;}Go lj1fg

o'4 Ps l6Kk0fL

–s=kf;fª\

!_ o'4sf] pTklQ tyf k|f/De

kl/efiff M– of] k[YjLdf dfgj hfltsf] pTklQ tyf k|fb'ef{j ePsf] s/Lj s/Lj !)cf}+ nfv jif{ eGbf a9L ePsf] cg'dfg
ul/Psf] 5 . oL jif{x?sf] z'?b]lv g} dfgj hfltn] s'g} g s'g} lsl;dn] zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . zflGtsf] y'k|}
gf/f, k|jrg, Znf]s e§ofp“b} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;Tod\–lzjd\–;'Gb/d\ sf] ;kgf klg b]Vb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . t/ jif{x?, o'ux?
km]/L+b} cfP, dfG5]sf] zflGt k|ltsf] rfxgf b]lvO{ g} /x\of], k"/f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . a? ´g\ kl5 ´g\ abln+bf] ?kdf gof“ gof“ lsl;dn] ljleGg gfd / ?kdf dfgj hfltdfly ;+w} o'4sf ljlelifvfx? yf]k/LO{ g} /x\of] .

To;sf/0f ;}Go lj1fgsf ljz]if1x? eGg] ub{5g\\ of] ljt]sf ^))) jif{x? dWo s/Lj () k|ltzt jif{x? o'4sf jif{x? /x] af+sL !) k|ltzt jif{x? dfq zflGtsfnLg /x] . oL !) k|ltzt jif{x? klg o'4sf nflu tof/L bfpk]r, s'6gLlt tyf lzto'4sf jif{x? of d[t zflGtsf jif{x? eP . lsgls tL jif{x?nfO{ klg o'4s} nflu pkof]u u/L kl5 ´g\ 7"nf] o'4 ;~rfng ug]{ cj;/sf] ?kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 .

To;}n] s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] ;+;f/df cfh;Dd o'4sf lju'n / gf/fx? gah]sf lbgx? k|foM slxNo} klg ePgg\ lg/Gt/ alh g} /x\of] . o;/L Psflt/ zflGt k|ltsf] k|jn rfxgf w]/} p“rf] / lj£g 5 eg] csf]{ lt/ o'4sf] ljgfzsf/L eofjx >[vnfsf] lj8Djgf lsg <

;}Go lj1fg oxL lj/f]wdf ;k"0f{ cj:yfsf] oyft{tf j:t'ut cWoogdf cfkm"nfO{ s]Gb|Lt /fVb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . o;sf ;a} kIfx? ljZn]if0f ub}{ o;/L dfgj hfltsf] ljgf;nfO{ /f]Sg] OR5f / p4]Zo /fv]/ lg/Gt/ cfkm"nfO{ cufl8 a9fPsf] kfOG5 / ;do ;Gbe{cg';f/ o'4sf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ To;nfO{ /f]Sg] ljleGg pkfo tl/sfx? rfx] Tof] o'4sf] csf]{ o'4åf/f xf];\ rfx] cGo . o;sf] ljsf; klg;+u;+u} x'b} cfPsf] kfOG5 .

@_ o'4sf] ;|f]t s] xf] <

o'4sf] ;|f]taf/]df xfn;Dd b'O{y/L wf/0ffx? /x“b} cfPsf] kfOG5 . Psy/L ;}Go ljz]if1x?n] -o'4_ ;+;f/df dfgj hfltsf] cl:tTj /x“bf;Dd sfod /xg] Ps :jfefljs k|sf/sf] ;fdflhs k|j[lt xf] of] slxNo} ;fdGtL x'“b}g eGg] wf/0ff /fVb5g\\ . oL ;}Go ljz]if1x? o'4sf] ;|f]taf/] Tolt :ki6 5}gg\ jf o'4sf] ;|f]t yfxf kfP/ klg To;af/] r'krfk /xG5g\\ / Tof] ;|f]tnfO{ ;dfKt kfg]{ tkm{ eGbf klg arfO/fVg] tkm{ p4t b]lvG5g\\ . o'4sf] jftfj/0fnfO{ dnhn lbg] lt/ hf]8 lbG5g\\ . o;/L :yfoL zflGt pgLx? c;+ej atfp“5g\\ . csf]{ y/L ;}Go ljz]if1x?sf] egfO{ o;sf] l7s pN6f] 5 . pgLx?sfcg';f/ dfgj hfltsf] cl:tTj ‘o'4’ ;dflKt ePkl5 dfq ;Dej / Uof/]G6L x'G5 . pgLx?sf] ljrf/df o'4sf] ;|F]t af/] :ki6 5g\\ / cfkm\gf wf/0ffx? klg o;/L g} :ki6 ub{5g\\– æo'4sf] d'Vo ;|f]t lghL :jfldTjdf cfwfl/t cfly{s k|0ffnL g} xf] .Æ dfS;{ eGg'x'G5– æo'4 h;sf] k|f/De lghL :jfldTj / ju{x?sf] k|f/Deaf6 g} ePsf] lyof] . ju{, /fi6«, /fHo of /fhg}lts o'4x?sf] aLrdf /x]sf] cGt/lj/f]w h'g cfkm\gf] ljsf;sf] Ps lglZrt r/0f;Dd k'lu;S5 sf] xn ug{sf nflu ul/Psf] ;+3if{sf] ;jf]{Rr ?k xf] .Æ -;}lgs /rgf k]h !@*÷!@(_

k|foM o'4x? ;fdflhs ljifdtfs} sf/0faf6} e8\sG5g\\ . ;fdflhs ljifdtf ljz]iftM lghL :jfldTjdf cfwfl/t cy{tGqsf] clgjfo{ kl/0ffd xf] . ;dfh lj1fgsf] leqL -cfGtl/s u'bL_ tTj (Nuclear) cy{tGq xf] eg] jfx\o ;+/rgf (Super structurel) eg]sf] h]g]l6s k|0ffnL xf] . logLx? b'O{ j6f tTjsf aLrdf ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ul/Pg eg] o;af6 pTkGg x'g] cGt/lj/f]w xn ug{sf nflu o'4x? hGdLg] ub{5g\\ . o;/L o'4sf] o:tf] ;|f]taf/] :ki6 hfgsf/L e};s]sf]n] of] lx;|f] kIFsf ;}Go ljz]if1x? o'4nfO{ hfGg, a'‰g / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsg], To;nfO{ ;dfKt kfg{ ;lsg] ;+;f/df :yfoL zflGt :yfkgf ug{ ;lsg] ljZjf; /fVb5g\\ .

#_ o'4sf] kl/efiff M–

;}Go ljz]if1 Snf; jL6\; (Class Bits) k|Voft ;}Go ljz]if1 dflgG5g\\ . pgsf] kl/efiffnfO{ cfh;Dd klg ;}Go lj1fgdf k|foM j}1flgs dflgG5 . pgsf] egfOdf æo'4 ljleGg tl/sfåf/f /fhgLlt s} hf/L ?k afx]s s]xL xf]Og .Æ

;f“RrLs} cfh;Ddsf] o'4sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ o'4 /fhgLlt s} hf/L ?k xf] eGg] g} k|dfl0ft x'G5 . ;+;f/sf o'4 ljz]if1x? dWo] dfcf] klg Ps rlr{t ljz]if1 dflgg' x'G5 . pxf“sf] egfO{ 5– æ/fhgLlt /QmkftxLg o'4 xf], eg] o'4 /Qmkftfk"0f{ /fhgLlt
xf] . o;/L o'4sf] kl/efiff ljleGg ;}Go ljz]if1 tyf lj4fgx?n] cf–cfkm\g} 9+un] lbPsf 5g\\ . To:t} cGo s]xL dxTjk"0f{ egfOx? klg 5g\\ hf] lgDg cg';f/ pNn]v ul/G5 –

rLgLof“ o'4fzf:qL ;g o'Th" eGb5g\–æo'4 /fHosf] Pp6f dxfg\ sfo{ xf], hLjg / d[To'sf];+ud xf], ;'/IFfsf] ktgsf] dfu xf], of] ef/L dxTjsf ;fy cWoog ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ ljifo xf] .Æ

Snf; jL6\; eGb5g\–æo'4 s]jn /fhgLlts sfd dfq xf]Og a? Pp6f jf:tljs /fhgLlt klg xf] h;af6
/fhg}lts ;DaGw Pp6f csf]{ tl/sfåf/f ul/Psf] x'G5 .Æ

?:lsg eGb5g\– æzflGtsf ;a} kljq Pj+ pQd snfx? o'4df k|fKt ePsf 5g\\, ;Dk"0f{ dxfg\\ /fi6«sf] dxfg\\ /fi6«x?n] cfkm\gf] egfOsf] Ifdtf / ljrf/sf] Ifdtf o'4df g} a'‰g ;s], logLx? o'4df ;DalGwt eP / zflGtåf/f hL0f{ eP, Ps zAbdf logLx? o'4df hGd] zflGtdf nf]k eP .Æ

rlr{nsf] egfO{ o:tf] 5– ædfgj hfltsf] syf g} o'4 xf], Oltxf;sf] k|f/De x'g'eGbf klxn] g} xTofk"0f{ ;+3if{ ;a}lt/ Pj+ ;of}+ sfndf ljBdfg lyof] .Æ

dfN6s]sf] egfO{dfæ:yfoL zflGt Pp6f ;kgf xf], Tof] s'g} /fd|f] ;kgf klg xf]Og .Æ

oL dflysf egfO{x? af/] s] eGg pko'Qm x'G5 eg] dfgj Oltxf;sf] cToGt 7"nf] lx:;f o'4n] el/Psf] x'gfn] g} cfbz{jfbL v]dfsf j'h{'jf ljåfgx?n] pQm lgisif{ lgsfn]sf x'g\ . t/, Oltxf;sf] j}1flgs tyf ef}ltsjfbL JofVofaf6 eg] æo'4 dfgj ;dfhsf] ;[li6sfnb]lv g} ePsf] lyPg, ha ju{sf] hGd eof] ta o'4 hlGdof] . t;y{ ef}ltsjfbL v]dfsf ljåfgx?sfcg';f/ o'4 ;bf ;j{bf cl:tTjdf /xg] j:t' xf]Og .Æ dfcf] eGg'x'G5– æo'4, ju{, /fi6,« /fHo, /fhg}lts u|'ksf aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]w xf] . h'g cfkm\gf] ljsf;sf] lglZrt :yfg;Dd k'U5, xn ug{sf nflu ul/g] ;+3if{sf] pRr ?k xf] .Æ To;sf/0f ju{o'4sf] cGTo af/] dfcf] eGg'x'G5– æo;nfO{ vQd ug]{ pkfo Pp6} 5, Tof] xf] ls o'4sf] o'4df lj/f]w ul/of];\, /fli6«o k|ltqmflGtsf/L o'4sf] /fli6«o
qmflGtsf/L o'4åf/f lj/f]w ul/of];\ tyf k|ltqmflGtsf/L ju{x?sf] qmflGtsf/L ju{o'4åf/f lj/f]w ul/of];\, cGofok"0f{ o'4sf] lj?4 Gofok"0f{ o'4 ;+rfng ug{ rfxg] hf] sf]lxn] klg o'4af/] cWoog ug{ / To;df nuftf/ lgk"0f{tf xfl;n ug{ k|oGt/t /xg'sf ;fy} o'4sf] cGTo u/]/ dfgj ;dfhsf] :jl0f{d elj:o lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu ef/L dxTjsf] sfd x'g]df s'g} ;+sf 5}g .Æ

$_ o'4sf] lsl;d M–

clxn];Dd ;+;f/df hlt klg o'4x? eP lt ;a} o'4x?nfO{ b'O{ efudf ljefhg u/L cWog ug{ ;lsG5 . k|foM ;a} o'4x? b'O{ lsl;daf6 g} x'“b} cfPsf 5g\\ .

-s_ Gofok"0f{ o'4 / -v_ cGofok"0f{ o'4

-s_ Gofok"0f{ o'4 M–

c?sf] ?rL, d'n's, :jtGqtf, ;fj{ef}d clwsf/dfly x:tIf]k u/L cf}klgj]; sfod ug{ / c? d'n's lhTg geP/, cfkm\g} d'n's, ?rL, /fi6« tyf hgtfnfO{ d'Qm kfg{ / hf]ufpg tyf ljkl/t x:tIf]k, bf; agfpg], k|fs[lts ;fwg ;Dklt sAhfug]{ p2]Zon] c? b]zsf] ;fj{ef}d clwsf/ s'Nrg] k|of;sf lj?4 bf;tGq, ;fdGt lg/+s'ztf, pTkL8gsf] pGd'ng ug{ ;a}vfn] x:tIF]k jf cfqmd0fsf] lj?4, Gofo, ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf pGgtL, k|ult, /fli6«otf tyf hgd'lQmsf] nflu rnfOg] o'4 Gofok"0f{ x'G5 . o:tf] o'4nfO{ Gofok"0f{ o'4 elgG5 .

-v_ cGofok"0f{ o'4 M–

c?sf] /fHo jf d'n's, ljb]zL zlQm jf hfltnfO{ lhTg, 7"nf] /fi6« agfpg,pklgj]; sfod u/L bf; agfpg, ljb]zL hgzlQm / ahf/ sAhf ug{ / cfkm\gf] k|e'Tj sfod ug{ rnfpg] h'g;'s} vfn] o'4 cGofok"0f{ x'G5 . o; vfnsf] o'4nfO{ cGofok"0f{ o'4 elgG5 . o'4sf] kIf ln+bf ;}Go ljz]if1x?, klxnf] v]dfsf ljz]if1x? cGofok"0f{ o'4sf] kIFdf pleG5g\\ eg] bf];|f] v]dfsf ;}Go ljz]if1x? Gofok"0f{ o'4sf] kIFdf b[9tfk"j{s ljgf lxlRsrfx6 pleG5g\\ .

%_ ;}Go lj1fgsf] cGo lj1fg;+u ;DaGw M–

;}Go lj1fg cfkm}df k"0f{ of k|ofKt dflgb}g lsgeg] o;sf] kl/efiffaf6} :ki6 x'G5 ls æo'4 /fhgLlt s} hf/L ?k xf] .Æ

/fhgLlt, bz{g, l;4fGt, cy{zf:q, ;dfhzf:q ;a}l;t cnu eP/ klg o;sf] ;a} l;t 3lgi6 ;DaGw 5 . To;}n] ;}Go lj1fg cfkm}df k|d'v lj1fg ge} ;fdflhs lj1fgsf] ;l6s lj1fgsf] ?kdf :yflkt 5 . ;fdflhs kl/j]z leq :yflkt d"No dfGotf dWosf] p2]Zo k|fKtL ug{sf nflu ;dfh lj1fgnfO{ ;3fp“b} cfkm\gf] nIo;Dd k'Ug d2t ug'{ o;sf] 3f]lift nIo x'G5 . To;}n] o;sf] cGo lj1fg;+u 3lgi6 ;DaGw x'G5 . o;nfO{ cWoog ubf{ cGo lj1fgsf] Go"gtd eGbf Go"gtd ;}4flGts dfGotfx?sf] klg 1fg x'g cfjZos 5 / clgjfo{ x'G5 . ;a} lj1fgx?sf] ;fGble{s / cfjZos ;f/x?nfO{ ;dfj]; ug'{klg clgjfo{ x'ghfG5 .

^_ o'4 lj1fg jf snf s] xf] <

3f]lift nIodf k'Ugsf] nflu o'4 lj1fg jf snf b'j} xf] . lj1fg / snfsf] aLrdf prLt tfnd]n / ;DaGw x'g ;s]g eg] o'4 k/flht x'G5, xf/ vfg'k5{ . o'4df b'Zdg kIfsf] dxTjk"0f{ xft xltof/, o'4 sf}zn / /0fsf}zn, vf;vf; ;}Go cv8f cflb kQf nufpg', ljleGg k|sf/sf] -6\ofS6L;\_ rfnafhL -snf_;lxt l;4 x'G5 eg] o'4 3f]lift e};s]kl5 jf Ps csf{df 6qmfj e};s]kl5 lj1fgsf] ;xf/f cfjZos k5{ . o;sf] ;xf/f ljgf o'4 cufl8 a9\g ufx«f] x'G5 . bL3{sfnLg k|sf/sf] o'4df oL b'O{ kIfx? lj1fg / snf dWo] slxn] sfxL+ Ps jf csf]{ kIf uf}0f h:tf] b]lvP klg cGttM lj1fg / snf b'j}sf] ;dfg e'ldsf /xG5 . lj1fg / snfsf] ;xL tfnd]n / k|of]uaf6 dfq o'4df ljho ;Dej x'G5 . Ps csf{sf] ;xf/f ljgf o'4 ckfª\u
x'G5 .

&_ o'4df 1fg k|flKtsf] ;d:of M–

n8fO{+df ljho xfl;n ug{' o'4sf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] . ljhosf nflu zq'dfly eLif0f tyf nuftf/ cfqmd0f ubf{ klxnf] s'/f h'g k|ljlwsf] ;xf/fn] cfqmd0f ul/G5 Tof] csf]{ kIf b'Zdgsf ;Dd'v nufot v'Nnf (Expose) e};s]kl5 lj/f]wL kIfn] klg To;sf] k|lt/IFfsf] aGbf]j:t ul/;s]sf] x'G5 . / cfkm\gf] kIfsf] cfqmd0fn] ;kmntf kfpg ufx«f] x'G5 . t;y{ o'4df hlt ;Sof] a9L b'Zdg kIfsf] o'4 Ifdtf, /0fsf}zntf, o'4snf, k|ljlw, z'/IffTds Joj:yf -kml6{lkms]zg_ tyf Jof6n k|l;h/ kQf nufpg' / cfkm\gf] kIFsf] /0fsnf -6\ofS6L;\_, Ifdtf, k|ljlw, Aof6n k|l;h/ uf]Ko /fVg', p;nfO{ yfxf glbg', ljleGg pkfoåf/f zq' kIfsf] dgf]jn k/LIf0f ug'{, zq'nfO{ ljleGg s'6gLltåf/f km;fP/ o'4df cNdNofpg' cflb pkfox? ckgfpg cfjZos x'G5 . dfcf] eGg'x'G5– æo'4åf/f o'4 l;Sg' o'4 sf}znsf] c;n pkfo xf] .Æ

*_ o'4df dgf]jnsf] e'ldsf M–

o'4df ljhosf nflu xltof/ uf}0f kIf xf] . ;fwg dfq xf] ;fWo xf]Og lsgls xltof/ :jo+ lg:s[o x'G5 . o;nfO{ rnfpg dfgj zlQm rflxG5 . To;}u/L dfgj zlQm -;]gf_ klg o'4df lg0ff{os lrh xf]Og . t;y{ o'4df lg0ff{os lrh eg]sf] o'4df ;+nUg dfgj zlQmsf] ljrf/, l;4fGt / cfGtl/s dgf]jn k|d'v xf] . dgf]jn o:tf] ledsfo xltof/ xf] hf] pRr k|ljlw ad, af?b, If]KofZq eGbf xhf/f}+ u'0ff zlQmzfnL x'G5 . dgf]nn lu/]sf] jf d/]sf] ;]gf hlt;'s} 7"nf] ;+Vofdf lsg gxf];\ To;sf] k/fho lglZrt 5 . zq' kIFsf] ultljlw -xs{t_af6 cft+sLt e} aRg ;Sb}g, lbgk|ltlbg efufefusf] l:ylt x'G5 .

To;sf/0f o'4sf] ;r]t kIf eg]sf] ;]gfsf] leqL dgf]jn xf] . cfh;Dd ;+;f/sf hlt klg o'4 ePsf 5g\\ To;df cfkm\gf] kIFsf] dgf]jn p“rf] /fVg hf]8 lbPsf] kfOG5 / lbg'k5{ klg . zq'kIfsf] dgf]jn lu/fpg', tx;gx; kfg'{, pgLx?sf] Jofks v08g, cfnf]rgf, e08fkmf]/ Jofks ug{ clgjfo{ x'G5 . /, elj:odf klg of] lqmof clgjfo{ aGg hfG5 . o;/L :ki6 5 ls o'4df ;+nUg kIFx?sf] aLrdf dgf]jnnfO{ ;+w} p“rf] /fVg' o'4sf] k|fylds sfo{ aGg hfG5 . ta dfq o'4nfO{ lglZrt cjt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .