g]kfnL z}lIfs k|ltlglwx¿;“u s=dfcf]sf] s'/fsfgL*
xfd|f] lzIff gLlt d'VotM
x7jflbtfh:tf ;d:ofx¿n] hsl8Psf] 5 . xfdL xfd|f] of] z}lIfs k|0ffnLnfO{
;+zf]wg -kl/dfh{g_ ug{] k|lqmofdf 5f}+ . ljBdfg lzIffk|0ffnLdf cj}1flgs
k4lt w]/} 5g\, ljBfno cjlw nfdf] 5, sf];{x¿ w]/} 5g\, k9fpg] w]/} ljlwx¿
;Gtf]ifhgs 5}gg\ . afnaflnsfx¿ s]jn kf7\ok':ts / cjwf/0ffx¿ dfq
k9\5g\ . To:t} kf7\ok':tsdf ePsf]afx]s c¿ s]xL l;Sb}gg\ . pgLx¿n]
cfºgf rf/j6} xftv'§fsf] k|of]u ub{}gg\, olt dfq xf]Og, pgLx¿n] kf“rj6f cGgsf]
gfd eGg / lrGg ;Sb}gg\ . w]/} afnaflnsfn] t ufO{, 3f]8f, s's'/, s'v'/f /
;+u'/x¿ s] x'g\ egL 5'6\ofpg ;Sb}gg\ / lrGg ;Sb}gg\ . pgLx¿ wfg, Sofg/Lsf]
u]8f, ds}, ux'“, sf]bf]h:tf vfBfGgnfO{ 5'6\ofpg ;Sb}gg\ . ha Pp6f ljBfyL{
ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gfts u/]/ aflx/ lgl:sG5, ta p;n] cfºgf] hLjgsf] aL; jif{
sfl6;s]sf] x'G5 . ljBfno cjlw w]/} nfdf] 5, sf];{x¿ w]/} 5g\ . k9fpg]
ljlw sfNklgs, efjgfTdseGbf klg a9L nfb\g] vfnsf 5g\ . k/LIff k4lt
ljBfyL{dfly b':dgLk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug{]vfnsf 5g\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ k/LIff
eg]sf] w/fk yfKg'h:tf] 5 . -xf“:b}_ To;}n] d tkfO{x¿nfO{ lrlgof“ lzIff
k|0ffnLsf] cGwf] cg'z/0f gug{';\ egL cg'/f]w ub{5' . o;nfO{ /fd|f]
k|0ffnLsf] ?kdf :jLsf/ gug{'xf];\ . clxn] g} lzIffdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g
ug{' klg t cK7\of/f] 5 lsgeg] w]/} dfG5]x¿ o;sf] lj/f]w ub{5g\ . jt{dfgdf
s]xLn] dfq gof“ ljlwsf] ljsf;nfO{ :jLsfb{5g\ . t/ w]/}n] c:jLsf/ g}
ub{5g\ . d}n] tkfO{sf] 6fpsf]df lr;f] kfgL vGofO/fv]sf] klg x'g;S5 .
tkfO{+x¿n] /fd|f] b]Vg] / ;'Gg] ck]Iff /fVg' ePsf] 5 t/ d}n] g/fd|f] dfq
elg/x]sf] 5' -xf“:b}_ .
t}klg Toxf“ tkfO{+x¿nfO{ s]jn
g/fd|f] dfq 5 eGg vf]lh/x]sf] 5}g . b[i6fGtsf nflu x]g{';\,
e"uf]nnfO{ lng'xf];\ . k'/fgf] ;dfhn] xfdLnfO{ s]jn @ ;o hgf dfq
e"ue{zf:qL / k|fljlws 5f8]sf] lyof] . clxn] xfdL;“u @ nfveGbf klg a9L
5g\ .
;fdfGotM s'/f ubf{ OlGhlgol/ª;DaGwL
bIf a'l4hLjLx¿ /fd|f 5g\ lsgeg] ltgLx¿ jf:tljstf;“u hf]l8Psf 5g\ . t/ z'4
j}1flgsx¿ sdhf]/ 5g\ . /fd|f 5}gg\ . t/ klg dfgljsL ljifosf
ljz]if1eGbf /fd|f g} 5g\ . nlrnf dfgljsL -cf6{_ ljifox¿ jf:tljstfeGbf w]/}
6f9f 5g\, cnu 5g\ . Oltxf;, bz{gzf:q / cy{zf:qsf ljBfyL{x¿sf] jf:tljstf;DaGwL
cWoog;“u s'g} ;/f]sf/ x'“b}g . ljZj;DaGwL ljifodf ;fob ltgLx¿ ;a}eGbf a9L
cgle1 5g\ .
h:t} ls d}n] klxn] g} eg] xfdL;“u
cb\e"t jf rdTsf/L j:t' 5}g, xfdL;“u t s]jn ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfaf6 l;s]sf
j:t'x¿ dfq 5g\ . yf]/} eP klg xfdLn] lgZro g} dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb l;s]sf
5f}+ . t/ dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfbn] dfq} s]xL ug{ ;Sb}g . xfdLn] lrlgof“
;d:of cWoog ug{}kb{5 . lrlgof“ ljz]iftf / tYoaf6 ;'? ug{'kb{5 .
dnufot xfdL lrlgof“n] rLgsf af/]df w]/} hfg]sf 5}gf}+ . xfdLnfO{ olt dfq
yfx lyof] ls xfdL ;fd|fHojfb / p;sf gf]s/lj?4 n8\g' kb{5 . t/ s;/L n8\g]
< ;'?df xfdLnfO{ yfx lyPg . To;}n] xfdLn] rLgsf af/]df, rLgsf cj:yfsf
af/]df cWoog ug{'kg{] lyof] . h;/L tkfO{+x¿ cfºgf] b]zsf] cj:yfsf af/]df
cWoog ul//xg' ePsf] 5 . xfdLn] nfdf] ;do vlr{Psf 5f}+, lrlgof“ sDo'lg:6
kf6L{sf] :yfkgfb]lv b]z k"/f d'Qm xf]pGh]n;Ddsf @* jif{ lrlgof“ kl/l:yltdf
pko'Qm x'g] gLltx¿sf] Ps–Ps >[+vnfnfO{ cfsf/ lbgdf vlr{Psf 5f}+ .
hg;d'bfo g} xfd|f] of] ansf] >f]t
xf] . olb s'g} rLhn] hgtfsf] rfxgfsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{}g eg] Tof] rLh c;n
x'g ;Sb}g . xfdLn] hg;d'bfoaf6 l;Sb}, To;nfO{ ;"qa4 ug{'kb{5 /
hg;d'bfonfO{ lzlIft kfg{' kb{5 . To;}n] olb xfdL lzIfs aGg] rfxgf /fV5f}+
eg] ;'?df ljBfyL{ aGg ;Sg'kb{5 . s'g} klg lzIfs Ps}rf]6L lzIfs x'g
;Sb}g . Pp6f lzIfs aGgsf nflu ha;Dd s;/L l;lsG5 eGg] s'/f a'lemb}g, ta;Dd
hg;d'bfoaf6 lg/Gt/ l;Sg} kb{5 . To;}n] lzIfsx¿sf] tflndsf nflu cfjZos kg{]
dgf]lj1fg / lzIffsf sf];{x¿ Toxf“ x'G5g\ . olb s;}n] jf:tljstfnfO{ a'‰b}g
eg] p;n] l;s]sf] sfd nfUb}g .
l;Gx\jf ljZjljBfnosf] lj1fg /
OlGhlgol/ª ;+sfodf Pp6f ºofS6«L, cy{zf:qsf] ºofS6«L cyjf pkGof;sf] ºofS6«L
agfpg ;Sb}gf}+ . To;}n] dfgljsL ;+sfosf ºofS6«L agfpg klg ;Sb}gf}+ .
ltgLx¿sf nflu lzIfs–ljBfyL{x¿n] u/La–ls;fg, zxl/of dhb'/x¿sf ;fy;fy} s[lif /
pBf]u;“u kof{Kt ;DaGw sfod /fVg' kb{5 . o;f] ul/Pg eg] Pp6f :gfts s;/L
pkof]udf cfpg ;Sb5 < pbfx/0fsf nflu sfg'gsf ljBfyL{nfO{ x]/f}+ .
olb ltgLx¿n] ;dfhdf x'g] ck/fwsf] cWoog ub{}gg\, a'‰b}gg\ eg] ltgLx¿ sfg'gsf]
/fd|f] ljBfyL{ aGg} ;Sb}gg\ . sfg'gsf nflu 5'§} pBf]u jf ºofS6«L agfpg
;Dej 5}g . To;}n] l;+uf] ;dfh g} sfg'gsf nflu ºofS6«L xf] .
t'ngfTds ?kdf x]g{'kbf{ xfd|f
dfgljsL ;+sfox¿ jf:tljstfaf6 6f9f /xg'n] w]/} k5fl8 k/]sf 5g\ . ljBfyL{x¿
/ lzIfsx¿ s]jn sIffsfo{ dfq ub{}5g\ . bz{gzf:q s]jn lstfaL bz{gzf:q ePsf]
5 . olb ;dfhaf6, hg;d'bfoaf6 / k|s[ltaf6 l;Sb}gg\ eg] Tof] bz{gzf:qdf s]
g} pkof]lutf 5 / < o;nfO{ s]jn c:ki6 ljrf/df /Rg ;lsG5 . ts{ To:t}
5 . Psk6s kf7\ok':ts k9]/ dfq s;}n] a'‰g} ;Sb}g . t/ olb s;}n]
Jojxf/df ptf5{ eg] lj:tf/} a'‰b} hfG5 . ha d ts{ k9\y]+ w]/}
a'‰b}gy] . ha d To;nfO{ k|of]udf Nofpy]+, ta dfq d o;nfO{ a'‰by] .
d ts{sf af/]df s'/f ul//x]sf] 5',
Jofs/0f csf{] Pp6f o:tf] ljifo xf], h;nfO{ ;fdfGo ?kdf k9]/ a'‰b}
a'lemb}g . t/ ha s;}n] jfSo agfj6nfO{ jf:tjdf n]V5, p;n] To;nfO{
;dfltxfN5 . h'g k/Dk/fut ?kdf xfdL af]N5f}+, n]Vb5f}+, To;avt jf:tjd}
Jofs/0fsf] cWoogsf] cfjZostf /x“b}g . hxf“;Dd cfn+sfl/s ;flxTosf] s'/f 5
To;nfO{ P]lR5s ljifo agfpg' kb{5 . dxfg\ n]vsx¿ klg cn+sf/stf{ ePsf]
b]lvb}g . d}n] cfºg} cfn+sfl/stf cWoog u/]sf] 5' t/ Tof] ;a} d}n] g}
a'lemg . s] tkfO{+n] a'‰g'eGbf cufl8 To;sf] cWoog ug{' ePsf] 5 <
k
kl/jlt{t kl/l:ylt /
xfd|f gof“ sfo{ef/x¿ *
!=
e"ldsf / >4f~hnL
lk|o sd/]8x¿ † P]ltxfl;s !^cf}+ /fli6«o
;Dd]ngkZrft\ ;DkGg s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] k"0f{ a}7ssf] !* dlxgfkl5, s]Gb|Lo
;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] a}7s ;DkGg ePsf] !! dlxgfkl5 / s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] a}7ssf] ^
dlxgfkZrft\ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] of] :t/sf] uf}/jk"0f{ a}7s ;DkGg
x'“b}5 . pynk'ynsf/L of] ;dofjlwdf cGt/f{li6«o / /fli6«o kl/l:yltdf Pj+
g]kfnL ju{o'4leq / xfd|f] ;+u7gsf] afx\o / leqL hLjgdf ;d]t w]/} kl/jt{g ePsf]
oyfy{tf xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf g} 5 . To;sf/0f ju{o'4sf] ljsf;sf] ljlzi6 df]8df
;DkGg x'g nfu]sf] of] xfd|f] dxŒjk"0f{ a}7ssf] ul/df :jtM w]/} dfly x'g]
:ki6 g} 5 .
sd/]8x¿ † g]kfnL hgo'4n] cfºg}
df}lnstf;lxtsf ljleGg sfo{gLlts >[+vnfx¿sf] ljsf; / k|of]u ub{} /0fgLlt
-hgjfb tyf clwstd sfo{qmd ;dfhjfb–;fDojfb_ ;Dd k'Ugsf nflu cf“wLdo gf} jif{sf]
sl7g ofqf k"/f dfq ul//fv]sf] 5}g, clkt' æPSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfbsf]
cfljisf/åf/f qmflGt;“u;“u} kf}7]hf]/L v]Ng] k|ltqmflGtlj?4 n8\g] lg/Gt/
;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] l;4fGt, h'g qmflGt ;DkGgkl5 dfq xf]Og ls qmflGt;“u} ;+rfng
ug{'kg{] x'G5, sf] k|of]u ub{} cu|ultdf x'O“ls/x]sf] 5 . oxL bf}/fgdf
xfd|f] g]kfnL df6f]df dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfbnfO{ k|of]u ub{} cufl8 a9\g]
qmddf …k|r08kyÚ sf] ¿kdf ljrf/df gof“ cfljisf/ ePsf] 5, o;n] xfdLnfO{ dfq
xf]Og, ljZjel/sf ;j{xf/f hgtfnfO{ lgs} pT;fxL agfPsf] 5 . hgo'4sf] clGtd /
lg0ff{os r/0f /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0f / o;sf] klxnf] of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog;“u}
k|r08kynfO{ gof“ 7fp“df p7fp“b} gof“ 9+uaf6 ;+Zn]if0f u/]/ dfq k|Tofqmd0fsf]
;du| of]hgfsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjog;lxt nlIft kl/0ffd xfl;n ug{ ;lsg]5 . o;sf
nflu lxhf] -/Iff / ;Gt'ng_ sf] 1fg / r]tgfn] cfh -k|Tofqmd0f_ nfO{
k'Ub}g . lxhf]sf] ultzLntf / l;h{gzLntfn] cfhnfO{ k'Ub}g . lxhf]sf]
Tofu / alnbfgn] cfhnfO{ kSs} klg k'Ub}g . To;sf/0f /0fgLlts k|Tofqmd0fsf]
of]hgfsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogn] dfUg] cfhsf] gof“ 1fg–r]tgf, tLj|
ultzLntf–l;h{gzLntf Pj+ dflyNnf] k|sf/sf] Tofu–alnbfg lgZro g} h?/L x'G5 .
k|r08kynfO{ cem gof“ 7fp“df ljsl;t ug{] / k|Tofqmd0fsf] klxnf] of]hgf
sfof{Gjogsf] ;kmn z'?jft;“u} clGtd of]hgfsf] ;kmntf;Dd k'¥ofpgsf nflu of]hgfn]
dfu]adf]lhd xfd|f] 7fp“ / df]rf{af6 gof“ Ifdtfsf] ljsf;sf nflu tLj| 9+uaf6}
x'“Ols+b} pRr alnbfgsf] sf]6f r'Qmf ug{] k|lta4tf gof“ ¿kaf6} hfx]/ ug{ h?/L
5 . o;/L dfq ;j{xf/f x]8Sjf6/sf] /Iff, k|of]u / ljsf; -ljrf/, of]hgf /
ef}lts ?kdf ;d]t_ ug{ ;lsg]5 . cGoyf ;j{xf/f x]8Sjf6/nfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg
vf]Hg] u}/;j{xf/fjuL{o k|j[lQx¿lj?4 n8\g / ljhoL x'g ;lsg] 5}g . nfvf}+
o'jfx¿ ;j{xf/f x]8Sjf6/sf] jl/kl/ uf]naGb x'“b} / o;sf] /Iff / ljsf; ub{}
g]kfndf qmflGt ;DkGg u/]/ ljZjqmflGtsf] cfwf/ c8\8f lgdf{0fsf vflt/ ;a}n] cf–cfºgf]
7fp“ / df]rf{af6 e/k"/ /ut–kl;gf aufP/ dfq of] dxfg\ p2]Zodf k'Ug ;Dej
x'G5 . oxL dxfgtfsf nflu lagflxlRsrfx6 ju{b'Zdgx¿nfO{ b'Tsfb{} lk|o z/L/
alnbfg ug{' x'g] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ sdn kf}8]]n, kl;Gb| k6]n / j}s'07
kf]v|]n, s]Gb|Lo 5fqf ljefusL ;b:o pld{nf clwsf/L, emfkf lhNnf cWoIf /d]z
;'j]bL, ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf cWoIf e"k]Gb| sfsL{, gjnk/f;L lhNnf cWoIf hoGtL
s“8]n, df]/ª cWoIf lji0f' af“:sf]6f, /f}tx6 pkfWoIf d's]z ;fx, wg'iff pkfWoIf
/fdpb\uf/ d'lvof, afun'ª pkfWoIf s[i0ffs'df/L 3tL{, :ofªhf pkfWoIf k[YjL uf}td,
;f]n'v'Da' ;lrj pld{nf /fO{, /fd]5fk ;lrj lji0f' rf}nfufO{, uf]/vf ;lrj tf/f
k'8f;}gL, /fd]5fk sf]iffWoIf 6;L nfdf, ;nf{xL ;lrj uf}/j clwsf/Lnufot g]kfnL
cfdfsf ;jf{]Rr 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿nfO{ of] a}7s dxfg\ zxLb 3f]if0ff ub{} pxf“x¿k|lt
efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f ub{5 . ;fy} a}7sn] a]kQf kfl/g' ePsf
dxf;lrj lxdfn zdf{, s]=;=x¿— uf]s'n lg/f}nf, bLk]Gb| kGt, ;L=Pg= 9'+ufgf,
k"0f{ kf}8]n, ljkLg e08f/L, gjLg /fO{, sdn kL=Pd=, lbnaxfb'/ /fO{, hfgsL
rf}w/L, s[i0f rf}w/L, s6s /fO{, b]jx/L l/hfn, lgb{n ;fx, s~rgk'/ cWoIf j;Gt
rf}w/L, wflbª–dsjfgk'/ pkfWoIf sf}lznf kf]v/]n, ;'v{]t ;x;+of]hs g/]Gb| sfsL{,
sf:sL ;lrj ;Gtf]if /fgfef6 tyf aGbL s]=;=x¿ tf/f e08f/L, cOGb| ljqmd
lnDa"nufot ;Dk"0f{ ;fyLx¿df ;lt;fn aGg] cfzf / k|]/0ff;lxt /lQmd
clejfbg 6qmofp“5 . o;sf cltl/Qm of] ul/dfdo a}7s zxLb kl/jf/, aGbLsf
kl/jf/, a]kQf kfl/g' ePsfsf kl/jf/ / o'4df cfºgf] e"ldsf lglZrt ug{] qmddf
3fOt] eO{ ckf¨ aGg' ePsf of]4fx¿k|lt P]Soa4tfsf] /ftf] ;nfd ck{0f ub{5 .
@=
cGt/f{li6«o / /fli6«o cj:yf
-s_
;fd|fHojfb
;fd|fHojfb d'VotM cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbn]
pTkLl8t /fi6«sf k|ltlqmofjfbL zf;sx¿nfO{ ;xof]u / k|of]u ub{} Toxf“sf hgtfdfly
/fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;f+:s[ltsnufot x/]s If]qsf] bdgnfO{ tLj|tf lb+b} cfPsf] lyof]
/ Tof] sfo{ cBfjlw 5“b}5 . ;fd|fHojfbn] oxL gLlt nfu" ub{} cufl8 a9\b}
u/]sf] a]nf rLgdf sd/]8 dfcf]sf] d[To' ePkl5 ;dfhjfbL ;Qfn] wSsf vfPsf] 5 eg]
;+zf]wgjfbL ;f]leot ;+3sf] ;fd|fHojfbdf ktg;“u} zLto'4sf] cGTo ePsf] 5 .
cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb ljZjsf] Ps gDa/sf] bfbf ag]/ pTkLl8t /fi6«k|ltsf]
cfqmd0fnfO{ tLj|tf lb+b} oxf“;Dd cfOk'Ubf p;n] ;}Go x:tIf]kdf Pskl5 csf{]
a9f]Q/L ub{} nlu/x]sf] 5 . d'VotM !! ;]K6]Da/sf] 36gf k5fl8 ;}Go
x:tIf]knfO{ eLif0ftf / lg/Gt/tf lb+b} cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbn] cftª\sjfblj?4 o'4sf]
gfddf g]kfnL hgtf, g]kfnL hgtfn] rnfPsf] hgo'4, o;sf] g]t[Tjstf{ g]kfn sDo'lg:6
kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ Pj+ o;sf df]rf{ / hgjuL{o ;+u7gx¿lj?4 Go"gtd
s"6gLlts dof{bfnfO{ s'Nrb} v'n]cfd g]kfn k|j]z u¥of] . O/fs
cfqmd0fkl5 cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfblj?4 pln{Psf] ljZjel/sf hgtfsf] lj/f]w, hf] d'VotM
hgcfGbf]ngdf JoQm 5, n] ubf{ p;sf] lvnfksf] ljZjhgdt ljzfn aGb} 5 / p;nfO{
rf}tkmL{ 3]/faGbL s:t} klg 5 . otf kmfl;i6 1fg]Gb| zfxL, p;sf] ;fdGtL
lg/+s'z ;Qf / p;}sf] kfl/jfl/s ;]gf …zfxL ;]gfÚ nfO{ ;fd|fHojfbL o'4gLltleq o'4
ljz]if1nufot ;Dej ;a}vfnsf o'4;fdu|Lsf] cf]O/f] nufp“b} hgo'4lj?4 ;jf{lws cfqmfds
agfp“b} lyof] . t/ klg p;n] OR5fPcg'¿k hgo'4 k5fl8 ws]lnPg cyjf
;fd|fHojfbL o'4gLlt, o'4;fdu|L / o'4 ljz]if1x¿n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] b/afl/of
;]gfsf] clwstd alnof] kmf]l6lkms]zg / ;'/lIft Jof/]s -a]gL_ dfly hgd'lQm ;]gfn]
af]n]sf] wfjf / k|fKt ljhon] Ps k6s ;fd|fHojfb ltlNdnfpg k'Uof] . o;/L
pTkLl8t /fi6« / hgtfsf] rf}tkmL{ lj/f]w / 3]/faGbL, h'g hgcfGbf]ng / hgo'4df
JoQm 5, Tof] Pj+ :jo+ p;}leqsf] r/d cfly{s ;+s6sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ ;fd|fHojfb
tTsfnsf nflu oxf“af6 s]xL kl5 x6\g afWo eof] . o;sf] cy{ s] xf]Og eg] ;fd|fHojfb
/ ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf] jt{dfg o'udf ca ;fd|fHojfbL ;}Go x:tIf]k x'“b}g, a? oyfy{tf
s] xf] eg] hgd'lQm cfGbf]nglj?4 ;fd|fHojfbL ;}Go cfqmd0f gePsf] / To;sf lj?4
cfdg];fdg]sf] o'4 gn8Lsg hgo'4n] ;kmntf kfpg sbflk ;Sb}g . ca xfdLn]
cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy ls6]/ of] klg eGg ;S5f}+ ls dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfbnfO{
g]kfnL df6f]df cWoIf sd/]8 k|r08sf] s'zn g]t[Tjdf l;h{gfTds 9+un] k|of]u ug{]
qmddf ljsf; ePsf] gof“ ljrf/, kmf}hL sfo{lbzf / b"/blz{tfn] dxfg\ hgo'4
;fd|fHojfbL jf lj:tf/jfbL ;}Go x:tIf]klj?4 6Ss/ lng ;Ifd 5 / ljleGg sf]0faf6
6qmfO/x]sf] klg 5 .
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lj:tf/jfb
g]kfnL /fi6« / hgtfsf] k|d'v afx\o b':dg
cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb / ef/tLo lj:tf/jfb ePsf] s'/fdf s'g} låljwf 5}g, t/ c:yfoL /
sfo{gLlts lx;fan] oL b'O{ afx\o b'Zdgx¿aLrsf] cGtlj{/f]wdf v]Ng' / pkof]u ug{]
gLlt ckgfpg'nfO{ klg k|r08kyn] ljsf; u/]sf] sfo{gLlts >[+vnfleq}af6 a'‰g
h?/L x'G5 . oBlk olta]nf cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb clnslt k5fl8 x6]sf] 5, km]l/
klg o;sf] ;d]t ;dy{g lnP/ hgo'4k|lt rf}tkmL{ cfqmfds b]lvPsf] ef/tLo
lj:tf/jfbk|lt ;+3if{nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ 9+uaf6 t]h kfg{' clgjfo{ ;t{ aGg k'u]sf]
5 . cem k|d'v kIf t tTsfnLg g]=s=kf= -Pstf s]Gb|_ sf] )$* ;fndf ;DkGg Pstf
dxflwj]zgn] ls6fgL u/]sf] k|d'v cGtlj{/f]w ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbåf/f ;+/lIft,
kflnt–kf]lift ;fdGt, gf]s/zfx Pj+ bnfn k'“hLklt ju{ ldn]/ ag]sf] 3/]n' k|ltlqmofjfbL
;Qf;“u g]kfnL hgtfsf] cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ xfdLn] clnslt klg la;{g' eo+s/ uNtL
x'g]5 . b'lgof“e/sf hgtfnfO{ e|d lbg] u/L cfkm"nfO{ k|hftGqsf]
7]s]bf/sf] kl/efiff 3f]sfpg] ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbn] jt{dfgdf ;Lldt k|hftflGqs
clwsf/sf] ;d]t 3f“6L lgdf]7]/ ;lqmo /fhgLltdf cfpg] lg/+s'z ;fdGtL b/afl/of u'6
/ o; u'6sf] d'Vo dflns cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbL e/f}6] ;]gf …b/afl/of kfl/jfl/s zfxL
;]gfÚnfO{ /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;}lgsnufot ;a} k|sf/sf ;xof]u pknaw u/fP/
k"0f{ k|hftflGqs -u0ftflGqs_ cfGbf]ngdfly tLj| bdg ug{ pS;fpg' Pj+ :jo+n]
;}Go x:tIf]k ug{ ;Sg] vfnaf6 v'nf wDsL lbg'n] lj:tf/jfbsf] jf:tljs rl/q
pbfl¨g'sf] ;fy} p;sf] slyt k|hftGqsf] d's'08f] klg Roftr't ePsf] 5 . ;}Go
x:tIf]ksf] wDsL lbP/ blIf0f Pl;ofdf cfºgf] Ps5q k|e'Tj sfod ug{ rfxg] ef/tLo
lj:tf/jfbn] g]kfnnfO{ cfºgf] ;'/Iff 5ftfleq NofP/ l;lSsd agfpg] lbjf;kgf
b]lv/x]sf] 5 . ;a} sf]0faf6 o;sf] 7Ls–7Ls hjfkm glb+bf;Dd hgo'4n] ;fob}
ljho xfl;n ug{ ;S5 . lj:tf/jfbL :jfy{cg'¿k lxhf] ul/Psf] wf]sfk"0f{
/fi6«3ftL lbNnL ;Demf}tflj/f]wL cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL x'“bf zxfbt k|fKt ug{'ePsf
lrlgof“sfhL >]i7 / d]3fnoaf6 g]kfnL v]lb+bf o;sf lj?4 5]l8Psf] ;+3if{df
;xefuL x'“bf zxLb x'g'ePsf nIdL kf08]sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]/ dfq ca
k'Ub}g . g]kfndfly x:tIf]knfO{ t]h kfg{] p2]Zo;lxt v'n]sf ef/tLo
lj:tf/jfbL ;+3–;+:yf / k|lti7fgdfly wfjf af]Nb} PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf gof“
lrlgofsfhL / nIdL kf08] aGg] lxDdt s:g'kb{5 . xfd|f] k+lQmnfO{ of] klg
/fd|f];“u 1fg x'g' h?/L 5 ls ;fd|fHojfb olta]nf s]xL k5fl8 x6L lj:tf/jfbL af6f]
x'“b} cyjf lj:tf/jfbnfO{ cl3 nufP/ cfpg] of]hgf a'Gb} u/]sf] ;Gbe{df lj:tf/jfbL
kmf}hL xdnflj?4 ljzfn hgtfsf] ;+ul7t tfutåf/f k|lt/f]w ug{' / p;nfO{ w'nf]
r6fp“b} hgd'lQm cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;kmntfdf k'¥ofpg'eGbf csf{] s'g} ljsNk x'g}
;Sb}g .
-u_
;fdGtL kmfl;jfb
cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb / ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf]
cf8\e/f];f / ;xof]udf s]xL zx/, ;b/d'sfd / /fhwfgLsf] klg rqmkyleq cl:tTjdf
/x]sf] k'/fgf] ;fdGtL kmfl;jfbL ;Qf hgtfsf] ljzfn tfutåf/f cem} cnuynu /
v'lDrg] k|lqmofdf 5 . ktgzLn k'/fgf] ;Qf / o;sf] c;nL dflns ;fdGtL
b/afl/of tŒj ?k -cg'xf/_ df g]kfnL eP klg ;f/ -;Dk"0f{ z/L/_ df lj:tf/jfbL–;fd|fHojfbL
k|j[lQdf ktg ePsf] 5 . ;fdGtjfb / lj:tf/jfb–;fd|fHojfbsf] cGt/3'ngaf6
ag]sf] l7dfxf k'/fgf] ;fdGtL ;Qf k"0f{ k|hftGqsf] kIfdf pln{Psf] hg;fu/af6
cflQP/ lj:tf/jfbL– ;fd|fHojfbL kf]N6fdf v]Ng k'u]kl5 p;sf] slyt /fi6«jfbL d's'08f]
klg k"/} pbfl¨Psf] 5 . cfºg} bfh'sf] j+z gf; u/]/ slyt /fhf aGg
k'u]sf] 1fg]Gb| zfxL g]kfnL hgtfk|lt pQ/bfoL aG5' eGb} e|d lbg' Pj+ ;Lldt
k|hftflGqs xsclwsf/sf] ;d]t unf lgdf]7]/ @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] /fhtGq k|hftGqsf]
lglDt eGb} k"j{ k+rx¿sf] e]nfdf efif0f Psflt/ ub{} lx8\g' / csf{]lt/
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ 7Ls gkf?Gh]n g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yf cfºg} xftdf lnG5' eGb} ef/tLo /
cd]l/sg zf;scufl8 nDk;f/ kg{'n] 1fg]Gb| zfxLsf] s'l6n if8\oGqk|lt ca sf]xL klg
e|ldt gx'g'kg{] xf] . t/, lj8Dagf cfkm"nfO{ vf“6L ax'bnLo k|hftGqsf
dl;xf 7fGg] sltko ;+;bLo u'6x¿ ;fdGtL clwgfosTjcufl8 3'“8f 6]s]/ zfxL sf+u|]; /
zfxL sDo'lg:6df :vlnt x'“b} b/afl/of if8\oGqdf k"/fk"/ ;+nUg eO/x]sf
5g\ eg] sltko ;+;b\jfbL bnx¿ b/afl/of if8\oGqnfO{ a'em]em}+ ug{] t/ To;sf lj?4
lg0ff{os ;+3if{sf] df]rf{df bx|f];“u v'§f 6]Sg g;s]/ 3f]/ csd{0otfdf km:g
k'u]sf 5g\ . o;/L ;fdGtL b/afl/of kmfl;jfbL if8\oGqdf ;+nUg zfxL sf+u|];
…k|hftflGqs sf+u|];Ú, zfxL sDo'lg:6 …Pdfn]Ú Pj+ k"j{ k+rx¿sf] kf6L{
…/fk|kfÚn] b]z / hgtfk|lt 3f]/ ljZjf;3ft Psflt/ ub{}5g\ eg] csf{]lt/ cfºg} ktgsf]
ulx/f] lrxfg klg :jo+n] vGb}5g\ . oL /fi6«3ftL u'6x¿ oltdf dfq ;Lldt
5}gg\, ef/tLo lj:tf/jfb / cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] ;}Go x:tIf]ksf] xf}jf lkmhfP/
ltgLx¿;fd' ;Dk"0f{ ¿kn] cfTd;dk{0f ug{] /fli6«o cfTd;dk{0fjfbsf] c;nL
k|ltlglw, k|j[lQ / kfq aGg ;d]t k'u]sf 5g\ . o:tf] ;+uLg l:yltdf :jfledfgL
g]kfnL hgtfsf cufl8sf] Ps dfq ljsNk eg]sf] k|ltufdL b/afl/of tŒjx¿sf]
if8\oGqnfO{ v/fgL kfb{} ljrf/, /fhgLlt, ;+:s[ltnufot ;a} If]qdf /fli6«o
cfTd;dk{0fjfbsf lj?4 ;+3if{sf] cf“wL >[li6 ug{' / of]hgfa4 ¿kn] e08fkmf]/ cleofg
rnfpg' /x]sf] 5 . hgo'4n] cfh{]sf] tfutn] ;';lHht :jfledfgL g]kfnLsf nflu
lj:tf/jfbL / ;fd|fHojfbL wDsL Pj+ cfTd;dk{0fjfbL if8\oGq sbfkL ;}x\o
x'g]5}g . cem g;f–g;fdf tftf] / /ftf] /ut au]sf g]kfnL o'jf ljBfyL{x¿
dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfb / k|r08kysf] ;}4flGts cfnf]sdf ;a}vfn] j}b]lzs wDsL
/ x:tIf]k Pj+ ;fdGtL if8\oGq / /fli6«o cfTd;dk{0fjfblj?4 lg/Gt/ h'6\b} ;a}
If]qaf6 g]kfnL hgqmflGtsf] ;]jf ug{] :jfy{afx]s xfdLdf cGo s'g} :jfy{
5}g . olta]nf :jfledfgL / kl/jt{gzLn o'jf ljBfyL{x¿sf] lbdfudf oxL dxfg\
;kgf / b[9 k|lta4tf gfRg h?/L 5 . oxL ;kgf / k|lta4tf k"/f ug{]
p2]Zosf ;fy b[9tfk"j{s cu|5fndf x'“Olsg'afx]s xfdL;“u csf{] ljsNk klg s]xL
5}g .
#=
k|Tofqmd0fdf xfd|f] df]rf{
cWoIf sd/]8 k|r08sf] s'zn g]t[Tjdf cufl8
a9fOPsf] hgo'4n] /0fgLlts /Iff / ;Gt'ngsf] r/0fdf ljsf; u/]sf] gof“ ljrf/, ;}Go
/0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt, hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] gof“ kmd{]zg / p;sf] a]hf]8sf] Ifdtf,
hg;Qfk|lt ax';+Vos hgtfsf] c;fWo} ulx/f] ;dy{g Pj+ k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] nuftf/sf]
v'DrfO;Dd cfOk'Ubf hgo'4n] csf{] r/0fdf k|j]zsf] of]hgf lglZrt} ¿kdf dfu u/]sf]
b]lvGYof] . ljsf;sf] oxL qmddf k5fl8 x6]sf] xf]Og ls cufl8 a9]sf] of]hgf
cfpg' hlt pko'Qm lyof], Tolt g} h?/L cfjZostf klg lyof] . To;sf/0f g]kfnL
ju{o'4 olta]nf hgo'4sf] tLg r/0fdWo] clGtd, lg0ff{os / c;fWo} dxŒjk"0f{
r/0f— /0fgLlts k|Tofqmd0fsf] r/0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . /0fgLlts
k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgfnfO{ ;kmn agfpgsf lglDt ljrf/df cem s]Gb|Ls/0f, g]t[Tjdf
s]Gb|Ls/0f / of]hgfdf klg s]Gb|Ls/0f ug{ hlt h?/L x'G5 . o;}u/L
k|Tofqmd0faf/]sf] a'emfOdf Ps¿ktf x'g klg plQs} h?/L x'G5 . hgo'4 /0fgLlts
k|Tofqmd0fdf Psk6s k|j]z u/]kl5 s'g} klg l:yltdf k5fl8 kms{g' x'“b}g eGg]
oflGqs ;f]r / k|Tofqmd0fsf] k|j]zdf cfgfsfgL u/L hgo'4nfO{ uf]nrSs/df km;fpg]
blIf0fkGyL ;f]rlj?4 tLj| j}rfl/s ;+3if{ rnfp“b} cufl8 a9\g' k|yd cfjZostf xf]
eg] /0fgLlts k|Tofqmd0fnfO{ Psflt/ cfd ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] kof{ojfrLsf] ¿kdf a'‰g]
e|ldt a'emfO{ / csf{]lt/ o;nfO{ zf:qLo lx;fan] a'‰g] oflGqs a'emfOsf lj?4 klg
n8\g' bf];|f] cfjZostf xf] . k|Tofqmd0fsf] dfcf]jfbL cjwf/0ff pxL
x'“bfx'“b} klg o;nfO{ g]kfnL wtL{df To;/L g} sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Dej 5}g, h;/L
dfcf]sfnLg rLgdf sfof{Gjog ePsf] lyof] . cfwf/e"t ¿kdf dfcf]sfnLg
rLgnfO{ k9\b} pk/f]Qm b'j} k|sf/sf ;d:ofaf6 d'Qm x'gsf nflu cWoog ug{'kg{] d'Vo
ljifo kf6L{sf] bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] u/]sf] bL3{sfnLg hgo'4 / cfd ;z:q
ljb|f]xsf] ºo"hgsf] ;+Zn]if0f xf] . @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] klxnf]
k|Tofqmd0fnfO{ @)cf}+ ztfAbLsf] r:dfn] dfq x]/]/ k'Ub}g . d'Vo s'/f] t
@!cf}+ ztfAbLn] k|fKt u/]sf] klxnf] cfljisf/ pQm ºo"hgsf] k|r08kyLo
;+Zn]if0fnfO{ /fd|f];“u a'em]kl5 dfq @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] k|yd k|Tofqmd0fnfO{ a'‰g
;lsg]5 . o;kl5 dfq xfd|f] df]rf{n] cfºgf] of]hgf, of]hgfn] dfu]sf]
;+u7gfTds :j¿k Pj+ xfd|f cfºgf e"ldsf / pQ/bfloTjnfO{ lglZrt ug{
;S5f}+ . o;/L dfq xfdLn] ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] l:ylt gaGbf;Ddsf] hgo'4df xfd|f]
of]hgf / e"ldsf clg ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] l:yltdf xfd|f] of]hgf / e"ldsf
lglZrt ub{} ;+u7gfTds tof/L Pj+ b'j} l:yltsf] of]hgfn] dfu u/]adf]lhdsf]
e"ldsf 7Ls 9+uaf6 lgjf{x ug{ ;S5f}+ .
k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf
hf“bf xfd|f] df]rf{sf] d'Vo lhDdf Ps} 7fp“df s]lGb|t xhf/f}+ o'jf
ljBfyL{x¿aLrsf] sfdnfO{ Jofks, ;3g / Jojl:yt agfp“b} k|efjsf/L ljlwåf/f ;+u7gdf
cfa4 ug{] / of]hgfa4 ?kdf lgoldt kl/rfngdf hfg' xf] . xfd|f] of]Uotf /
IfdtfnfO{ s]lGb|t ub{} xfdL hlt a9L ljBfyL{x¿aLrdf k'U5f}+ / k|efjsf/L 9+uaf6
;+u7gsf] Jofks hfnf] lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5f}+ plQg} a9L ljb|f]xsf] dha't cfwf/ tof/
ug{ Pj+ ;+lrt zlQm (Reserve
force) sf]
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5f}+ . xfdLn] b]Vg] cfd ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] ;kgf jf
;+lrt zlQmn] lgjf{x ug{'kg{] e"ldsf ;+ul7t hgtfaf6 ;Dej 5 eGg] xf] .
;+ul7t ljzfn hgtf jf hg;+u7gsf] Jofks hfnf]lagf xfdLn] b]Vg] ljb|f]x jf
k|Tofqmd0fsf] r/0fa4 of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] ;kmntf sf]/f ;kgf dfq x'g]5 .
To;sf/0f k|r08kysf] ;}4flGts lgb{]zgdf s]Gb|Ls[t g]t[Tj, s]Gb|Ls[t of]hgf /
;+sNkut af]N;]les Pstfåf/f k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgfdf xfd|f] e"ldsf lglZrt
u/]/ dfq nlIft kl/0ffd xfl;n ug{ ;S5f}+ . hgtfsf] aLrdf r§fgL Pstf /
;+u7gsf] aLrdf af]N;]les Pstf lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsof] eg] rdTsf/k"0f{ kl/0ffd
xft kfg{ ;fob} c;Dej xf]nf .
$=
;+u7gfTds ;d:ofx¿
æ;xL ljrf/wf/fnfO{ Jojxf/df k|of]u ug{
;xL ;+u7gfTds l;4fGt, ;+/rgf / sfo{z}nL ljsf; ePg eg] ljrf/åf/f ck]lIft kl/0ffd
xfl;n ug{ ;Dej x'“b}g .Æ – cWoIf sd/]8 k|r08 .
Pp6f of]hgf / cfjZostfdf agfOPsf ;+u7g,
;+/rgf, ;+rfng k|lqmof / lhDd]jf/Lx¿ ablnPsf] kl/l:yltcg'¿k lgdf{0f x'g] gof“
of]hgf, gof“ of]hgfn] dfu u/]adf]lhdsf] ;+u7g, ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf, ;+rfng k|lqmof
/ ;b:ox¿sf] lhDd]jf/L km]/abn x'g' ultsf] clgjfo{ lgod xf] . ca lxhf]sf
;+7gx¿, ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfx¿ Pj+ xfd|f lhDd]jf/Lx¿ gof“ of]hgfdf k|j]z;“u} oyfl:yltdf
a'‰g' ultlj/f]wL uDeL/ e"n x'g]5 . @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf ljrf/df ePsf]
ljsf;;“u} ;+u7gfTds k4ltsf] ;fk]lIft ljsf; x'g g;Sbf ljutdf s]xL ;d:ofx¿ h¿/
b]lvP t/ gof“ ljrf/;“u} gof“ ljlwsf] ljsf; klg x'“b} cfp“bf ;d:ofx¿ kftln+b}
uPsf 5g\ . To;sf/0f k|Tofqmd0fsf] k|j]z;“u} ylkPsf sfo{ef/x¿ k"/f
ug{nfos ;+u7g agfpgsf nflu lgDg ;d:ofx¿af/] /fd|f];“u 5nkmn u/L Pp6f lgb{]zg
ug{ h?/L 5 .
!= ;+u7g ck8]6 ug{] ;d:of M ;fwf/0f
;b:otf–kq ljt/0f ug{] Pj+ ;+u7g lgdf{0f ug{] ;d:ofaf6 ;+u7g dfly pl7;s]sf]
5 . Ps lbgdf nfvf}+ ;b:otf ljt/0f ug{ / xhf/f}+ ;ldltx¿ agfpg ;Sg]
x}l;otdf ;+u7g k'Uof] cyjf ;+u7g lgdf{0f;DaGwL ;d:of xfdLdf vf;} 5}g eGbf x'G5
t/ ;fwf/0f ;b:onfO{ ;+ul7t ;b:odf ljsf; ug{ g;Sg' / ;+ul7t zlQmnfO{ lgoldt
kl/rfng ug{ g;Sg' olta]nfsf] xfd|f] d'Vo ;d:of ag]sf] 5 . cfwf/Onfsfleqsf
ufp“df h'g k|sf/sf] kf6L{ k|efj 5, o;sf] ;hLj k|ltljDag lzIffnox¿df gb]lvg]
;d:of cfwf/If]qsf] ;d:of aGg k'u]sf] 5 eg] lj:tf/ / k|rf/ If]qsf] ;d:of eg]sf]
ag]sf] ;+u7g;“u hLjGt e]63f6 gx'g', lgoldt a}7s, e]nf, k|lzIf0f / ;+3if{df ;xefuL
u/fO{ u'0fdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ g;Sg' /x]sf] 5 . cfwf/If]qleqsf ;a} lzIffnoleq
ee{/fp“bf] / n8fs" ;+u7g Pj+ ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ ;+ul7t u/]/ dfq pk/f]Qm
;d:ofsf] xn lg:sG5 eg] cGo b'O{ If]qdf lzIffno / 6f]ndf ag]sf ;+u7gx¿;“u pkNnf]
;ldlt / g]t[Tjn] hLjGt ;DaGw sfod ub{} a}7s, e]nf, k|lzIf0f / ;Dd]ngsf]
cfof]hgf u/]/ Pj+ ;+3if{df clgjfo{ ;xefuL -sfd lbP/_ u/fP/ dfq ;d:of xn ug{
;lsg] 5 . ;+u7g lgdf{0fsf] cy{ kmfOln¨ / l/kf]l6{ªsf nflu geP/ ;+3if{df
;xefuL eP/ kl/0ffd xfl;n ug{nfos x'g h?/L 5 . cfd ljBfyL{nfO{ ;b:otf
ljt/0f ug{] dfq xf]Og, ;+ul7t klg ug{] clg ag]sf ;+u7gnfO{ ldln6\ofG6 agfp“b}
u'0ffTds zlQmdf km]g{] sfo{of]hgf ;a} ;ldltx¿n] clgjfo{ agfpg' kg{]
b]lvG5 .
@= lzIf0f ;+:yfdf ghDg] ;d:of M
cfGbf]ngleq b]lvPsf] csf{] ;d:of ;+u7g agfpg'sf] Ps dfq p2]Zo, kl/0ffdb]lvg] Ps
dfq ljsNk clg l/kf]l6{ª ug{] k|d'v Ph]08f slt k"0f{sfnLg (WT) sfo{stf{ pTkfbg eP eGg]df
s]lGb|t x'g k'Uof] . of] tl/sf lxhf]sf] cfjZostf lyof] / ;xL klg eof] t/
cfh cln leGg tl/sfaf6 of]hgf agfpg ;lsPg eg] lzIffnoleqsf sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{
g;Sg] dfq xf]Og, xfd|f] ;+u7g
u}/ljBfyL{sf] aGg ;Sg] vt/f klg plQs} 5 . o;sf] cy{ WT sfo{stf{ ca k'u], etL{ ug{ h?/L 5}g, ;+u7g
agfpg'sf] p2]Zo To;nfO{ lzIffnoleq dfq ;Lldt u/fpg] eGg] sbflk xf]Og .
k|d'v sfddWo] Pp6f sfd of]Uo WT
sfo{stf{ pTkfbg ug{' / ljlzi6 lkmN8df v6fpg' klg xf] t/ km]l/ klg olt dfq sfd
xf]Og . ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ ;+u7gleq cfa4 ug{] / ljrf/n] kl/kSj agfpg',
cfjZostf kbf{ ;a} k|sf/sf e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;Sg] u/L dfgl;s tof/Ldf p7fpg'
olta]nfsf] k|fyldstfsf] sfo{ aGg' k5{ . ;fy} csf{] dxTjk"0f{ kIf
o'4 ljsf;sf] of] r/0f eg]sf] clGtd
ljb|f]xsf] r/0f xf]Og . ;a}nfO{ k"0f{sfnLg ;b:o agfpg] / lzIf0f;+:yf
aflx/ k7fpg] dfq eGbf klg cfjZostf / Ifdtf gfKb} lglZrt WT sfo{stf{sf] sfo{If]q lzIf0f ;+:yfleq} tf]Sg]
sfddf l9nfO ug{' x'Gg . To;}n] dfljb]lv dflysf x/]s lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿df
ljBfyL{ ;+Vofcg';f/ lgoldt cfºgf] sfo{If]qdf hfg] u/L WT sfo{stf{sf] sfdsf] ljlzi6Ls/0fn] dfq of] ;d:ofsf]
xn lg:sG5 . kl/l:yltcg';f/ v'nf, cw{v'nf / k"/} e"ldut ;a}
sfo{z}nL ckgfp“b} sltko 7fp“df :jtGq df]rf{dfkm{t\ cfd ljBfyL{nfO{ ;+ul7t ug{]
/ pgLx¿aLrdf xfd|f] ljrf/ / of]hgf k'¥ofpg cfjZos 5 . o;f] ug{ g;Sbf;Dd
ljb|f]xsf] cfwf/ agfpg / ljb|f]xdf xfd|f] lx:;f k"/f ug{ s;/L ;lsPnf /
< To;sf/0f x/]s lhNnf / If]qn] cfºgf] sfo{If]qleqsf d'VotM !)±@ / SofDk;x¿df
pk/f]Qm sfo{ljlwcg';f/ clgjfo{ zlQm ljGof; ub{} lhDdf lbg] ug{'k5{ . ;fy},
;a}n] xfd|f] df]rf{nfO{ hgo'4sf] ;+lrt zlQmsf] cy{df e'Ng eg] Psl5g klg
x'“b}g .
#= k|d'v / uf}0f 5'6\ofpg g;Sg] ;d:of M
;+u7gleq tnb]lv dfly;Dd k|r08kyn] ljsf; u/]sf] sfo{gLlts >[+vnfnfO{ 7Ls
9+uaf6 a'‰g / nfu" ug{ g;Sbf sltkoa]nf csd{0otf b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 .
k|d'v / uf}0fsf] åGåfTds ;DaGwnfO{ 7Ls 9+uaf6 a'‰g g;Sbf Pp6f lhDdf ;DxfNbf
csf{] k"/} 5f]8\g], Pp6f e"ldsf lgjf{x ubf{ csf{] k"/} la;{g],
Pp6f sfo{If]q b]Vbf csf{] k"/} e'Ng] ;d:of xfdLaLrdf /x\of] . of]
;d:ofnfO{ d"tL{s[t ubf{ kL= sld6Ldf a:bf df]rf{sf] :jTj u'dfpg] / Tot}
x/fpg] clg ljBfyL{ aGbf kL= sdf08 la;{g] / c/fhs aGg] ;d:of xf] . ;a}
rLhsf] g]t[Tj /fhgLltn] u5{ eGg] dfGotfcg';f/ kL= sdf08df /x]/ cf–cfºgf df]rf{
;+u7gsf sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{] s'/f] g} d'Vo xf] . o;eGbf aflx/af6 ;f]lrof]
eg] xfdL 7Ls 7fp“df k'Ug ;Sb}gf}+ .
;+u7g / ;+3if{ cGt/;DalGwt s'/f x'g\ /
oL b'j} ug{' xfd|f] lgoldt sfd x'“bfx'“b} klg slta]nf ;+u7g lgdf{0fsf] sfd
k|d'v / slta]nf ;+3if{df xfDkmfNg] sfd k|d'v eg]/ ls6fgL ug{ g;Sbf cndn /
of]hgfljxLgtfh:tf] b]lvg] ;d:of klg xfdLaLrdf b]lvof] . olta]nf cfjZostfsf
lx;fan] ;+u7g lgdf{0f xf];\ jf ;+3if{sf] wSsf lsg gxf];\ yf]sdf vf]Hg' kg{]
ePsf] 5 . Pp6f ;+u7g, Pp6f WT
pTkfbg jf Ps lbg] Pp6f x8\tfnn] casf] cfjZostfnfO{ k'Ub}g . To;sf/0f ;+u7g
/ ;+3if{ ug{] xfd|f] r]tgf / of]hgf klg v'b|fdf geO{ yf]sdf agfpg h?/L
b]lvG5 . To;}u/L cfºgf] lhDdfsf] df]rf{ / sfo{If]qnfO{ x/fe/f b]Vg] / lrQ
k|zGgtfsf ;fy sfddf /dfpg g;Sg] ;d:of klg obfsbf b]lvg yfn]sf] 5 . s'g}
cfu|x–k"jf{u|xlagf cfjZostfsf] cfwf/df ul/Psf] lhDdf jf If]q kl/jt{gsf]
lgb{]zgnfO{ xflb{stfk"j{s :jLsfg{] / cfºgf] df]rf{nfO{ x/fe/f b]Vg] r]tgf
xfdLdf x'g h?/L 5 . lsgeg] kf6L{, ;]gf, df]rf{, ha; / ljefusf sfdnfO{ Pp6}
/ºtf/df dfly p7fpg ;lsPg eg] k|Tofqmd0fsf] ;du| of]hgf ;kmn x'g ;Sb}g .
$= sfo{z}nLut ;d:of M ;b:o ;+Vof,
;+u7gfTds cfsf/ / k|efj ;a} lx;fan] xfd|f] ;+u7g ;a}eGbf zlQmzfnL ;+u7gsf] ¿kdf
ljsf; ePsf] s'/fdf s'g} e|d 5}g t/ oxL andf 3d08 hGdg lbg' eg] k6Ss}
x'“b}g . of] t zxLbx¿sf] /utåf/f l;+lrt hgo'4sf] tfutaf6 ag]sf] b'Zdglj?4
k|of]u x'g] PsLs[t an xf] . Psflt/ oqf] dxfg\tf x'“bfx'“b} klg csf{]lt/
xfd|f] sfo{z}nLdf s]xL vf]6x¿ b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ . lzIfsx¿;“usf] xfd|f]
lgs6tf, cleefjsx¿;“usf] xfd|f] ;DaGw clg cfd ljBfyL{x¿;“usf] xfd|f] ;xsfo{ cfd
hgz}nL / hghLjg cg';f/ eof] ls ePg eGg] cfwf/;“u} xfd|f sfo{z}nLdf af/Daf/ /
nuftf/ hf“r ub{} cufl8 a9\g ;Sg'k5{ . xfdLdf x'g'kg{] xflb{stf, zfnLgtf /
kl/kSjtf qmdzM v;|f], 7f8f] / sRrf eof] eg] b'lgof“n] xfdLnfO{ s] cfwf/df
ljZjf; u5{ < To;}n] hgtfsf] zf;s xf]Og ls ;]js aGg] Ps dfq xfd|f] p2]Zo
x'g'k5{ . hgtf -lzIfs, cleefjs / ljBfyL{_;“usf] ;DaGw xflb{s / ;hLj
t'Nofp“b} cfnf]rgfaf6 uj{ ug{ l;Sg] ljlw Pj+ r]nf] ag]kl5 dfq u'? aGg]
dfcf]jfbL cfbz{nfO{ clnslt klg 5fof“df kfg{' x'“b}g .
ls;fgx¿sf] aLrdf hf“bf Jojxf/nfO{ k|d'v
agfpg' kg{] / a'l4hLjLx¿sf] aLrdf hf“bf l;4fGtnfO{ k|d'v agfpg' kg{] bIftfsf]
cfjZostf xfd|f] df]rf{nfO{ kg{] ePsf]n] xfdL b'j} If]qdf kf]Vt x'g'k5{ .
j}rfl/s / ;}4flGts ljifosf] /fd|f] 1fg geO{ 5nkmn / cGtlqm{ofdf ;xefuL aGbf
5nkmnsf] :t/ gldNg] Pj+ ptf cljZjf; / otf xLgtfaf]w hGdg ;Sg] l:ylt /xG5 .
o;y{ cWoogzLn
-l;4fGt / Jojxf/_ x'“b} ;a}sf] ljZjf; cfh{g ug{' / ljb|f]xsf] ;Defjgfsf] hunfO{
alnof] agfpg' olta]nf ;a}sf] st{Jo x'g cfPsf] 5 . To;sf/0f ljrf/df b[9 /
sfo{z}nLdf xflb{stf;“u} xfdLn] xfd|f] ;+u7gsf] klxrfg cem} :yflkt ub{} x/]s
lhDd]jf/ ;b:ox¿ lzIf0f ;+:yfleqsf] ultljlw;“u clgjfo{ hf]l8g] sfo{df yf]/} klg
ljnDa ug{' lgs} 3fts aGg ;S5 .
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b'O{ lzIff k|0ffnL
g]kfnL sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf] ;'?jft;“u}
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k|0ffnLaf/] ax; rn]sf] cfwf ztfAbLeGbf w]/} eO;Sof] . clvnsf] gfddf ;+ul7t
ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngn] klg nueu rf/ bzs u'hfl/;Sof] eg] lnlvt ¿kd} ljwfg / sfo{qmd
ag]sf] klg ;f9] tLg bzs lalt;Sof] . cfsfz 5'g] / wtL{ xNnfpg] ;xf;;“u}
ljj]sn] el/k"0f{ jfdkGyL ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;+sNkn] oqf] nfdf] ofqf l5rf]Nbf klg
lsg ;fsf/ ¿k lng ;s]g < o; cxd\ k|Zgsf] 7Ls hjfkm glb+bf;Dd gof“ hgjfbL
lzIff k|0ffnLsf] s'/f ug{' kmut qmflGtsf/L nºkmfhL x'g] jf:tljstfnfO{ xfdLn]
s;} u/] klg kG5fpg ;Sb}gf}+ .
ljrf/wf/fTds / /fhgLlts sfo{lbzf ;xL jf
unt x'g'n] ;ayf]ssf] lgwf{/0f ug{] dfcf]jfbL ;RrfO xfd|f] ljut -gsf/fTds k|efj_
b]lv jt{dfg
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sfo{lbzfsf] ;jfn p7fp“bf clxn] klg g]kfnL qmflGtsf/L ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngsf] k|d'v
vt/f blIf0fkGyL ;+zf]wgjfbL sfo{lbzf g} /lxcfPsf] 5 . o;sf] Ps k|d'v
nfIfl0fs ljz]iftf s] /x]sf] 5 eg] /0fgLltaf6 sfo{gLltnfO{ cnu ug{' . o;sf]
c;/ ljBdfg z}lIfs k|0ffnLdf cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] /0fgLlt / ;'wf/fTds
sfo{gLltsf] tfbDotf slxNo} ldNg ;s]g . /0fgLltsf] ;]jf gug{] sfo{gLlt cyjf
/0fgLlts p2]Zo;“u guf“l;Psf] sfo{gLlts} sf/0f z}lIfs cfGbf]ng nfdf] ;do;Dd
lbzfljxLg aGg k'Uof] . oxf“ :ki6 x'g'kg{] dxŒjk"0f{ ljifo s] 5 eg]
;xL /fhgLlts g]t[Tj gkfPsf] / ;j{xf/fjuL{o d'lQm cfGbf]ng;“u Psfsf/ gePsf]
z}lIfs cfGbf]ng cGttM cy{jfbdf km:g] lglZrt x'G5 . o;/L /fhgLlts ;Qf;“u
ghf]l8Psf] z}lIfs cfGbf]ng k|sf/fGt/n] 3f]/ csd{0otfdf km:g] / lg/+s'z /fhtGqs}
;]jf ug{] lglZrt x'G5 .
t/ ca g]kfnL jfdkGyL z}lIfs cfGbf]ngn]
;'of]Uo /fhgLlts g]t[Tj kfPsf] 5 . hgu0ftGqsf] :yfkgfsf] :ki6 nIo;lxt
;+rflnt /fhgLlts ;+3if{ -hgo'4_ sf] sfvdf z}lIfs cfGbf]ng x's{b} 5 .
hgo'4sf] ljsf;k|lqmofn] k}bf u/]sf] gof“ l:yltcg'¿k gof“ ;Qf ;+rfng eO/x]sf
7fp“df cEof;sf] k|f/lDes r/0fd} eP klg hgjfbL lzIffnox¿ :yfkgf x'g'n] casf]
z}lIfs cfGbf]ngsf] 7f]; lbzflgwf{/0fdf dxŒjk"0f{ j:t'ut cfwf/ tof/
ul/lbPsf] 5 .
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s'g s'/f la;{g' x'Gg eg] a'h{'jf lzIff hltw]/} k9\of] Tolt w]/} d"v{ x'g]
lzIff xf] . t/, oxf“ cfh g} qmflGtsf/L ljBfyL{ ;a}n] :s"n–SofDk;
5f]8]/ lx8\g' k5{ eGg vf]lhPsf] xf]Og . d'Vo s'/f s] xf] eg] tL :s"n
/ SofDk;x¿nfO{ hgo'4sf df]rf{df kl/0ft ug{ hf]8 ug{'k5{ .Æ– cWoIf sd/]8
k|r08 -g]kfnL qmflGtsf ;d:of efu–#, k]h !@(_
;}4flGts b[li6df k'/fgf] lzIff k|0ffnL
k"/} k|ltufdL lzIff k|0ffnL xf] . o;df ;fdGt, bnfn tyf gf]s/zfxL
k'“hLkltju{sf] :jfy{eGbf cGo :jfy{ s]xL 5}g . >d;“u s6fOPsf]
lj1fglj/f]wL, lj:tf/jfb / ;fd|FHojfb;fd' 3'8f 6]Sg] /fli6«otflj/f]wL Pj+
kl/jt{gsf] afws k|hftGqlj/f]wL k'/fgf] lzIff k|0ffnLsf] p2]Zo cfd o'jfx¿df
;fdGtL ¿l9jfbL lrGtgsf] ljsf; u/fP/ cfTds]lGb|t JolQmjfbL, c/fhs, kbnf]n'k /
bf; dgf]j[lQsf ef6–gf]s/x¿ tof/ kfg{]l;jfo cGo s]xL 5}g . To;}n] k'/fgf]
kf7\oqmddfly tLj| x:tIf]k ub{} k'/fgf] lzIff k|0ffnLsf] Wj+; xfd|f] klxnf]
sfo{;"rLdf kfl/g' k5{ . Jofjxfl/s lx;faaf6 x]bf{ o;sf] Wj+; x'g
;ls/x]sf] 5}g . ljzfn u|fdL0f e"efuaf6 k'/fgf] ;Qfsf ;a} c+ux¿
lj:yflkt x'“bf;d]t lzIff k|0ffnL h:tfsf] t:t} /xg'n] Pp6f uDeL/ k|Zg plAhPsf]
5 . k'/fgf] lzIff k|0ffnLsf kf7\ok':tsx¿ k'/fgf] ;Qfsf sd{rf/L
-lzIfs_ åf/f gof“ ;Qf ;+rfng ePsf :yfgdf o'jf ljBfyL{nfO{ 3f]sfpg' cfkm}df
k/:k/ lj/f]wL dfq xf]Og, gof“ lzIff k|0ffnLsf] 9f]sf vf]nfOdf afws aGg'sf ;fy}
k|ltqmflGtsf] d'Vo / klxnf] sf/0f aGg] vt/f klg plQs} b]lvG5 . jt{dfgdf
of] ljifonfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s ;f]Rg / kfOnf rfNg kg{] l:yltdf xfdL
5f}+ . ef}lts ¿kd} tnaf6 o;sf] lj:yfkg k|lqmof yfNb} k|rf/–k|;f/ / j}rfl/s
lx;fan] dflyaf6 ;d]t x:tIf]knfO{ tLj|tfdf a9fpg' kg{] b]lvG5 .
k'/fgf] lzIff k|0ffnLsf] Wj+; o;}leq
k;]/ ;a} kf6fkIfsf] cWoog ub{} k|xf/ s]lGb|t ubf{ hlt ;lhnf] / c;/bf/ x'G5,
cfGtl/s sdhf]/L yfxf gkfp“bf Tolt g} s'lx/f]sf] sfu aGg] 8/ /xG5 . k'/fgf]
;Qfn] ljBdfg lzIff k|0ffnLnfO{ hgtfn] a'‰g} g;Sg] u/L c:tJo:ttfs} aLrdf Jofks
agfpg] gfddf ;fd|fHojfbL–lj:tf/jfbL bnfnx¿sf] xftdf ;'Dkb} eb|uf]nsf]
e"d/Ldf xfn]sf] 5 . ;/sf/L ljBfnonfO{ :t/Lo lzIffdf nfUg] nufgL gu/]/
eUgfjz]if agfOb}5 eg] sDkgL P]gcGtu{t 7"nf7"nf Jofkfl/s z}lIfs ljzfn
ahf/x¿ vf]Ng] 5f8f cg'dlt lbO/x]sf] 5 . ls;fg juL{o ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;fk]lIft
kx'“r /x]sf] lqljnfO{ cGt/Wj+; ub{} o;sf cf+lus / cf+lzs SofDk;x¿nfO{ cGo cToGt
dx¨f sltko ljZjljBfnosf] g]t[Tjdf
;'Dkb}5 . ljgfk"jf{wf/ / nufgL oltj6f ljZjljBfno v'n] eGb} lj1fkg /
efif0fdf ;Qf /dfO/x]sf] dfq 5}g, lhDd]jf/Laf6 klG5P/ 6fpsf] xNsf agfpg] s'r]i6f
ub{}5 . !)±@ nfO{ k"/} lghLs/0f u/]/ clehftjuL{o lzIff eg]/ c3f]lift
kl/efiff ul/+b}5 eg] ;fj{hlgs gfdsf !)±@ ljBfnox¿ gLlt / Jojxf/ b'j} sf]0faf6
o'jfx¿nfO{ cNemfP/ aaf{b ug{] ;+oGq agfO“b}5 . ljZj a}+ssf] nufgL / bafjdf
ljBfno ;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0fsf] u'lnof] gf/fsf] gof“ sn]j/df ljBfno lzIffnfO{
k"/} lghLs/0f dfq xf]Og cnkq kfl/+b} 5 . lzIffdf j}b]lzs d'VotM
a]nfotL ;fd|fHojfbsf] x:tIf]k cg'¿k cf] >]0fL / P >]0fL (O Level and A level) sf sIffx¿ ;+rfng x'“b}5g\ .
o:tf tdfd vfnsf k|ltufdL lzIff k|0ffnL /
sfo{qmdlj?4 ;a} tfut s]lGb|t ub{} sDkgL P]g vf/]hL, Jofkfl/s z}lIfs ljzfn
ahf/x¿dflysf] ef}lts cfqmd0f Pp6f sf]0faf6 ug{ h?/L 5 eg] csf{]lt/ gof“ ;Qf
;+rfng ePsf 7fp“df k'/fgf] lzIff k|0ffnLdfly tLj| x:tIf]kåf/f vf/]hL, k'/fgf]
;Qfsf sd{rf/L -lzIfs_ nfO{ k'/fgf]af6 ljb|f]x u/L ljBfno / SofDk;x¿nfO{ hgtfsf
ljZjljBfnodf km]g{] dxfg\ cleofgdf ;xefuL x'g] u/L lg0f{o ug{ ljz]if
cg'/f]w;lxt k|lzlIft ug{ h?/L 5 .
@= gof“ lzIff k|0ffnL M gof“ hgjfbL
lzIff k|0ffnL gof“ hgjfbL qmflGt cyjf hgo'4;“u cleGg ¿kn] uf“l;Psf] 5 .
h;/L hgo'4n] k'/fgf] ;Qf;“u 6Ss/ -/fhgLlt / kmf}hL_ ln+b} ljhosf] lzv/ r9\b}5,
To;/L g} k'/fgf] k|ltufdL lzIff k|0ffnL;“u k|f/lDes cj:yfs} eP klg gof“ lzIff
k|0ffnLn] ;Lwf 6Ss/ ln+b}5 . h;/L k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] Wj+; / gof“ ;Qfsf]
lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5, To;/L g} k'/fgf] lzIffsf] Wj+; / cf}krfl/s ¿kd} gof“
lzIffsf] lgdf{0f / ;+:yfut ljsf; x'“b}5 . dxfg\ pynk'ynsf/L / eLif0f
;+3if{sf] gf} jif{] bf}/fgdf h;/L gof“ ljrf/, kf6L{, ;]gf, ;Qfx¿sf] lgdf{0f /
ljsf; ePsf] 5, To;}u/L gof“ hgjfbL lzIff k|0ffnL klg ljsf; eO{ cfwf/OnfsLo
hgjfbL ljBfnox¿df rNb}5 . Wj+; / lgdf{0fsf] dxfg\ k|lqmofsf] g]t[Tj hgtf
Pj+ hgo'4n] / hgtf Pj+ hgo'4sf] klg g]t[Tj g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ n] ul//x]sf]
5 . o;y{ k|:6;“u xfdL o;f] eGg ;S5f}+ ls gof“ hgjfbL lzIff k|0ffnLsf
jf:tljs lgdf{tf / ;+rfns hgtf x'g\ eg] xfdL ljBfyL{ cljefHo 9+uaf6 cfpg] x'“bf
gof“ ;QfcGtu{t lgdf{0f ePsf] z}lIfs ljefu;“u xfd|f] ;+u7gfTds ;xsfo{ cf}krfl/s
¿kd} x'g cfjZos 5 . ;fy} g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfºg} Oltxf; lgdF{0f sfdrf]/
ju{sf] lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 slxNo} klg ;Dej gx'g] ePsf]n] o;sf] k"0f{ Wj+; u/]/
gof“ k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0faf6 gof“ Oltxf;sf] yfngLsf] dxfg\ k/LIff pQL0f{ ug{sf
nflu ;a} ljBfyL{nfO{ xfd|f] df]rf{n] pTk|]l/t ug{'k5{ . cfd ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
o;} 1fgåf/f k|lzlIft ub{} cf–cfºgf >d, l;k / r]tgf ju{;+3if{sf] /fhgLltdf
s]lGb|t ug{] lhDdf klg jt{dfgdf xfd|} df]rf{sf] sf“wdf cfPsf] 5 .
eLif0f o'4sfnsf] lzIff k|0ffnLsf] rl/q /
p2]Zo Wj+; s]lGb|t x'g h?/L 5 . oxf“ dxŒjk"0f{ kIf Wj+;;“u}
lgdf{0fsf] dxfg\ k|lqmofnfO{ clnslt klg gh/cGbfh ug{' x'“b}g . To;}n]
k|d'vtM gof“ lzIffn] lbg] olta]nfsf] 1fg / r]tgf klg Wj+;s} x'g] u5{ / ;xfosdf
lgdf{0fsf] klg . ju{;+3if{sf] l;4fGt / /fhgLltnfO{ k|wfgtf lbg], ;}Go
1fgsf nflu clgjfo{ tflnd lng], qmflGtsf] sfd;“u} of]hgfa4 ¿kdf dfgl;s >d;“u}
zf/Ll/s >d ug{sf nflu hg;]jfdf ;xefuL x'g], >d;“u lzIff / lzIffaf6 gof“
r]tgfsf] dd{cg'¿k lzIf0f ;+:yf;“u} sf/vfgf / v]taf/LnfO{ k|of]uzfnf agfpg],
ls;fg / dhb'/n] ljBfyL{nfO{ k|of]ufTds lzIff lbg], JolQmut dfg, ;Ddfg /
k|lti7fsf lglDt lzIff xf]Og ls b]z, hgtf / qmflGtk|lt ;dlk{t x'g] g}ltsjfg\
hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{] cflb gof“ hgjfbL lzIff k|0ffnLsf d'ne"t p2]Zo / tŒj x'g\ .
o;sf] ljlw, lzIfsaf6 ljBfyL{n] / ljBfyL{af6 lzIfsn], cyjf ls;fg–dhb'/af6
ljBfyL{n] / ljBfyL{af6 ls;fg–dhb'/n] l;Sg] d'VotM cfnf]rgf / cfTdfnf]rgfsf]
ljlw g} xf] .
k|of]usf b[li6n] k|f/lDes :t/sf
lzIffnox¿ d'VotM cgf}krfl/s 3'DtL ;fIf/tf cleofg, afn ;+/If0f s]Gb|, 3'DtL
:jf:Yo k|lti7fg, gof“ hgjfbL gd'gf ljBfno -!–# sIff;Dd rfn' / $–!) ;Dd rNg]
k|lqmofdf_ x'g\ . !–# sIff;Ddsf] kf7\oqmddf efiff lzIff -dft[efiff, ;Dks{
efiff / cGt/f{li6«o efiff_ ul0ft, lj1fg–:jf:Yo–jftfj/0f / ;dfh lj1fg 5g\ eg]
$–!) sIff;Ddsf] ;dfh lj1fg ljifosf] kf7\oqmddf bz{g, /fhgLlt, Oltxf;, cy{zf:q,
;+:s[lt / ;}Go lj1fg 5g\, tL ;a} lgdf{0f eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 . ;fy}
kf7\ok':ts, lzIf0f–d"Nof+sg ljlw klg lglZrt ePsf] 5 . gof“ z}lIfs
gLlt tyf sfo{qmdleq d'VotM ;/n kf7\oqmd, 5l/tf] kf7\ok':ts / 5f]6f] cjlwsf]
z}lIfs ;q ;d]l6Psf] 5 . ;f/f+zdf hgjfbL lzIffsf] rl/q j}1flgs, /fi6«k|]dL
/ k|hftGqjfbL
-hgjfbL_ 5 . o;sf] k|f/lDes p2]Zo ;a} hgtfnfO{ ;fIf/ agfpg] / qmflGtsf]
lxtdf ;d]6\g] 5 eg] To;kl5 qmdzM dWodvfnsf] hgzlQm pTkfbg ug{] / ;Qf
;'b[9Ls/0fdf nufpg] clg ef]lnsf] nflu cfjZos nfn / lgk"0f{ (Red and expert) hgzlQm s'g If]qdf slt cfjZos
eGg] cfwf/df pTkfbg ug{] / ljsf;–lgdF{0fdf ;+nUg u/fpg] g} x'g]5 .
^=
ljutsf] of]hgfsf] ;dLIff
ljutsf] of]hgf ;dofjlwsf lx;fan] k|yd
k"0f{ a}7s -;fpg )^)_ b]lv of] lj:tfl/t a}7s -kf}if )^!_ ;Dd eGg] a'‰g'
k5{ . k|yd k"0f{ a}7sb]lv ;lrjfnosf] a}7s -df3 )^)_;Ddsf] ;ft dlxg]
of]hgfsf] ;dLIff ;lrjfnosf] a}7sdf k|:t't k|:tfjdf ;d]l6Psf] 5 . oBlk
To;sf] d"n dd{;lxt To;kl5sf] P3f/ dlxg] of]hgfsf] k"0f{ ;dLIff oxf“
ljleGg pkzLif{s /fv]/ ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 .
!=
k"0f{ a}7sb]lv ;lrjfno a}7s;Dd
k|yd k"0f{ a}7ssf] ;dfkg;“u} ;+u7g
k|ltalGwt eof] . ljBfyL{ cfqmf]znfO{ tLj| bdgåf/f tx nufpg] k'/fgf]
kmfl;jfbL ;Qfsf] of]hgflj?4 ;+u7g b]zJofkL kl/rflnt eof] / b':dgsf] p2]ZonfO{
rSgfr'/ kf¥of] . b]zJofkL /fli6«o ;Dd]ng ;Gb]z ;efx¿ rn] . lhNnf /
If]qn] wSsfsf] ¿kdf ;DalGwt lzIff sfof{nox¿df s]Gb|Lo dfusf] ;fydf :yfgLo dfukq
;d]t k]; ub{} ;+3if{sf] of]hgf;lxt clN6d]6d lbg] sfo{ ;DkGg eP . o;}sf]
lg/Gt/tfdf ljleGg lhNnf, pks]Gb|n] cfx\jfg u/]sf x8\tfn / aGbx¿n] xfd|f dfunfO{
cfd¿kdf :yflkt ug{] / s]lGb|t cfGbf]ngsf] cfwf/ tof/ ug{] sfd u¥of] .
tTsfnLg klZrd pks]Gb|el/ ;+rflnt PsLs[t hgk|lt/f]w cleofg / ljz]if pks]Gb|sf]
hgflbzf cleofg ljz]if dxŒjsf /x] eg] cfjZostfcg';f/ To;aLrdf k|foM ;a} lhNnfsf
a}7s, e]nf / k|lzIf0f sfo{qmd ;DkGg eP eg] sltko lhNnfx¿sf ;Dd]ng klg ;fgbf/
¿kn] ;DkGg eP . o;n] ;+u7gnfO{ lgoldt agfpg] / gof“ kl/l:yltsf] 7Ls 9+uaf6
af]w u/fpg] sfd u¥of] . sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 z}lIfs If]qleqsf ljleGg
;+:yfx¿;“usf] 5nkmn / cGtlqm{ofnfO{ hLjGt agfpg], !^cf}+ /f=;=sf] ljwfg,
k|ltj]bg / ljz]iffª\s ;+uLg k|sfzg ug{] h:tf k|d'v sfdx¿ ;DkGg eP .
o;aLrdf d'Vo ;d:of dflyaf6 tn / tnaf6 dfly lgoldt ;Dks{ sfod ug{ g;Sbf cfGtl/s
k+lQmnfO{ s]Gb|Lo of]hgfåf/f kl/rflnt ug{] / afx\o ;+3if{nfO{ Ps¿ktfdf s]lGb|t
ug{ g;Sg' /x\of] . oxL ;dofjlwdf sf7df8f}+af6 dxf;lrj;lxt tLg hgf s]Gb|Lo
;b:osf] lu/ºtf/L / a]kQf, k"jL{ pks]Gb|df Ps hgf s]=;=;lxt bh{gf}+
;fyLx¿sf] xTof / Ps hgf s]=;=;lxt s}of}+sf] a]kQf Pj+ klZrd pks]Gb|df Pshgf
s]=;=;lxt s}of}+sf] xTof / a]kQf x'“bf o'4s} lgodcg';f/ ;+u7g 7"n} Iflt
a]xf]g{ afWo eof] . ;du|df j}rfl/s Pj+ ;+u7gfTds sfo{ / ;+3if{nufot ;a}
If]qsf sfd pNn]vgLo ljsf; / ults} lbzfdf cufl8 a9]sf] eP klg cem} lg/Gt/tf /
u'0ffTdstfdf p7fpgsf nflu gof“ 9+uaf6 of]hgf lgdf{0f / gof“–gof“ ljlwåf/f
sfof{Gjog ub{} kl/0ffd xfl;n ug{'kg{] b]lvof] .
@=;lrjfno
a}7sb]lv of] a}7s;Dd
-s_ ;lrjfno a}7sn] to u/]sf] ^ dlxg]
-sfof{no a}7såf/f nDAofOPsf]_ cfGtl/s kl/rfngsf] d'Vo of]hgf æsdn–kl;Gb| ;+u7g
lj:tf/ tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f cloefgÆ lyof] . gfd / k|rf/sf lglDt dfq cleofg geP/
lglZrt p2]Zo /fVg] / ;+u7gsf ;a} cjojx¿sf] k"0f{ kl/rfngåf/f p2]Zo k|fKt
ug{] dd{cg'¿k pk/f]Qm cleofg to ul/Psf] lyof] . cleofgsf d'Vo p2]Zox¿
lgDgfg';f/ lyP–
) Ps} 7fp“df s]lGb|t xhf/f}+ ljBfyL{aLrdf
;+u7g n}hfg] / ;a} kf6faf6 k|lzlIft ub{} efjL ljb|f]xsf] cfwf/ tof/ ug{] .
) a[xt\ /fhgLlts cleofgcGtu{t lbp“;f] lzIf0f
;+:yfdf hfg] / lzIfs–ljBfyL{aLrdf /fhgLlts–;+u7gfTds sfo{ ug{] Pj+ ;f“em–laxfg
ufp“–6f]ndf hfg] / ls;fg–ljBfyL{aLrsf] sfd ub{} xfd|f] ju{sf] /fhgLltnfO{ ulx/fO;Dd}
:yflkt ug{] .
) s]Gb|n] tf]s]sf] ;b:o ;+Vof, ;+u7g ;+Vof,
ldlnl;of ;+u7g ;+Vof / k"0f{sfnLg ;b:o ;+Vof k"/f ug{] .
) cleofgleq}af6 OsfO, Pl/of, lhNnf Pj+ If]qLo
;ldltsf a}7s, e]nf, ;Dd]ng ug{] / k|lzIf0f rnfpg] .
) hg;]jf -JolQmut / ;fdflhs >d_ ug{] /
hgtf;“usf] ;DaGw cem ;'dw'/ agfpg] Pj+ >dlzlj/ rnfpg] / cfly{s cfh{g
ug{] .
) zx/sf lzIf0f ;+:yfdf hgzlQm :yfgfGt/0f ug{]
/ x:tIf]knfO{ tLj|tf lbg] .
) ;+u7gsf ;a} txsf g]tf–sfo{stf{nfO{ wSsf
lb+b} Ifdtf phfu/ ug{], wSsfdfkm{t\ ;+u7g lj:tf/ ug{] / u'0fdf p7fpg] Pj+ Jofks
xfd|f] rnv]nåf/f b':dgnfO{ klg ultnf] wSsf lbg] .
pk/f]Qm p2]Zox¿ k|fKt ug{] u/L tLgj6}
pks]Gb|leq If]qLo, lhNnf, Pl/of:t/Lo Pj+ cGo sfo{qmd;“u hf]8]/ cleofg ;'gfdL
ultsf ;fy rNof] . k"jL{ pks]Gb|df cleofgn] ;+u7gfTds hLjgdf gof“ t/¨
k}bf ub{} ;+u7gnfO{ h'?Ss} dfly p7fof] . klZrd pks]Gb|sf] klg ;'b'/ klZrd
/ u08sdf rn]sf] cleofgn] b]z} xNnfpg ;kmn eof] . ljz]if pks]Gb|df klg
;Gt'lnt 9+uaf6} cleofg rNof] . ;a} If]qn] ;fnfvfnf PsPs sDkgL
k"0f{sfnLg sfo{stf{ pTkfbg u/] eg] sltko If]q d'VotM klZrdsf] ljz]if
If]qn] sDkgLnfO{ n8fO“sf] d'Vo df]rf{df k7fpg] sfo{ tyf ljgfos lj:tf/
cleofgcGtu{t klZrdsf] e]=s=n] ===== sfo{stf{ d'Vo df]rf{df k7fpg] pNn]vgLo
/x] . o;aLrdf xhf/f}+ ;+u7g ag] / ;+u7g agfpg g;Sg] ;d:ofaf6 ;+u7g nueu
d'Qm eof] . lgdf{0f ePsf ;+u7gx¿nfO{ a}7s / e]nfdfkm{t\ k|lzIf0f ug{] sfd
k|foM ;a} lhNnfdf ultsf ;fy ;DkGg eP . o;cGtu{t k"jL{ pks]Gb|sf]
;lrjfno a}7s, ljz]if pks]Gb|sf] b'O{ lbg] lj:tfl/t a}7s Pj+ b'O{ If]qsf If]qLo
a}7sx¿, klZrd pks]Gb|cGtu{t tLg lbg] u08s If]qLo e]nf tyf k|lzIf0f, ljz]if
If]qsf] tLg lbg] /fhgLlts–j}rfl/s k|lzIf0f, ;]=d=sf] If]qLo:t/df #))) hgf
;+ul7t ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xeflutf ;lxt b'O{ lbg rn]sf] k|lzIf0ffTds e]nf, ;]d, e]s /
ljz]if If]qdf ;DkGg 5fqf ljefusf If]qLo e]nfx¿ ljz]if pNn]vgLo /x] . lzIfsx¿aLrsf]
/fhgLlts sfo{ ¿k / ;f/ b'j} b[li6af6 e/k"/ ;kmn /x] . o;af6 b':dg
a];/L ltlNdnfpg k'Uof] / sfg} km'6\g] u/L xfd|f lj?4 sf]sf]xf]nf]
dRrfof] . ;fdflhs >dcGtu{t b]zel/ rp/, rkL{, af6f], rf}tf/L, k|tLIffno
lgdF{0f eP eg] ljz]if If]qsf] cfof]hgf / s]Gb|Lo sfof{no ;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfdf
/f]Nkfsf] zxLb dfu{ vGg] sfd, ljz]if hg;fIf/tf cleofg tyf r'gjfª lj:tf/
cleofgcGtu{t e]s / ;]ddf rn]sf hg;fIf/tf ljz]if cleofg Pj+ s0ff{nLsf] b]p8f
uLtdfkm{t\ rnfOPsf] hg;fIf/tf cleofgnfO{ g5'6fO{ k'“hLs[t ug{ h?/L x'G5 . log}
kl/0ffdaf6 of]hgf lgs} j:t'jfbL / j}1flgs ePsf] lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
zx/df cfGtl/s x:tIf]k a9fpg] sfo{,
ls;fgaLrsf] /fhgLlts sfd Pj+ >d;“u hf]l8P/ Jofks ?kdf hg;DaGw a9fpg] sfd
ck]Iffcg'¿k k"/f x'g ;s]g . To;}n] ;a} txsf g]tf–sfo{stf{sf]
j}rfl/s–/fhgLlts / ;f+:s[lts :t/ cem} p7fpg' kg{] b]lvof] . ljz]if
pks]Gb|n] cleofgnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] u/L krf{, kf]i6/ / z}lIfs tYofª\s kmf/fd
k|sflzt u/] klg cGo pks]Gb| / If]qdf k|sfzg ;fdu|L pknAw u/fpg ;lsPg .
;fy}, sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 ljleGg dfWodåf/f cleofgsf] hlt k|rf/ ug{' kYof{] Tolt
x'g ;s]g . cleofg pb\3f6gnuQ} ljz]if pks]Gb|sf] af/fdf s]Gb|Lo 5fqf
ljefusL ;b:o pld{nf clwsf/L;lxt kf“r hgfsf] lu/ºtf/Lkl5 xTof Pj+ cleofgs} qmddf
k"jL{ pks]Gb|sf] ;f]n'df lhNnf cWoIf e"k]Gb| sfsL{;lxt kf“r hgfsf] xTof
x'g'n] sfo{z}nLut ;'wf/df ljz]if Wofg lbg h?/L b]lvG5 .
-v_ nueu !@ nfv ;fwf/0f ;b:o, sl/a !)
xhf/ ;+u7g -sld6L_ ;+Vof Pj+ sl/a ^ xhf/ k"0f{sfnLg sfo{stf{x¿ ePsf] Ps
ljzfn ;+u7g ag]sf] 5 . ;+u7g k|ltalGwt cj:yfdf 5 / SofDk;x¿df v'nf ultljlw
ug{ gkfPsf] l:ylt 5, t}klg k|ltufdL lzIff gLlt Pj+ kmfl;jfbL ;/sf/L /j}oflj?4
r/0fa4 zlQmzfnL ;'gfdL 5fnåf/f ;QfnfO{ em'sfO 5f8\g] k|lta4tf cg'¿k ;lrjfno
a}7sn] to u/]sf] ;+3if{;DaGwL lj:t[t of]hgf ;fgbf/ 9+uaf6 sfof{Gjog eof] .
Oltxf;df k|fKt ePsf yf]/} /fhgLlts pknlAwx¿dWo] Pp6f pknlAw ;+u7gdfly nufOPsf]
cftª\ssf/Lsf] cf/f]k lkmtf{ / k|ltaGw km's'jf eof] . oBlk Jojxf/df
xfdLnfO{ vf;} ;xhtf k|fKt ePsf] 5}g . of] dxŒjk"0f{ pknlAw hgo'4åf/f
lzIft–bLlIft ;+u7gsf] tfutdf ;QfnfO{ em'sfP/ k|fKt ePsf] xf] .
;lrjfno a}7snuQ} 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] kmfu'g
!# b]lv !& ;Ddsf] kf“r lbg] -b'O{ lbgkl5 lkmtf{_ b]zJofkL cfd x8\tfn /
o;}sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df ;DkGg k|lt/f]wfTds Pj+ u}/kmf}hL ;+3if{n] ;+u7gsf] an /
x}l;ot lgs} dfly p7fof] eg] /fhwfgLsf s]xL SofDk;afx]s cGoq st} klg tf]lsPsf]
;doleq -clwsf+z cfh;Dd klg_ k|ltufdL :jljo' r'gfj ;DkGg x'g ;s]g . t/ klg
hlt x:tIf]k a9fP/ k"/} r'gfj g} x'g g;Sg] l:ylt agfpg' kYof{], To;f] eg]
ePg . Psflt/ tof/Lsf] nflu ckof{Kt ;do lyof] eg] csf{]lt/ lg0f{odf Ps¿ktf
x'“bfx'“b} klg a'emfO / sfof{Gjogdf sfof{nos} ;b:odf b]lvPsf] uDeL/tfsf] sdL
h:tf sf/0f /xg uP klg ;f/tM of]hgf c;/bf/ 9+uaf6} sfof{Gjog eof] .
kmfu'gdf ;+rflnt ;+3if{sf] lg/Gt/tfdf
o;sf] pRr ¿k j}zfv !% ut] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] / h]7 @$ af6 ;'? ePsf] zx/, ;b/d'sfd
/ /fhwfgL s]lGb|t clglZrtsfnLg z}lIfs x8\tfn lyof] . of] ;+3if{sf] ¿k
cfkm}df gof“ lyof], lsgls cfwf/If]q / k|rf/If]q 5'6\ofP/ 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] of]
klxnf] sfo{qmd lyof] . @^ ;"qLo dfuaf6 d'Vo & dfunfO{ k|d'vtf
lbP/ 3f]if0ff eO{ !# lbg;Dd rn]sf] x8\tfnn] b]znfO{ dfq xNnfPg k"/} ;+;f/
xNnfpg ;kmn x'g'sf ;fy} ;+u7g cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf ;d]t cem :yflkt x'g
k'Uof] . o;sf] HjnGt pbfx/0f ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3cGtu{tsf] o'lg;]kmn] x8\tfn
lkmtf{ lnP/ jftf{df ;xefuL x'g] cfu|xsf] xfd|f] ;+u7gsf] gfddf n]lvPsf] kq,
lkmlnlkG;sf] ljBfyL{ ;+u7g LOSPSU n] k7fPsf] awfO–kq x'g\ .
of] aLrsf lqmofTds sfjf{xLx¿h:t} Ol08og df]8{g cfjf;Lo ljBfno, sf7df8f}+ tyf
ljleGg lh=lz=sf=df ePsf k|lt/f]wfTds sfjf{xLx¿ klg dxŒjk"0f{ /x] .
To:t} hgk|lt/f]wsf lx;fan] s0ff{nL c~rnsf] ;b/d'sfd h'Dnfdf ;+u7gsf lhNnf
;ldltsf pkfWoIfsf] g]t[Tjdf sl/a &)) ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;xeflutfdf ePsf]
lh=lz=sf=3]/fp klg pNn]vgLo /x\of] . d'Vo dfu, clvn -qmflGtsf/L_ dfly
nfu]sf] cftª\ssf/Lsf] cf/f]k lkmtf{ / k|ltaGw km's'jf x'g'k5{, df lg/Gt/sf]
5nkmn, cGtlqm{of / jftf{kZrft\ ;a} k|hftflGqs kf6L{ Pj+ ;+:yfx¿, ;a} k]zfut ;+3–;+u7gx¿
tyf /fli6«o JolQmTjx¿nfO{ dfq xf]Og, 3f]/ blIf0fkGyLx¿nfO{ ;d]t pk/f]Qm d'Vo
/fhgLlts dfudf ;xdlt u/fpg ;Sg' ;+3if{sf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;sf/fTds kIf
xf] . ;a}sf] ;xdltsf] s]Gb|Ls[t bafj Pj+ ;+u7gsf] tndflysf] tfutnfO{
s]lGb|t u/]/ cfqmd0fdf cf]ln{Pkl5 ;Qf em'Sg afWo eof] / c;f/ tLg ut]sf]
dxŒjk"0f{ ;Demf}tf x'g uof] . ljutdfh:t} ;Demf}tf wf]sfw8Ldf km]l/g]
vt/fk|lt ;+u7g ;r]t lyof], To;}n] /fhgLlts lx;fan] o;f] x'g kfPg . o;sf]
d'Vo sf/0f ;Qf Odfgbf/ eP/ xf]Og, a? ;+u7gsf] uhf{Ob]lv tl;{P/ ;Defjgf ePsf] xf] .
s]Gb|df ePsf] ;Demf}tfsf] d;L ;'Sg gkfp“b} a]Odfg ;Qfsf xTof/f ;]gfn] c;f/ #!
ut] wflbªdf s]=;= a}s'07 kf]v]|nsf] xTof, wg'iff pkfWoIf /fd pb\uf/, /fd]5fk
;lrj lji0f' rf}nfufO{, ;nf{xL ;lrj uf}/j clwsf/L, af“s] ;b:o zf/bf jnLnufot
g]tf–sfo{stf{sf] xTof u¥of] eg] vf]6fªsf cWoIf bLks tfdfª;lxt s}of}+sf]
a]kQfsf] sxfnL nfUbf] >[+vnfnfO{ hf/L /fVof] . o;sf lj?4 klg ;+3if{sf
lg/Gt/ em8\sfåf/f ;QfnfO{ gf¨]emf/ kfg{] Pj+ ;fyLx¿nfO{ :yflkt ug{] sfd
eof] . xTofsf] >[+vnf oxf“;Dd cfOk'Ubf gjnk/f;L cWoIf hoGtL s“8]n,
emfkf cWoIf /d]z ;'j]bL;Dd hf/L 5 . s]=;=xl/z/0f cfrfo{ Pj+ lh=;=;=b'uf{
lj=s=sf] lu/ºtf/L;“u} 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] u08s If]qLo x8\tfn /fli6«o dxŒjsf]
/x\of] . lsgeg], o;n] b'j} ;b:osf] l/xfO klg u/fO 5f8\of] . lrtjgsf]
#^ lbg] x8\tfn / a]kQf kfl/Psf s]xL ;fyLx¿sf] ;fj{hgLs/0f, ljz]if pks]Gb|leqsf
sltko lhNnfn] u08snfO{ lbPsf] ;kf]6{, s}nfnL aGbnufot lhNnfdf rn]sf 3gLe"t
;+3if{x¿ pRr ;kmntfdf 6'+luP . ;Qfsf ;a} a]OdfgLk"0f{ xs{tx¿n] b':dg
jftf{åf/f ;d:of xn ug{ rfxGg eGg] jf:tljstf k'gM k'li6 ePsf] 5 eg] ;QfnfO{
cnuynu agfpgsf nflu cem 7"nf7"nf wdfsf lbg h?/L b]lvG5 .
of]aLrdf s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] tkm{af6
v]Ng'kg{] e"ldsf ;a} lx;fan] ;Gt'lnt /x\of] . ljljw ;+:yfx¿ h:t}
lzIfs ;+3–;+u7g, KofA;g, Pg=KofA;g, cleefjs ;+3x¿, ;ft} ljBfyL{ ;+u7g,
dfgjclwsf/jfbL / cfO;Lcf/;L, lqlj k|zf;g, lzIff dGqfno Pj+ kqsf/x¿;“usf] lgoldt
e]63f6 / 5nkmnn] w]/} cy{df dxŒj /fv]sf] 5 . t/ klg sfof{nosf ;b:ox¿aLrsf]
lgoldt ;Dks{ / 5nkmn gx'“bf Pj+ sltko If]q;“u hf]l8g g;Sbf dgf]ut sfo{qmd /
cleJolQm hfg] vt/fk|lt klg a]n}df ;r]t x'g h?/L b]lvG5 . s]Gb|sf] efj /
tnsf cfjZostfaLrsf] ;+of]hg;lxt ;+3if{sf] p7fg ug{] Pj+ jftf{ k|lqmofåf/f
/fhgLlts x:tIf]knfO{ a9fpg] cj;/sf] 7Ls k|of]u ug{ g;Sg' of] aLrsf] d'Vo ;d:of
/x\of] .
-u_ u0ftGqsf] kIf / /fhtGqlj?4df ;8sdf
p7]sf] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ng cfGbf]ngnfO{ ljv08g ug{] / cGt/ljBfyL{ ;+3if{df km]g{]
k|k+rsf ;fy k|ltufdL lqlj k|zf;gn] 3f]if0ff u/]sf] :jljo" lgjf{rg;“u}
lzlyn aGg k'Uof] . ;lhnf] xltof/ k|of]u u/L cfkm"lj?4sf] ;+3if{nfO{
cGoq} df]8\g' ;fdGtL tŒjsf] rl/q xf] eg] o;sf] x]Ssf g} gu/L ;8s 5f]8L r'gfjdf
dl/xQ] ug{' ;ft ljBfyL{ ;+u7gsf] cj;/jfbL rl/q dfq xf]Og, ;+3if{af6 efUg] rf]/
b'nf] vf]Hg' sltko ljBfyL{ ;+u7gx¿ d'VotM Pdfn] ;dly{t cg]/f:jljo"sf]
cfTd;dk{0fjfbL rl/q ;d]t xf] . o;} rl/qsf sf/0f g} pm kmfl;jfb;“u unf
hf]8]/ 1fg]Gb| zfxLsf] dltof/ aGg k'Uof] . l;4fGttM ;xL ljrf/wf/fTds /
/fhg}lts sfo{lbzfsf] g]t[Tjlagf rNg] ;a} ;+3if{x¿ o;/L g} wf]sfw8Ldf ablng] /
l;l4g] u5{g\ eg] Jojxf/tM ;+3if{sf g]t[Tjx¿sf] p2]Zo jf:tljs kl/jt{g jf s';L{sf
lglDt jfu{]lgª eGg]df e/ k5{ . Tolta]nfsf] pgLx¿sf] p2]Zo klxnf] geP/
bf];|f] ePsf] Jofjxfl/s k'li6 jt{dfg;Dd cfOk'Ubf /fd|};“u ePsf] 5 .
u0ftGqsf kIfkftL sfo{stf{x¿sf] efjgf
ljk/Lt, b]zn] rfx]sf] cu|ufdL /fhgLlts kl/jt{glj?4 ;fdGtL tŒj emg\ kmfl;jfbL
aGb} uPsf] j:t'ut oyfy{tfnfO{ nft xfGb} cfGbf]ngaf6 efUg', dfp kf6L{nfO{
s';L{df k7fpg' t/ ;8sdf b]lvP/ gSsnL lj/f]w ug{' k"/} ck|hftflGqs sfo{ /
;fdGtL b/af/sf] xltof/ aGg'l;jfo cGo x'g} ;Sb}g . Pdfn] 1fg]Gb| zfxLsf]
g]t[Tjsf] ;/sf/df hfg', Pdfn]nfO{ k|dsf] s';L{ rflxG5 eGb} ;+u7gleq k|lzIf0f rnfpg'
clg aflx/ ;8sdf slyt ?Gr] :j/df ;/sf/sf] lj/f]w ug{', ;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj u/
eGg g;Sg] t/ 8n/jfbLn] ug{] vfnsf] Ps–b'O{j6f h'n';dfkm{t zflGtjftf{sf] xNnf
lk6fpg' eg]sf] Pdfn] cg]/f:jljo" klg k|ltudgsf/L aGb} cfºgf] /fhgLlts
bfx;+:sf/ cfkm} ub{}5 eGg] k|:6 x'G5 . ;8s ;+3if{sf] g]t[Tj ug{]
g]lj;+3nfO{ lj36g ug{' / d'Vo g]tfx¿nfO{ anft\ x6fpg' Pj+ /a/:6\ofDk dfG5]nfO{
cufl8 ;f/]/ k|hftflGqs k|0ffnLsf] kmnfsf] xfNg] sf+u|];n] xb} ck|hftflGqs sfd
ug{ k'Uof] . o;n] klg cGttM u0ftflGqs ;8s ;+3if{dfly kfgL vGofpg] sfd u¥of] .
;8s ;+3if{sf] j}rfl/s g]t[Tj ug{] xfd|f] ;+u7g k|ltalGwt eP/ ;8sdf k|ToIf lg:sg
g;Sg' Psflt/ ;d:of /x\of] eg] csf{]lt/ ;8sdf lgl:sPsf ljBfyL{ g]t[Tjsf] vf]6f]
ljrf/ / nf]eL rl/qsf] sf/0fn] nlIft / ;Defljt pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;lsPg .
t/klg ;+3if{n] ;fdGtL 1fg]Gb| zfxL / p;sf] :j3f]lift l;+xf;glj?4 o'jf cledt
;3gtfsf ;fy JoQm eof] / ef]lnsf] clgjfo{ ljb|f]xsf] lrq sf]l/g
k'Uof] . olt dfq xf]Og, u0ftGqsf] kIfdf b]lvPsf] ljzfn hgdtn] ubf{ hgtfsf
;a} k|sf/sf HofgL b':dgx¿ Pj+ oyfl:yltjfbL ;+;bLo u'6x¿ klg g/fd|f];“u t;{g
k'u] . t;y{ casf] xfd|f] sfo{ef/ k|ltudg / kmfl;jfbsf dltof/ aGg k'u]sf
zfxL ;+u7gx¿sf] e08fkmf]/ ub{} pgLx¿nfO{ hgtfaLr g+Uofpg' / jf:tljs kl/jt{gsfdL
o'jf ljBfyL{sf ;a} kf6faf6 g]t[Tj ug{' aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
-3_ cfGbf]ng / ;+u7gsf] cfGtl/s hLjgsf]
nflu dxTjk"0f{ sfd cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw klg aGg hfg] s'/f :jtMl;4 5 .
ljutsf] sdhf]/Laf6 l;Sb} ljb]z ljefusf] sfdnfO{ s]xL Jojl:yt agfpg] sf]l;; of]
aLrdf eof] . cefg]lj ;+3;“usf] hLjGt ;xsfo{, ef/tsf AIRSU (All Indian Revolutionary Students' Union) / DSU
(Demorcratic students' Union) sf] g]t[Tj;“u k|ToIf e]63f6 / ;DaGw lj:tf/, lkmlnlkG;sf] ljBfyL{
;+u7g (League of Philipino Students'
Union) ;+u lgoldt
kqfrf/, International League of People's
Struggle -#% b]zsf
@)) ;+u7g ;b:o_ sf] cWoIf hf];] dl/of;“usf] Od]n e]63f6 / ;b:otf lngsf] lglDt
kxn ljb]z ljefusf pNn]vgLo pknlAw /x] eg] @$ ;]K6]Da/ @))$ sf] ILPS sf] ;Dd]ngdf sfo{kq k7fP/ klg k|ToIf ;+nUg x'g] cj;/sf] pkof]u ug{
g;Sg' 7"n} sdhf]/L /xg uof] . xfd|f k|sfzgx¿ logLx¿sf] aLrdf k'¥ofpg
Pj+ ljb]z ljefusf] sfdnfO{ cem Jojl:yt / lj:tf/ ug{ h?/L b]lvG5 .
-ª_ k|sfzgnfO{ klg Jojl:yt agfpg] sf]l;;
ul/of] t/ ag]sf ;a} of]hgf nfu" ug{ ;lsPg . o;aLrdf ;+uLg !) xhf/
k|lt, uf]hL–kfqf] %) xhf/ k|lt, a'sn]6 z}lIfs x8tfn @% xhf/ k|lt, gjf}+ hgo'4
lbj;sf] cj;/df z'esfdgf kq Pj+ ljleGg ldltdf ljleGg ljifosf jQmJox¿ s]Gb|af6
k|sflzt eP eg] ljz]if pks]Gb|n] ljwfg–k|ltj]bgsf] k'gM k|sfzg, ;u/dfyf If]qn] nfn/Ifs,
;]dn] hg;+u|fd, e]sn] o'lug cfjfh, klZrdsf] ljz]ifn] gof“ b[li6sf]0fnufot sltko
lhNnfsf d'vkqx¿ dxŒjk"0f{ k|sfzg ;fdu|L /x] . ljz]if pks]Gb|n] z}lIfs
tYofª\s kmf/fd, k"jL{ pks]Gb|n] sfo{stf{ tYofª\s kmf/fdnufot l;h{gzLn
k|sfzgsf] ljz]if pNn]v ug{ h?/L 5 . of]4f, ;+uLg, k|ltj]bgsf] ;+sng / clvn
1fg k|sfzgsf] Pp6f k|lqmofdf k'Ubf klg d"tL{s[t x'g g;Sg', If]q / lhNnfaf6
lg:sg] k|sfzgnfO{ plrt j}rfl/s / ef}lts g]t[Tj ug{ g;Sg' Pj+ d'VotM
d]rL–sf]zLsf] k|sfzgdf b]lvPsf] r/d c/fhstf of] aLrsf pNn]v ug{}kg{] sdhf]/L
/x] .
&=
cfufdL of]hgf
d'Vo
gf/f–
zfxL kmfl;jfb / lj:tf/jfbsf] k|lt/f]wdf xfd|f] ;+nUgtf †
hglzIffsf nflu lghLs/0fsf] cGTo xfd|f]
k|lta4tf ††
g]kfnL ju{o'4 ;kmntfsf gof“–gof“
sLlt{dfg\ v8f ub{} b'O{ dxŒjk"0f{ r/0fkl5 cToGt r'gf}tLk"0f{ t];|f]
r/0f— /0fgLlts k|Tofqmd0fsf] r/0fdf k|j]z u/L k|yd of]hgfsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf]
;'?jft;“u} cufl8 a9\b}5 . hgo'4sf] t];|f] r/0f clGtd, lg0ff{os / c;fWo}
dxŒjk"0f{ r/0f o; cy{df xf] ls o;sf] klxnf] of]hgfsf] k"0f{
;kmntf;“u} ;du| of]hgfsf] ;kmntfsf] 9f]sf v'Ng] l:ylt aGg'sf ;fy} s]Gb|Lo
/fHo;Qf sAhf x'g] cj:yf x'G5 . To;sf/0f ljutsf] lzIff, alnbfg / k|lta4tfaf6
cem dfly p7\b} gof“ qmflGtåf/f gof“ o'u hGdfpg] clUgk/LIff pQL0f{ ug{ h?/L
5 . ;du| hgk+lQmnfO{ dfn]dfjfb / k|r08kyn] lgb{]lzt /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltaf/]
7Ls 9+uaf6 bLlIft ub{} ;j{xf/fju{sf] em08fnfO{ clGtd;Dd kmx/fO/xg] eLid k|lt1f
jt{dfgsf] cfjZostf xf] . of] cToGt ;+j]bgzLn r/0fdf xfd|f] k+lQmn]
/fd|f];“u a'‰g'kg{] dxŒjk"0f{ csf{] kIf eg]sf] k]lrnf] ju{;+3if{sf]
pRrtf;“u} kf6L{leqsf] b'O{nfOg ;+3if{ klg k]lrnf] g} aGg] u5{ cyjf cK7\of/f] /
lg0ff{os l:yltdf 6fpsf] p7fpg] / k|ltqmflGtsf/L lsQfsf] ;xof]uL aGg] k|j[lQ
cj;/jfbn] af]Sg] u5{ . ;j{xf/fju{sf] lxt glrtfpg], ju{;+3if{sf] ;]jf gug{]
/ qmflGtk|lt lgi7fjfg\ slxNo} gaGg] blIf0fkGyL cj;/jfbn] hlxn] klg cfºg}
k|sf/sf] ;fgf] u'6 agfP/ kbdf jfu{]lgª, k|lti7fdf 56\k6fpg] / k|rf/df 8'Ag]
u/]sf] ;To lxhf] lstfadf k9\of}, cfh xfd|} hLjg–Jojxf/df k9\b} 5f}+ .
/fhgLlts b[li6n] k|ltqmflGtsf] ;]jf ug{] blIf0fkGyL cj;/jfb Pj+ JolQmjfbL
c/fhstfjfblj?4 bx|f];“u v'§f 6]s]/ n8fO“ gn8\bf;Dd cufl8sf] af6f] lSno/ ug{
;lsb}g . To;sf/0f xfd|f] df]rf{n] lgdf{0f ug{] efjL of]hgfsf] d"n
l:kl/6 k|Tofqmd0fsf] ;+j]bgzLn r/0f;“u} hGdg] ;a} k|sf/sf vt/fx¿;“u le8\b}
;j{xf/f x]8Sjf6/sf] /Iff ug{], ljb|f]xsf] /fi6«JofkL cfwf/ tof/ kfb{} hgo'4sf]
;]jfdf k"/} ;dlk{t x'g] xf] .
-s_
j}rfl/s sfo{ -ljrf/, /fhgLlt / lzIff_
) gof“ ztfAbLsf] qmflGtsf] uDeL/ r'gf}tL /
dxŒjk"0f{ cleef/fnfO{ k"/f ug{ gof“ j}rfl/s ;+Zn]if0fsf] dxŒjaf]w
ub{} dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfbsf] ;du| c+udf ePsf] ljsf; k|r08kysf] cWoog /
ulx/f] cfTd;ftLs/0f ug{] .
) g]kfnL qmflGtsf] ljlzi6 / df}lns
ljsf;k|lqmofnfO{ Wofg lb+b} cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] of]hgfdf x'g] ef/tLo
lj:tf/jfbL x:tIf]k -j}b]lzs cfqmd0f_ / /fli6«o cfTd;dk{0fjfb Pj+
ju{cfTd;dk{0fjfb lj?4 tLvf] / k]lrnf] j}rfl/s ;+3if{ ;+rfng ug{] .
) tLj| lj36gsf] k|lqmofdf /x]sf] k'/fgf]
;fdGtL bnfn ;Qf;“u} Wj+;sf] ;tL uPsf] k'/fgf] z}lIfs k|0ffnLdfly lg0ff{os
x:tIf]kdf hf]8 lb+b} hgjfbL lzIff k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0f, k|of]u / ljsf;df Wofg
lbg] .
-v_
;+u7gfTds sfo{
) Jofks dfqfdf /x]sf ;+u7gnfO{ u'0fdf a[l4
ug{] p2]Zosf ;fy ;'b[9Ls/0f cleofg rnfpg] / lj:tf/sf If]qdf cem Jofkstfdf ;b:otf
ljt/0f, gof“ ¿ksf] ;Defjgf x]/L ljljw gfdsf df]rf{ lgdf{0f / pkof]u ug{] .
) /0fgLlts k|Tofqmd0fn] dfu u/]cg';f/ PsLs[t /
s]Gb|Ls[t kl/rfngsf] cfjZostfnfO{ dWogh/ ub{} ;+u7gfTds sfdx¿ h:t} a}7s, e]nf,
;Dd]ng cflb ub{} gof“ ult k}bf ug{] .
) PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfbsf] dd{nfO{
cfTd;ft\ ub{} xfd|f] Onfsfleq hgjfbL k|lt:kwf{Tds k|0ffnLåf/f ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tj
5gf}6 ug{] .
-u_
;+3if{;DaGwL sfo{
-!_
k|rf/fTds
) ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ce"tk"j{
ljsf;sf] jt{dfg cj:yf, cfGbf]ngdf k|rf/fTds sfo{sf] dgf]j}1flgs k|efj / PsLs[t
;+3if{ ;+rfngsf] dd{cg';f/ ;dod} kxnsbdL lng] u/L k|rf/ sfo{ h:t}– xft]kf]i6/,
lk|G6kf]i6/, krf{, jQmJo, leQ] n]vg, Jofg/, sf6{'g k|bz{g, Od]nsf] k|of]u,
Pkm=Pd=sf] k|of]unufot k|ljlwsf] pRr / lgDg (High Tech / Low Tech) ;Defljt ;a}sf] k|of]u u/L k|rf/ sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt
ug{] .
) hgjuL{o ;+of]hg ;ldltnfO{ :yflkt ug{] u/L
k|rf/sf] k|lqmof / ultnfO{ tLj|tf lbg] .
-@_
lqmofTds
) ;+of]hg ;ldltsf] cfof]hgfdf x'g] ;a}
;+3if{sf sfo{qmddf ;a} ;ldltx¿ k"0f{ ¿kn] lqmofzLn x'g] .
) k|ltufdL rl/q af]s]sf] k'/fgf] lzIff
kf7\oqmddflysf] x:tIf]knfO{ t]h kfg{] .
) k'/fgf] k|ltufdL lzIffgLlt lgdf{0f ug{]
;+:yfx¿dfly wfjf af]Ng] .
) ;a} txsf] k/LIff d'VotM k|j]lzsf k/LIff
-P;=Pn=;L=_ k|fl1s dd{cg'¿k ;z:q ;]gf–k|x/Lx¿sf] pkl:yltlagf ;b/d'sfdaflx/ klg
;+rfng ug{] sfo{nfO{ lqmofTds ¿k lbg] .
) sDkgL P]gcGtu{t v'n]sf lzIffJofkf/Lx¿sf
z}lIfs ljzfn ahf/x¿dfly of]hgfa4 k|xf/ ug{] .
) z}lIfs Sofn]08/nfO{ ljljwtfdf xf]Og,
s]Gb|Ls[t u/L Ps ¿ktfdf sfof{Gjog u/fpg] .
) ef/tLo lj:tf/jfb / p;sf] lxtdf g]kfndf
;+rflnt z}lIfs–;f+:s[lts dflkmofx¿dfly sfjf{xL ug{] .
-3_
z'4Ls/0f
) qmflGt cfkm}n] cfºgf] ljsf;k|lqmofdf
c;fwf/0f hl6ntfx¿sf] l;h{gf ug{] dfn]dfjfbL / k|r08kyLo dfGotfcg'¿k gof“, hl6n
/ uDeL/ ¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] JolQmjfbL c/fhstfjfblj?4sf] ;+3if{sf] ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{
Wofg lb+b} x/]s ;ldltleq gof“ z'4Ls/0fsf] l:kl/6df a}7s, e]nf, k|lzIf0f / 5nkmn
;+rfng ug{] .
) qmflGtdf ljhoL aGb} hf“bf ;j{xf/fjuL{o
qmflGtsf/L ju{n] gof“ zf;ssf] ¿kdf cfkm"nfO{ kl/0ft u/L hg;DaGw s6\g uO{
k|ltqmflGtsf] ;]jfdf tL ;+u7gx¿ kl/0ft ePsf] ljutsf] s6' cg'ejnfO{ ;d]t Vofn
ub{} k|r08kyLo hglbzfsf] k|of]u / sfo{z}nLdf s7f]/ cg'zf;g cjnDag ug{] .
k
cGt/;+3if{sf] ljsf; k|lqmof*
!=Pstf
s]Gb|sf] u7gb]lv /fli6«o Pstf dxflwj]zg;Dd
uDeL/ /fhg}lts Pjd\ sfo{g}lts dte]bsf
afjh'b Oltxf;sf] Pp6f ljlzi6 df]8df cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf]
;+u7gfTds l;4fGtnfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ tof/ ul/Psf] kf6L{ ;+rfng ljlw / cfr/0f lglZrt
eO;s]kl5 Pstf s]Gb|sf] u7g eof] . s]Gb|Lo tby{ ;ldltsf] klxnf] a}7sdf g}
b]zJofkL kf6L{ sfof{no vf]Ng] jf gvf]Ng] ljifodf ePsf] ax;df cfºgf] egfO kfl/t
gePkl5 ;d/;]gaf6 cg'zf;gxLg 9+un] tNnf sld6Lx¿df uO{ kf6L{ Pstfsf] lj/f]w ug{],
kf6L{ PstfnfO{ dxfhfn atfp“b} lx8]/ c/fhstf / km"6sf] aLp /f]Kg] sfdsf]
;'?jft eof] . Pstf s]Gb| ag]sf] b'O{ xKtf glaTb} ;fj{hlgs ?kdf cfkm"
æqmflGtsf/LÆ Pstfdf cfPsf] / csf{] kIf pu|jfbL ePsf] 3f]if0ff;lxt Pstf
dxflwj]zgdf cfºgf] kIf ljhoL x'g] ;fj{hlgs bfjf ul/of] . ;+;bLo lgjf{rgsf
qmddf ePsf] ax;sf bf}/fgdf kf6L{ btf{ gx'g] kSsf ePkl5 cf}krfl/s ?kn] kf6L{
km'6fpg] s'/fsf] jsfnt s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf g} ul/of] . cfd sfo{stf{ /
hgtfsf] bafjsf sf/0f tTsfn u'6 agfpg / kf6L{ km'6fpg ;d/;]g ;kmn x'g] l:ylt
gePsfn] kf6L{df a:g] t/ s]Gb|Lo tby{ ;ldltsf] a}7sdf gcfpg], cg'zf;g kfng gug{]
k|lqmofsf] ;'?jft eof] .
o;}aLrdf d;fn g]t[Tjsf] JolQmjfbL,
;'wf/jfbL / km'6jfbL lqmofsnfksf lj?4 ljb|f]x u/L ag]sf] d;fn ;d"x;“u
ljlwjt PsLs/0f eof] / o;n] sDo'lg:6 qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf] Pstf k|lqmofdf yk ult k|bfg
u¥of] .
kf6L{sf] af/af/sf] cfnf]rgf / r]tfjgLsf
afah'b ;d/;]gsf] To;k|sf/sf] 5f8f c/fhs Pj+ km'6jfbL lqmofsnfkdf ;'wf/
cfPg . a}7sdf gcfpg] / cfºg} 9+un] leq} u'6aGbL rnfp“b} hfg] ultljlw
dxflwj]zg;Dd klg rn]/ uof] . o;;Gbe{df kf6L{ s]Gb|n] kf6L{ Pstfsf] ljlzi6
l:ylt / dxflwj]zgåf/f cflwsfl/s gLlt / g]t[Tj galg;s]sf] sf/0f pxf“sf To;k|sf/sf
lqmofsnfkk|lt ;fdfGo cfnf]rgfafx]s cg'zf;gsf] s'g} s8f sfjf{xL ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt
lyPg .
o;}aLr aGw'sf b'O{ 9'+ufdf v'§f /fVg
vf]Hg], kf6L{df s'g} sfd gug{], l;4fGt / /fhgLltsf If]qdf xd];f c:ki6 / ;GWof
efiffdf s'/f ug{], c/fhstfjfb;“u ;f“7uf“7 ug{], cGtlj{/f]waf6 kmfObf p7fP/
kf6L{sf] ;jf{]Rr g]t[Tj xTofpg ck|ToIf bafj ;[li6 ug{]h:tf lqmofsnfkx¿
dxflwj]zgsf] d'vdf cfP/ tLj| eP/ uP . qmflGt, dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfbsf
cfwf/e"t bfz{lgs dfGotf / cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf qmflGtsf/L
cg'ejk|ltsf] cljZjf;sf] dfqf a9]/ aGw'df lg/fzf, knfog, dxŒjfsf+Iff / lj;h{gsf
h'g k|j[lQx¿ k|an ag]/ uP, tL s'/faf6 klg kf6L{leqsf] cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ c:j:y /
c:jfefljs agfpg sfkmL d2t k'Uof] . cGtlj{/f]wsf] oxL d"n l:ylt;lxt
dxflwj]zgdf hfg] sfd eof] .
@=dxflwj]zgb]lv
s]=;=sf] t];|f] a}7s;Dd
dxflwj]zgdf b]vfk/]sf /fhg}lts dte]b /
ltgsf] ;f/tŒjsf af/]df dfly g} rrf{ ul/;lsPsf] 5 . dxflwj]zgdf nfdf] 5nkmn
/ ax;kZrft\ cTolws ax'dtåf/f Ps lglZrt qmflGtsf/L /fhg}lts sfo{lbzf kfl/t
eO;s]kl5 klg kf6L{sf] pRr g]t[Tj sAhf ug{ c/fhstfjfbLx¿sf tkm{af6 clwstd
k|oTgx¿ eP . dxflwj]zgsf] xnaf6 g} km'6]/ hfg] wDsLx¿ klg nufOof] .
t/ cfd sfo{stf{ km"6sf kIfdf gePsfn] / sfo{stf{s} bafjn] cGttM s]=;=df a:g
cNkdtsf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿ tof/ x'g] l:ylt aGof] .
t/ dxflwj]zgsf] nuQ} a;]sf] s]=;=sf] klxnf]
a}7saf6 g} aGw'af6 Ps jif{sf] nflu ljbf lnP/ a:g] sfd eof] . o;n] kf6L{df
e|d / z+sfsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf eof] . otf kf6L{ s]Gb|n] b]zJofkL
hg;+3if{sf] sfo{qmd to u¥of] . dxflwj]zgkl5 kf6L{df :j:y jftfj/0f tof/
kfg{] lhDd]jf/Laf]wsf ;fy pbf/tfk"j{s ;d/;]gnfO{ Tof] b]zJofkL ;+3if{sf]
;+of]hssf] lhDdf lbOof] . ;Dk"0f{ kf6L{ / df]rf{sf ;b:ox¿ lbnf]Hofgn]
v6]/ cfd hgtfsf] ;dy{g;lxt ;+3if{sf] sfo{qmd eJo ?kn] ;kmn eof] . t/,
kf6L{leq cg'zf;gxLg / c/fhs lqmofsnfk eg] al9g} /x]sf lyP . j}wflgs ;+3if{
pTsif{df k'u]s} a]nf )$* r}qsf] cGtdf a;]sf] s]=;=sf] bf];|f] a}7sdf kfl/t
k|:tfjdf kf6L{leqsf] cGtlj{/f]wsf] l:yltaf/] o;k|sf/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5– ækf6L{leq
cg'zf;g dfGg] / To;sf] pNn+3g ug{], kf6L{efj /fVg] / u'6aGbL ug{], ;lqmo ?kn]
sfd ug{] / lgl:qmo aGg], b'Mvsi6 p7fP/ sfd ug{] / cf/fd tnjL aGg], u|fdL0f Pj+
tNnf] ju{sf hgtfaLrsf] sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] / zxl/of sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg],
lg/fzf / csd{0otfsf] k|rf/ ug{] tyf cfzf Pj+ cfTdljZjf;sf] efj /fVg],
j}wflgstfdf hf]8 lbg] / cj}wflgstfdf hf]8 lbg], g]t[Tjk|lt e/f]zf ug{] / To;sf]
lj/f]w ug{]nufot d'VotM kf6L{nfO{ c/fhstf Pj+ lj;h{glt/ ws]Ng] / cg'zfl;t Pj+
qmflGtsf/L kf6L{ lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbg] k|j[lQsf aLrdf :ki6 cGtlj{/f]wx¿ /x]sf
5g\ .Æ pk/f]Qm l:ylt :ki6 ub{} s]Gb|n] To;}df, æsltko If]qdf u'6aGbLsf]
rsf{] ;d:of /x]sf] 5 . Pstf dxflwj]zg eP/ Pp6f lglZrt gLlt / g]t[Tj
lgdf{0f eO;s]kl5 klg cfºgf k"j{ ;d"xsf JolQmx¿;“u cgflwsf/ ?kdf
e]6\g], kf6L{ gLlt, lg0f{o / g]t[Tjsf] v'Nnf lj/f]w ug{], kf6L{ cg'zf;g /
k4ltnfO{ ldr]/ u'6cg'zf;g / k4lt sfod ug{] k|oTg eO/x]sf 5g\Æ eg]sf] 5 .
o;af6 dxflwj]zg ePsf] ^ dlxgf glaTb}sf] kf6L{df c/fhstfjfb, lj;h{gjfb, u'6jfb /
km'6jfbsf] ;d:ofsf] uDeL/tf a'‰g d2t k'Ub5 . ToxL a}7sn] ;+u7gfTds
;'b[9Ls/0fnfO{ cleofgsf ?kdf ;+rflnt ul/g' kg{] s'/fdf ljz]if hf]8 lbof] .
To;sf] nuQ}kl5 :yfgLo lgjf{rg cfof] / lgjf{rg ;lsPkZrft\ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf]
t];|f] a}7s a:of] .
#=
t];|f] a}7sb]lv s]=;=sf] klxnf] lj:tfl/t a}7s;Dd
xfd|f] kf6L{sf] Oltxf;df t];|f] a}7ssf]
ljz]if dxŒj 5 . of] a}7ssf] dxŒj d'VotM b'O{ s'/fdf JoQm ePsf] 5 .
klxnf], of] a}7sdf g} dxflwj]zgsf] sfo{lbzf sfof{Gjogsf lgldQ of]hgfsf tLgj6f
k|:tfjx¿–/fhg}lts / ;+u7gfTds k|:tfj, u|fdL0f ju{;+3if{sf] of]hgfaf/] k|:tfj,
6]s;DaGwL sfdsf] of]hgfaf/] k|:tfj k|:t't eP . bf];|f], of] a}7sb]lv g}
cNkdtsf] g]t[Tjdf c/fhstfjfbL / lj;h{gjfbL lqmofsnfkx¿ v'n]/ aflx/ cfP .
;d/;]gaf6 k'gM kf6L{sf ;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/Lx¿af6 cnu eP/ Jofks ?kdf kf6L{sf
lj?4 hfg] sfd eof] / æ;"o{Æ sf] cGtjf{tf{ dfkm{t\ ;fj{hlgs ?kdf kf6L{sf]
uf]kgLotf e+u ug{], b':dgnfO{ pS;fpg], cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug{] tyf leGg
dts} csf{] s]Gb|Lo ;b:on] æaGb's] cft+sÆ egL kf6L{ ;b:otfaf6 /fhLgfdf lbg] sfd
u/]/ cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ zq'tfk"0f{ lbzfdf n}hfg] sfd eof] . o;};Gbe{df
s]=;=sf] rf}yf] a}7s a;L ;du| kl/l:yltnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;d/;]gnfO{ s8f r]tfjgL
lbOof] / /fhLgfdf lkmtf{ lng nufOof] . kf6L{ s]Gb|sf] uNtL ug{] ;b:onfO{
;Rofpg] / kf6L{ PstfnfO{ arfP/ nfg] of] k|oTgsf afjh"b ;d/;]gsf 5f8f,
c/fhs lqmofsnfk emg\kl5 emg\ a9]/ uP . 7Ls oxL cj:yfdf æhgqmflGtsf] lbzfÆ
gfds k'l:tsf k|sflzt u/L cfºgf ;'wf/jfbL ljrf/x¿ clxn] klg ;xL ePsf] s'/fsf]
;fj{hlgs k|rf/ ;d]t ul/of] . k6s–k6s cfnf]rgf, r]tfjgL, s8f r]tfjgLsf
afah'b ;'wf/ gcfPkl5 l;+uf] kf6L{df ljsf; x'g;Sg] c/fhstf / c:tJo:ttfsf]
vt/fnfO{ b[li6ut ub{} s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] cfsl:ds a}7s a;]/ ;d/;]gnfO{ cg'zf;gxLg
lqmofsnfkx¿sf k|df0f;lxt kf6L{ ;b:otf sfod /xg] u/L kL=aL=,;L=;L=nufotsf
;Dk"0f{ lhDd]jf/Laf6 x6fOof] .
o;} aLrdf kf6L{nfO{ bafj lbg] p2]Zosf
;fy d[u]Gb|af6 j}wflgs sfdsf] lhDdfsf] g]t[Tjaf6 /fhLgfdf lbg] sfd ePsf] lyof]
/ To;af/] km};nf gx'“b} ;f] lhDdfsf] gftfn] ljb]z hfgsf lgldQ a8f] gf6sLo bafj
cfO/x]sf] lyof] . o;af/] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no / kf6L{sf ;+:yfks ;b:o ;d]tsf]
/fon] ljb]z ghfg] lgb{]zg lbPkl5 cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ pu| / pQ]hs agfpg] sfd
d[u]Gb|af6 eO/x]sf] lyof] .
To;} cjlwdf aGw'af6 kf6L{sf cfGtl/s
uf]Ko b:tfj]hx¿ kf6L{;“u c;DalGwt JolQmx¿ sxf“ k'¥ofpg], kf6L{nfO{ hfgsf/L g}
glbO{ c;DalGwt JolQmx¿;“uaf6 /x:odo 9+un] df]6f] /sd lnP/ cfly{s sf/f]jf/
ug{]h:tf sfd klg eO/x]sf lyP . o;n] klg kf6L{df z+sf / cljZjf;sf] dfqf
a9fO/x]sf] lyof] .
oxL l:ylt jl/kl/ ax'dt kIfsf sltko
lhDd]jf/ ;b:ox¿af6 g}ltstf ;DaGwL uDeL/ sdhf]/Lx¿ eP / pgLx¿dfly cg'zf;gsf] s8f
sfjf{xL ul/of] . o;n] klg leqL kf6L{ ;+3if{df c;/ k¥of] .
;d/;]gnfO{ Tof] sfjf{xL ug{]lalQs}
cNkdtsf pkl:yt ;a} ;L=;L=Pd=x¿ a}7ssf aLrdf g} p7]/ hfg] sfd eof] / tn uP/
Jofks ?kn] u'6aGbLhGo e]nfx¿ cfof]hgf ub{} kf6L{ s]Gb|sf lj?4 ;s];Ddsf] cleofg
rnfpg] sfd eof] . To;nfO{ kf6L{ s]Gb|n] gf¨f] u'6jfbL / km'6jfbL
lqmofsnfksf ?kdf lj/f]w u¥of] . kf6L{df pTkGg l:yltsf] uDeL/tfnfO{ ljrf/
u/]/ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] csf{] cfsl:ds a}7s af]nfOof], To;df hfgLa'emL leGgdtsf
s]=;=;=x¿ cg'kl:yt /x] . Tof] l:yltdf ;Dk"0f{ kf6L{df pTkGg x'g ;Sg]
cGof}nsf] l:yltnfO{ lrg{, jf:tljstf cjut u/fpg tyf b]zel/sf lhDd]jf/ kf6L{
;b:ox¿sf] /fo ;d]t lng ;Dk"0f{ If]qLo ;b:ox¿ ;d]t pkl:yt x'g] u/L s]=;=sf]
klxnf] lj:tfl/t a}7ssf] cfof]hgf ug{] lg0f{o ul/of] . hgjfb / cleJolQmsf]
:jtGqtfsf] lgs} jsfnt ug{] ;d/;]gaf6 lj:tfl/t a}7sdf cfpg] ;a} ;Defjgf
x'“bfx'“b} klg Toxf“ pkl:yt x'g] sfd ePg . o;af6 ;d/;]gsf] hgjfbsf] dfu
hgtf / sfo{stf{nfO{ e|d lbg] xltof/afx]s s]xL lyPg eGg] :ki6 eof] . nfdf]
;dob]lv kf6L{df c/fhstf, lj;h{g / km"6sf] s;/t ul//x]sf cNkdtsf s}of}+
;b:ox¿ olta]nf kf6L{ km'6fpg Ho"Hofgn] nfu] klg pgLx¿ To;df ;kmn x'g
;s]gg\ / cGtdf lj:tfl/t a}7sdf cfpg pgLx¿ afWo eP .
$=s]=;=sf]
klxnf] lj:tfl/t a}7sb]lv k|yd /fli6«o ;Dd]ng;Dd
lj:tfl/t a}7sdf kf6L{df pTkGg ;d:ofaf/]
uDeL/tfk"j{s 5nkmn eO{ s]Gb|Lo sfof{noåf/f k|:t't k|ltj]bg cTolws ax'dtn]
kfl/t eof] . Kn]gdn] leGgdtsf sltko lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿ uDeL/ k|sf/sf]
;'wf/jfbL, c/fhstfjfbL / lj;h{gjfbL lrGtgn] u|:t ePsf] tYonfO{ :ki6
kf¥of] . s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf cg'zf;gfTds sfjf{xLx¿nfO{ cg'df]bg u¥of] .
u'6aGbLhGo lqmofsnfknfO{ s8f lj/f]w u¥of] . uf]kgLotf e+u ug{] tyf unt
9+usf] cfly{s sf/f]jf/ u/]sf]df aGw'sf] cfnf]rgf u¥of] . km'6jfbsf lj?4
Kn]gdn] va/bf/L u¥of] . kf6L{leq æljrf/ ;d"xÆ sf] cl:tTjnfO{ :jLsfg{'
k5{ / To;nfO{ rnv]n ug{ lbg'k5{ eGg] k|:tfjsf] s8f lj/f]w ePkl5 cNkdtn] To;nfO{
lkmtf{ lnof] / cGtdf Kn]gdn] sfd–sfo{jfxLdf Ps?k eP/ hfg] tyf kf6L{leq
cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtfsf ?kdf If]qLo e]nf / /fli6«o ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf ug{ ;Sg] lhDdf s]=;=nfO{
lbof] . cg'zf;gsf] sfjf{xL ;DaGwdf cfTdfnf]rgfsf] l:kl/6cg';f/ k'glj{rf/
ub{}hfg] ;d]t lg0f{o eof] . o;/L Kn]gdn] Psk6s km]l/ km'6jfbLx¿nfO{ v'lDrg
afWo kf¥of] . Kn]gdsf] s]xL ;dokl5 s]=;=sf] a}7s a;]/ ;+u7gfTds ;'b[9Ls/0f
/ ;+3if{sf] lj:t[t of]hgf kfl/t u¥of], Kn]gdsf] lg0f{ocg';f/ IF]qLo e]nf /
/f=;=af/] klg 7f]; lg0f{o lnof] . ;du| kl/l:ylt ljrf/ u/L ;d/;]gnfO{ k'gM
If]qLo ;ldltdf NofP/ kmf]/ddf hfgsf nflu s]=;=n] jftfj/0f tof/ kf¥of] .
t/, ck;f]r † To;kl5 klg ;d/;]gaf6 hfgLa'emL If]qLo ;ldltsf] s'g} klg a}7sdf
gcfpg], kf6L{sf lj?4 u'6aGbLnfO{ tLj| kfg{], kf6L{ s]Gb|sf] lg0f{olj?4 ;fj{hlgs
d~rdf hfg], kf6L{ btf{ ug{'kb{Yof] egL cGtjf{tf{x¿ lbg]h:tf cfºgf c/fhstfjfbL
lqmofsnfknfO{ tLj| kfg{] sfd eof] . oL ;asf af/]df ljwfg adf]lhd :ki6Ls/0f
dfUbf ;f] lbg c:jLsf/ ug{], s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 cflwsfl/s ?kdf e]6]/ s'/f ubf{
cfkm"n] s'g} klg cg'zf;g gdfGg] / cfkm"n] eg]/ dfGg] hltnfO{ cg'zf;g
tf]8\g cx|fPsf] s'/f ug{] tyf kf6L{sf lj?4 cnu x]8Sjf6{/ rnfPsf] ;d]t tYo :ki6
eO;s]kl5 ca Tof] x]8Sjf6{/dfly g} cfqmd0f ug{'afx]s xfd|f]h:tf] dfcf]jfbL
kf6L{sf nflu csf{] ljsNk /x]g . Tof] cj:yfdf k'gM s]=;=sf] cfsl:ds a}7s
a;L ;Dk"0f{ kf6L{lj/f]wL x/stsf nflu ;d/;]gnfO{ ^ dlxgf kf6L{ ;b:otfaf6
;d]t lgisf;g ug{] lg0f{o ul/of] . kf6L{nfO{ c/fhstfjfb / lj;h{gjfbsf] vt/faf6
arfpg ul/Psf] of] sfo{jfxLsf] dxŒj :ki6 x'“bfx'“b} cNkdtsf s]=;=;=x¿ k'gM Jofks
?kdf c/fhs, u'6aGbLhGo / km'6jfbL lqmofsnfkdf nfu] . oxf“;Dd cfOk'Ubf hgtf
/ sfo{stf{df sfkmL gf+lu;s]sf] eP/ klg o;k6s kf6L{ km'6fO{ 5f8\g] sfddf
cNkdtsf] g]t[Tj Hofg 5f]8]/ nfu]sf] s'/f :ki6 eof] . o;}a]nf o'jf
df]rf{sf] ;Dd]ngdf lgtfGt if8\oGqd"ns 9+un] kf6L{sf lj?4 ;fj{hlgs hfg] sfd
klg eP/ uof] . Tof] cj:yfdf s]=;=sf] csf{] cfsl:ds a}7s af]nfP/ s]=sf=sf
tkm{af6 sd;]sd To;k|sf/sf u'6jfbL / km'6jfbL sfo{k|lt cfTdfnf]rgf ug{ tyf cfºgf
dte]bx¿ If]qLo e]nf / /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf nfgsf lgldQ k6s–k6s cfu|x ul/of] .
t/ km'6jfb, c/fhstfjfb / lj;h{gjfbsf] /f]un] u|:t eO;s]sf] cNkdtsf] g]t[Tju'6n]
kf6L{ k4ltcg';f/ hfg] s'/f t k/} 5 pN6f], -!_ ljrf/ ;d"xsf] cl:tTj :jLsfg{'
kg{], -@_ ;Dk"0f{ cg'zf;gsf sfjf{xL ljgfzt{ lkmtf{ lng'kg{],
-#_ cNkdtnfO{ kf6L{, df]rf{, ljefu ;a}lt/ ;Ddfghgs :yfg -sf]6f_ lbg'kg{], -$_
lgjf{w cleJolQmsf] :jtGqtf kfpg' kg{]h:tf rf/ ;t{x¿ kf6L{ Pstfsf] cfwf/sf ?kdf
k|:t't u¥of] . tL rf/ ;t{x¿ kf6L{ Pstfsf xf]Og, kf6L{ lj;h{gsf cfwf/x¿
lyP, h;nfO{ Pp6f qmflGtsf/L kf6L{n] ;xg} ;Qm}gYof] / tL c:jLs[t ul/P .
a}7sdf pkl:yt cNkdtsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ u'6jfbL / km'6jfbL lqmofsnfksf lgldQ, uNtLsf]
k|s[ltcg';f/ ljleGg :t/sf] cg'zf;gsf] sfjf{xL ul/of] . ToxL a}7sn] If]qLo
e]nf / /fli6«o ;Dd]ngsf] sfo{qmd lglZrt u¥of] . clxn] b]zel/ lgs}
pT;fxk"0f{ jftfj/0fdf If]qLo e]nf ;DkGg u/L xfdL of] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf
pkl:yt ePsf 5f}+ .
ptf cNkdt kIf kf6L{sf lj?4 c;}4flGts /
c/fhg}lts 9+usf em'§f k|rf/, JolQmut rl/qxTof Pj+ b':dgnfO{ pS;fpg] 9+usf ;z:q
;+3if{;DaGwL xNnf k|ltlqmofjfbL / ;+zf]wgjfbL k|rf/oGqaf6 ug{df tNnLg eO/x]sf]
5 . olta]nf g]kfnsf ;Dk"0f{ k|ltlqmofjfbL, ;+zf]wgjfbL / cj;/jfbLx¿
kf6L{lj/f]wL sfo{sf nflu cNkdt kIfnfO{ af]s]/ lxl8/x]sf 5g\ .
;du| cGt/;+3if{sf] k|lqmofsf] pTsif{df
cfOk'Ubf cNkdt kIfn] c/fhstfjfb Pj+ blIf0fkGyL lj;h{gjfbsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 /
To;nfO{ kf6L{n] d"n?kdf k/flht u/]sf] s'/f :ki6 ePsf] 5 . ;'wf/jfb /
lj;h{gjfbsf lj?4sf] of] ;+3if{sf] ;Gbe{df kf6L{leq qmflGtsf/L nfOgsf] ;dy{g
ug{], ;z:q ;+3if{sf rsf{ s'/f ug{], Jojxf/df kf6L{ cg'zf;g / k4ltsf] v'Nnf
pNn+3g ug{], u'6aGbL ug{], ;fdfGo sfo{stf{x¿df kf6L{ / g]t[Tjk|lt cljZjf;
km}nfpg k"/} s;/t ug{], cGt/;+3if{df hlxn] klg c/fhstfjfbL / blIf0fkGyL
lj;h{gjfbLx¿nfO{ d2t k'¥ofpg], qmflGtsf/L sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ cljZjf; ug{] /
pgLx¿af6 6f9f /xg], cj;/jfbLx¿;“u æxflb{sÆ ;DaGw agfpg] vfnsf] k|j[lQ klg
b]vfk¥of] . v'Nnf ;'wf/jfb / lj;h{gjfbsf lj?4sf] ;+3if{sf qmddf b]vfk/]sf]
of] k|j[lQ tTsfn vf; ;d:of geP tfklg kf6L{ o;df ;ts{ /xg h?/L 5 . of]
lgDgk'“hLjfbL k|j[lQ klg jf:tjdf jfdkGyL nºkmfhLsf ?kdf b]lvg] blIf0fkGyL
lj;h{gjfb g} xf] . ljljw k|j[lQx¿sf aLrsf] ;+3if{df o;k|sf/sf] l:yltaf/]
cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngdf kof{Kt cg'ejx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . qmflGtsfl/tfsf]
kbf{leq /x]sf] of] c/fhstfjfbL / lj;h{gjfbL k|j[lQ lj?4 klg kf6L{n] cfjZos Wofg
lbg'kb{5 . v'n]/ b]vfk/]sf] lj;h{gjfbL k|j[lQsf ;fy} 5ß lj;h{gjfbsf af/]df
klg ;ts{ /xg' kb{5 .
cGt/;+3if{sf] of] k|lqmofdf kf6L{leq
t6:ytfsf] e"ldsf v]Ng], b'j}lt/sf uNtL 5g\ eg]/ aLrsf] af6f] lx8\g vf]Hg]
tyf c;}4flGts Pj+ c/fhg}lts ;Demf}tfsf] lgldQ bjfj lbg] k|j[lQ klg
b]vfk¥of] . o;k|sf/sf sd/]8x¿sf] lgotdf kljqtf eP klg o;n] cGttM ;'wf/jfb
/ lj;h{gjfbnfO{ g} d2t k'¥ofpg] x'G5, lsgls of] dfn]dfsf] ;xL / untaLrdf :ki6
kIfw/tfsf] d"ne"t l;4fGtsf lj?4 x'G5 . kf6L{n] k|ToIf jf k/f]If
?kdf To;k|sf/sf] e"ldsfdf /x]sf sd/]8x¿nfO{ :ki6 kfg{ k|oTg ug{'k5{ .
cGt/;+3if{sf
cg'ejsf] lgrf]8 / To;sf pknlAw, sdhf]/L / lzIffx¿
dflysf] ljj/0faf6 kf6L{ Pstf / ;+3if{sf]
s] lgisif{ lg:sG5 < o;af6 kf6L{nfO{ s] pknlAw eof] < o;;Gbe{df kf6L{sf s]
sdhf]/L /x] < o;af6 kf6L{n] lng'kg{] lzIff s] x'g\ < xfd|f nflu cyf{t\
kf6L{sf] efjL ljsf;sf nflu oL dxŒjk"0f{ k|Zgx¿ x'g\ .
cGt/;+3if{sf]
;f/
!= kf6L{ Pstf / To;leqsf] ;+3if{sf]
;Dk"0f{ cg'ejn] lg;+sf]r ?kdf s] :ki6 ub{5 eg] cNkdtn] cj;/jfbsf]
k|ltlglwTj ub{5 / ax'dtn] qmflGtsf/L dfS;{jfbsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 .
;Dk"0f{ ;+3if{sf] ;f/tŒjdf of] dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL–dfcf]jfbL / ;j{xf/f
cfGbf]ngdf k'“hLjfbL c;/ km}nfpg] ;'wf/jfbLx¿sf aLrsf] ;+3if{ xf] .
cfh cNkdtsf] g]t[TjnfO{ b]zsf
;Dk"0f{ ;+zf]wgjfbL, cj;/jfbL / oxf“;Dd ls sltko cj:yfdf
k|ltlqmofjfbL;Ddsf] ;xof]u k|fKt ePsf] 5 / cNkdt kIfsf] pgLx¿;“u xhf/ lsl;dsf
;DaGwx¿ 5g\ eg] ax'dtnfO{ kf6L{sf cfd sfo{stf{, qmflGtsf/L hg;d'bfo / ljZjel/sf
sDo'lg:6 qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf] ;xof]u k|fKt 5 .
@= kf6L{ Pstf / ;+3if{sf] cg'ejn] s] :ki6
ub{5 eg] Oltxf;sf] Pp6f ljlzi6 j:t'ut df]8df k}bf ePsf] Pstfsf] jftfj/0fnfO{
qmflGtsf/L sDo'lg:6x¿n] qmflGtsf/Lx¿nfO{ uf]naGb ug{] p2]Zo k"/f ug{
k|of]u ub{5g\ eg] cj;/jfbLx¿n] ;Dk"0f{ kf6L{nfO{ c/fhstf / lj;h{gsf]
l:yltdf k'¥ofO{ To;nfO{ Pp6f ;+;bLo d~rsf ?kdf k|of]u ug{ s;/t ub{5g\ .
36gfqmdn] s] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 eg] clxn] km"6, c/fhstf / lj;h{gsf] kmf]xf]/L
cfxfndf 8'a'NsL dfg{ k'u]sfx¿n] lxhf] Pstfsf cfwf/ / dfGotfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{'
l;¨f] kf6L{nfO{ ;'wf/jfbdf km;fpg ;lsG5 eGg] lx;faaf6 k}bf ePsf] if8\oGq dfq
lyof], Toxf“ To;k|sf/sf tŒjx¿df s'g} OdfGbfl/tf lyPg .
#= kf6L{ Pstf / ;+3if{sf] cg'ejn] s]
:ki6 ub{5 eg] sDo'lg:6 qmflGtsf/Lx¿ kf6L{leq / aflx/ tdfd ;+zf]wgjfbL /
cj;/jfbLx¿sf] l;+uf] kf6L{nfO{ blIf0fkGyL cj;/jfbdf emfg{] if8\oGqnfO{ rsgfr'/
kfg{ d"n ?kdf ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . cg'ejn] s] :ki6 ub{5 eg] k|ltlqmofjfbL,
;+zf]wgjfbL / cj;/jfbLsf tdfd if8\oGq, hfnem]n, cGt/Wj+;sf tdfd lqmofsnfknfO{
lrb{} sDo'lg:6 qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf] aLrdf ;DkGg of] PstfnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] gof“
prfOdf k'¥ofP/ gof“ cfwf/df gof“ Pstf sfod ug{] sfddf kf6L{ d"n?kdf ;kmn
ePsf] 5 . em'6, km/]j / xNnfsf] ahf/ hlt g} u/d u/] klg tYon] s] ;flat
u/]sf] 5 eg] lxhf] ljleGg ;d"xaf6 cfPsf sDo'lg:6 qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf]
7"nf] lx:;f Pstf s]Gb|sf] em08fd'lg cem} bx|f];“u uf]naGb eO/x]sf 5g\ /
gof“ cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy km'6jfb / lj;h{gjfbsf lj?4 h'lw/x]sf 5g\ .
$= kf6L{ Pstfsf qmddf :ki6 ?kdf gcfPsf]
eP tfklg Pstfkl5sf] cGt/;+3if{n] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] g]kfnL qmflGtsf] af6f]sf
;DaGwdf bL3{sfnLg hgo'4;lxtsf] /fhg}lts sfo{lbzfsf lj?4 ;du|df ;'wf/jfbL
sfo{lbzfsf] jsfnt ug{]x¿;“u jf:tljs kf6L{ Pstf x'g ;Qm}g, sDo'lg:6 qmflGtsf/Lx¿
of] k|Zgdf lgs} ;ts{ /xg h?/L 5 .
pknlAw
!= kf6L{ Pstf / ;+3if{sf] of] l;¨f] k|lqmofn]
;Dk"0f{ kf6L{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;}4flGts, /fhg}lts ;'ema'em;lxt ;+3if{df vf/]/
e/k"/ Jofjxfl/s cg'ejx¿åf/f ;';lHht kf/]sf] 5 . kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjtxb]lv
tn};Dd sfo{stf{sf hLjgdf åGåjfb k|of]u ug{] Ifdtf a[l4 ePsf] 5 .
@= kf6L{ Pstf / ;+3if{sf] of] k|lqmofn]
kf6L{sf] qmflGtsf/L /fhgLlt Pj+ To;sf kIfw/ g]tf–sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ hgtfsf]
7"nf] lx:;fdf :yflkt x'g d2t u/]sf] 5 .
#= kf6L{ Pstf / ;+3if{sf] of] k|lqmofn] b]zsf
sDo'lg:6 qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf] 7"nf] lx:;fnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5, efjL lbgx¿df 5fnem}+
cufl8 a9\gsf lgldQ ;fgbf/ j:t'l:ylt tof/ kf/]sf] 5 .
$= kf6L{ Pstf / ;+3if{sf] of] k|lqmofn]
sDo'lg:6 qmflGtsf/LnfO{ hgtfaf6 cnUofP/ bdg ug{] k|ltlqmofjfbL if8\oGqnfO{
rsgfr'/ kf/]sf] 5 .
%= kf6L{ Pstf / ;+3if{sf] of] k|lqmofn]
kf6L{leq / aflx/ hgtfsf] 7"nf] lx:;fdf ;d]t ;'wf/jfbL / lj;h{gjfbL
tŒjx¿nfO{ w]/} xb;Dd g+UofOlbPsf] 5 .
;d:ofx¿
!= kf6L{ Pstf / ;+3if{sf] of] k|lqmofn] kf6L{sf]
;Dk"0f{ sld6L Joj:yf, cg'zf;g, uf]kgLotf, 5\ofNnAofNn ePsf 5g\ .
c/fhstfjfbL Pj+ lj;h{gjfbLx¿;“usf] ;+;u{ / o;aLrsf tdfd ;+;bLo lqmofsnfkn]
kf6L{sf] tnb]lv dfly;Ddsf g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x¿df w]/} xb;Dd c/fhs Pj+ ;+;bLo
k|j[lQsf] k|b"if0fn] e/]sf] 5 .
@= Pstf / ;+3if{sf] of] eLif0f k|lqmofn] sltko
Odfgbf/ sfo{stf{x¿df lg/fzf Pjd\ cljZjf;sf] efj a9fPsf] 5 . kf6L{ g]t[Tj /
sfo{stf{x¿sf aLrdf xflb{s, ;hLj, ljZjf;k"0f{ ;DaGwdf s]xL b/f/ Pj+ z+sf
pTkGg u/fPsf] 5 . o;aLrdf blIf0fkGyL lj;h{gjfbsf] k|xf/sf sf/0f kf6L{leq
g]t[Tj;DaGwL cjwf/0ffdf sfkmL e|d, cGof}n / c/fhstf km}nfPsf] 5 .
#= Pstf / ;+3if{sf] of] k|lqmofn] kf6L{
g]t[TjnfO{ qmflGtsf /0fg}lts sfdx¿df d"n Wofg / zlQm s]lGb|t ub{} of]hgfa4
9+un] cufl8 a9\g sfkmL Jojwfg pTkGg u/fPsf] 5, b}lgs Pj+ tfTsflns sfddf cEo:t
x'g afWo kf/]sf] 5 .
$= Pstf / ;+3if{sf] k|lqmofn] kf6L{–hLjgsf
cTofjZos sfdsfjf{xLx¿ klg c:tJo:t ePsf 5g\, sld6La4 cfnf]rgf–cfTdfnf]rgfsf]
k|lqmof 7Kk ePsf] 5, sfo{stf{x¿sf] sfdsf] d"NofÍg, pgLx¿sf] x]/ljrf/,
k|lzIf0f, l/kf]l6{ª–lg/LIf0f k|0ffnL, cfly{s of]hgf / cg'zf;g ;a} nyfln+u ePsf
5g\ .
%= Pstf / ;+3if{sf] of] k|lqmofdf kf6L{, ljleGg
df]rf{ Pj+ d~rsf aLrsf] ;DaGw / kl/rfng eb|uf]nh:t} x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
of]hgfa4 sfdeGbf e}kl/cfpg] ;d:ofnfO{ xtktdf xn ug{] k|lqmofsf] ljsf; eO/x]sf]
5 .
^= Pstf / ;+3if{sf] of] k|lqmofn] uf]kgLotf /
cg'zf;gsf] uDeL/ ;d:of pTkGg ePsfn] 6]s;DaGwL sfdnfO{ h'g prfOdf k'¥ofpg
;lsGYof], Tof] ;lsPsf] 5}g .
&= Pstf / ;+3if{sf] of] k|lqmofdf j}wflgs /
cj}wflgs cfGbf]ngsf] tfnd]ndf j}wflgs d~rsf] ;+rfng, ;+;bLo lgjf{rg k|lqmofdf
ePsf sltko ;xdlt / ;Demf}tfsf k|lqmofn] klg Jojwfg pTkGg ePsf] 5 .
sdhf]/Lx¿
!= kf6L{ Pstf / ;+3if{sf] of] k|lqmofdf
/fhgLltnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ cj;/jfbsf lj?4 Ps l9Ssf eP/ ;+3if{ ug{] sfd
d"n ¿kdf k"/f eP klg sltko cj:yfdf JolQmut / Jofjxfl/s s'/fx¿nfO{ jf
uf}0f dxŒjsf k|Zgx¿nfO{ k|wfgtf lbg] sfdn] cj;/jfbLx¿n] kmfObf p7fpg] u/]sf
5g\ .
@= cGt/;+3if{sf] of] k|lqmofdf kf6L{ g]t[Tjaf6
h'g bIftf / ;lqmotfsf ;fy k|zf;lgs sfdsf] Joj:yfkg, ;~rf/, k|lzIf0f,
k|rf/k|;f/, k|sfzg ug{'kb{Yof], To;df sdhf]/Lx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . cGt/;+3if{df
kf6L{ g]t[Tjaf6 kl/l:yltsf] hl6ntfsf afjh'b sltko pbf/jfbL k|sf/sf sdhf]/L ePsf
5g\ / sltko cj:yfdf ;+sL0f{tfsf sdhf]/L klg ePsf 5g\ .
#= cGt/;+3if{sf] of] l;¨f] k|lqmofdf kf6L{
g]t[Tj / lhNnfx¿sf aLrdf s}of}+ cj:yfdf cfjZos tfnd]n / ;du| kl/l:yltnfO{
Wofgdf /fv]/ ;+3if{sf] sfo{gLlt agfpg] sdLsdhf]/L /x]sf 5g\ .
lgisif{
kf6L{ Pstf / ;+3if{sf] pk/f]Qm ;f/,
pknlAw, ;d:of / sdhf]/Lsf] ljZn]if0faf6 s] lgisif{ lg:sG5 eg] of] ;du|
k|lqmofdf j:t'tM kf6L{ ljhoL ePsf] 5 . o;sf/0f qmflGtsf] ljsf; k|lqmofdf
of] pknlAwd"ns ePsf] 5, t/ kf6L{sf cufl8 ;d:of klg uDeL/ 5g\ / tL ;d:of
Pj+ sdhf]/LnfO{ ;Rofpg l;¨f] kf6L{ b[9tfk"j{s h'6\g' k5{, kf6L{sf] eljio
lgs} pHHjn 5 .
kf6L{ Pstf / ;+3if{sf] ;du| cg'ejaf6
sDo'lg:6 qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] lng'kg{] k|d'v ;as æljrf/wf/fTds :ki6tfdf hf]8 b]pm,
/fhgLltnfO{ s]Gb|ljGb'df /fv]/ To;df b[9 c8fg n]pm, ;fgfltgf sfo{gLlts /
Jofjxfl/s k|Zgdf clwstd nlrnf] ag]/ cj;/jfbnfO{ cnufpdf kf/L qmflGtsf/Lx¿nfO{
uf]naGb ug{ k"/f Wofg b]pmÆ eGg] g} xf] . of] ;as kf6L{df ljsf; x'g'
efjL cGt/;+3if{sf lgldQ klg Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ lzIff x'g]5 .
k
s= nfnWjhsf] kq / cGo
lqmofsnfkaf/]*
s]Gb|Lo
;ldltsf] ut a}7ssf] lg0f{ocg';f/ xfd|f] dxfg\ tyf uf}/jzfnL kf6L{sf] l;+uf]
k+lQm b':dgsf lj?4 k|Tofqmd0fsf] klxnf] P]ltxfl;s of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf uO/x]sf]
cToGt ;+j]bgzLn 38Ldf kf]ln6Ao"/f]sf :yfoL ;ldlt ;b:o s=nfnWjhsf] u+eL/
k|s[ltsf] kq crfgs s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf k|fKt eof] . ;f] k|s[lt / To;df
p7fOPsf k|Zgx¿af/] kf6L{ s]Gb| lgDgfg';f/ cfd kf6L{ k+lQmnfO{ :ki6 ug{
rfxG5 .
!= kqsf] k[i7e"ld, ljlw / ;do–;Gbe{af/]
@^ sflt{s )^! sf] pQm kqdf eg]em}+ @# sflt{s )^!sf lbg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no / s=nfnWjhsf aLrdf ;fdfGo kf6L{ sfdsf ;fy} d'VotM cGt/;+3if{sf] l:yltsf ljifodf sl/a $ 306f nfdf] 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . 5nkmns} qmddf s]Gb|Ls/0f;DaGwL ut s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] lg0f{oaf/] dfOGo"6 k9\g] sfd klg ul/Psf] lyof] . cGTodf