zg 5 . ptf hgjfbL lzIffsf af/]df a'em\g vf]Hbf
k|f=8f= zdf{ eGg'x'G5 — ’hf] a:t'k/s x'G5, /f]huf/d'ns x'G5 Tof] lzIff k|0ffnL
xfdLn] l:jsf/ ug'{k5{ t/ dfcf]jfbLn] ;+rfng u/]sf] hgjfbL lzIffsf af/]df
cfkm"n] a'em\g / cWoog ug{ EofPsf] 5}g .‘ s'/f ;'Gbf /fd}| nfU5 s:tf] 5
yfxf 5}g . cfkm' To;ljifodf cWoog ug{ OR5's /x]sf] t/ ;don] ;fy glbPsf] wf/0ff
;d]t kf]Vg'x'G5 .
To:t} jl/i7 lzIffljb\ ;'wf lqkf7L
clxn]sf] jt{dfg lzIff k|0ffnL cToGt cGof}nu|:t ?kdf u'h|L/x]sf] / gof“ Pj+
a}1flgs vfn] lzIff k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug{ gof“ ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f cfjZos ePsf] 7x/
ug'{x'G5 . hgjfbL lzIffsf] ;jfndf lqkf7Ln] /fd|f] Pj+ hgr]tgf hufpg] vfnsf]
x'g'kg]{ atfpg' ePsf] 5 .
ctM clvn -qmflGtsf/L_ n] ;+rfng
u/]sf] hgjfbL lzIffsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg lj1x?sf] wf/0ff km/s ePklg lzIff u|x0f
ul//x]sf cg'ejstf{x?sf] ;sf/fTds a'emfO{ /x]sf] 5 . gof“ hgjfbL lzIffsf] z'?jft
ug]{ clvn -qmflGtsf/L_ bfª lhNnf ;ldltn] clxn];Dd $%j6f hgjfbL lzIffnox?
vf]ln;s]sf] 5 . cu|ufdL /fhgLlts lgsf; / k"0f{ hgjfbL lzIff k|fKtLsf] nflu
z}lIfs e|li6s/0f Pj+ Jofkf/Ls/0fnfO{ cGTo ug'{kg]{ hgfpb} ufp“–ufp“df hgjfbL
:s'nx? ;+rfng ul/Psf] ;ldlt atfp“5 . bfª lhNnf ;ldltn] ;'Gb/ gof“ hgjfbL
;Qfx?sf] Jofks ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] nflu xfn of] If]qe/L $% j6f gof“ hg;d'bfos} kxndf
hglzIffnox? ;+rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ egL hgfPsf] 5 .
o;y{ at{DFFg lzIff k|0ffnLleq Jofks ;'wf/ u/L
cfw'lgs Pj+ a}1flgs lzIff k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;s]df To;n] g} hgklIfo
-hgjfbL_ lzIff k4ltsf] ?kdf dfGotf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] lzIffljb\x?sf] ;'emfj 5 . d'n'sdf
b'O{ vfn] lzIff x'g'x'b}g Pp6} / hgkIfLo, hgtfsf] kx'“r k'Ug ;Sg] vfnsf]
x'g'kg]{ wf/0ff clwsf+z k|fWofksx?sf] /x]sf] 5 . ptf clvn -qmflGtsf/L_ n] eg]
jt{dfg lzIff k|0ffnL k"0f{ ?kdf vf/]h u/L ;+ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfj dfkm{t gof“
hgjfbL lzIff :yfkgf ug]{ pb]Zon] z}lIfs cfGbf]ng ul//x]sf] atfPsf] 5 . h]xf];\
l;kd'ns, /f]huf/Ld'ns Pj+ ;dfg kx'“r ePsf] lzIff k4ltsf af/]df s;}sf] ljdt
/x]sf] kfOb}g .
ef/tåf/f Pskl5 csf]{ af“w lgdf{0f
hgcfJxfg ;Djfbbftf
g]kfnu+h
. ef/tn] g]kfn;+usf] ;Ldf hf]l8Psf] t/fO{ If]qdf lgof]lht ?kn] Ps kl5 csf]{ jfw
lgdf{0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ ;f] IF]qsf g]kfnL ufp“ j:tLx? 8'jfgdf
kl//x]sf 5g\ / o;n] g]kfnsf] ;f] If]qdf bL3{sfnLg c;/ kfg]{ b]lvG5 .
PstkmL{
?kdf jgfOg] o:tf jf“w tyf t6jGwgx?n] g]kfnL hgtf 3/jf/ ljxLg x'g kg]{ l:ylt k}bf
ePsf] 5 .
nIfd0fk'/,
v'b{nf]6g jfw / dxnL;fu/ jf“wx?n] g]kfnsf] e"–efudf 7'nf] c;/ u/]sf] 5
. To; If]qsf j:tLx? 8'jfgdf kl/
v]tLjfnL nfUg g;Sg] / ;f] If]qsf hgtfn] 7'nf] b'Mv Joxf]g'{ kg]{ cj:yf l;h{gf
ePsf] 5 . tL jf“wx? eTsfpg' kg]{ cfjhx? pl7/x]sf j]nf km]/L ef/tn] bf· lhNnfsf]
l;dfgfdf kg]{ sf]Onfjf;df jf“w lgdf{0f tLj| ?kdf z'? u/]sf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6«o
sfg'gsf] 7f8} pn+3g ub}{ ef/tn] g]kfnsf] :jLs[lt ljgf o:tf sfdx? w]/} klxn]
b]lv ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . klxNnf] k6s lgdf{0f z'? ul//x]sf] ‘sf]Onfjf; jf“w g]kfn
ef/t ;Ldfsf] @) dL6/ If]q leq /x]sf] 5 . ;f] jfw g]kfn ef/t l;df :te g+= #&
/ #* aLr jgfpg z'? ul/Psf] 5 .
pQm jf“w
ef/tn] cfkm'nfO l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf lng u/fPsf] xf] . ef/taf6 7fp“ 7fp“df PstkmL{
?kdf ;Ldf cltqmd0f u/L jgfPsf jf“wx?jf/] g]kfn ;/sf/n] ef/t;+u ;fdFGo lr¶L kq
ug{ jfx]s cGo /f]syfdsf nflu s'g} c8fglnPsf] b]lvb}g .
o;}u/L
ef/tåf/f PstkmL{ ?kdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] dxnL;fu/ jf“wn] g]kfnsf] sl/j %)) x]S6/
hldg 8'jfgdf k/]sf] 5 .
slknj:t' lhNnfsf] l;dfgf;+u hf]l8Psf] pQm jfwdf @ dL6/
rf}8f !% j6f 9f]sf /x]sf 5g\ . ;f] jfwjf6 slknj:t' lhNnfsf] $ j6f uf=lj=;=sf
hgtf lj:yflkt x'g] l:yltdf 5g\ . 8'jfgn] ubf{ pQm If]qdf v]tL ug{ g;Sg]
l:yltsf] l;h{gf ePsf] 5 .
8'jfgdf
k/]sf $ ufp“x? eujfgk'/, k/;of}xf, /+uk'/ / ;/;lxof /x]sf 5g\ . pQm If]qdf jgfPsf]
jf“wjf6 clwsf+z efux? 8'jfgdf kg]{ u5{g\ .
o;} u/L
PskIfLo ?kdf lgdf{0f ul/Psf] nIfd0fk'/ jf“waf6 af“s] lhNnfsf ( uf=lj=;= 8'jfgdf
k/]sf 5g\ . ef/tåf/f $ jif{ cufl8 dfq lgdf{0f sfo{ k'/f ul/Psf] ;f] jf“wsf
sf/0f g]kfnsf xhf/f}+ lj3f hldg 8'jfgdf kg]{ / xhf/f}+ hgtf lj:yflkt x'g] u/]sf
5g\ . ! ;o $ ld6/ nDdjfO{ / ;f9] % ld6/ prfO{ ePsf] pQm jfwsf !$ j6f 9f]sfx?
/x]sf 5g\ . ;f] jfw g]kfn b]lv $ ls=dL= sf] b'/Ldf /x]sf] 5 . hjsL cGt/f{li6«o
sfg'g cg';f/ @ b]zsf] ;xdlt ljgf * ls=dL= eGbf leq s'g} ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug{
gkfOg] Joj:yf 5 .
ef/tjf6 ;Ldf If]qsf] cltqmd0f ub}{
jgfOPsf o:tf jf“wx?sf] g]kfn ;/sf/n] lj/f]w gu/L ef/tLo lj:tf/jfb ;fd'
cfTd;dk{0f ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . ef/tLo zf;sx?sf] pQm ldrfxf k|j[ltsf lj?4 cfd b]zeQm
hgtfx? cfGbf]lnt x'g' kg]{ ePsf] 5 .
cfkm\g} b]zsf hgtfsf] hgclwsf/sf
dfux?nfO{ s'Nrb} / hgtfnfO{ bdg ug{ kNs]sf] ;/sf/ / ;]gfn] b]zsf] /Iffsf nflu
s'g} sbd grfnL sfgdf t]n xfn]/ j:g'n] pQm If]qsf hgtfn] ;/sf/ k|lt cfqmf]if
JoQm u/]sf 5g\ .
;fj{hlgs hUuf cf/h' sf] gfddf
g]kfnu+h÷/fhgLlts k|efjdf kf/]/ ;fj{hlgs ;DktL s;/L lghL
jGbf] /x]5 eGg] s'/fsf] glh/ g]kfnu+h jg]sf] 5 . k"j{ k|wfgdGqL Pj+ g]=sf= -k|hfgtGqjfbL_ sf cWoIf
z]/jxfb'/ b]pjfsL >Ldlt 8f= cf/h' /f0ff b]pjfn] >Ldfgsf] /fhgLlts x}l;ot
pkof]u ub}{ cfkm\gf] ;+:yf ‘;fyL sf] gfddf g]kfnu+hsf] d'6' -klxnfsf] gu/
k|x/Lsf] sfof{no_ nfO{ lghL ;DktLdf km]/]sL l5g\ .
;+s6sfnsf] df}sf 5f]Kb} ;fj{hlgs ;DktL x8Kg] 8f= cf/h'sf] cleofgdf :yfgLo ?kd} ;+:yfsL sfo{sf/L ejfgL /f0ffn] u/]sf] jtfO{G5 eg] csf]{ o; sfdnfO{ d't{?k lbg :yfgLo k|zf;g d'Vo sfo{sf/L clws[t /fdnfn >]i6n] e"ldsf lgefPsf] ;dfrf/ ;'q jtfp5 .
r6\ofª klg
dfcf]jfbL xltof/
/fd]5fk÷s'/f ;'Gb} klg xf“;f] nfUbf] ;dfrf/ /fd]5fk
lhNnfsf] ;b/d'sfd lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodf ePsf] 5 . >jf0f !( ut] /ftL cfsfzdf
u8\ofªu'8'ª;+u} lhNnf k|x/L sfof{nodf r6\ofª kg{ k'Uof] . ;f] r6\ofªnfO{
dfcf]jfbLåf/f k|x/L sfof{nodf cfqmd0f ePsf] va/ ;j{q km}nfO{of] . r6\ofª k/]kl5
k|x/L sfof{noaf6 Jofks?kdf xjfO{ kmfOl/ª ;d]t ePsf] lyof] . /ftsf] ;dodf o;/L
PSsf;L xjfO{ kmfo/n] ubf{ ;b/d'sfdjf;Lx? cft+sLt ePsf lyP . ;+of]un] pQm
kmfO{l/ªdf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] eg] s'g} Iflt ePg .
pQm 36gfsf]
vf]hjLg gu/L dfcf]jfbLsf] /s]6nGr/af6 cfqmd0f ePsf] xNnf u/L xjfO{ kmfo/ x'g'n]
;'/IffsdLx?sf] sdhf]/ dgl:yltnfO{ ;f] 36gfn] k'i6L u/]sf] /fd]5fkjf;Lx?
atfp“5g\ . ufp“df s's'/ e's], df}/L e'ge'gfP klg dfcf]jfbL cfPsf] 7fgL kmfo/
ug]{ l:ylt ;'/IffsdL{x?sf] /x]sf] 5 .
:d/0fLo s'/f s] 5 eg] To:t} 36gf g]kfnu+hsf] ;dz]/u+hdf ;+s6sfnsf] ;dodf ofq' j;df dfcf]jfbL cfPsf] 7fgL uf]nL k|xf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . ;f] 36gfdf a;sf Ps ofq'n] Hofg u'dfpg'sf] ;fy} s]xL AoflQmx? uf]nLnfuL u+eL/ 3fOt] ePsf lyP .