cy{zf:q
;xsf/L
Ps 5nkmn
–ljKnj
cfwf/ If]qdf ;xsf/L ;+ul7t ug]{ / pTkfbg a[l4 ug]{ af/]df
5nkmn rln/x]sf] 5 . ;dfhsf] pk/L;+/rgf -;Qf_ df cfpg] kl/jt{gn] To;sf]
cfwf/nfO{ abNg' clgjfo{ x'g] dfS;{jfbL ljrf/af6 dfq geO{ cfhsf] gof“ hgo'4df
cfly{s ?kn]
cfTdlge{/ aGg' kg]{ k|r08kysf] ljrf/cg';f/ / cfwf/ If]qx? leq Jojxfl/s
cfjZostfsf] b[li6n] klg of] ljifo dxTjk"0f{ g} b]lvG5 . oB]kL xfd|f] sdf08
of]hgfn] s]xL ;kmn ;xsf/Ltfsf] nIf ;d]t /fv]sf] 5 / gd"gf / d'Vo lhNnfx?n]
/fd|f] d]xgt klg u/L /fv]sf 5g\\ . o;nfO{ ;xhtf lbg ;xsf/L af/] ;+If]kdf pNn]v
u/f}+ .
!=
kl/ro M–
g]kfnLdf ;xsf/Ltfsf] cy{
c+u|]hLdf Co-operative -sf]–ck/]l6e_ eGg] x'G5 . c+u]|hLsf] sf]–ck/]l6e zAb Nofl6g efiffsf] Co / Opus -sf] / ck;_ b'O{ zAb ldn]/ ag]sf] dflgG5 / Nofl6gdf Co sf] cy{ sfd / Opus sf] cy{ ;+u;+u}
eGg]
x'G5 . Co-Opus hf]8\bf To;sf] cy{ ;+u;+u}
ul/g] sfd x'g uof] . ;+u;+u} ul/g] sfdnfO{ c+u|]hLdf Co-operative
/ g]kfnLdf ;xsf/L elgG5 . o;nfO{ ;+u ;+u} ldn]/ ug]{ sfd jf ;fem]bf/L sfo{ eg]
klg x'G5 .
;xsf/LtfnfO{ cf}wf]lus
qmflGtsf] pkh dflgG5 . ha ;fdGtjfbL pTkfbg ;DaGw -s[lif, e"ld, xft] sfd,
zf/Ll/s>,cflb_ dfly k"“hLjfbL pTkfbg ;DaGw -pBf]u, snsf/vfgf, d]l;g,
dhb'/ cflb_ n] qmflGt u¥of] cyf{t cf}Bf]lus qmflGt cufl8 cfof] To;n] >dLssf]
7"nf] lx:;fnfO{ a]/f]huf/ agfOlbof] . zf]if0fsf sof}+ ?kx?, sd Hofnf,
!(÷@) 306fsf] >d;do,
zf/Ll/s oftgf, dgk/L lg:sf;g, cflb b]vf k/] . o;af6 Pp6f lx:;f larlnt eO{
cfTd;dk{0fdf uof], Pp6f lx:;f ;+3if{df plqof] / csf]{ lx:;f efjgfdf t/ª\uLt x'g
k'Uof] . oxL ljG'bdf s]xL :jfledfgL >lds / cfbz{jfbL dfG5]x? ldn]/
;xsf/Lsf] lgdf0f{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pgLx?n] cfkm\gf] >d, lzk / yf]/ax't
k"“hLnfO{ s]Gb|Lt sfo{df k|of]u u/L k|fKt pTkfbgaf6 lhljsf]kfh{g ug{ yfn]
. s]xL ;do k5fl8 ;xsf/Ltf rLgtgwf/fdf b]vf k¥of] . of] ;xsf/Lsf hGdbftfdf
lj|6]gsf wgf9\o sNkgfjfbL /j6{ cf]j]g dflgG5g\\ . cf]j]gsf] æ:jKg sNkgfÆ n]
7"nf] c;kmntf vfPkl5 k"“hLjfbL tTjx?n] ;xsf/LtfnfO{ s'?k 9ª\un]
pkof]u u/] . pgLx?n] o;nfO{ lghL k"“hL pTkfbg ug]{ / >dLsdfly gof“
zf]if0f sfod ug]{ ;fwgdf abn] . t/, ha
;j{xf/f ju{n] ;fDojfbL /fhg}lts ljrf/ / cfly{s pTkfbg ;DaGw af/] j}1flgs ljZj
b[li6sf]0f lgdf{0f u¥of], tab]lv ;xsfl/tf ;dfh ?kfGt/0fsf] lglDt Ps
dxTjk"0f{ pTkfbg ;DaGwsf] ?kdf ljsf; x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o;f] t dfcf];Dd k'Ubf
of] Pp6f ljrf/wf/fsf] ljifo g} jlg;s]sf] 5 .
@= cjwf/0ff, k|of]u /
cg'ejsf b[li6n] ;xsf/Ltfsf ltg k|j[lQ b]lvPsf 5g\\ . sfNklgs, k"“hLjfbL / hgjfbL
÷ ;dfhjfbL .zfAbLs ?kdf p:t} nfu]tf klg ;f/df k'Ubf ltgsf] aLrdf cfsf;–kftfn
a/fa/sf] km/s b]Vg ;lsG5 . lo leGgtfn] ubf{ ltgsf] kl/efiff e'ldsf /
pkof]lutfdf klg k"/} km/s wf/0ff /xg' :ki6 5 .
;xsf/Lsf k|jt{s dflgg]
/fj6{ cf]j]g / pgsf cg'ofoLn] ;xsf/LtfnfO{ dfG5]sf] dg dl:t:s / l;ª\uf]
;dfhnfO{ g} qmdzM abNg ;lsg] rfns k4ltsf] ?kdf JofVof u/] . cf]j]gn] cfkm\gf]
;dfhsf] gfd g} ‘;xsf/L ;dfhjfb’ /fv] . o;nfO{ pgs} efiffdf cefj, ul/jL,
j]/f]huf/L d'Qm ‘Go" xf/df]lg’ eg]/ c+lst u/] . pgsf] egfO{df ædfG5]n]
:jo+ cfkm\gf] rl/q :jo+ g t slxn] lgdf{0f u¥of] g t ug{ g} ;Dej 5 o:tf] 1fgjfnf
dfG5]sf] /rgf p;sf] ;xdtL lagf k|s[lt / ;dfhåf/f x'g] ub{5 .Æ o;y{ kl/l:yltdf km]/abn ul/lbP/ dfG5]sf]
hLjg abNg ;lsG5 eGg]df pgsf] lj:jf; lyof] . cf]j]gn] csf]{ jfSodf eg]sf 5g\\–
æs'g} klg ;fdfGo rl/qnfO{ >]i7tdb]lv lgs[i6td ts clwstd lj4fgb]lv clwstd
c1fgL s'g} klg ;dfhsf], ;d:t ljZjnfO{ klg k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;f] eof] eg] To;
b'b{zfsf clwsf+znfO{ h;af6 dfG5] 3]l/Psf] 5, ;xhtfk"j{s x6fpg ;lsG5 .Æ
pgn] lj|6]g cd]l/sfdf ;fd'bflos jl:t klg lgdf{0f u/] t/ st}klg ;kmn x'g ;s]gg\
. n]lggsf] efiffdf of] wf/0ff ‘sNkgf ljnf;’ dfq lyof] . :k:6} a'em\g ;lsG5 ls
ju{ 6Ss/åf/f cl:tTjdf cfPsf] / ;+/IfLt cfly{s :jfleTj / To;sf] alnof] hu z'4
1fgsf] k|rf/ / kl/j]zsf] km]/abnåf/f dfq l;ª\u} ;dfhsf] ?kfGq0fsf] cjwf/0ff z'4
efjgfjfb dfq lyPg clkt' n]lggn] eg] em}+ ‘sNkgf ljnf;’ g} lyof] .
ptf k"“hLjfbLx?n]
;xsf/Ltfsf] kl/efiff lbbf cfly{s pGgtLsf nflu pkof]u ul/g] ;+:yf eg]sf 5g\\ .
s]xLn] æcfly{s
sdhf]/LnfO{ xn ug]{ lg:jfyL{ dfG5]x?n] k/:k/ ldn]/ pTkfbg ubf{ c+z k|fKt ug{
k|of]u ul/g] ;+:yfÆdf klg JofVof u/]sf
5g\\ . pgLx?sf] egfO{df ;dfhdf dfG5]x?n] em]nL/x]sf ul/aL, cfkb–ljkb / cefjx?
c? s]xL geP/ k"“hL pkfh{gsf] ljlw / pkfosf] cefj xf] eGg] j'lemG5 . h;nfO{ ;xsf/L cfGbf]ngn] xn ul/lbG5 . of]
a'emfOs} kl/0ffd pgLx? dWo sltn] ;xsf/LnfO{ æPssf] nflu ;a}, ;a}sf] nflu PsÆ
eGg] h:tf] xf:of:kb cy{ klg lbG5g\\ . ha sL pTkfbgsf ;fwg -hdLg, cf}hf/,
j:t'efp cflb_ / >ddfly lgd{d n'6 ug]{ k"“hLjfb ;fd|fHojfb / To;sf
;+rfnsx? g} ju{ lje]b / pTkL8gsf
sf/s tTj x'g\ . of] ;RrfO{ ga'lem z'4 ;xsf/L ljlwåf/f ju{ ;d:ofx? xn x'G5g\\
eGg] 7fGg' ;xsf/LnfO{ k"“hLjfbsf]
xltof/df kl/0ft ug'{, o;sf] cu|ufdL rl/qnfO{ g:6 kfg'{ / zf];s ju{sf] :jfy{
;fWg] / gof“ ju{x? k}bf ug]{ cfwf/ tof/ kfg'{ eGbf c? s]xL x'“b}g .
;xsf/Laf/] oL b'O{ k|b'lzt
xfjf lj?4 sfn{dfS;{n] j}1flgs / qmflGtsf/L a'emfO{ clw ;fg'{ eof] . pxf“n]
;xsf/Lsf] dxTj / e'ldsfnfO{ dfq kl/eflift ug'{ ePg ckLt' To:tf] e'ldsf
k"/f ug{ klxn] s] lrhsf] cfjZostf 5 < / s] ug'{ kb{5 < eGg];d]t
v'nfO{lbg' eof] . dfS;{sf] egfO{df æ;xsf/L cfGbf]ng ju{ a}/efjdf cfwfl/t jt{dfg
;dfhsf] ?kfGq0fsf/L zlQm dWo Ps xf] . o;sf] w]/} /fd|f] ljz]iftfn] Jojxfl/s
?kdf of] k|blz{t ub{5 ls >dnfO{ k"“hLsf] dftxt u/fpg] jt{dfg k|0ffnL
h;n] bl/b|Ls/0f ub{5 / lg/ª\s'z 5 sf] ;§f :jtGq tyf Ps ;dfg pTkfbg ;+3sf]
nf]stfGqLs tyf sNof0fjL k|0ffnL lbg
;S5 .Æ dxTjnfO{ o;/L bzf{pb} To;sf] nflu /fHo ;Qf dhb'/sf] xftdf cfpg'kg]{df
hf]8lb+b} cem k5fl8 yKg' eof] æ;fdflhs
pTkfbgnfO{ d'Qm ug{ tyf ;xsf/L >dnfO{ Ps 7"nf] / ;df~ho k"0f{
k|0ffnLdf abngsf] nflu cfd ;fdflhs
kl/jt{g / gof“ kl/l:yltsf] h?/L kb{5 h;df ;dfhsf] ;+ul7t zlQmnfO{ cyf{t /fhsLo
;QfnfO{ k"“hLjfbL tyf hdLgbf/sf] xftaf6 l5g]/ :jo+ pTkfbssf] xftdf
;'lDdof];\ .Æ of] jfSof+; g} dfS;{n] ;xsf/Ldf ug'{ePsf] gof“ ljsf; xf] . csf{t
sNkgf ljnf; / em'6f] k|rf/sf] cfsfzdf p8fg nufO{/x]sf] ;xsf/LnfO{ dfS;{n] g}
kl5Nnf] k6s qmflGtsf/L /fHo;Qf ;+u hf]l8lbP/ wlt{df pEofO{ lbg'eof] . of] g}
;xsf/Lsf] d'6' klg xf] .
dfS;{sf] d[To' kZrft
cS6f]a/ qmflGtn] ;Qf ;j{xf/f ju{sf] xftdf ydfO{lbof] . kmnt ;xsf/L cjwf/0ffaf6
Jojxfl/s k|of]usf] IF]qdf k|j]z u¥of] . o; cu|0fL cljef/fnfO{ n]lggn]
b[9tfk"j{s / ;[hgfTds 9ª\un] nfu" ug'{eof] . ;fy} pxf“n] sNkgfjfbL /
k"“hLjfbLx?sf] af/]df klg yk :ki6 kfg'{ eof] . n]lggn] ;xsf/Lsf] dxTjjf]w
u/fp“b} eGg' eof]– æklxn] l;4fGtsf] b[li6n] / bf]>f] ;Dej ;a} eGbf ;/n ;a}
eGbf ;'ud tyf ls;fgsf] nflu ;lhn} a'emfpg ;lsg] kIfaf6 gof“ Joj:yfdf ;+qmd0f
ug]{ kf6f]af6 ;xsf/Ltfsf] c;fwf/0f dxTj 5 .Æ t/ oxL ljGb'af6 pxfn] ;xsf/LnfO{
sfNklgs 9+un] a'e\mg]x?nfO{ k|xf/ ub}{ eGg'eof]– æ/j6{ cf]j]gb]lv k5fl8sf
k"/fgf ;xsf/LjfbLx?sf] ;kgfdf w]/} g} sNkgf ljnf; /x]sf] lyof] . pgLx?sf]
sNkgf ljnf;sf] sf/0f -;xsf/L_ ;+w} g} pkxf:of:kb lyof] . oLgsf] sNkgf ljnf;
dhb'/ ju{sf] /fhgLlts ;+3if{sf] cfwf/e"t / d"ne"t dxTjnfO{
ga'e\mg'df lyof] .Æ o;sf] dd{ lyof] ls o:tf ;+:yfaf6 >ldsx?n] kmfObf p7fpg]
l:ylt /xb}g . pxf“n] ljz]if hf]8 lb+b} of] klg /flvlbg' eof] ls ;j{xf/f ju{n]
;Qf xftdf lnO{;s]kl5 eg] ;xsf/L Pp6f ‘clgjfo{ cfjZostf / cn+s[t jf:tljstf’ aGg
k'Ub5 . oxf“af6 x]bf{ n]lggn] dfS;{sf] ;xsf/L wf/0ffnfO{ a'e\mg] / nfu"
ug]{ dfq ug'{ ePg a? gof“ of]u lbP/ ljsf; ;d]t ug'{ eof] .
n]lggsf] d[To' k5fl8 cyf{t
kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;xsf/LnfO{ ;j[4 ug]{ >]o dfcf]nfO{ hfG5 . dfcf]n] sof}+
c:k:6tf / ck"/fnfO{ dfq k"/f ug'{ ePg clkt' gof“ 1fgåf/f ljsf; klg
ug'{eof] . o;y{ ;xsf/Ltfsf] ljifodf ;xL hfgsf/L agfpg dfcf]nfO{ cWog ug'{ kg]{
h?/L 5 . u[xo'4sfnsf] cfwf/If]qb]lv ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] ;dfhjfbL sfn;Dd
pxf“af6 ;xsf/Laf/] lgs} ulx/f cWoog, ;+3if{ / lg:sif{x? xfl;n ePsf 5g\ .
dfcf]n] ;xsf/Lsf] dxTj bzf{p“b} eGg'eof]– æ;xsf/L hgtfsf] d'lQmsf] nflu Ps dfq
dfu{ ul/aLaf6 ;+j[l4 lt/ lnP/ hfg]jfnf Ps dfq dfu{ xf] .Æ of] jfSonfO{ xfdL
dfS;{sf] ?kfGq0fsf/L e'ldsf / n]lggsf] ;+qmd0fsf] nflu c;fwf/0f dxTj eGg]
cy{sf] p“rfO{df j'em\g ;Sb5f}+ . o;nfO{ dfS;{, n]lggn] h;/L /fhg}lts ;Qf ;+u
hf]8]/ cGo k|j[lQaf6 cnu ug'{eof] dfcf]n] ljrf/wf/fTds :t/df p7fP/ ;+Zn]if0f
ul/lbg' eof] . ;xsf/Lsf] lg:sif{df dfcf] n]Vg' x'G5 æ;xsf/L cfGbf]ng ;'?b]lv g}
s7f]/ /fhg}lts / ljrf/wf/fTds ;+3if{sf] ?kdf /lxcfPsf] 5 . o:tf] ;+3if{af6
gu'lh||P/ s'g} klg ;xsf/L v8f ug{ ;lsb}g .Æ ;xsf/L of] g} ;a} eGbf ;';+ul7t
ljrf/ xf] . of] ljrf/n] sfNklgs / k"“hLjfbLx?sf] ;f]rfO{nfO{ unt dfq ;fljt
ub}{g a? dfS;{ n]lggsf] 1fgnfO{;d]t gof“ 7fp“df p7fPsf] :ki6 5 . of] ljrf/ g} ;xsf/Ltf
;DaGwL xfd|f] dfu{bz{g klg ag]sf] 5 .
#= xfn;Dd ;dfhjfbL
;xsf/Lsf b'O{ j6f cg'ej 5g\\ . ?;L cg'ej / rLgLof“ cg'ej . krf;sf] bzsdf
k"lj{ o'/f]kn] klg
;xsf/Ltf ;+ul7t u¥of] . t/ To;df vf;} gf}nf]kg b]lvb}g .
?; ;xsf/Ltfsf] kxnstf{
lyof] . klxnf] ;dfhjfb x'g'sf sf/0f kl/kSs 1fg / cg'ejsf] sld :jefjt lyof] g}
.ctM
;xsf/Ltfsf] k|f/De sDo'gaf6 u¥of] . of] cf}Bf]uLs If]qdf ;kmn /x] klg s[lif
If]qdf ;Gt'li6 lbg ;s]g . l5§} g} o;nfO{
;'wf/Lof] / ;xsf/Lsf cGo ?k >d;xsf/L, s[lif sft]{n -pTkfbg ;+3_ nfO{
k|of]udf NofOof] . oL lgs} g} nf]sk|Lo ;fljt eP/ ?; e/L km}lnP . tL;sf] bzsdf
?;n] u/]sf] cfly{s pGgtLdf ;xsf/Ltfsf] e'ldsf pNn]Vo dflgG5 . t/, o;nfO{
;'Jojl:yt / kl/rfng ug]{df csf]{ sdL x'g uPsf]
b]lvG5 . otf rLgn] eg] ;xsf/L cfGbf]ngdf b'O{j6f kIfnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbg
;Sof] ?;L cg'ejsf] cg'udg / cfTd;flts/0f tyf cfkm\g} b]zdf u/]sf] ;[hgfTds
k|of]usf] ;+Zn]if0f . o;af6 rLgn] ;xsf/LnfO{ jf:tjd} ;d[4 / ljsl;t t'Nofpg
;Sof] . ;dfhjfbL ?kfq0f sfndf cfP/ dfcf]n] ;xsf/Lsf tLg ljz]iftf / ?k af/]
;lj:tf/ pNn]v ug'{ eof] . -s_ >d-lghL_ ;xsf/L -v_ cw{–;fdflhs ;xsf/L / -u_ ;fdflhs ;xsf/L .
oL ;a}nfO{ Ps Ps u/]/
ljz]if hf]8sf ;fy k|of]u ug{ cfx\jfg ug'{ eof] . cfh;Ddsf] cg'ejdf of] g} ;a}
eGbf cufl8
b]lvG5 .
s_ >d ;xsf/L M–
of] ;xsf/Lsf] k|f/DeLs
cj:yf xf] . o;sf] d'Vo p4]:o pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{, >d pkof]uL agfpg] / gof“
/fhg}lts r]tgfsf] ljsf; u/fpg] ;+u /xG5 . dfcf]n] eg] em}+ o;df ;dfhjfbsf]
-gof“ hgjfbsf]_ tTjx? dfq /x]sf] x'G5 . h:tf] ls >d, afnL, pTkfbg / ljt/0f
lghL tj/n] g} x'G5g\\ . o;n] l5tl/P/ /x]sf >d, hdLg, j:t'efp, Ifdtf cflbnfO{
s]Gb|Lt ul/lbG5 . kmntM cfk;L cefjx? hf] Psn kl/jf/sf] nflu ;Dej 5}g nfO{
/fd|f] ;+u xn ul/lbG5 . h:tf] ls Pp6f ufp“df !) 3/sf] j:tL 5, To;df ^ hgf
k'?if, !) hgf dlxnf, % xn uf]? / #) /f]kgL hdLg 5 . tL kl/jf/x?n] l;ª\un
>dubf{ s;}sf] uf]? 5}g, s;}sf] >d 5}g, s;}sf] hdLg 5}g . hf] ;+u hdLg
w]/} 5 pm;+u >d / j:t' 5}g . hf] ;+u >d 5 pm ;+u hdLg 5}g . sfd s;}sf]
klg pj{/ tl/sfn] k"/f x'“b}g . o;nfO{ >d ;xsf/Ldf Nofp“bf, pTkfbgdf
j[l4, ;dosf] art, >dsf] pkof]u cfodf j[l4, ;a}df Psn sfd u/sf]] eGbf kfmObf
x'g hfG5 . d'Vo s'/f t o;af6 gof“ pTkfbg ;DaGwdf a9\g] j}1flgs r]tgf aGg] g}
x'G5 .
v_ cw{–;fdflhs ;xsf/L M–
cw{–;fdflhs ;xsf/L >d
;xsf/Laf6 Ps tx dfly ;+ul7t x'G5 . of] lghL :jfldTjdf dfq x'“b}g / ;fd"lxs
:jfldTjdf klg k'/} x'b}g . o;sf] rl/q b'O{j6} ljif]ztfnfO{ ;d]6\g] vfnsf] x'G5
. s]xL efu lghL :jfldTj / s]xL efu ;fdflhs :jfldTj
b'O{sf] aLrdf ;fem]bf/L
vfnsf] x'G5 . /fhg}lts r]tgf / p4]:ok/s b[li6n] eg] of] ;fdflhs ;xsf/L lt/
cu|;/ /xG5 . xfn;Dd k|of]u ul/Psf ;xsf/L ?k dWo] ;a} eGbf k|efjzfnL, Jofks,
tLj|t/ of] g} dflgG5 . o;df hdLg, uf]? cflbdf lghL :jfldTj x'G5 eg] >d,
;xsf/L ;+:yf / nfut ;fd"lxs x'G5 . pTkfbg / ljt/0fdf k'Ubf w]/} efu
JolQmut nfedf ->d, hdLg, uf]?;lxt_ pkof]u x'G5 . t/, To;sf] s]xL efu eg]
nfut cfk"lt{ / ;+:yfut cfodf /xG5 .
cw{–;fdflhs ;xsf/Laf6
y'k|} nfe / kl/jt{g JolQmut hLjg / ;fdflhs hLjg ;a}df k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
pTkfbgdf Jofks j[l4, >d zlQmsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u, ;dosf] art, cfo>f]tsf]
;'lglZrttf, cfw'lgsLs/0f lt/sf] k|j]z, gof“ ;fdflhs r]tgfsf] lgdf{0f, / ;fdflhs
?kfGq0fdf x'g] ;xof]unfO{ oxf“ d'Vo ?kn] pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 .
cw{–;fdflhs ;xsf/Laf6
pTkflbt cfonfO{ b'O{ k|sf/n] ljt/0f ul/G5 . Pp6f ;Dk"0f{ pTkfbgsf]
cg'dflgt kl/df0fnfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ ;xsf/L ;b:o ->lds_ ;fwg / ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf]
aLrdf prLt k|ltztsf] lx:;f 5'§\ofpg] tl/sfåf/f / bf]>f] pTkfbgsf] cg'dflgt
kl/0ffdnfO{ g} cfwf/ agfO{ l;wf >ldssf] kfl/>lds, pTkfbg ;fwg -hdLg,
uf]?, cf}hf/ cflb_ nfut vr{, ;+:yfut cfo cflbdf k|ltzt 5'§ofpg] tl/sfåf/f .
h:tf] ls !) 3/ ls;fg cf–cfkm\gf] k"“hLcg';f/ ;xsf/Ldf ;+ul7t eP . s"n
hdLg #) /fkgL 5 . ;xwfuL dWo Ps hgfsf] * /f]kgL, b'O{ hgfsf] $÷$ /f]kgL 5, afsL
;ft hgfsf] @÷@ /f]kgL 5 . kf“r kl/jf/ ;+u uf]? klg 5, >lds ;+Vof @) hgf
5, nfut vr{ %))) 5, o; ;xsf/Laf6 Ps df};ddf *) d'/L ds}, @) d'/L
ux'“, * SjLG6n cfn', ! d'/L bfn k|fKt x'G5 . o;nfO{ k|ltzdf nUbf o:tf] x'G5
– klxnf] tl/sfcg';f/ dfgf} ls >lds /
;fwgsf] nflu &) k|ltzt 5'6\ofof}+ / nfut vr{ / ;xsf/L cfosf] nflu #) k|ltzt
5'§fof}+ . o;sf] ljt/0f klxnf] tl/sfcg';f/ >lds / ;fwgnfO{ %^ d'/L ds}, !$
d'/L ux'“, %=^ SjLG6n cfn', )=& d'/L bfn kg{ cfp“5 eg] ;xsf/L cfo / nfut
vr{sf] nflu @$ d'/L ds}, ^ d'/L ux'“, $=$ SjLG6n cfn', )=# d'/L bfn kg{
cfp“5 . ca &) k|ltztaf6 >lds,
hdLg / uf]?sf] Hofnf 5'6\ofO{ pTkfbg k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eg] #) k|ltztaf6 nfut vr{,
;xsf/L cfo, cflbdf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .
bf]>f] tl/sf
;Dk"0f{ cfonfO{ gubdf lx;fa lgsfNg] . dfgf} sL ds}af6 $) xhf/, ux'“af6 * xhf/, cfn'af6 $ xhf/, bfnaf6 ! xhf/ gub
k|fKt x'G5 . ;xsf/Ldf >dzlQm @))hgf nfU5, uf]? @) xn nfU5, nfut vr{ % xhf/ 5
. cj xfdL k|lt >lds ?=!))÷– lbp“,
k|lt xn uf]?nfO{ ?=%)÷– lbp“, k|lt/f]kgL ?=@))÷– lbof}+ eg] >ldsnfO{ ?= @)
xhf/ uf]?nfO{ ?=! xhf/ hdLgdf ?=# xhf/ / nfut vr{ ?=% xhf/ u/L s"n ## xhf/
Totf hfG5 . ptf s"n cfo ?=%# xhf/af6 ?=!& xhf/ art /xG5 . To;nfO{
;xsf/L ;+:yf ljsf;sf If]qdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . tflnsf tn lbOPsf] 5 .
u_ ;fdflhs ;xsf/L M–
;fdflhs ;xsf/L ;xsf/Ltfsf]
;a}eGbf pRr ?k xf] . of] ;+:yfut ?kn] g} ;fd'lxs :jfldTjdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . hdLg,
>d, cf}hf/, nfut, pTkfbg, ljt/0f ;a} j:t'sf] kl/rfng / pkef]u ;xsf/L
;b:ox?n] ;fd'lxs ?kdf ub{5g\ . ob]kL ;xsf/L ;b:ox?sf] cltl/Qm ;do / >dnfO{
lqmofzLn /fVgsf] nflu ;+:yfsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ s/];fjf/L, rNnf s'v'/f, xft] sfdx?
;+rfng ug{df k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;xsf/LnfO{ ;';+ul7t, ;'Jojl:yt / ;d'Ggt /fVg]
bfoLTj ;+:yf d} ;lGgxLt x'G5 . o;y{ ;+:yfn] sfo{nfO{ ;/n / pkof]uL agfpg ;+ul7t
/ lqmofzLn /fVg cfkm\gf] 5'§} ;xsf/L cfrf/ lgod lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5 .
;fdflhs ;xsf/L ljrf/
r]tgfsf] kIfaf6 klg pRr vfnsf] /xG5 . 7"nf] :t/sf] kl/df0f / u'0f, r]tgf /
k|ljlw of]hgf / sfo{ cEof; cflbn] ubf{ o;nfO{ ljrf/, r]tgf, ;+u7g, ;Qf, sfo{
;+rfng ;a} pRr :t/df cfjZos kg{ hfG5 . To;}n]
o;nfO{ Ps /fhg}lts OsfO{ / ;Qfsf] c+usf] ?kdf kl/eflift /;~rflnt ul/G5 .
;xsf/Laf6 pTkflbt j:t'sf]
pkef]u / cGo cfwf/e"t cfjZostfnfO{ cfk"lt{ ug{ ;xsf/Ln] sfo{ ljGb' (Working Point) sf] klg Joj:yf ul/lbPsf] x'G5 . sfo{If]qcg'?k >dzlQmnfO{ kl/rfng /
;dfof]hg ug]{ ;xhtfsf] nflu, ljleGg >d bnx? afln pTkfbg bn, pBf]u ;+rfng bn,
kz' /]vb]v bn, Jofkf/ ljlgdo bn cflb lgdf{0f ul/G5g\\ . /fhg}lts sdf08, ;+ul7t
kl/rfng, ;fd'lxs pTkfbg / pkef]usf sf/0f of] pTkfbg k|0ffnL hg;Qfx? leq
nf]sk|Lo l;4 ePsf] 5 .
h:tf] ls %) hgf >dzlQm, !)) /f]kgL hdLg / * xn uf]?, cfjZos cf}hf/ #)
ufO{, #) afv|f !) ;+'u'/, Pp6f 3/]n' pBf]u, cflb /x]sf] Pp6f ;dflhs ;xsf/L 5 . To;af6
jflif{s cfo #)) d'/L ds}, $) d'/L ux'“ hf}, @)SjLG6n cfn', @ d'/L bfn, # j6f
ufO{, $ j6f afv|f, !) j6f ;+'u'/ #)) lk; ;n -asL{_ !% j6f s'v'/f cflb pTkfbg
eof] . To;nfO{ gubdf n}hf“bf ds}af6 !,%),)))÷–, ux'“–hf“}af6 !^,)))÷–, cfn'af6 !),)))÷–, bfnaf6 @,)))÷–, ufO{af6
!),)))÷–, afv|faf6 !),)))÷–, ;+'u'/af6 !),)))÷–,
s'v'/faf6 #,)))÷–, ;naf6 @),)))÷– u/L hDdf @,##,)))÷– cfo eof] . ptf jflif{s
Joodf %) hgf
>d ;b:o / @) hgf aRrf u/L &) hgf 5g\\ . pgLx?sf] jflif{s vr{ ds} @!)
d'/L, ux'“–hf} !% d'/L, @ hf]/ sk8f / h'Qf, cfwf/e't :jf:Yo / lzIff, / cGodf
u/L gub hDdf vr{ @,!(,)))÷– x'G5 . h;af6 hDdf jrt ?=!$)))÷– x'G5 . o;af6
;xsf/LnfO{ cfw'lgs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
$= xfd|f] ;Gbe{df
;xsf/Lsf] dxTjnfO{ b'O{ kIfaf6 /fd|f] ;+u a'em\g ;lsG5 -s_ pTkfbg ;DaGw abNg]
lt/af6 -v_ pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{ lt/af6 .
klxnf] ;}4flGts /fhg}lts
b[li6n] / bf]>f] Jojxfl/s / k|of]ufTds b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ 5 . oL b'O{sf]
prLt ;dfof]hg leqaf6 cy{ pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/ aGg ;lsG5 .
cfwf/ If]qx?df pTkfbg
;DaGw / hg;Qfsf] aLrdf 68\sf/f] cGt/lj/f]w k|:6 b]lvG5 . gof“ hg;Qfsf] lgdf{0f
/ k"/fgf] pTkfbg ;DaGwsf] pkl:ylt . cfwf/If]qdf ;Qf % jif{b]lv hgtfsf]
xftdf sfod 5 . @ jif{ otf ;fk]lIfs ?kn] ;'b[9 klg ePsf 5g\ . k|foM ;a} hgtfsf
sfdx? hg;Qfaf6} ;+rlnt 5g\ . k'/fgf ;Qfx? lj3l6t ePsf 5g\ . t/, pTkfbg ;DaGw
cyf{t >d ug]{ tl/sf, pTkfbgsf ;fwg / pTkfbg ;a} k'/fgf 5g\ . s]xL gof“
k|f/De t ePsf 5g\ t/ tL lgs} sd 5g\ . hgtf k5f}6] s[lif pTkfbg -hf] eb|uf]n,
;+sL0f{, / vl08t 5_ ;DaGwaf6 dfly p7]sf 5}gg\ . v';Lsf] s'/f gof“ ;QFn] of]
uPu'h|]sf] ;fdGtL pTkfbg ;DaGwnfO{ eTsfP/ gof“ / hgd'vL ;Dagw lbG5 eGg]df
hgtfsf] e/f]zf 5 / clxn]sf] ck]Iff klg ot} b]lvG5 . o;y{ casf] xfd|f] e'ldsf
pTkfbg ;DaGwnfO{ gof“ ;QFcg'?ksf] -hf] of]hgfj4 k|ultzLn / ;fd'lxs vfnsf] x'G5_
agfO{lbg] d} /x]sf] b]lvG5 . of] gof“ ;Qfsf] lglDt st{Jo ;+u} cj;/ klg xf] .
ctM o;sf] lglDt ;a} eGbf pQd tl/sf ;xsf/LnfO{ ;+ul7t / ljsf; ug'{ g} xf] eGg]
b]lvG5 .
l7s o;} u/L cfwf/If]qdf
cfjZostf / pTkfbg j[l4df klg 7"n} kmf;nf 5 . s]xL jif{x?df t o'4sf] 6Ss/n]
ubf{ k/Dk/fut pTkfbgdf klg x|f; cfof] . !÷@ jif{b]lv s]xL ;'wf/ t b]lvG5 t/
;Gtf]ifk|b 5}g . otf xfd|f] cfjZostf u'0ffTds ?kn] j[l4 ePsf] 5 . b'Zdg /
lj/f]wLn];d]t of] s'/fdf gh/ nufPsf 5g\ . s]xLn] t k|Zg u/] sL ‘gfsfaGbL /
3]/faGbL eof] eg] s]
ub{5f} +< eg]/ . k|r08kyn] xfdLnfO{ lbPsf] lzIff pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/ aGg]
eGg] xf] . o;sf] cy{ ca xfdLn] pTkfbgnfO{ klg u'0ffTds ?kn] j[l4 ug{ h?/L 5 .
of] xfd|f] cfjZostfnfO{ k"lt{ ug]{ ;+u dfq ;DalGwt geO{ cfd hgtfnfO{ g}
;d[4 ug]{ / b'Zdgx?sf] d'vdf a'hf] nufO{lbg klg cfjZos 5 . o;sf] lglDt xfdLn
b'O{ tl/sfx?nfO{ Wofg lbg ;Sg' kb{5 . klxnf] ;a} hgtfsf] pTkfbg k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/
/ kl/jt{g ul/lbg], bf]>f] xfd|f cfkm\g} pTkfbgx?sf] ;+u7g ug]{ .
xfd|f hgtfsf] pTkfbg
ug]{ tl/sf, >d nufgL ug]{ z}nL, Jofkf/ ljlgdo ug]{ tl/sf, ;donfO{ pkof]u
ug]{ tl/sf ;a} k'/fg} vfnsf] 5 . pgLx? cem} !%÷!^ 306f sfd ub{5g\, @)÷@% j6f ufO{ kfNb5g\ / v]tLkftLdf
st} st} t 3'dGt] vfnsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ k|ltkmn Tolt /fd|f] k|fKt ub}{gg\ . t/,
xfdLn] gof“ tl/sf / k|of]u lbof}+ eg] pgLx?n] v';Lsf ;fy lng rfx]sf
5g\ . s]xL 7fp“df xfd|f
ljefu / l6dx?n] k|f/DeLs vfnsf 6«]lgª / k|of]u n}hfg] qmddf g} lgs} /fd|f]
k|ltlqmof, cg'ej / pT;fx lnP/ cfPsf 5g\ . hgtfn] u/]sf] ;xof]u / b]vfPsf] ?rL
To;sf /fd|f cfwf/ x'g\ . otf ;fdGt hfnL km6fxaf6 hgtfn] sAhf u/]sf y'k|} hdLg
xfdL ;+u 5 . s]xL hgtfn] pkof]u u/]sf 5g\ eg] s]xL vfln 5g\ . xfd|} g]tf /
sfo{stf{x?sf] hdLg klg 5g\ . xfd|f] kl5Nnf] kf6L{ of]hgfcg';f/ vfnL hdLgx?sf]
pkof]u xfdL cfkm}n] d]xgtsf ;fy ug'{ kb{5 eGg] wf/0f kf6L{ / ;}Go k+ltmdf lgs}
/fd|f] ;+u ag]sf] 5 . csf]{tkm{ xfdL ;+u s]xL bIf hgzlQm / ljefu klg aGb} uPsf
5g\ . of] l:yltdf ;a}nfO{ hf]8]/ n}hfg] ;/n / k|efjsf/L tl/sf oxf“ klg ;xsf/L g}
b]lvG5 .
olt eO;s]kl5 xfd|f] ;fk]Iftfdf ;xsf/Lsf] s'g rflx+ ?k a9L
k|efjsf/L xf]nf / To;sf] k|of]u s;/L ubf{ l7s xf]nf eGg] ljifo cufl8 cfp“b5 .
dfly pNn]lvt ;xsf/Lsf ?k, ljz]iftf, u'0f / xfd|f] cfwf/IF]qsf] l:ylt / ;Defjgfaf6
x]bf{ ;a}eGbf d]nvfg] ;xsf/L cw{–;fdflhs ;xsf/L xf] eGg] lg:sif{df k'Ug ;lsG5 .
hgtfnfO{ ?kfGq0f ug{, gof“ r]tgfsf] ljsf; u/fpg, gof“ pTkfbg ;DaGw lt/ cu|;/
u/fpg / pTkfbgnfO{ j[l4 ug{ o;sf] e'ldsf k|efjsf/L /xg] k|i6 b]lvG5 . oxf“
>d -lghL_ ;xsf/L h:tf] k|f/DeLs ?kn] cfwf/If]qsf] ultnfO{ k"/f ug{
;Sb}g eg] ;fdflhs ;xsf/Lsf] ?kn] klg o;sf] Jofks IF]qnfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sb}g . o;sf]
dtnj oL b'O{ ?knfO{ 5f]8\g] cy{df a'e\mg' x'b}g a? b'j}nfO{ klg k|of]udf /fVg'
kb{5 . cfwf/If]qsf lj:tf/ / aflx/L 3]/fdf >d ;xsf/LnfO{ Jofkstf lbg' kb{5
eg] gd"gf lhNnf / d'Vo lhNnfsf lglZrt 7fp“x?df ;fdflhs ;xsf/LnfO{
g]t[TjbfoL e'ldsfdf /fVg' kb{5 . hxf“;Dd k|of]usf] tl/sf 5, dfS;{n] pTkfbg
;xsf/Laf6 a9\g ;Nnfx lbg'x'G5 eg] n]lgg / dfcf]n] ;xsf/LnfO{ hgtfdf h;/L
k|efjsf/L / ;/n 9ª\un] a'emfpg ;lsG5 To;/L hfg] lzIff lbg'x'G5 . cyf{t
gd"gf z}nLnfO{ hf]8 lbg'x'G5 . xfdLn] u'?x?sf] lzIffnfO{ u|x0f ub}{ d'Vo
hf]8 hgtfnfO{ /fhg}lts r]tgf -k|r08 ky_ / Jojxfl/s ?kn] ;/n / k|efjsf/L
gd"gfx? b]vfP/ ;xsf/Lsf] z'?cft ug'{kb{5 . o;f] ubf{ ;xsf/Lsf tLg}
ljz]iftf pTkbfg, pkef]u / ljQLo h'g;'s}nfO{ lng ;lsg]df ljjfb ePg . t/
cfwf/e"t ;DaGw / dxTjsf lx;fjn] pTkfbgdf cln a9L hf]8 /xg' prLt /xG5 .
ctM ;xsf/L z'4
k"“hL cfh{g ug]{ ;+:yf dfq geO Ps ;fdflhs ?kfGq0fsf] cfGbf]ng klg xf] .
cfly{s ;DaGw ;+u dfq of] ;DalGwt geO{ /fHo;Qf ;+u k|ToIf hf]l8Psf] ;DaGw klg
xf] . of] s]jn /fhg}lts ljifo dfq klg geO ljrf/wf/fTds dfldnf klg xf] . cyf{t
hgo'4 ;+u cleGg ?kn] hf]l8Psf] dfldnf xf] . o;y{ ;xsf/LnfO{ yf]/ax't ;xL 9ª\un]
a'e\mg cfjZos b]lvG5 .