k|r08ky
M @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] ljrf/wf/fTds 5nfª
–Pr= lk= lxdfnL
!_ e'ldsf M–
æoxf“ of] tYodfly klg xfd|f] Wofg ljz]if ?kn]
hfg} kb{5 ls rLgdf k|ltqmflGtkl5 qmflGtn] uDeL/ wSsf vfPsf] k[i7e"lddf
s'g} klg b]zdf cl3 a9\g] dfcf]jfbL cfGbf]ngsf] j}rfl/s ;+Zn]if0f ljz]if ?kn]
clgjfo{ 5 . lsgls, dfcf]jfbL lj1fgsf] k|of]uaf6 k|fKt cg'ejx?sf] j}rfl/s
;+Zn]if0fsf] k|lqmof / To;sf] cfbfg k|bfgn] lIFlthdf b]vf k/]sf] ljZj qmflGtsf]
gof“ nx?nfO{ g]t[Tj k|bfg ug]{ cGt//fli6«o ljrf/ lgdf{0fdf P]ltxfl;s e'ldsf
vf]ln/x]sf] x'G5 . ctM ljrf/ ;+Zn]if0fsf] of] k|Zg j:t'tM sDo'lgi6
qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] cfhsf] ljlzi6 sfo{ef/sf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 .Æ -s=k|r08 g]kfnL hgo'4
/ ljrf/wf/fTds ;+Zn]if0fsf] k|Zg_
ædfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfbsf
ck/fh]o l;4fGtsf cfwf/df kf“r jif{sf cg'ejx?sf] j}rfl/s ;+Zn]if0f, cfh g]kfn
qmflGtsf] cu|udg Pj+ ljZj qmflGtsf] ;]jfsf nflu clgjfo{ aGg uPsf] 5 . xfd|f]
of] ;+Zn]if0f ljZj sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng Pj+ g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;af6
lzIFf lnO{ @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf ljZj qmflAGtnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] dxfg\\ p2]Zodf cfwfl/t
x'g]5 . ;fy} xfd|F] of] ;+Zn]if0f hgo'4sf] dxfg\\ Pj+ P]ltxfl;s k|lqmofdf
nfvf}+ nfv g]kfnL hg;d'bfosf] kxn / ;+nUgtfåf/f k|fKt pknAwLx?sf] ;+Zn]if0f
x'g]5 . clGtddf xfd|f] of] ;+Zn]if0f dxfg\\ cu|ufdL 5nfªsf] k"j{ tof/L
x'g]5Æ-s= k|r08åf/f bf]>f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng @)%&df k|:t't Pj+ kfl/t
b:tfj]h– ‘dxfg\\ cu|ufdL 5nfªM Oltxf;sf] ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf’af6_xfd|f] dxfg\\ /
uf}/jzfnL kf6L{ g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_+ sf] bf]>f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] Pp6f
o'ufGtsf/L lg0f{o u/]sf] lyof] . To;n] g]kfndf tLj| ultdf cl3 al9/x]sf] hgo'4nfO{
u'0ffTds p“rfO{df k'¥ofP/ ljhoL agfpg / ljZj qmflGtsf] ;]jf ug{ cfhsf] ljlzi6,
b]z, sfn / kl/l:yltdf dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfbsf] k|of]uaf6 >[hgf ePsf
ljlzi6 tyf ;fj{ef}d rl/q af]s]sf ljrf/ >+[vnfnfO{ k|r08ky elg ;+Zn]if0f
u/]sf] 5 . /, xfd|f] kf6L{sf] dfu{ lgb]{zs l;4fGt dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfb /
k|r08ky aGg uPsf] 5 . To; P]ltxfl;s / ul/dfdo ;Dd]ngn] ;du| /fli6«o tyf
cGt/fli6«o /fhg}lts hut / /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf Jofks rrf{
kl/rrf{ pl7/x]sf] 5 / u/d axzx? klg rln/x]sf 5g\\ . of] k|lqmof :jo+ Pp6f
dxfg\\ cu|ufdL 5nfª ag]sf] 5 .
ha ;j{xf/f ju{n] cfsfz
wtL{ xNnfpg] ju{o'4 n8\b} cfkm\gf] j}rfl/s xltof/nfO{ wfl/nf] kfg]{ / gof“
p“rfO{df ljsf; ug]{ u5{ ta k|ltlqmofjfbLx? t k|ltlqmofjfbLx? g} eOxfn],
;+zf]wgjfbL / cj;/jfbL ;/ugfx? ;aeGbf a9L 8/n] ys{dfg x'G5g\\ . pgLx? o;sf/0fn]
8/n] ys{dfg x'G5g\, ls pgLx?n] ;j{xf/f ju{sf] af}l4s xltof/nfO{ ljs[t kfg]{,
nfn´08f af]s]/ nfn ´08fs} lvNnL p8fpg] / ;j{xf/f ju{sf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ nIo ljxLg
agfpg] h:tf cIfDo ck/fwx? u/]sf x'G5g\\ . tL u2f/x? (Renegades)n] >dhLjL hg;d'bfonfO{ qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ / qmflGtsf/L g]t[Tj ljgfsf
e]8fsf ayfgx? agfpg rfxG5g\\ tfls cfkm\gf] k|ltufdL :jfy{ k"/f ug{
;lsof];\ . k|r08kyn] ;g\ !(*) kl5 /fli6«o tyf cGt//fli6«o ;+zf]wgjfbLn]
y'kf/]sf] 8+u'/dfly eo+s/ cfuf] (Conflagration)
;NsfO/x]sf] 5 . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ ;+zf]wgjfbL / cj;/jfbL u'6 tyf pku'6x?
gflª\ub} uPsf 5g\\ / w|'jLs/0fsf] k|lqmof tLj| ag]sf] 5 . To;}n] ubf{ g} pgLx?
kfunk"0f{ k|nfkx? cf]sNg yfn]sf 5g\\ . pgLx?n] o;dfly ‘JolQmjfbL
dxTjfsf+IFf’, ‘JolQm k"“hLjfbL’ / ‘tfgfzfxL k|jlQ’ cflb cf/f]k nufPsf 5g\\
. sltkon] o;nfO{ dbg e08f/Lsf] tyfslyt ‘ax'bnLo hgjfb’;+u t'ngf ub}{ cfkm\gf]
u2f/ cg'xf/nfO{ kmf6]sf] hfnleq n'sfpg] b':k|of; ul//x]sf
5g\\ . csf]{lt/ lsQfleqsf
dflg;x? / hg;d'bfodf k|r08kynfO{ ;xL / Ps?ktfsf ;fy ultzLn l:yltdf a'‰g] /
u|x0f ug]{ ;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\\ . oL ;d:ofx?dfly Wofg lbb} ljlzi6 b]z, sfn /
kl/l:yltdf hGd]sf] k|r08ky eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf >f]tx? s]s] x'g\ < /
tLg ;+36s c+ux?nfO{ o;n] s;/L ;d[4 kf/]sf] 5 < cflb ljifodf cWoog ug]{
sf]lzz ul/Psf] 5 .
@_ k|r08ky eg]sf] s] xf]
<
cfw'lgs ;+zf]wgjfbsf lj?4
n8\g] qmddf ljZj b[li6sf]0fsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{ dxfg\\ nIo /fv]/ s=dfcf]n]
dxfg\\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] ´08f p7fpg'ePsf] lyof] . t/, pxf“sf] ;g\
!(&^ df lgwg ePkl5 tfTsfnLg pQ/flwsf/Lx? k|ltqmflGt /f]Sg c;kmn eP . /,
ljZjJofkL ?kdf v|'Zrf]eL ;+zf]wgjfb Pj+ blIF0fk+yL cj;/jfb xfjL x'g k'Uof] .
k]=s=kf=-;fOlgª\kfy_ / s=uf]~hfnf]sf] g]t[Tjdf k]?df hgo'4 ;+rfng ug'{sf ;fy}
To;nfO{ j}rfl/s ?kdf k|ltqmflGtnfO{ rLg]{ k|oTg ul/of] . s=uf]~hfnf] nufotsf
g]tfx?sf] lu/km\tf/Ln] Toxf“sf] qmflGtdf wSsf nfUg k'Uof] . !# km/j/L !((^ b]lv
g]kfndf g]=s=kf=
-dfcf]jfbL_ / s=k|r08sf] s'zn g]t[Tjdf kxn ul/Psf] hgo'4n] tLj| j]udf cfkm\gf]
p“rfO{ a9fp“b} uof] . of] dxfg\\ hgo'4df
xhf/f}+ xhf/ jL/jL/u+gf (Valiant and Virago)x?n] uf}/jdo / cd/ cfTdf]T;u{ u/] . g]tf, sfo{stf{ / hg;]gfn] s7f]/
Tofu, tk:of / jlnbfgL efjsf ;fy hgtfk|lt ;dlk{t eP/ kl;gf aufP . nfvf}+ nfv
hgtfn] kf6L{ / qmflGtk|lt ;dlk{t eP/ s7f]/ Tofu, tk:of / jlnbfg u/] . clg
pgLx?n] cfkm\gf 5f]/f5f]/Lx?nfO{ k|]dk"j{s kfngkf]if0f u/] . o;n] ubf{
k'/fgf] ;Qf c+z c+zdf 9Nb} hfg yfNof] . cfwf/Onfsfx? aGb} uP / hg;QFsf] cEof;
x'g yfNof] . ;g\ !(*) kl5sf qmflGt / k|ltqmflGtx? /fli6«o d'lQm cfGbf]ngx? /
/fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o kl/l:yltsf] kl/0ffdsf ?kdf k|r08kysf] ;+Zn]if0f ul/of] .
To;sf/0f k|r08ky eg]sf] @)cf}+ ztfAbLsf] c;Lsf] bzsb]lv @!cf}++ ztfAbLsf]
klxnf] ljxfgLd} kl/l:yltsf] dfu adf]lhd k}bf ePsf] ljrf/wf/fTds hu xf] .
k|r08kynfO{ o;/L klg
kl/efiff ug{ ;lsG5 ls of] g]kfndf ;j{xf/f juL{o cfGbf]ng xf“Sg] g]tfx?sf] s]Gb|Ls/0f
/
qmlGtsf/L ljrf/ >[+vnfx?sf] ;+Zn]if0f xf] . ;j{xf/f Pj+ >dhLjL ju{ /
g]tfx?sf] ;+Zn]if0f s=k|r08df ePsf] 5 /
qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ >[+vnfx?sf] ;+Zn]if0f kydf ePsf] 5 . To;sf/0f xfd|f]
P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]h dxfg\ cu|ufdL 5nfª Oltxf;sf] ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf df elgPsf] 5–
ækf6L{ Pstfb]lv ljrf/ ;+Zn]if0fsf] of] p“rfO{;Dd dxfd+qL -tfTsfnLg_ s=k|r08sf]
;xL / claLr5Gg g]t[Tjsf sf/0f cfh kf6L{
Pstfsf] s]Gb|ljGb'sf ?kdf s=k|r08sf] alnof] ;j{xf/f x]8Sjf6{/sf] ljsf;
ePsf] 5 . ctM ;fd"lxs g]t[Tjsf] s]Gb|Ls[t cleJolQmsf ?kdf ljsl;t ljrf/
>[+vnfnfO{ kf6L{ æk|r08kyÆ (Prachandapath)
gfdfs/0f ub{5 .Æ -k[= &*, &(_
k|r08ky eg]sf] ‘cfkm\g} 6fpsf]df cfuf] ;Nsfpg]’
z'l4s/0f cleofgsf] dxTjk"0f{ pknAwL klg xf] . of]
dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfbdf ul/Psf] e|i6Ls/0fsf] z'l4s/0f klg xf] . oxL
sf/0fn] ubf{ k|r08ky ;+zf]wgjfbL / cj;/jfbL lsQfdf e"sDk ag]sf] 5 . clg,
ljZjsf qmflGtsf/Lx? / hg;d'bfosf] nflu of] cfzf / e/f];fsf] rlDsnf] aQL ag]sf]
5 . k|r08ky eg]sf] :jtGq ;j{xf/fjfbL d"nwf/f xf] . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{
;fd|fHojfb / k|ltlqmofjfbsf b'd5Nnfx?n] o;dfly ‘JolQmk"hfjfb’, ‘JolQmjfbL
dxTjsf+IFf’sf] cf/f]k nufpb} cfkm"nfO{ ;fd|fHojfb / v|'Zrf]esf ;'uf ;fljt
u/]sf 5g\\ . k"“hLjfbL / ;+zf]wgjfbL tfgfzfxsf k'hf/Lx?n] k|r08kysf] 5]p
6'Kkf] ga'l´sg} ‘tfgfzfxL’ k|j[lQsf] cf/f]k nufpg' s'g} cgf}7f] s'/f xf]Og .
o;nfO{ ‘ax'bnLo hgjfb’;+u t'ngf ug'{ eg]sf] cfkm\gf] ;+zf]wgjfbL / ck/fwL
cg'xf/nfO{ n'sfpg vf]Hg] rfnafhL dfq xf] . of o;f] egf}+ k|r08kysf] df}lns ?kdf
cyjf cfwf/e"t ?kdf leGg rLhnfO{ ga'‰g' xf] . dfS;{jfbsf] sv/f hfg]sfx?nfO{
s] s'/f
/fd|f];+u yfxf 5 eg] ju{ ljeflht ;dfhdf ju{x?sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ kf6L{x?
x'G5g\\ . tL kf6L{x?n] lglZrt p2]Zo /fv]/ cfGbf]ng ;+rfng u5{g\ . cfGbf]ng /
kf6L{sf] g]t[Tj ug]{ cflwsfl/s ljrf/ ePsf g]tfx? x'G5g\\ . juL{o cfGbf]ngsf] /y
xf“Sg cfkm\gf] juPsf] ;f/yL / cfkm\gf] ju{sf] ljsl;t ljrf/wf/f rflxG5 eGg] yfxf
x'bfx'b} hgtfnfO{ g]t[TjljxLg tyf cf“vf ljxLg kfg{ rfxg] ;+zf]wgjfbL /
cj;/jfbLx? k|r08kydfly ‘JolQm k"hfjfb’sf] cf/f]k nufp“5g\\ .
#_ k|r08kysf >f]tx? tyf
k|]/s tTjx? M–
k|r08kysf] klxnf] >f]t
/ k|]/s tTj eg]sf] g]kfndf rln/x]sf] / ljsf; eO/x]sf] t"kmfgL hgo'4 (Typhoonian
People's war) g} xf] . xfdL w]/}nfO{
yfxf 5, dfS;{jfbL r]tgfsf] b/afhf vf]Ng rfl6{i6 cfGbf]ng, k|m]Gr qmflGt, hd{g
bz{g, a]nfotL
/fhg}lts cy{zf:qsf] ljsf;n] dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf v]n]sf lyP . cyjf hd{g bz{g,
k|m]Gr qmflGt / a]nfotL /fhg}lts cy{zf:q d'Vo >f]t Pj+ k|]/s tTj lyP . k]l/;
sDo'gn] To;nfO{ c´ a9L ;d[4 kfg]{{ sfd u¥of] . /l;ofnL dhb'/ tyf ls;fgx?sf]
cfGbf]ng ;g\ !()%sf] c;kmn qmflGtn] n]lggjfbsf] hu a;fNg] sfd u/] . clg ;g\ !(!&
sf] cS6f]a/ ;z:q hgljb|f]xn] o;nfO{ k"0f{tf lbg] sfd u¥of] . dfcf]jfbsf]
ljsf; k|lqmofdf $ dO{, !(!(sf] cfGbf]ng / ;g\ !(@$ b]lv z'? eO{ ;g\ !($(df
;DkGg hgo'4n] dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf v]n]sf 5g\\ / dxfg\\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts
qmflGtn] To;sf] p“rfO{ w]/} dfly p7fPsf] 5 . oxf“ eGg vf]lhPsf] s'/f s] xf] eg]
;fdflhs qmflGt / hgcfGbf]ngx?n] cfkm\gf] cu|ufdL lbzf lgb]{zgsf nflu gof“ b]z,
sfn /
kl/l:yltcg';f/ gof“ dfu{ lgb]{zs l;4fGtx?sf] dfu ub{5g\\ . tbg'?k lbzf lgb]{zs
l;4fGt cflj:sf/ x'g ;s]g eg] qmflGtn] uf]nrSs/ nufp“5 . dxfg\\ ;j{xf/f
;f+:s[lts qmflGtdf k|ltqmflGt eO;s]kl5 k|ltqmflGtsf/L zlQm ljZjdf xfjL eof] .
k"“hLjfbL ;fd|fHojfbn] ‘e"–d08nLs/0f’, ‘pbf/Ls/0f’ / ‘lghLs/0f’ sf]
gfddf u/]sf] k"“hLsf] cTolws s]Gb|Ls/0fn] ‘ljZj qmflGtsf] gof“ nx/
lIflthdf b]vf kl//x]sf] 5’ . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ xfd|f] ;}Go sfo{lbzfdf / /fhgLlts sfo{lbzfdf ljsf;sf] cfjZostf kg{
uPsf] 5 .
ha hgo'4sf] kxn ul/of] /
To;n] lg/Gt/tf kfof] ta gof“ gof“ ;+efjgfx? / ;d:ofx? klg k}bf x'“b} uP . oL
;+efjgfx? / ;d:ofx? /fli6«o ?kdf dfq xf]Og cGt//fli6«o ?kdf b]vf k/] . lsgeg]
g]kfnL hgo'4 eg]sf] t ljZj qmflGtsf] Pp6f c+u
xf] . ;+efjgfx?nfO{ oyfy{df kl/0ft ug{ ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg ug{ k'/fgf tl/sfx? /
;+efjgfx? dfq k|ofKt ePgg\ . kl/0ffdtM gof“ gof“ gLlt / of]hgfx? ag] . ltgLx?
;jf]{Rr g]t[Tj s=k|r08åf/f cleJoQm eP . ltgLx? gof“ ;+efjgfx?nfO{ oyfy{df
kl/0ft ug{ ;kmn x'g'sf ;fy} gof“ r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd eP . ljsf;sf]
ultdf ltgLx? Pp6f ljrf/ >[+vnfdf d"t{ x'“b}
uP . @)%& ;fn df3 kmfu'gdf ePsf] bf]>f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] tL ljrf/
>[+vnfnfO{ k|r08ky egL ;+Zn]if0f u¥of] . of] ljsf;sf] tLj| k|lqmofdf cl3
a9]sf] 5 .
k|r08kysf] bf]>f] k|]/s
tTj eg]sf] s=dfcf]n] cfkm\gf ;Rrf Pj+ qmflGtsf/L pQ/flwsf/Lx?nfO{ ;'Dk]/ uPsf]
cleef/faf]w ug'{
xf] . cWoIf dfcf]n] ‘ljZj b[li6sf]0fsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug]{’ nIo /fv]/ cfw'lgs
;+zf]wgjfbnfO{ k/f:t ug{ dxfg\\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGt z'? u/L lg/Gt/ qmflGt
cl3 a9fpg'eof] . pxf“n] of] qmflGtnfO{ cfjZos k/] ;of}+ jif{ rnfpg] lgb]{zg
ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . dfS;{jfbsf pQ/flwsf/Lx?n] hlxn] klg cfkm\gf u'?x?n] u/]sf
sfo{x?sf] P]ltxfl;s / cfnf]rgfTds cWoog ub}{ pgLx?n] k"/f ug{ af“sL /x]sf]
sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fp“5g\\ . pgLx?n] gof“ kl/l:yltdf To;sf] ljsf; u5{g\ . ;f+:s[lts
qmflGtn] lg/Gt/tf kfpg ;s]g / k|ltqmflGt xfjL eof] . Tof] k|ltqmflGtnfO{ /f]s]/
ljZj qmflGt cl3 a9fpg] ‘ljZj b[li6sf]0fsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug'{’ sDo'lgi6
qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] cfhsf] ljlzi6 sfo{ef/sf ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f k|r08kysf]
lgdf{0fdf o;n] dxTjk"0f{ k|]/0ffsf] sfd u/]sf] 5 .
k|r08kysf] t]>f] k|]/s
tTj eg]sf] blIf0fk+yL cj;/jfb / ;+zf]wgjfbsf lj?4sf] eLif0f j}rfl/s ;+3if{ xf]
. ;g\ !(&^ kl5 ljZj sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf blIF0fk+yL ;+zf]wgjfb xfjL eof] .
lj=;+= @)!@ b]lv g]kfndf 6fpsf] p7fp“b} cfPsf] ;+;bjfbL ;+zf]wgjfbn] o;}
df}sfdf g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf km'6 / ljefhgsf] aLp /f]Kb} uof] .
;+zf]wgjfbsf lj?4sf] ljb|f]xsf ?kdf @)@*sf] ´fkf ljb|f]x eof] . Tolta]nf g}
csf]{lt/ Go"Snzsf] wf/f b]vf k¥of]
. o;sf] cfof]hgfdf @)#! df rf}yf] dxflwj]zg eof] . o; dxflwj]zgsf] sfo{lbzf
bfz{lgs ?kdf ;f/;+u|xjfbL b]vf k¥of] / /fhg}lts cleJolQm 5b\d cj;/jfb xf] .
5b\d cj;/jfbsf] k|ltlglw df]xgljqmd l;+x x'g\ . otf @)#* df uP/ ´fkfnL dfn]n]
rLgdf k|ltqmflGt gePsf] eGb} k|ltqmflGtsf/L lbzf ;dfTof] eg] csf]{lt/
;f/;+u|xjfbL rf}yf] dxflwj]zg leq /x]sf qmflGtsf/Lx?n] k|ltqmflGt eO;s]sf] eGg]
s'/f kfl/t u/L qmflGtsf/L wf/f ks8] . @)$! df ePsf] kf“rf}+ dxflwj]zg;Dd
cfOk'Ubf df]xgljqmdsf] 5b\d ;f/;+u|xjfbL lrGtgdf cfwfl/t 5b\d cj;/jfbL gj
;+zf]wgjfbsf] ktg x'“b} uof] . /, s=k|r08sf] g]t[Tjdf qmflGtsf/L sfo{lbzfn]
cfsf/ lng yfNof] . @)$* sf] Pstf /fli6«o dxflwj]zgdf o;n] u'0ffTds 5nfª xfGof]
. g]kfndf h8;'qLo ;+zf]wgjfb, gj ;+zf]wgjfb / blIF0fk+yL lj;h{gjfbsf lj?4
hLjgd/0fsf] ;+3if{åf/f k/flht u/]/ dfq hgo'4sf] kxnsbdL x'g ;s]sf] xf] .
;+zf]wgjfb / cj;/jfb;+usf] ;+3if{df ljhoL eP/ g} dfS;{jfb hGd]sf] xf] .
bf]>f] cGt/f{li6« ;+zf]wgjfbLx?;+u n8]/ g} dfcf]jfb hGDof] . o;/L ljrf/wf/f
Pj+ jfbsf] cflj:sf/df h;/L ;+zf]wgjfb / cj;/jfbn] cGt/fli6«o ?kdf gsf/fTds
k|]/0ffsf] sfd u¥of] To;/L g} g]kfndf klg Tof] sfo{ k"/f u/]sf] 5 .
s=dfcf]n] ljZj sDo'lgi6
cfGbf]ngdf rnfpg' ePsf] dxfljjfb / ‘dxfg\\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGt’ sf]
k|]/0ffaf6 k}bf ePsf] g]t[Tjn] Pdfn]sf] gfª\uf] ;+zf]wgjfb / df]xgljqmdsf] gj
;+zf]wgjfb;+u lgd{d ;+3if{ uof] . ;aeGbf a9L ;do t df]xgljqmdsf] 5b\d
cj;/jfb;+u n8\gsf] nflu g} vr{ eof] . o;}sf/0f s=k|r08 eGg'x'G5– æg]kfnL
qmflGtsf] ljrf/ ;+Zn]if0fsf] s'/f ubf{ rf}yf] dxflwj]zgsf] qmflGtsf/L zAbf8Da/
;f/;+u|xjfbL lvr8Ln] el/Psf] gj;+zf]wgjfbsf lj?4sf] s7Lg / h6Ln
ljrf/wf/fTds ;+3if{sf] dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf /x]sf] s'/f lj;{g x'b}g . j:t'tM
g]kfn sDo'gli6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] ljsf;df df]xgljqmd l;+xsf] gj;+zf]wgjfbsf
lj?4sf] j}rfl/s ;+3iF{sf] 7"nf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 .Æ -k[= !*(, g]kfnL
qmflGtsf ;d:ofx? efu @_
k|r08kysf] rf}yf] >f]t
Pj+ k|]/s tTj eg]sf] ;fd|fHojfbL e"–d08nLs/0f xf] . zLto'4sf] ;dflKtkl5
cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbn] Ps w'|jLo ljZj Joj:yfsf] 3f]if0ff u/] tfklg ljZjsf] ljefhg
/ k'glj{efhgsf] nflu ;fd|fHojfbL / ;fd|fHojfbLx?s} aLrdf 7"nf] cGt/lj/f]w
/x]sf] 5 . d'l¶e/ dflg;x?sf] xftdf ljZj k"“hLsf] cToflws s]Gb|Ls/0f ePsf]
5 . clt pTkfbg / c;dfg ljt/0fn] gof“ gof“ ;+s6x? k}bf u/]sf] 5 . oxL sf/0fn]
ubf{ g} ‘b[li6 lIflthdf ljZj qmflGtsf] gof“ nx/’ b]vf k5{, k|lts"ntf leq
cg's"ntf b]lvg'sf] sf/0f klg oxL xf] . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; -vf;u/L
ljB'tLo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;_ nfO{ klg ;fd|fHojfbL e"–d08nLs/0fsf] ;]jfdf
nufOPsf] 5 . lsgeg] Tof] pgLx?sf] dftxtdf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] zx/ / ufp“sf]
cGt/nfO{ klg w]/} sd kfb}{ lnPsf] 5 . oxL sf/0fn] ubf{ ;"rgf tyf ;+rf/df
klg e"–d08nLs/0f ePsf] 5 . ljZjsf] Pp6f s'gfdf 36]sf] /fd|f] jf g/fd|f]
36gfn] csf]{ s'gfnfO{ s]xL ldg]6 / s]xL 306fd} c;/ kfl/xfN5 . csf]{lt/ ;fd|fHojfbsf
lj?4 hgtfn] ljZjdf ljleGg tl/sfn] hgk|bz{gx? klg ul//x]sf 5g\\ . t/, Tof]
ljrf/, nIo / g]t[TjljxLg 5 . oL ;a} 36gfx?af6 k|r08ky k|]l/t ePsf] 5 .
k|r08kysf] kf“rf}+ >f]t
Pj+ k|]/s tTj eg]sf] ljZj sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng / g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf]
cfnf]rgfTds cWoog (Critical Study)
xf] dfn]dfjfbL cWoog ljlw åGbfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s
ef}ltsjfbL xf] g ls clwe"tjfbL cfbz{jfbL . ljZj sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng / g]kfnL
sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ o; ljlwaf6 cWoog ubf{ ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds lzIFfx? /
df]8x? kQf nfu] / gsf/fTds tyf ;sf/fTds lzIFfx?n] k|r08kynfO{ cu|ufdL 5nfª xfGg
k|]l/t / k|ltqmflGtsf] cWoog ul/of] . o;sf sf/0fx? kQf nufP/ g} cl3 a9\g] ;xL
gLlt / sfo{qmdx? ag]sf 5g\\ .
k|r08kysf] 5}7f}+ >f]t
Pj+ k|]/s tTj eg]sf] blIF0f Plzof / ljZje/L rn]sf /fli6«o d'lQm cfGbf]ngx? x'g\
. oL cfGbf]ngx? sof}+ bzs;Dd cl3 a9\bfklg lsg ;kmn x'g ;s]gg\ < hftLo
cfGbf]ng / juL{o cfGbf]ngsf] ;dfof]hg ug{ g;Sbf >Ln+sfnL tldn 6fOu/x?sf]
s/La tLg bzs;Ddsf] axfb'/Lk"0f{ / sl/Zdfdo cfqmd0f / alnbfgn] d'lQm k|fKt
x'g ;s]g . oL / o:t} 36gfx?af6 klg k|r08ky k|]l/t ePsf] 5 .
k|r08kysf] ;ftf}+ >f]t Pj+ k|]/s tTj eg]sf]
kf6L{leq rNg] tLj| b'O{ nfOg ;+3iF{ / To;af6 k}bf x'g] gof“ gof“ ;d:ofx? x'g\ .
g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf / xfd|F] kf6L{df eLif0f b'O{ nfOg ;+3if{df cfPsf
;d:ofx? ;dfwfg klg eP/ uPsf 5g\\ . b'O{ nfOg ;+3if{df qmflGtsf/L nfOgsf] ljhon]
g} hgo'4 z'? x'g ;s]sf] lyof] / o;sf] ljsf; klg gof“ gof“ b'O{ nfOg ;+3if{sf]
k|lqmofaf6 ePsf] 5 .
$_ dfS;{jfbsf tLg ;+36s c+udf k|r08kysf]
;d[l4s/0f
-s_ bz{gzf:qsf]
b[li6sf]0faf6 k|r08kysf] ;d[l4s/0f M–
bz{g zf:q (Philosophy) u|Ls
zAb Philos– k]|d / Sophia– ljj]saf6 cfPsf] xf] . o;sf] cy{ x'G5 ljj]s
k|]d .
o;sf/0f bz{gsf] cWoog ug'{sf] cy{ ljj]ssf] k|]d ug'{ / ljj]sL x'g' eGg] xf] .
of] kl/efiff w]/} xb;Dd j}1flgs 5 . @)cf}+ ztfAbLsf kl5Nnf bfz{lgs dfcf]n]– æbz{g
eg]sf] 1fg l;4fGt afx]s c? s]xL xf]OgÆ eGg'ePsf] 5 . o;n] klg ljj]s k|]dnfO{
k'li6 ub{5 . cGttM bz{g eg]sf] hLjg / hutnfO{ a'‰g] / cu|ufdL wf/fdf abNg]
;'Idbz{s / b'/bz{s hl8t ljZj b[li6sf]0fsf ?kdf dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfb h:tf
5nfª\do r/0fx?sf] ljsf; eof] . cfh @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf cfOk'Ubf gof“ gof“ 36gfx?
36]sf 5g\\ / ljsf;x? b]vf k/]sf 5g\\ . dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfbnfO{ ljsf; ug{
;lsPg eg] ljZj qmflGtsf gof“ ;d:ofx? xn x'g ;Qm}gg\ . k|r08ky Totf pGd'v ljrf/
xf] .
k|ydtM k|r08kyn] dfS;{–n]lgg / dfcf]n] cf–cfkm\gf] ;dodf ljsf; ub}{ NofPsf] d'Vo lgod ljkl/tx?sf] Pstf / ;+3if{ (Unityof
opposires and Struggle)nfO{ bx|f];+u ks8\b} ;g\
!(*) kl5 e"Q] agfOPsf] wf/dfly ;fg nufp“b} s=k|r08sf zAbdf ‘ltvfg]{’ sfd
u/]sf] 5 . n]lggn] o;nfO{ ‘åGbjfbsf] u'bL’ eGb} ;f]x|j6f ;"qåf/f wfl/nf]
kfg'{ ePsf] lyof] . Pstf ;fk]If, zt{a4, c:yfoL x'G5 eg] ;+3if{ lg/k]If, lgzt{ /
:yfoL x'G5 egL ljsf; ug'{eof] . dfcf]n] o;nfO{ cGt/lj/f]wsf] ?kdf ;"qa4
u/]/ Ps b'O{df ljefhg x'G5 egL ljsf; ug'{ePsf] lyof] . pxf“n] dfqfaf6 u'0fdf
kl/jt{g / lgif]wsf] lgif]wnfO{ cGt/lj/f]wsf] lgod cGt/utsf] s'/f x'g\ / 5'§}
cl:tTj 5}g egL JofVof ug'{ePsf] 5 . k|r08ky dfcf]jfbsf] p“rfO{dfly bx|f];+u
6]s]/ plePsf] 5 . To;sf/0f cGt/lj/f]wsf] klxrfg (Recognition),
kl/rfng (Handling) / cGt/lj/f]wx?sf] dxfhfnaf6
k|wfg cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ 5fg]/ k|wfg cGt/lj/f]wsf] k|wfg kxn'sf] lxtdf ;xfos
cGt/lj/f]wx?nfO{ ;r]t 9+un] pkof]u ug]{ / tLj|tf lbg] s'/fdf k|r08kyn]
Wofgfsif{0f u/]sf] 5 . cGt/lj/f]wx? ;';'Kt /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;r]t ljlwåf/f
>[li6 u/]/ tLj| agfpg xfdLnfO{ l;sfPsf] 5 . hgo'4df of] ljlwsf] k|of]un]
o;nfO{ k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 .
Pstf / ;+3if{nfO{ cnu ynu ?kdf a'‰g] cyjf Ps
k6s Pstf / Ps k6s ;+3if{sf] cy{df a'‰g] clwe"tjfbL lrGtg k4ltsf lj?4 n8\b}
Pstf leq ;+3if{ / ;+3if{ leq Pstf b]Vg] ljlwsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . tbg'?k slxn]
Pstf k|wfg x'g] / slxn] ;+3if{ k|wfg x'g], t/ ;+3if{ lg/Gt/ ;fj{ef}d x'g]
k|lqmofnfO{ bx|f];+u ks8]sf] 5 . Pstf–;+3if{–?kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ :yflkt
u/]sf] 5 . oxL lgodsf] ;xL k|of]un] g} /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o k|wfg /
cfwf/e"t cGt/lj/f]wx? kQf nufpg / /fhg}lts tyf ;}Go sfo{lbzf lgdf{0f ug{
kf6L{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . To;k|sf/n] zq'tfk"0f{ / ldqtfk"0f{
cGt/lj/f]wx?sf] klg ;xL ;+rfng x'g ;s]sf] 5 . kf6L{nfO{ Psdgf Pstfsf] ?kdf
a'‰g] clwe"tjfbL lrGtgdfly k|xf/ ub}{ To;nfO{ ljkl/tx?sf] PsTjsf] ?kdf
:yflkt u/]sf] 5 . of] lgodnfO{ ju{;+3if{ / b'O{ nfOg ;+3if{df ;xL tl/sfn]
k|of]u ug'{n] g} k|r08kysf] hGd ePsf] xf] .
cGt/lj/f]wx?sf] ;xL ;+rfng
Pj+ ljkl/tx?sf] ;+3if{ / Pstfsf] ;xL a'´fO{ / k|of]un] ubf{ g} w]/} jif{;Dd h/f
uf8]/ a;]sf] oflGqs ef}ltsjfb k/flht ePsf] xf] . h8\;"qjfb, ;f/;+u|xjfb /
cg'ejjfb oflGqs ef}ltsjfbsf zfvfx? x'g\ . rf}yf] dxflwj]zgkl5 ;f/;+u|xjfbL
df]xgljqmdLo lrGtgn] alnof] cf;g hdfPsf] lyof] . To;sf] jl/kl/ h8\;"qLo /
cg'ejjfbL lrGtgx? klg lyP . ljkl/tx?sf] ;+3if{ / Pstfsf] lgodnfO{ qmflGtsf/L
tl/sfn] k|of]u ub}{ cGt/lj/f]wx?sf] klxrfg u/L ltgLx?nfO{ åGbfTds tl/sfn]
kl/rfng u/]/ r'gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf ug'{ / ;+efjgfx?nfO{ oyfy{df abNg' k|r08kysf]
bfz{lgs ljlw xf] .
bf];|f]M k|r08kyn] dfqfaf6
u'0fdf kl/jt{gsf] lgodnfO{ e8'jf ljsf;jfb (Vulgar Evolutionism)sf ?kdf ljs[t kfg]{ lrGtgsf lj?4 wSsf (Push Up), qmde+u (Btead through),
dxfljklQ (Vatastlophe),
5nfª (leap), /
?kfGt/0f (Transformation)sf]
l;4fGt ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . cWoIf s=k|r08n] eGg'ePsf] 5– æ5nfª, u'0ffTds kl/jt{g /
qmflGt eg]]sf] qmlds ljsf; geP/ Pp6f qmde+usf] l:ylt xf], ljkl/tx?sf] Ps csf{df
?kfGt/0fsf] l:ylt xf] . ====== ljrf/nfO{ Jojxf/df ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;r]t kIFaf6
qmlds ljsf;sf] xf]Og 5nfªsf] of]hgf agfpg'k5{ eGg] g} dfS;{jfbL åGbjfbsf] ;f/
xf] .Æ -P]ltxfl;s b:tfj]hx? k[= *^_
dfqfaf6 u'0fdf kl/jt{gsf] lgodnfO{ s=k|r08n]
o;/L l;sfpg'ePsf] 5– æ;'wf/jfbLx?sf] dfS;{jfbdf dfqf slxNo} u'0fdf ?kfGt/0f
x'“b}g Toxf“ s]jn dfqf, dfqf / km]/L klg dfqf x'G5 . jf:tljs hLjgdf qmflGtsf]
b[li6n] s] :ki6 ePsf] 5 eg]
;'wf/jfbLx?sf] Tof] dfqf a9\b}g a? 36\b} hfG5 / pN6f] 5nfª cyf{t gfª\uf]
k|ltlqmofjfbdf ktg x'G5 . g]kfndf Pdfn] u'6 To;sf] ;l6s pbfxf/0f xf] . o;f] lsg
x'G5 eg] ;'wf/jfbLx?n] qmflGtsf] dfqf a9fpg] xf]Og ls ;'wf/jfbsf] dfqf a9fpg]
ePsfn] To;sf] ljsf; eP/ åGbjfbsf] ljsf;cg';f/ g} Tof] u'0ffTds ?kn] k|ltlqmofjfb
aGg k'Ub5 . ;'wf/jfbLx?sf] dfS;{jfbdf ;r]t wSsfsf] h?/t kb}{g, Toxf“ s'g}
lg/Gt/tfdf qmde+usf] l:ylt cfp“b}g . ;'wf/jfbLsf zq'tfk"0f{ ljkl/tx? Ps
csf{df 6S/fp“b}gg\, a? s'g} g s'g} ?kdf tL cfk;L ;dGjo / ;xdltdf k'luxfN5g\\ .
d'vn] h];'s} s'/f u/] klg ;'wf/jfbLx?sf] dfS;{jfbdf j:t'leq ljkl/tx?sf aLrsf]
;+3if{ Ifl0fs / c:yfoL x'G5Æ -g]kfnL qmflGtsf ;d:ofx?, efu–! k[=@_
dfqfx?df klg ;fk]If
u'0ffTds kl/jt{gx? eO/x]sf x'G5g\\ / u'0ffTds km8\sfx?df klg ;fk]IF dfqfTds
kl/jt{gx? eO/x]sf x'G5g\\ . dfqfTds kl/jt{gn] cu|ufdL 5nfª xfg]df u'0ffTds
km8\sfx? b]vf k5{g\ / dfqfTds kl/jt{g k|ltufdL 5nfªlt/ cl3 a9]df k|ltlqmofjfbL
ktgx? b]vf k5{g\ . qmdzM ljsf; (Gradual developnment) jf:tljs ljsf; geP/ e8'jf ljsf;jfb xf] . ;'wf/jfb;+u n8\b} k|r08kydf
wSsf, qmde+u, dxfljklQ, 5nfª / ?kfGt/0fsf] l;4fGtnfO{ ljsf; u/]sf]
5 . of] bz{gcg'?k aGg]
of]hgfn] g} ;'wf/jfb / ;+zf]wgjfb h/}b]lv xlNn/x]sf] 5 .
t]>f]M k|r08kyn] kbfy{
/ r]tgfaLrsf] cGt/lj/f]w, cGt/;DaGw / Pscsf{df ?kfGt/0fnfO{ l7s 9+un] kl/rfng
ug{ l;sfPsf] 5 . oxL kl/rfng / k|of]usf qmddf g} ;fj{ef}d ?kdf kbfy{ (Matter) g} k|wfg eP tfklg r]tgf klg ljsl;t kbfy{ g] ePsf]n] Pp6f l:yltdf o;sf]
klg k|wfg e'ldsf x'gk'Ub5 eGg] åGbjfbL dfGotfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . ;+w}e/L j:t'ut
l:yltnfO{ k|wfg agfp“b} clwe"tjfbL lrGtg c+ufNg] / :jt:km"t{tfjfbdf
km;]/ lbg sf6\g] sfn kv{g] k|j[lQdfly k|r08kyn] lgd{d k|xf/ u/]sf] 5 .
k|r08kyn] s] s'/fdf klg hf]8 lbPsf] 5 eg] r]tgf ljsl;t kbfy{ ePsf]n] ljsl;t
kbfy{n] cljsl;t kbfy{nfO{ abNg] sfo{df nfUg}k5{ . j:t'l:ylt tof/ ePsf] 5}g
qmflGtsf/L kl/l:ylt 5}g eg]/ ;w}+e/L
;f]Rg' :jt:km"t{tfjfbdf km:g' xf] / r]tgfsf] dxTjnfO{ ga'‰g' xf] .
rf}yf]M k|r08kyn]
P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbnfO{ j}1flgs tl/sfn] a'‰g / k|of]u ug{ l;sfPsf] 5 . o;n]
Oltxf;nfO{ 36gfx?sf] y'k|f]sf ?kdf a'‰g] / Oltxf;af6 ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds
lzIff glng] k|j[lQsf] e08fkmf]/ u/]sf] 5 . o;n] Oltxf;nfO{ a'‰g] /
d"Nofª\sg ug]{ cfnf]rgfTds / ultzLn ljlw ckgfPsf] 5 . Oltxf;sf unt
wf/fx?sf] e08fkmf]/ / ;xL wf/fsf] kIfkf]if0f ub}{/fli6«o tyf cGt//fli6«o ;dfh
ljsf;sf] Oltxf; / /fli6«o tyf cGt//fli6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] ljZn]if0f ug{
l;sfPsf] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df s=k|r08 eGg'x'G5– æs'g} klg Oltxf;sf] d"Nofª\sgsf]
j}1flgs ljlw dfS;{jfbsfcg';f/ P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfb xf] . Toxf“ s'g} dgf]ut
cfu|xn] sfd ug'{x'“b}g . kf6L{ Oltxf;sf] d"Nofª\sgsf] j}1flgs ljlw dfS;{jfbsfcg';f/
P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfb xf] . Toxf“ s'g} dgf]ut cfu|xn] sfd ug'{ x'b}g . kf6L{
Oltxf;sf] d"Nofª\sgsf] s'/f ubf{ xfdLn] clxn] klg Psflt/ ;D´f}tfjfbL sbd /
csf]{lt/ ;+sL0f{tfjfbL ?´fgk k|lt ;ts{ /xg'kb{5 . lsgls tL k|j[lQx?n] Oltxf;
k|lt j:t'jfbL xf]Og leGg ?kdf dgf]utjfbL d"Nofª\sgdf hf]8 lbG5g\\ h'g
j}1flgs x'g} ;Qm}g .Æ -rf}yf] lj:tfl/t j}7ssf] b:tfj]haf6_
kf“rf}+M k|r08kysf]
1fgl;4fGtsf] ljlw eg]sf] dfn]dfjfbsf ;fdfGo l;4fGtnfO{ ljlzi6 l:yltdf
>[hgfTds / wSsfdo
tl/sfn] k|of]u ug'{, To;sf kl/0ffdx?nfO{ ;jn / b'j{n b'j} kIfaf6 ljZn]if0f u/L
l;4fGtsf] ljsf; ug'{ xf] .
5}7f}+M k|r08kyn] c+z /
;Dk"0f{ (Part and Whole), ljZn]if0f /
;+Zn]if0f (Analysis and Synthesis), ?k / ;f/ (Form and
Essence), s]Gb|Ls/0f / ljs]Gb|Ls/0f (Centralization
and Decentralization)
h:tf ;}4flGts k|ju{x?nfO{ ;xL tl/sfn] ;+rfng ug{
l;sfPsf]n] g} xfd|f] hgo'4 l7s 9+un] cl3 a9]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ g} dgf]utjfbL,
Psf+uL, cg'ejjfbL / h8\;"qjfbL ;d:of xn x'“b} uPsf 5g\\ .
;fat}+M k|r08kyn]
;f/;+u|xjfb (Eclecticism), z'Gojfb (Nihilism),
h8\;"qjfb (Dogmatism), cg'ejjfb
(´piricism), ch]ojfb (Agnosticism), sNkgfjfb (Utopianism),
pbf/jfb (Liberalism), >4fjfb (Worshipism) /
z+sfjfb (Scepricism) cflbsf lj?4 n8\b} ljho
xfl;n u/]sf] 5 . @)$* ;fnsf] /fli6«o Pstf dxflwj]zgkl5 kf6L{sf] Pp6f ;fgf]
lx:;fdf ‘of] klg l7s 5}g, Tof] klg l7s 5}g, l7s s] xf] < Tof] klg yfxf 5}g’
df cleJoQm x'g] z'GojfbL lrGtg b]vf k¥of] . To;sf] /fhg}lts cleJolQm blIf0fk+yL
lj;h{gjfb lyof] . o;dfly ljho k|fKt u/]/ g} hgo'4 z'? ePsf] xf] .
cflv/ bz{gsf] dxTj s] xf] < eGg] ;jfnsf]
hjfkm lb+b} s=k|r08n] eGg'ePsf] 5– æbz{gsf] dxTj lglZrt ?kdf hg;d'bfo x'g\ / hg;d'bfon] cfkm\gf]
pTkfbgsf] nflu g} ju{;+3if{ / j}1flgs k|of]usf qmddf h'g cg'ejx? xfl;n u/]sf
x'G5g\\, To;}sf] ;+Zn]if0f ePsf] x'gfn] cflv/ hgtfsf] nflu bz{g w]/} dxTjk"0f{
ljifo xf] . /, o;nfO{ Pp6f sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] vf;u/L dfn]dfjfbL kf6L{n] åGbfTds
tyf P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbsf ?kdf ;+Zn]lift bz{gnfO{ cfd hgtfsf] hLjgdf nfu"
ug]{ cfd hgtfnfO{ bz{gåf/f n}; ug]{ k|lqmofdf nfUg' k5{ . o;df g} bz{gsf] dxTj
5Æ . -s=k|r08sf 5flgPsf cGt/jftf{x? k[=#(_
v_ /fhg}lts cy{zf:qsf]
b[li6sf]0faf6 k|r08kysf] ;d[l4s/0f
k|m]8l/s P+u]N;n] /fhg}lts
cy{zf:qsf] kl/efiff lbb} 8\o"xl/+u dtv08gdf eGg'ePsf] 5– æ/fhg}lts cy{zf:q
cfkm\gf] Jofkstd cy{df dfgj ;dfhsf] hLjg lgjf{xsf ef}lts ;fwgx?sf] pTkfbg tyf
ljlgdodfly zf;g ug]{ lgodx?sf] lj1fg
xf] .Æ dfgj ;dfhdf ju{ 5 . hLjg lgjf{xsf ef}lts ;fwgx?sf] pTkfbg / ljlgdodfly of t k"“hLklt cyjf
zf]ifs ju{sf] of t ;j{xf/f Pj+ zf]lift ju{sf] lgoGq0f x'G5 . oxL sf/0fn] g}
sfn{ dfS;{ / P+u]N;n] cfkm\gf] cys kl/>dåf/f dfS;{jfbL
/fhg}lts cy{zf:qsf]
cfljisf/ ug'{eof] . dflg;nfO{ /fhgLlt, bz{g, ;flxTo / snfeGbf klxn] hLjg
lgjf{xsf] nflu vfgf, gfgf / 5fgf rflxG5 / of] /fHo;Qf;+u of pTkfbgsf ;fwgx?sf
:jfdL;+u hf]l8Psf] ljifo xf] eGg] s'/fdf k|i6 kfg'{eof] . pTkfbg ;DaGw g}
jf:tjdf /fhg}lts cy{zf:qsf] d'Vo ljioj:t' ePsf] s'/fdf hf]8 lbg'eof] . olb
pTkfbg ;DaGwn] pTkfbs zlQmsf] ljsf;nfO{ /f]Sof] eg] ju{;+3if{n] pRr ?k u|x0f
ug{ k'U5 eGg] s'/f tkm{ pTkfbs zlQmsf]
rfnssf ?kdf /x]sf] pbLodfg ;j{xf/f ju{nfO{ hfu?s agfpg' eof] . /fhg}lts
cy{zf:qnfO{ åGbfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbsf cfwf/df JofVof ub}{ Ifdtfcg';f/
sfd / cfjZostfg';f/ ljt/0fsf] l;4fGt nfu" x'g] ;fDojfbL Joj:yf cfpg]af6f]
kQf nufpg'eof] . k"“hLjfbL zf]if0fsf] h/f] sf/0f ‘cltl/Qm d"No’ xf]
egL kQf nufpg' eof] / To;af6 d'Qm ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfsf] ?k/]vf lvRg'eof] . n]lggn]
Psflwsf/ k"“hLjfbsf] d[To'306f ahfpb} ;dfhjfbL Joj:yf :yfkgf ug'{eof] .
dfcf]n] gf]s/zfxL k"“hLjfbsf] /x:of]b\3f6g u/]/ cw{–;fdGtL /
cw{–cf}klgj]lzs b]zdf ;dfhjfbdf k'Ug] gof“ hgjfbL k'n xfNg'eof] . kl5 uP/
qmflGtnfO{ ks8 / pTkfbo a9fpm eGg] gf/f lb+b} gof“ df]8]nsf] cy{tGqsf] :yfkgf
ug'{eof] . cfh @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf a'9f] ;fd|fHojfbn] cfkm\gf] cfo' nDAofpg gof“
gof“ k|sf/sf cf}ifwLx?sf] k|of]u ub}{5 . o;sf] cfo' 5f]6\ofOlbg k|r08ky cled'v
ePsf] 5 .
oxf“, k|ydtM k|r08kyn]
;fdGtjfb / ;Fd|fHojfbsf] cj}w ue{wfgaf6 hGd]sf] / cfkm\g} ljz]iftf af]s]sf]
gf]s/zfxL k"“hLjfbsf ljz]iftfx? kQf nufpb} qmflGtsf ldq zlQm / b'Zdg
zlQmsf] klxrfg Pj+ lgwf{/0f u¥of] . @)%! kmfu'gdf ;DkGg Pstf dxflwj]zgkl5sf] t]>f]
P]ltxfl;s lj:tfl/t j}7sdf qmflGtsf lgzfgf ;fdGtjfb, bnfn k"“hLjfb /
gf]s/zfxLtGq x'g\ / qmflGtsf k|]/s zlQm ;j{xf/f ju{, v]t dhb'/, dWod ls;fg ju{,
wgL ls;fg ju{, lgDg k"“hLklt ju{ x'g\ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ;fdGt, bnfn /
gf]s/zfxL ju{sf] k|ltlglw Pp6} klg x'G5 . of] ju{ ljZn]if0f / ljz]iftfsf
cfwf/df g} hgo'4 cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 .
bf]>f]M k|r08kyn]
P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbsf cfwf/df g]kfnL /fhg}lts cy{zf:qsf] ;xL wf/0ff k|:t't
u/]sf] 5 . sljnf k|fs[lts cy{tGqdfly blIf0f lt/af6 ;fdGtL cy{tGqsf] x:tIf]k
eof] . ;fdGtjfbL cy{tGq :jfefljs ?kdf k"“hLjfblt/ ljsf; x'g] qmddf ;g\
!*!^ sf] ;'uf}nL ;GwL eof] . o;kl5 cw{–;fdGtL / cw{–cf}klgj]lzs pTkfbg ;DaGw
sfod eof] . lj|l6z ;+:sf/ af]s]sf] ef/tsf] Psflwsf/ k"“hLn] clxn];Dd
cfkm\gf] Psflwsf/ hdfO/x]sf] 5 . oxL k|ltufdL pTkfbg ;DaGw / k|ultzLn pTkfbs
zlQmsf aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ Pp6f P]ltxfl;s df]8df a'´]/ g} hgo'4sf] ;xLaf6f]
k|r08kyn] clVtof/ u/]sf] xf] .
t]>f]M k|r08kyn]
gf]s/zfxL k"“hLnfO{ sAhf ub}{ gof“ hgjfb / ;dfhjfb pGd'v cy{tGqsf] hu xfNg
z'? u/]sf] 5 . cfwf/ Onfsfx?df ;fd"lxs / ;xsf/L v]tLkftL, ;xsf/L ahf/ /
3/]n' pBf]ux?, gd"gf pTkfbg / lgdf{0f sfo{x? s]xL pbfx/0f x'g\ .
qmflGtnfO{ ks8]/ pTkfbgdf hf]8 lbg], cfTdlge{/ pTkfbg / k|ljlwdf hf]8 lbg],
;fbf hLjg / pRr ljrf/sf] gLltnfO{ bx|f];+u ks8\g] cflb k|r08kyLo gLltx? x'g\ .
rf}yf]M k|r08kyn]
k"“hLjfbL ;fd|fHojfbL clt pTkfbg / c;dfg ljt/0f, k"“hLsf] cToflws
s]Gb|Ls/0f, lj1fg / k|ljlwnfO{ ;fd|fHojfbL d'¶Lleq /fv]/;d]t ul/Psf]
e"–d08nLs/0f, pbfl/s/0f, lghLs/0f / k]6]G6 k|0ffnLn] NofPsf] ;fd|fHojfbL
;+s6nfO{ ;+Zn]if0f u/]/ g} ljZj qmflGtsf cfwf/x? kQf nufPsf] 5 . cWoIf s=k|r08
eGg'x'G5– æbf]>f] ljZjo'4kl5sf] cNk ;dosf lglDt l:y/ b]lvPsf] ;fd|fHojfbL
cy{Joj:yf ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsb]lv gof“ cfd ;+s6sf] k|lqmofdf k|j]z u¥of] /
!(() sf] bzsdf cfOk'Ubf cfh Tof] r/d ;+s6df k/]sf] 5 . Tof] cfly{s ;+s6af6 aRg]
pkfosf ?kdf k|d'v ;fd|fHojfbL d'n'sx?n] t]>f] ljZjsf hgtfnfO{ c´} lgd{dtf
k"j{s n'6\g clgjfo{ aGg uPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ljZjsf] k'glj{efhgsf nflu
;fd|fHojfbL d'n'sx?n] t]>f] ljZjsf hgtfnfO{ c´} lgd{dtfk"j{s n'6\g
clgjfo{ aGg uPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} ljZjsf] k'glj{efhgsf nflu ;fd|fHojfbL u'6x?sf
aLrsf] xf]8afhL tLj| eO/x]sf] 5 . cfkm\g} Psflwsf/jfbL rl/q Pj+ hgtfsf] lg/Gt/
a9\bf] ;+3if{sf sf/0f ;fd|fHojfbL ljZjJoj:yf– pDsg} g;Sg] ;+s6df kml;/x]sf] 5 .
ljZj qmflGtsf] gof“ nx/ lIflthdf b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 .Æ -g]kfnL qmflGtsf ;d:ofx?,
efu !, k[= !!)_
;fd|fHojfbL ;+s6sf] tYo
k|:t't ub}{ s=k|r08åf/f k|:t't Pj+ bf]>f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngåf/f kfl/t b:tfj]hdf
elgPsf] 5– æ:jo+ ;fd|fHojfbLx?n] lbPsf] tYofª\s -h'g ;s];Dd /fd|f] cj:yf
b]vfpg] dg;foåf/f k|]l/t x'g] ub{5g\\_ cg';f/ klg ljZjsf] s]jn !% k|ltzt
hg;+Vof /x]sf wgL b]zx? *) k|ltzt ;Dkbfsf dflns ag]sf 5g\\ eg] ljZjsf *% k|ltzt
hg;+Vofsf xftdf s]jn @) k|ltzt ;Dkbf /x]sf] lj8Dagfo'Qm cj:yfsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5
. cfh ljZjsf b'O{ c/j %) s/f]8 dflg;x? eofgs
ul/aLsf] lzsf/ ag]sf 5g\\ . Ps c/a dflg;x? lg/k]If ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg lylrP/
tl8\kO/x]sf 5g\\ . clxn] k|lt jif{
/f]hL/f]6Ls} nflu dfq * s/f]8 t]>f] ljZjsf hgtf ljb]lzg afB agfOPsf 5g\\ .Æ
-k[= !* bf]=/f=;+=sf] b:tfj]h_
;f]xL b:tfj]hdf cufl8
elgPsf] 5– æclxn]sf] ljZjdf gfkmf ;f]xg]{ p2]Zosf;fy ;fd|fHojfbn] tof/ kf/]sf]
lgDg ljlzi6
kl/l:yltk|lt xfd|f] Wofg
uDeL/ ?kn] lvrLg' h?/L 5 . klxnf], gfkmfsf] w'gdf wtL{sf] ljzfn ax';+Vofdf
/x]sf hg;d'bfosf] ;:tf] >d;+u uf“;]/ cfjZostfsf] ;+;f/af6 :jtGqtfsf] ;+;f/df
hfg cfd hgtfsf] r]tgfdf tLj| ultsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;'lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . bf]>f],
gfkmfs} w'gdf e"–d08nLs/0f;+u} k|ljlwdf d'VotM On]S6«f]lgs IF]qdf ePsf]
ce"tk"j{ ljsf;n] ljZjnfO{ Pp6f ;fgf] u|fdL0f Onfsfsf] ?kdf ;f+u'/f]
kfl/lbPsf] 5 . o;af6 wtL{sf] Pp6f s'gfdf x'g] ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds 36gfqmdåf/f
;du| ljZj k|efljt x'g] tyf ;du| ljZjaf6 s'g} lglZrt IF]qsf] 36gfqmd k|efljt
x'g] k|lqmof cfZrfo{hgs 9+un] tLj| aGg uPsf] 5 . t]>f], gfkmfs} w'gdf
;fd|fHojfbsf] cfw'lgs xftxltof/ pTkfbg / ljt/0fsf] ljZjJofkL k|0ffnLn] ljZj
hgo'4 (World people's war) ;+rfngsf nflu k/f]If ?kn] k|fljlws tof/Lsf]
e'ldsf v]ln/x]sf] 5 . rf}yf] s'/f, cfhsf] a];L pTkfbg / pTkfbsf ;fdflhs
k|lqmofsf] e"–d08nLs/0fn] Ifdtfcg';f/sf] sfd / cfjZostfg';f/ ljt/0fsf]
;fDojfbL dfGotf :yfkgfsf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ cfZro{hgs tLj|tfsf;fy tof/
eO/x]sf] 5 . kf“rf}+ / d'Vo s'/f, ju{ cGt/lj/f]w d'VotM ;fd|fHojfb / pTkLl8t
/fi6« Pj+ hgtf aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ ljsf;sf] k/fsfi7fdf k'¥ofP/ ;fd|fHojfbn]
ljZjsf *) k|ltzt hg;d'bfodf qmflGtsf] j:t'ut kl/l:ylt tLj|tfsf ;fy tof/
kfl/Psf] 5 .Æ -k[= !(–@) pxL_
u_ j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf]
b[li6sf]0faf6 k|r08kysf] ;d[l4s/0f sfn{dfS;{ / k|m]8l/s P+u]N;n] o; ;+36s c+udf
ju{;+3if{, ;z:q ;+3if{, ;j{xf/f ju{sf] clwgfsTj, kf6L{ / hg;]gfsf ljifodf
;}4flGts cjwf/0ffx?sf] ljsf; ug'{eof] . n]lggn] dfS;{ / P+u]N;n] nufpg'
ePsf] ;j{xf/f clwgfosTjsf] hunfO{ c;kmn
k]l/; sDo'gsf] lzIffsf cfwf/df j}1flgstf k'li6 ub}{ ljsf; ug'{ eof] . pxf“n]
k"“hLjfbsf] d/0f;Gg cj:yf ;fd|fHojfbsf] hdfgfdf Pp6} b]zdf klg ;dfhjfb
cfp“5 eGg] dfGotfsf cfwf/df zz:q hgljb|f]xsf] sfo{lbzfaf6 cS6f]a/ qmflGt ;DkGg
ug'{eof] . e'ldut / n8fs' sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ / nfn;]gfsf] ljsf; ug'{eof] .;+u7gfTds
l;4fGt hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotf k|ltkfbg ug'{eof] . pxf“n] hftLo cfGbf]ngnfO{ juL{o
cfGbf]ng;+u ;+of]hg ub}{ pTkLl8t hfltx?sf] nflu cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ (Rihgts of
self-determination) sf] l;4fGt ljsf; ug'{eof]
. s=dfcf]n] t]>f] ljZjsf b]zx?df ufp“af6 zx/x? 3]g]{ /0fgLltdf cfwfl/t
bL3{sfnLg hgo'4sf] k|ltkfbg u/L gof“ hgjfbL qmflGt u/]/ ;dfhjfbdf k'Ug]af6f]
b]vfpg'eof] . kf6L{, hg;]gf / ;+o'Qm df]rf{nfO{ hfb'u/L xltof/ (Magic Weapons) sf ?kdf ljsf;
ug'{eof] . ;aeGbf 7"nf] s'/f pxf“n] ;j{xf/f ju{sf] clwgfosTj cGt/ut lg/Gt/
qmflGt -dxfg\\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGt_ sf] ;}4fGtLs / Jojxfl/s b'j} b]gx?
lbg' eof] . ToxL p“rfO{af6 g]kfnsf] dfcf]jfbL hgo'4 cl3 al9/x]sf]5 .
klxnf] s'/f, j}1flgs
;dfhjfbLsf] If]qdf k|r08kysf] ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ ;d[l4s/0f / ljsf; eg]sf]
g]kfnL qmflGtsf cg'ejx? / ljZj kl/l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ t]>f] df]8]nsf
?kdf ;}Go sfo{lbzf ljsf; ug'{ xf] . /l;og qmflGtsf] bf}/fgdf s=n]lggn] ljsl;t
b]zdf zx/Lof ljb|f]xaf6 ufp“ sAhf ug]{ ;z:q hgljb|f]x (Armed
people's was) sf] sfo{lbzf ljsf;
ug'{eof] . g]kfnL qmflGtsf] bf}/fgdf ljZj kl/l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f ub}{ / cfkm}n]
cl3 a9fPsf] qmflGtsf cg'ejx?sf] ;f/ lvRb} b'j} qmflGtsf df]8]nx?sf] ;+of]hg u/L
s=k|r08n] gof“ / t]>f] ;}Go sfo{lbzfsf] pb\3f6g ug'{ eof] . ljsl;t b]zx?df
;z:q hgljb|f]xnfO{ k|wfgtf lbb} z'?b]lv g} bL3{sfnLg hgo'4sf ljz]iftfx?nfO{
;+of]hg ug]{ / ljsf;zLn b]zx?df bL3{sfnLg hgo'4nfO{ k|wfgtf lbb} z'?b]lv g}
;z:q hgljb|f]xsf ljz]iftfx?nfO{ ;+of]hg u/L ljZjqmflGt cl3 a9fpg' o;
sfo{lbzfsf] ;f/tTj xf] .
‘dxfg\\ cu|ufdL 5nfª\M
Oltxf;sf] ckl/xfo{ cfjZostf’ df elgPsf] 5– =========kl/l:yltsf] of] ljsf;n]
@);f}+ ztfAbLsf] c;Lsf]bzsb]lv qmflGtsf] df]8]n ;DaGwL k|rflnt wf/0ffdf
dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{g ePsf] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . cfh bL3{sfnLg hgo'4df ;z:q
ljb|f]x / ;z:q ljb|f]xdf bL3{sfnLg hgo'4sf /0fgLltx?sf] gof“ ;+of]hg clgjfo{
aGg uPsf] 5 . o;k|sf/sf] ;+of]hg ljgf cfh ljZjsf s'g} klg b]zdf qmflGt c;+ej 5Æ
-k[=@)_ .
g]kfn tL b'O{j6} qmflGtsf
df]8]nx?sf] ;+of]hg hgo'4sf] kxnb]lv g} nfu" x'g yfn]sf] xf] . @)%!
kmfu'gdf ;DkGg t]>f] P]ltxfl;s lj:tfl/t j}7sdf s=k|r08åf/f k|:t't Pj+ kfl/t
b:tfj]hdf elgPsf] 5– æxfd|f] l:yltdf ufp“sf] sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf b]pm, t/ zx?sf]
sfdnfO{ klg g5f]8, cj}wflgs ;+3if{nfO{ k|fyldstf b]pm t/ j}wflgs ;+3if{nfO{ klg
g5f]8, lglZrt /0fg}lts Onfsfx?nfO{ k|fyldstf b]pm t/ cGo Onfsfx?nfO{ klg g5f]8,
o'4sf] sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf b]pm t/ hgcfGbf]ngsf sfdnfO{ klg g5f]8, e"ldut
sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf b]pm t/ v'Nnf sfo{x?nfO{ klg g5f]8, u|fdL0f ju{;+3if{nfO{
k|fyldstf b]pm t/ b]zJofkL ;+3if{nfO{ klg g5f]8, 5fkfdf/ sfd sfjf{xLnfO{
k|fyldstf b]pm t/ /fhg}lts e08fkmf]/ / k|rf/nfO{ klg g5f]8, b]zleqsf] k|rf/nfO{
k|fyldstf b]pm t/ ljZjJofkL k|rf/sf] sfdnfO{ klg g5f]8, ;}Go;+u7gsf] lgdf{0fsf]
sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf b]pm t/ df]rf{;+u7gsf] lgdf{0fsf] sfdnfO{ klg g5f]8,
cfkm\g};+u7g / zlQmsf] e/ kg]{ s'/fnfO{ k|fyldstf b]pm t/ sfo{ut Pstf,
cGt//fli6«o hgdtsf] ;xof]u / ;dy{g lng] s'/fnfO{ klg g5f]8Æ -P]ltxfl;s
b:tfj]hx? k[=*$÷*%_ oL ‘bz k|fyldstf b]pm / bz g5f]8’sf cfwf/df @)%@ ;fnb]lv hgo'4
z'? eof] / qmflGt cl3 a9\b} hfg] qmddf qmflGtsf] t]>f] / gof“ df]8]n hlGdof]
.
bf]>f]M k|r08kyn]
sDo'lgi6 /fHoJoj:yf ;DaGwL e|dx? / ljs[lts/0fnfO{ ;kmf ub}{ dfn]dfjfbsf cfwf/df
6]s]/ /fhg}lts sfo{lbzf @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfbsf ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . /fHo;QF
;+rfngsf] ljlwdf Oltxf;df ePsf uNtLx? ;Rofpb} / 6'6]sf s8Lx? hf]8\b} eO/x]sf]
qmflGtdf k|ltqmflGt cfpg glbg] lrGtfsf;fy of] /fhg}lts sfo{lbzfsf] ljsf; x'“b}5
.
/fHo;Qf ;+rfngsf qmddf k|of]u x'g] ;j{xf/f clwgfosTjsf] ;jfndf ;+zf]wgjfbLx?n]
kf/]sf] e|dk"0f{ s'/fx?nfO{ ;kmf ub}{ ;f/ / ?kdf NofPsf] leGgtfnfO{ x6fP/
Ps?ktfdf a'´fpg] / c´ pGgt sDo'lgi6 /fHo;Qf lgdf{0f ug]{ o;sf] p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 .
/fHo;Qf ;DaGwL of] cjwf/0ffnfO{ gof“ df]8]nsf ?kdf a'‰g'k5{ . /0fg}lts tyf
sfo{g}lts b'j} b[li6n] o;sf] 7"nf] dxTj /x]sf] 5 . >dhLjL tyf ;j{xf/f
ju{sf] clwgfosTjnfO{ s;/L alnof] agfpg] eGg] ljifodf ljz]if dxTj lbOPsf] 5 .
t]>f]M k|r08kyn] gof“
ljZj kl/l:ylt /fli6«o kl/l:yltsf cfwf/df cfwf/Onfsfsf] lgdf{0f, ljsf; / ;'/Iff
;DaGwL j}1flgs cjwf/0ff k|:t't u¥of] / Jojxf/fdf nfu" ePsf] 5 . ax'
cfwf/Onfsfsf] lgdf{0f, k'/fgf] /fHo;Qfdfly :yfgLo / s]Gb|Lo tyf kmf}hL /
/fhg}lts x:tIf]k, cfwf/Onfsf jl/kl/ 5fkfdf/ / k|rf/Onfsf Pp6f b]zdf k|fKt
cfwf/OnfsfnfO{ ljZj qmflGtsf] cfwf/Onfsf jgfpg' cfwf/Onfsf ;DaGwL k|r08kysf
ljz]iftfx? x'g\ .
rf}yf]M tLg hfb'u/L xltof/
kf6L{, hg;]gf / ;+o'Qm df]rf{ ;DaGwL k|r08kyn] pGgtL u/]sf] 5 . kf6L{nfO{
cfhsf] /fli6«o tyf cGt//fli6«o kl/l:yltdf n8\g ;Sg] qmflGtsf] k|d'v Pj+ s]Gb|Lo
;fwgsf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . /fli6«o
tyf cGt//fli6«o km'6jfbsf lj?4 / Psdgf Pstfsf lj?4 n8\b} o;nfO{ ljkl/tx?sf]
PsTjsf] ?kdf ;+rfng ug]{ ljlwsf] ljsf; ul/Psf]
5 . o;} cfwf/df b'O{ nfOg ;+3if{ ;+rfng u/]/ kf6L{nfO{ >dhLjL hg;d'bfosf]
lk|o / e/f];fof]Uo cu|b:tfsf ?kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnL gsf/fTds / ;sf/fTds
lzIff ;d[4 kfl/Psf] 5 . d'ntM dxfg\\ ;j{xf/f ;f+;s[lts qmflGtsf] p“rfO{ eGbf
klg cl3 a9]/ k|ltqmflGt bf]xl/g glbg] kf6L{sf] ljsf; ug{ e/dUb'/ k|oTg ul/Psf]
5 . ‘cfkm\gf] 6fpsf]dfly cfkm} cfuf] nufpg]’ ljlwsf cfwf/df kf6L{nfO{ z'l4s/0f
ub}{ cl3 a9]sf] 5 . ;j{xf/f ju{sf] g]t[TjnfO{ lk/fld8sf ?kdf hg;d'bfodf :yflkt
ub}{ k|ltqmflGtnfO{ /f]Sg] pkfosf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . o;nfO{ hg;d'bfo, ;]gf,
;+o'Qm df]rf{ / hgju{sf] d'6' / dlit:ssf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .hg;]gfnfO{
k'/fgf] ;dfhsf] ue{df tof/ eO/x]sf] gof“ ;dfh hGdfpg], x'sf{pg] / ;'/Iff ug]{
;'8]gL -wfO{ cfdf_ sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug]{ / ;]gf gePsf] hgtf;+u cfkm\gf] eGg] s]xL
x'“b}g eGg] dfGotfnfO{ :yflkt ul/Psf] 5 . k|ltqmflGt x'g glbg] j}rfl/s /fhg}lts
tfut ePsf] @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] ;]gf lgdf{0f ug]{ p2]Zosf;fy k|r08ky cl3 al9/x]sf]
5 . cWoIf s=k|r08n] hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] /fli6«o e]nfdf eGg'ePsf] 5– æcfhsf] qmflGt
xf“Sg @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf hgof]4f (People's warrior)
x'g' cfjZos 5,======== xfd|f] o:tf] /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt x'g'k5{ tfls b'Zdgn]
hxf“ 6]S5 ToxL lj:kmf]6 x'g ;lsof];\ .Æ of] dd{nfO{ l7s 9+un] a'‰g cfjZos 5 .
hgo'4sf] l;4fGtnfO{ @!cf}+
ztfAbLsf] qmflGt xfSg] tfutsf ?kdf ljsf; ug{ gof“ gof“ ;}Go /0fgLlt /
sfo{gLltsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . bL3{sfnLg hgo'4sf] /Iffsf] r/0f cGt/ut hgo'4sf]
tof/L, hgo'4sf] kxn, lg/Gt/tf / cfwf/Onfsf lgdf{0f sf rf/ sfo{g}lts pkr/0fx?sf]
ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . /0fg}lts ;Gt'ngaf6 /0fg}lts cfqmd0fdf hfg] ;+qmd0fsfnLg
sfo{gLltx?sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . kmf}hL sfo{gLltx?nfO{ /fhg}lts sfo{gLltx?;+u
;xL ;+of]hg ul/Psf] 5 . Pp6f 7"nf] wSsfsf] kxnsbdL ln+bf /fhg}lts tyf ljrf/wf/fTds,;+u7gfTds
;+3if{ / ef}lts tyf k|fljlws tof/L ug'{ klg k|r08kysf] ljz]iftf xf] . To;} u/L
;}Go / /fhg}lts lx;fan] ljleGg If]qLo tyf s]Gb|Lo sdf08x?sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .
5fkfdf/ sfjf{xLsf ?kx? 3ft, /]8, af?bL ;'?ª, Wj;+ / ;kmfofsf] kl/efiff ug]{ sfd
ePsf] 5 . ;]gfsf] ljsf; klg hglbzfsf cfwf/df YCL x'b}
n8fs' bn, ;'/Iffbn / :jo+;]jsdf 5nfª, xfgL qmdz d'Vo, ;xfos / cfwf/e"t
zlQmsf] ljsf; u/Lof] . clxn] cfP/ To;n] hgd'lQm ;]gfdf 5nfª\ xfg]sf] 5 . /,
lj|u]8 :t/sf] kmd]{zg ljsf; ePsf] 5 . s]Gb|Ls[t ?kdf Pp6f cu|ufdL wSsf lbg
ljleGg ?ksf sfjf{xLx? hf]8\g] -?k cg]s sfjf{xL Ps_ / ;kmn kfg]{ ;}Go
sfo{gLltsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . 5fkfdf/ o'4, rnfodfg o'4 / df]rf{j4 o'4 oL tLg
j6}df l:yltcg';f/ s'g}klg ?knfO{ k|of]u ug]{ / ;dfof]hg ug]{ ljlw ljsf; x'“b}
uPsf] 5 .qmflGtsf/L ;+o'Qmdf]rf{ lgdf{0fsf] IF]qdf klg dxTjk"0f{ ljsf;
ePsf] 5 . pTkLl8t ju{ (Oppressed class), pTkLl8t hflt (Oppressed
Nationality) / pTkLl8t IF]q (Oppressed Region) sf] Pstfsf cfwf/df ;+o'Qm df]rf{sf] lgdf{0f / ljsf; ug'{ k|r08kysf]
dxTjk"0f{ pknAwL xf] . o;nfO{ ;Qf / ;+3if{sf] ;fwgsf] ?kdf ljsf; ul/Psf] 5
. o;sf] lgdf{0fsf] nflu w]/} klxn]b]lv g} k|oTg x'“b} cfPsf] ePtfklg hgo'4 z'?
ePsf] s/La Ps jif{kl5 dfq ;fsf/ ?k lnof] . clxn] cfP/ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ pGd'v
;+o'Qm qmflGtsf/L hgkl/ifb (United Revolutionary People's Council)
lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 . :yfgLo ?kdf hg;Qf Pj+ :jzf;gx? aGg yfn]sf 5g\\ . hftLo tyf
If]qLo :jzf;gx?n] cfjZos k/]df cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/;d]t k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/
lbOPsf] 5 .
k|r08kyn] s] /fd|f];+u
k|i6 kfb}{ cfPsf] 5 eg] kf6L{ g} ;]gf / ;+o'Qm df]rf{sf] g]t[Tj xf] . kf6L{ /
;/sf/ aLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ k|ltqmflGtsf lzIffsf cfwf/df ;'b[9 kfg{ yflnPsf] 5 .
kf6L{nfO{ ;}lgsLs/0f ug]{ / ;]gfnfO{ kf6L{s/0f ug]{ gLlt nfu" ul/Psf]
5 . lxhf] k|ltqmflGtx? lsg eP < eGg] ;jfnsf] hjfkm vf]Hb} kf6L{, ;]gf / ;+o'Qm
df]rf{sf] ;DaGwnfO{ j}1flgs 9+un] ljGof;
u/L k|r08ky ultzLn ag]sf]
5 .
kf“rf}+, ;+zf]wgjfb /
cj;/jfb;+u lgd{d\ ;+3if{ ub}{ k|r08kyn] To;;+u n8\g] / k/f:t ug]{ ljlwx?sf]
ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] p“rfO{df 6]s]/ ;+zf]wgjfbL k'R5/jfbL wf/fsf
lj?4 cgj/t ;+3if{sf qmddf :jtGq ;j{xf/fjfbL wf/fsf] ljho / ljsf; ug{ lg/Gt/
cu|ufdL wSsfx? lbg' Pp6f ;z:q ljlw xf] . of] ljlw ju{;+3if{ / b'O{nfOg ;+3if{
b'j}df nfu" x'G5 . olb b'O{ nfOg ;+3if{ / ju{;+3if{df lg/Gt/ cu|ufdL
wSsfx?nfO{ ks8\g ;lsPg eg] k|r08kynfO{ klg ks8\g ;lsb}g d'ntM ;+zf]wgjfb /
cj;/jfbsf] kmf]x?sf] 8+u'/dfly cfuf] ;NsfP/ g} k|r08kysf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] .
5}6f}+, k|r08kyn]
;+sL0f{tf, h8tf / ;+;bjfbsf lj?4 n8\b} dfn]dfjfbL hglbzf (Massline) nfO{
gof“ p“rfO{df k'¥ofPsf] 5 . hgo'4sf] p2]Zo hgtfsf] lxt;+u uf“l;Psf] 5 eGg] s'/f
s=cWoIfaf6 af/Daf/ cleJoQm x'“b} cfPsf] 5 . bf]>f] /fli6«o
;Dd]ngåf/f kfl/t b:tfj]hdf elgPsf] 5– æhg;d'bfo g} Oltxf;sf lgdf{tf x'g\ eGg]
;'k|l;4 dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL–dfcf]jfbL l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ kf6L{n] g]kfnsf]
ljlzi6 l:yltcg';f/ ;du| hglbzfsf] ljsf; ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . hg;d'bfosf] ljb|f]xsf]
P]ltxfl;s k|lqmofnfO{ ;+Zn]if0f ub}{ kf6L{n] hgtfsf ljb|f]xL cfsf+IffnfO{;+ul7t
ug]{ s'/fdf ;jf{lws hf]8 lbb} cfPsf] 5 . hgo'4sf dfWodaf6 /fHo;Qf sAhf ug]{
/fhg}lts p2]Zoaf6 cnu hgkl/rfng / hglbzfsf] s'/f ug'{ ;+zf]wgjfb xf] . xfd|F]
kf6L{sf] qmflGtsf/L hglbzf j:t'tM g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf xfjL /x]sf]
k|ltlqmofjfbL k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] jl/kl/ ;'wf/jfbsf] dfusf cfwf/df slyt hg;+3if{sf]
s'/f ug]{ ;+zf]wgjfbsf lj?4 lgd{d ljrf/wf/fTds ;+3if{;+u cleGg ?kn] uf+l;Psf] 5
. s=k|r08åf/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf] qmflGtsf/L sfo{lbzf Pstf dxflwj]zgdf kl/dflh{t,
ljhoL / :yflkt ag]kl5 g} kf6L{sf] qmflGtsf/L hglbzfn] cu|ult lng yfn]sf] xf] .Æ
-k[= ^@_
;ftf}+, /0fgLltdf b[9tf /
sfo{gLltdf nrstf k|r08kysf] dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftf xf] . s=k|r08sf] g]t[Tjdf
xfd|f] kf6L{ ;+;bLo r'gfjsf] pkof]u ug{ klg kl5 k/]g / gof“ hgjfbL qmflGtsf]
tof/Ldf klg b[9tfk"j{s nfUof] . hgo'4sf qmddf k|ltlqmofjfbL /fHo;Qf;+u
jftf{sf] sfo{gLlt lnP/ hgo'4s} cu|ufdL 5nfª\ xfGg] dfWod agfOof] . d'Vo
b'Zdg;+u n8\g / p;nfO{ cnufjdf kfg{ ;xfos b'Zdgx?nfO{ pkof]u ug'{ klg oxL gLlt
cGt/ut kb{5 . b'Zdgx?sf if8\oGqsf/L 3]/fx? tf]8\g Tof] eGbf km/flsnf 3]/f xfn]/
b'ZdgnfO{ c;kmn agfpg] / cfd hgtf;+u Pstfa4 eO{ cl3 a9\g] o;sf] /fhg}lts ;}Go (Politico
military) sfo{gLlt xf] . /0fgLltdf b[9 /xb} sfo{g}lts ?kdf uGtJo k|fKt ug{ xhf/f}+
;+efjgfx? vf]Hg' k|r08kysf] z;Qm ljz]iftf /x]sf] 5 . /0fgLlt l;4fGt, nIo /
lj1fg xf] eg] sfo{gLlt eg]sf] snf xf] / lj1fgnfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug{ snfsf]
7"nf] dxTj 5 . To;sf/0f /0fgLltnfO{ b[9tfk"j{s kms8]/ sfo{gLltdf
hlt;'s} 3'Dg / cfjZos k/]df vt/fx?df klg xfDkmfNg b[9 cf“6 ug'{ k|r08kysf]
ljz]iftf xf] .
cf7f}+, k|r08kyn]
;fd|fHojfbL, k|ltlqmofjfbL / ;+zf]wgjfbL 8f“sfx?n] ‘clx+;f’, ‘zflGtk"0f{
;+qmd0f’,/ ‘lgz:qLs/0f’ cflbsf] 8+sf lkl6/x]sf] a]nf qmflGtsf/L lx+;f / ;z:q
/fhgLltnfO{ ulx/f] ;'´fasf;fy :yflkt ug]{ sfd u/]sf] 5 . hgo'4sf] klxnf]
of]hgfsf] d"n nIo g} ;z:q /fhgLltnfO{ :yflkt ug]{ /x]sf] lyof] . oxL ;z:q
/fhgLltnfO{ :yflkt ug]{ gLltn] g} k|ltlqmofjfbL / ;fd|fHojfbLx?;d]t dfcf]jfbL
kf6L{ / hgo'4nfO{ /fhg}lts zlQmsf] ?kdf :jLsfg{ afWo eP . zflGt / clx+;fsf]
gfddf o'4sf] tof/L ug]{ ;fd|fHojfbL / k|ltlqmofjfbL /0fgLltsf lj?4 qmflGtsf/L
lx+;fsf] /fhgLltn] zf]lift kLl8t hgtfsf] d'lQmsf]af6f] b]vfOlbof] .
gjf}+, o;n] /fli6«o tyf
cGt//fli6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] cfnf]rgfTds cWoog ub}{ 6'6]sf s8Lx? (Broden
Joists) hf]8\b} gsf/fTds tyf ;sf/fTds lzIffsf]
;+Zn]if0f u/]sf] 5 . o;af6 /fli6«o ?kdf / cGt//fli6«o w|'jLs/0f tyf qmflGtsf/L
Pstfsf] k|lqmof tLj| ag]sf] 5 . /, /Ld sld6L rf}yf] cGt//fli6«osf] hGdbf] e|d
ag]sf] 5 . o;n] -k|r08kyn]_ ljZj ;f]ljot km]8]zgsf] nIosf;fy blIf0f PlzofnL
qmflGtsf nflu blIf0f PlzofnL km]8«]zgsf] nflu kxnsbdL cl3 a9fPsf] 5 .
bzf}+, o;n] ;fd|fHojfb tyf
lj:tf/jfbåf/f kflnt kf]lift 3/]n' k|ltlqmofjfb / g]kfnL hgtfaLrsf]
cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ k|wfg cGt/lj/f]w xf] eg] cGt//fli6«o ?kdf pTkLl8t /fi6« /
;fd|fHojfbsf aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]w k|wfg xf] egL ls6fg u/]sf] 5 .
P3f/f}+, k|r08kyn] ljut
tyf jt{dfg /fli6«o Pj+ hftLo cfGbf]ngsf] cWoog ub}{ o;nfO{ juL{o cfGbf]ng;+u
;dfof]hg u/L c´ ulx/fO{;+u cl3 a9fpg] / Jofjxfl/s ?k lbg] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 .
cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ cGt/ut :jzf;g o;sf] ljlzi6 cleJolQm xf] .
%_ ;f}Gbo{zf:qdf k|r08ky
hLjg / hutdf /x]sf s'?k /
d/0fzLn d"No dfGotfsf lj?4 n8\b} ;'Gb/ / hLjgzLn d"No dfGotfnfO{
snfTds / ;+j]bgfTds efjwf/fdf k|:t't
ug]{ zf:qnfO{ g} dfS;{jfbL n]lggjfbL–dfcf]jfbL ;f}Gbo{zf:q (Qesthetics) eGb5g\\ . of] ;f}Gbo{zf:qsf] sRrf kbfy{ hg;d'bfoaf6 k|fKt x'G5 /
To;nfO{ k|zf]wg (Purify) u/]/ hg;d'bfosf] nflu lkmtf{ ul/G5 . ;dsfnLg
j'h'{jf ;+:s[lt / To;sf k|ltufdL d"No dfGotfsf lj?4 n8\b} dfS;{ tyf
P+u]N;n] k|ultjfbL d"No dfGotfsf] ;f}Gbo{zf:qLo hu a;fNg'eof] . n]lggsf]
g]t[Tjdf rn]sf] dxfg\\ qmflGtn] uf]sL{ h:tf k|ltefzfnL of]4fx?sf] ljsf; eof] /
;dfhjfbL oyfy{jfbnfO{ b'lgofdf :yflkt ul/of] . dfcf]sf] g]t[Tjdf rLgLof“
e"lddf ;DkGg qmflGtn] ;flxTo / snfaf/] o]gfg uf]i6Lsf] ljsf; u¥of] /
k'/fgf] ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltdfly ljho k|fKt ug{ dxfg\\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGt cl3
a9\of] .ctPj k|yd s'/f, k|r08kysf] ;f}Gbo{zf:qLo ljz]iftf of] ePsf] 5 ls o;n]
dxfg\\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] p“rfO{df 6]s]/ To;sf d"No dfGotfnfO{
:yflkt ug]{ sfd u/]sf] 5 / oxL ;Gbe{df s=k|r08 eGg'x'G5–æcfhsf k|ultzLn slj
snfsf/x?n] /ftf] nfnl6gsf] ;f+:s[lts r]tgfnfO{ cfkm\gf] k|:yfg ljGb' agfpg h?/L
5 . casf uf]sL{ / n' :o"g dxfg\\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] r]tgfsf] hudf
6]s]/ dfq cufl8 cfpg]5g\\ .Æ -snd k"0ff{ª\s @%, @^_
bf]>f] s'/f, k|r08kysf]
cfnf]sdf cl3 al9/x]sf] hgo'4n] ;flxTosf/, snfsf/ / sljx?nfO{ gof“ oyfy{
;+j]bgfTds 1fgsf] e08f/ k|:t't ul/lbPsf] 5 . gof“ oyfy{sf] gof“ cg'e"lt JoQm
ub}{ s=k|r08 eGg'x'G5–æg]kfndf s/La kf“r jif{b]lv cl3 al9/x]sf] hgo'4sf]
P]ltxfl;s k|lqmofn] ;dfhdf u'0ffTds ?kn] leGg , gof“ oyfy{nfO{ pb\3f6g u/]sf] 5
. of] dxfg\\ k|lqmofn] ;flxTo snfnfO{ k|efljt gkf/L /xg} ;Qm}g / ;s]sf] klg 5}g
. jf:tjdf dflg;x? leqsf] ;+j]bgf kIF ljz]if pTsif{df /xg] x'“bf /fhgLlts
cleJolQmx? ljz]if ?kn] ;flxTodo x'“b} hfg] tyf ;flxlTos cleJolQmx? klg ljz]if
?kn] /fhglltdo x'b} hfg] ub{5g\\ . hgo'4sf] k|lqmofn] ljz]iftM u|fdL0f Onfsfsf
nfvf}+ hg;d'bfonfO{ cfj]u, cfqmf];, kL8f, 56k6Lx?sf] tLj|td cg'e"ltsf;fy
hLjgsf] gof“ d"Noaf]w agfp“b}
;a}nfO{ ;flxTodo agfO/x]sf] 5 . o;}sf] kl/0ffd xf] ls cfh ufp“ 3/df o'4do uLt
sljtf, gf6s, syf , ;+:d/0f n]Vg] tyf ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdx?sf] ;+rfng ug]{ af9L g}
cfPsf] 5 . aGb's / dfbn Ps csf{;+u 3lgi6 ?kn] uf“l;Psf 5g\\ . of] k|lqmofn]
>dhLjL hg;d'bfosf aLraf6 gof“ ;f+:s[lts d"Noaf]w;lxtsf gof“ ;f+:s[lts
sdL{x?sf] kmf}h tof/ ub}{ ;flxlTos >[hgf s]jn zx/ ahf/df a:g] a'l4hLjLx?sf]
lbdfuL s;/t dfq 7fGg] ;flxlTos ;+zf]wgjfbdfly hjh{:t k|xf/ ub}{ nu]sf] 5 .Æ
-pxL_
t]>f] s'/f, o; If]qdf
/x]sf] cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ klxrfg u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L ;dfwfgsf] af6f] klg b]vfOlbPsf]
5 . o; ;Gbe{df s=k|r08 eGg'x'G5– æ;flxlTos IF]qdf nfdf] ;dob]lv ;+zf]wgjfb xfjL
ePsf]n] oxf“ klg hf] nfn 5 Tof] lgk"0f 5}g / hf] lgk"0f 5 Tof] nfn
5}g sf] cGt/lj/f]w rsf]{ 5 . of] ;d:of ;+zf]wgjfbsf lj?4 ;+3if{s} ;d:of xf] .
ctM hg;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ngsf] ;d:of j}rfl/s ;+3if{s} ;d:of xf] . ctM hg;f+:s[lts
cfGbf]ngsf] k|d'v ;d:of eGg'kbf{ ;flxTo snfsf ljifodf /fd|f] bSvn /fVg]
g]t[TjbfoL k+lQmsf] qmflGtsf/L ?kfGt/0fsf] ;d:of xf] .Æ -pxL_ of] ;d:ofsf]
j}rfl/s ;dfwfg k|:t't ub}{ pxf“ cufl8 eGg'x'G5–æb]zsf] jt{dfg kl/j]zdf
hg;d'bfosf] o'4sf] cfjZostfåf/f lgb]{lzt eP/ k|lta4tfsf ;fy Tof];+u Psfsf/ eP/
dfq hg;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ngn] cfkm\gf] P]ltxfl;s lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ ;S5 .
aGb's, snd / dfbnsf] PsLs[t sdf08 g} cfhsf] HjnGt cfjZostf xf] .Æ -pxL_
rf}yf] s'/f, k|r08kyn] /fhgLlt / ;flxTo snf aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw Pj+
/fhgLltsf] g]t[TjbfoL e'ldsfnfO{ :ki6 kfg]{ sfd
u/]sf] 5 . To;sf/0f s=k|r08n] eGg'ePsf] 5–æd]/f] ljrf/df hg;d'bfosf] cflTds
r]tgf / ;+jb]gzLntfnfO{ cleJolQm gug]{ /fhgLlt Pj+ hg;d'bfosf] /fhgLlts
cfjZostfnfO{ cleJoQm gug]{ ;flxTo snf b'j} a]7Ls x'g\ . j:t'tM cf–cfkm\gf]
ljlzi6 d"No;lxt /fhgLlt ;flxTo xf] / ;flxTo /fhgLlt xf] . oL b'j}sf aLrdf
Ps csf{sf] k'/s aGg] cljefHo åGbfTds ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . o;f] x'“bfx'“b} klg
cGttM /fhgLltn] k|wfg / g]t[TjbfoL e'ldsf v]ln/x]sf] x'G5 .Æ -pxL_
kf“rf}+ s'/f, k|r08kyn] s?0ff/;sf cg'e"ltx? dxz'; ub}{ qmflGtsf/L
cfzfjfbn] 5rlNsP/ aL//; k}bf ug]{ k|efjzfnL ;flxTosf] >[hgf ug{ lgb]{zg
u/]sf] 5 . æxfdL xf“:bf xf“:b} /f]Psf 5f} / ?“bf?“b} xf;]sf 5f}+ .Æ of]
k|r08kysf] åGbfTds cleJolQm xf], h;n] ;+j]bgf / ;r]tgtfsf] ;dfof]hg ub{5 . o;n]
sfo/tf, cfTd;dk{0f / ?9LjfbL ;+:s[ltsf 7fp“df jL/tf, alnbfg / k|ultzLn
;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 .
^_ lg:sif{
ljleGg kIfaf6 JofVof ljZn]if0f ubf{ s] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 eg] k|r08ky
@!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] ljrf/wf/fTds 5nfª xf] . of] ultzLn 5 / cfjZostfsf] ;+;f/af6
:jtGqtfsf] ;+;f/df cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . s=dfcf]sf zAbdf æ:jtGqtf eg]sf]
cfjZostfsf] a'´fO{ xf] / cfjZostfsf] ?kfGt/0f xf] .Æ
cGtdf, slj k"0f{lj/fdsf oL x/km;lxt–
cfufsf bf]xfx? u'gu'gfP/
Wj:tkl5 lgdf{0f ug]{ cf]7x?sf df´df
pm dfkm{t u'gu'gfpg} kg]{
Pp6f gof“ bf]xf klg pmaf6 ylkof]
o'uleqsf ;f/f nfnLu'/f“;x?
Pslqt x'g] b/fhleq
pm dfkm{t Pp6f o'uLg v08 klg ylkof] .
)%*÷!@÷!)