clvn 1fg
;+sng÷n]vg
n]vgfy Gof}kfg]
k|sfzsM
cg]/f:jljo' -qmflGtsf/L_ s]Gb|Lo
;ldlt
k|sfzg ljefu
s[lt M clvn 1fg
;+sng÷n]vg M n]vgfy Gof}kfg]
k|sfzs M
cg]/f:jljo' -qmflGtsf/L_
s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt, k|sfzg ljefu
;jf{lwsf/ M
k|sfzsdf
ldlt M
!% c;f/, @)^@
;+:s/0f M
klxnf]
k[i7;+Vof M !$±!^@
k|lt M
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d"No M
¿= %)÷–
AKHIL
GYAN
by Lekhanath Neupane
;dk{0f †
/ut aufP/
b'lgof“ abNg] ;d/sf ofqLx?
5}7f}+ la|u]8 sld;f/ sd/]8 ljzfn
bf];|f] la|u]8 sdf08/ sd/]8 hLt
;+u7gsf s]Gb|Lo ;b:o j}s'07 kf]v|]n
5fqf ljefusL ;b:o pld{nf clwsf/L
nufot ;a}–;a} zxLbx?k|lt .
wwww
k|sfzsLo
k':tssf] gfdaf6 g} o;sf] pkof]lutf, dxŒj
/ cfjZostfaf/] af]w x'G5 . o; k':tsdf ;du| ljifonfO{ 5f]6f]–5l/tf] 9+un]
;/ntfk"j{s k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;xL / y'k}| Jofjxfl/s ;"rgfx¿ dfq}
xf]Og, ju{;+3if{leq ljrf/ lgdf{0fsf] k|Zg, of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] 5nkmn Pj+
sfof{Gjogsf eLif0f df]rf{x¿ o;df ;d]l6Psf] 5 . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df o;vfnsf]
k':ts lgtfGt gof“ xf] .
hLjgsf x/]s If]qdf sfd ug{] dflg;x¿nfO{
of] k':ts ;xof]uL aGg;S5 . ljBfyL{, lzIfs, kqsf/, Oltxf;sf/, kf6L{
sfo{stf{, hg;]gf, dhb'/, ls;fgsf lglDt of] k7gLo dfq xf]Og, ;+u|x0fLo klg
5 . of] ;fgf] k':tsdf ljZjsDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf] emnsb]lv g]=s=kf=sf]
Oltxf;, hgd'lQm ;]gfsf sfjf{xLx¿ Pj+ gof“ hg;Qfsf] lgdf{0f, g]kfnL ljBfyL{
cfGbf]ngsf] JofVofTds Oltxf;nufot ljleGg df]rf{ Pj+ hgjuL{o ;+u7gx¿sf]
Oltxf;sf] ;fdfGo emns, ljleGg JolQmTjx¿sf k9\g} kg{] k':tsx¿, To:tf JolQmTjsf
hLjgL;lxt cGo 1fga4{s ljifox¿ ;d]6\g] k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngdf cu|0fL
e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{} cfPsf] xfd|f] ;+u7g clvn g]kfn /fli6«o :jtGq ljBfyL{
o'lgog -qmflGtsf/L_ sf cWoIf n]vgfy Gof}kfg]n] c;fWo} Jo:t / cJol:yt hLjgsf
aLrdf olt Jojl:yt k':ts tof/ kf/]/ k|z+;gLo sfd ug{'ePsf] 5 . o;cl3 h]n
a;fOsf] cg'e"ltnfO{ ;d]6]/ n]Vg'ePsf] / xfd|f] ;+u7gn] b'O{ jif{cl3
k|sflzt u/]sf] lstfa k|ltalGwt snd kf7ssf nflu lgs} lk|o ag]sf] 5 . /, ut
;fn dfq pxf“sf] z}lIfs x8\tfn gfds k'l:tsf ;+u7gn] g} k|sflzt u/]sf]
lyof] .
cys kl/>dsf ;fy tof/ kfl/Psf] clvn 1fg gfds k':ts k|sfzg
ug{ kfPsf]df xfdL cWoIf Gof}kfg]k|lt cg'u[lxt ePsf 5f}+ . /, o:tf
l;h{gfTds k|sfzgx¿ ub{} hfg] k|lta4tf klg /fVg rfxG5f}+ . k':tssf]
u'0fjQfdf a[l4 ug{sf nflu kf7saf6 cfPsf x/]s ;'emfjsf] xfdL ;xif{ :jfut
ub{5f}+ .
!% c;f/ @)^@
cg]/f:jljo'
-qmflGtsf/L_
s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt, k|sfzg ljefu
e"ldsf
ljBfyL{ g]tf n]vgfy Gof}kfg]åf/f ;+slnt / lnlvt clvn 1fg gfds
k':ts Ps pkof]uL cWoog ;fdu|Lsf ¿kdf tof/ ePsf] 5 . P]ltxfl;s 36gfqmdx¿sf]
tYo ;+u|x ul/Psf] o; vfnsf] k':tssf] cfjZostf / ck]Iff x'“b} cfPsf] lyof] .
o; ;Gbe{df o; k':tssf] pkof]lutf / dxŒj :jtM:ki6 5 .
clvn 1fg ljleGg cfGbf]ngx¿ h;n] ;dfh ?kfGt/0fdf
dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]ln/x]sf x'G5g\, ljz]if u/]/ ljBfyL{ cfGbf]ngb]lv
sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ng;Dd jf qmflGtsf/L ju{;+3if{sf P]ltxfl;s Pj+ j:t'ut tYo / sltko
cGo lj1fg jf Jofjxfl/s tYox¿sf] ;+sng xf] . lsgls, of] k':ts ju{;+3if{ jf
36gfqmddf cfwfl/t /x]/ tof/ ePsf] 5 . To;sf/0f Oltxf;df hg;d'bfosf]
e"ldsfnfO{ tYod"ns 1fg lbg] k|oTg o;n] u/]sf] 5 . o; cy{df of]
k':ts ;fdfGo 1fgsf ¿kdf b]lvg] sltko k':tseGbf leGg, ljsl;t / df}lns
ljz]iftfsf] ;d]t 5 .
dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfb / k|r08kysf] 1fgl;4fGt, cg'ejaf6 cg'ej / ljrf/af6 ljrf/sf] qmddf 3'Dg] s'g} g s'g} ¿ksf] dgf]utjfbsf lj?4 tYox¿sf cfwf/df ;To kQf nufpg] / ljrf/ ;+Zn]if0f u/]/ To;nfO{ tYodf a'‰g] ljlwdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . o;sf/0f tYox¿ hfgsf/L jf ;|f]t dfq xf]Ogg\ a? ljrf/ lgdf{0f ug{] / ljsl;t ug{] cfwf/ klg x'g\ . pk/f]Qm j}1flgs dfGotfsf] b[li6af6 x]bf{ of] k':tsdf cGtlg{lxt tYox¿ g]kfnL ju{;+3if{sf] ljrf/sf k|f/lDes wf/0ff agfpg / To;nfO{ cfTd;ft\ Pj+ ljsl;t ug{ cfwf/sf] e"ldsf v]Ng]5g\ .
of] k':ts clvn 1fgn] ;fdfGo kf7sx¿sf nflu 1fg ;+u|xsf] /
ljåfg kf7sx¿sf] nflu ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] e"ldsf v]Ng]5 . hf];'s}sf] nflu
klg 1fgsf] ulx/fO;Dd k'Ug'k"j{ of] k':ts lgs} ;xof]uL x'g]5 . clvn
1fg k':ts tof/ u/]/ n]vgfy Gof}kfg]n] qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuLnfO{ dfq
xf]Og, clkt' ;a} kf7sx¿sf nflu 7"nf] ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' ePsf] 5 .
@ c;f/ @)^@
s[i0faxfb'/ dx/f
k|jQmf, g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_
d]/f] eGg'
cj;/jfbn]
;To af]Nb}g
/fhgLlts Oltxf; 36gfx¿sf] y'k|f] dfq
xf]Og / ;fy} Oltxf;sf tL 36gfx¿ Pp6f 6fk'h:t} :jtGq / PSnf] klg sbflk x'g
;Sb}gg\ . Oltxf;sf ;a} To:tf 36gfx¿df Ps;“u csf{]sf] ;DaGw cljefHo /xG5,
h;/L l;qmLsf uf]6Lx¿ Pscsf{;“u hf]l8Psf x'G5g\ . o;/L g} JolQm / p;leqsf]
k|j[lQ, ljrf/ / ljrf/ lgdf{0fsf] g]t[Tj ug{] JolQm klg Ps cfk;df ;DalGwt
x'G5g\ . JolQmnfO{ k|j[lQ;“u 5'6\ofpg] / JolQmnfO{ rf]Vofpg] Pj+ ljrf/af6
To;sf] g]t[TjnfO{ cnUofpg] / of]ubfgnfO{ v'DRofpg] b'j} k|sf/sf c/fhstfx¿
g]kfnL ju{;+3if{df b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ . To;sf/0f /fhgLlts Oltxf;leq ;d]l6Psf
ljleGg j}rfl/s k|j[lQ -qmflGtsf/L / u}/qmflGtsf/L_ x¿ / o:tf k|j[lQx¿n] ;dfh
?kfGt/0fdf kfg{] ;sf/fTds Pj+ gsf/fTds k|efjx¿ Pj+ oL k|j[lQ af]Sg] k|ltlglw
kfq -qmflGtsf/L / cj;/jfbL_x¿nfO{ of] k':tfn] k9\g} k5{, lrGg} k5{ / 7Ls–7Ls
d"Nof+sg ug{ ;Sg] x'g}k5{ . o;f] ug{sf nflu /fhgLlts Oltxf;, h;nfO{
xfdL ju{;+3if{sf] Oltxf; klg eGg ;S5f}+, sf 36gfx¿nfO{ l;km{ 36gfx¿sf] y'k|f]
dfq b]Vg] Pj+ 36gfx¿sf] cljl5Gg / cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGwnfO{ cnu–cnu u/]/ x]g{] /
a'‰g] sfd eof] eg] xfdL 7Ls 7fp“df k'Ug ;Sb}gf}+ kmntM cfGbf]ngn] klg 7Ls lbzf
kqmg ;Sb}g . åGåjfbL af6f]af6 xfdL lrKNof}+ eg] x/]s j:t', 36gf /
JolQmnfO{ Ps b'O{df ljefhg u/]/ a'‰g] k|lqmof la;{G5f}+ . clg kf6L{, o'4 /
g]t[TjnfO{ z'4 cfbz{jfbL sf]0faf6 a'‰g] e"n ug{ k'U5f}+ . To;sf/0f
Oltxf;sf ;a} >[+vnfa4 s8Lx¿nfO{ h¿/ kN6fpg} k5{, clgjfo{ ¿kn] cWoog ug{}k5{
/ cfwf/e"t ¿kdf hfGg] x'g}k5{ . olb Oltxf;sf ;a} kfgf / k+lQmx¿
kN6fpg], cWoog ug{] / hfGg] sf]l;; ul/Pg eg] o'4df b[9tfk"j{s nfUg] tfut
k}bf x'g ;Sb}g .
a]Odfgx¿n] Oltxf;sf 36gfx¿, To;df cfºgf] ;+nUgtf / To;n] lbPsf] kl/0ffd ;f]x|} cfgf n'sfpg] u5{g\ . o;/L n'sfpg] k|j[lQ cj;/jfb xf] . cj;/jfbn] slxNo} klg 7Ls cyjf tYo / ;To af]Nb}g . p;n] xhf/ km"na'§f eb{} ;f/tM cj;/jfb g} af]N5 . t/ Odfgbf/ qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] o;f] ug{' k6Ss} x'Gg . To;} eP/ Odfgbf/ qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] lxhf]sf jf cfhsf ;a} 36gfx¿, To;df cfºgf] ;xeflutf -cj;/jfbsf] klg_ / To;n] Jojxf/tM lbPsf] kl/0ffd -b'j}_ h:tfsf] t:t} hgtf;fd' /fVg] lxDdt u5{g\ . 7Ls kl/0ffdsf] k'“hLs[t u5{g\ eg] unt kl/0ffdaf6 kf7 l;Sb} gof“ k|lta4tf;lxt csf{] gof“ cu|ofqfsf] ;'?jft u5{g\ . o;/L x]bf{ klg Oltxf; kN6fpg} k5{, 36gfx¿ s]nfpg} k5{ / km]l/ klg Oltxf; hfGg} k5{ . clg dfq qmflGtsf/L / u}/qmflGtsf/LnfO{ Pp6} t'nf]df /fv]/ hf]Vg] e"naf6 xfdLx¿ aRg ;S5f}+ . o;/L dfq xfdLn] eljiosf] af6f] ;':ki6 b]Vg klg ;Sg]5f}+ .
olta]nf g]kfnL ju{o'4 clGtd / lg0ff{os
r/0faf6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . 7Ls–7Ls of]hgf;lxtsf] o;sf] g]t[Tj, gof“ ljrf/
…k|r08kyÚ sf] ljsf; / qmflGtsf/L d'Vofnosf] ;';+rfng cWoIf sd/]8 k|r08af6
eO/x]sf] 5 . o;}sf] ljZjf;sf] cfwf/df qmflGtsf/L kmf}hn] o; r/0fnfO{ ;kmn
agfp“b} ;fDojfbL ;'Gb/ ;dfh;Dd k'Ug] :ki6 b[li6lIflth b]Vb}5 . p;nfO{
JolQmut kb, k|lti7f / k|rf/sf] s'g} ef]sltvf{ 5}g / /ftlbg, k]6df k6'sf
s;]/ /ut–kl;gf aufp“b}5 . x/]s lbg @)cf}+ of]4fx¿ 9Nb} 5g\ . 9Ng]
k+lQmdf gof“ 9+uaf6 xhf/f}+ k+lQma4 5g\ . t/ cj;/jfb of] ;f}Gbo{zf:qnfO{
lt3|], cgk9 / aGb's] b]Vb}5 . b'Mv, si6 / alnbfgnfO{ k|wfg kIf gagfO{
ljj]s;+ut 1fgsf] cfwf/df cufl8 a9\g' k5{ eg]/ clt{–pkb]z lbg], hlta]nf
alnbfgsf] cfjZostf k5{, Tolta]nf cgfjZos alnbfg eGb} zxLbx¿nfO{ xf]Rofpg] sfd
dfq} ub{}g, cj;/jfb 8/n] lj;h{gsf] af6f] vf]Hg yfN5 . clxn] cj;/jfbn] cf–cfºgf]
lhDd]jf/Lsf] cfs{ 5f]8\b}, b'ZdgnfO{ xltof/ lb+b} gof“ ljrf/ / cfGbf]nglj?4
k|of]u ug{] cj;/ lbO/x]5 . ;xof]4f df]rf{df 9Nbf cf“z' emb{}g p;sf], Jof6n
xfbf{ dg v'lDrGg p;sf], o'4 ;fdu|Lsf] cefjdf cfTdf 56\kl6b}g p;sf] . pN6f]
Jof6n xfbf{ jf kms{g' kbf{ d';'Ss xf:g] u5{, of]4f 9Nbf r'8\sL dfg{] u5{ /
k|r08ky c;kmn eof] eGb} 9f]ns lk6\g yfN5 . kb–k|lti7fs} rf}3]/f]df /dfpg]
of] k|j[lQ lxhf]sf ;dfhjfbL ;Qfdf k|ltqmflGt ax'dtn] u/]sf] s'ts{ ub{} qmflGtsf/L
ljrf/, g]t[Tj / sfo{qmdk|lt j}/efj /fVb} c;kmntfsf] ltvf{Odf uNnL–uNnL
8'ln/x]5 . cl:t @)$* ;fnkl5 dfq ljrf/ lgdf{0f ;'? ePsf] ldys s'/f]
/fVg]x¿, lxhf] k|r08ky s]xL klg xf]Og eg]/ :vlnt x'g]x¿ cfh o;sf] c;kmntfsf]
lglDt t]nsf] w"k lsg xfNb}5g\ < va{bf/ clvn 1fg tYo;lxt eG5, k|r08kysf]
hu k~rfotsfnsf] clGtd b'O{ jif{b]lv g} vlgg yflnPsf] lyof] . clvn 1fg
glthf;lxt eG5, k|r08ky @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] gof“ ljlzi6 ljrf/ xf], ;fj{ef}d rl/q
u|x0f ug{] lbzflt/ ultjfg\ 5 . clvn 1fg tYoaf6 ;To vf]Hg] ljlw;lxt eG5,
k|r08kysf] /Iff, k|of]u / ljsf;lagf gof“ o'usf] gof“ qmflGt x'g} ;Sb}g .
To;}n] d clvn 1fg qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ng l;Wofpg /lrg] ;a} if8\oGqsf/L k|j[lQ
-leqL / aflx/L_x¿sf] alv{nfkdf dzfn emf]:g] ljj]sn] g]t[Tj u/]sf] cfj]u
cfk"lt{sf] Pp6f s8L 7fGb5' .
ju{;+u|fd cufl8 a9\b} hf“bf xhf/f}+ xhf/
gof“ sfo{stf{x¿sf] etL{ cleofg rln/x]sf] 5 . of] qmd cem} cufl8 n}hfg'kg{]
cfjZostf 5 . t/ o;n] s]xL ;d:ofx¿ klg hGdfOlbPsf] 5 . kf6L{ ;fgf]
x'“bf b'lgof“n] g6]/]sf] / gkTofPsf] kL8f, b'O{ nfOg;+3if{sf ltSttfk"0f{
3'DtLx¿, u'08fx¿n] v]b]/ lrdf]6L–lrdf]6L dfg{] cj:yf, b'Zdgn] rnfPsf
7"nf–7"nf g/;+xf/sf/L ck|]zgx¿sf sxfnL nfUbf lrq cflb–cflb kf/ ub{}
cfPsf] sfo{stf{sf] k+lQm cfGbf]ngleq kftnf] x'“b}5 . Tof] tKsf, h;n]
pk/f]Qm ;a} 36gfx¿ krfp“b} cfof], dWo]sf Psfw JolQmx¿ knfog eP xf]nfg t/
7"nf] lx:;fsf] zxfbt eof] eg] af“sL clwsf+z gLlt lgdf{0fsf] txdf
k'lu/fv]sf] 5 . hgtf;“u k|ToIf ;DaGw /fVg] sld6L eg]sf] Onfsf / lhNnf x'g]
ubf{]/x]5 . o;n] lbglbg} hg;Dks{df /x]/ sfd ug{' k5{ t/ hgtf;“u} k|ToIf
hf]l8Psf] of] tKsf OdfGbf/ / n8fs' t 5 ;fy} ljrf/df sf“rf], Jojxf/df 7f8f] /
cleJolQmdf ?vf] klg 5 . of] k+lQmnfO{ ljrf/df kl/kSj, Jojxf/df zfnLg /
cleJolQmdf ljgd|df abNgsf nflu p;nfO{ gof“ 9+uaf6 k|lzlIft ug{'kg{]
b]lvG5 . of] sfdsf] nflu clvn 1fg Pp6f ;xof]uL ;fdu|L aGg] cfzf / e/f]zf
d}n] /fv]sf] 5' . Odfgbf/ / n8fs' k+lQmnfO{ kl/kSj agfpg ;lsof] eg] rdTsf/ hGdg] lbg d Tolt 6f9f
b]lVbg, lsgeg] s=:6flngn] eg]h:t} ;+;f/df ePsf ;f/f ax'd"No k'“hLdf ;aeGbf
ax'd"No / lg0ff{os k'“hL eg]sf] hgtf / sfo{stf{ x'g\ .
xfd|f] ;+u7g cg]/f:jljo' -qmflGtsf/L_
sf] hLjgdf Oltxf; k|sfzg ug{] w]/} of]hgf agfOof] t/ d"t{tflt/ uPg .
sltko ;Gbe{df lhDdf klg af“l8of] t/ of]hgf of]hgfd} ;Lldt /xg afWo eof], o;n]
hLjg kfPg . k"j{ cWoIf b]j u'?ª bfOn] n]Vg' ePsf] d'Vo j}rfl/s kIf
;d]l6Psf] Oltxf; k|sfzg ug{] Ps k6s of]hgf klg ag]sf] dnfO{ yfxf 5 t/ lsg k':ts
lgsflnPg, Tof] eg] yfxf 5}g . b]zel/af6 o:t} cWoog ;fdu|Lsf] dfu c;fWo}
al9/x]sf] lyof] / cBfjlw 5“b}5 . t/ ljljw afWotfn] d"t{tflt/ xfdL hfg
;ls/x]sf lyPgf}+ . o;} k|;+udf k"jL{ kxf8L lhNnfsf] Onfsfdf sfd ug{]
ldq o'j/fh e08f/Ln] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] gfddf c;fWo} dd{e]bL Pp6f kq egf}+ of
dfu kmf/fd k7fpg' eof] . of] ;fdfu|Ln] dnfO{ lgs} 5f]of] / på]lnt klg
agfof] . dgdf b'O{rf/ lbg s'/f] v]nfp“b} ubf{ d of] lgrf]8df k'u]+ ls ca
l9nf eP5, of] l9nfOdf c? l9nfO ug{' of] x}l;otsf] dfG5]sf] nflu ck/fw 7xl/g] 5
eGg] 7fg]/ clvn 1fgsf] cfsf/– If]q / k|sfzgsf] of]hgf;lxt ;fdu|L ;+sngsf]
d"t{ kxn ;'? u/]+ . of] ;Gbe{ @)^) ;fnsf] cfwf–cflwlt/sf] xf] .
cfwf/e"t 1fg ;+u|x, ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L jf
Oltxf;sf vf;–vf; s8Lx¿ h] eg] klg qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ / g]t[Tj, j:t'jfbL of]hgf /
of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf hf“bf aUg] /utsf l5sf{x¿ o;leq ;d]l6g'k5{ eGg] lx;fan] sfd t
yflnof] t/ c;fWo} ufx|f] x'“bf]/x]5 . b]Vbf / ¿kdf 5fDbf ;fdfGo g} xf]
h:tf] nfUg] t/ ha tYo, tYof+s / ;Totflt/ nDsg' k5{ Tolta]nf cK7\of/f] eGg]
lrhsf] cy{ /fd|f];“u dx;'; x'g]/x]5 . 9'Ss;“u 7"nf] k':tsfnodf a;]/
;fdu|L vf]Hb}, k9\b} / l6Kb} ug{'kg{] k|s[ltsf] sfd cyjf ;|f]t JolQmx¿n] hxf“
af]nfp“5g\ ToxL k'u]/ e]6\g' kg{] k|s[ltsf] of] sfo{ ju{o'4 / o;df cfºgf]
lhDd]jf/L, b'Zdgsf] rnv]n Pj+ s}of}+ ;fyLx¿sf] xTof / a]kQf cflbn] of]
k|j[lQsf] sfdnfO{ /f]h/f]h tuf/f] xfNg] ubf{]/x]5 . Psflt/ ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx¿
kof{Kt gkfOg] / csf{]lt/ kfOPsf / cfjZos ePsf ;a} k':tsx¿ af]s]/ lx8\g klg
g;lsg] . lk7\o"df af]lsPsf] emf]nfnfO{ g} 3/ jf 8]/f cyjf k':tsfno
;a} agfpg' kg{] afWotf ju{;+u|fdsf ;a} l;kfxLx¿sf] xf] . ToxL klg slxn]
k"/} emf]nf kmfn]/ lx8\g' kg{] afWotf t slxn] /fv]sf] 7fp“df kfgL k:g],
wld/fn] vfg] cj:yf . slxn] cfkm" k"j{ eOg] ;fdu|L klZrd, slxn]
;fdu|L kfOg] ;do k6Ss} glg:sg] cflb–OToflb ;d:ofn] v'a} nk]6\of] . ;a}eGbf
rsf{] ;d:of t tYox¿nfO{ cem} ljZjfl;nf] / ;To 7x¥ofpgsf nflu ljljw tYof+sx¿nfO{
le8fP/ ?h' ug{ vf]Hbf ;a} ;fdu|L Ps} 7fp“df gx'“bf ldNb} gldNg] /x]5 .
log} psfnL, cf]/fnL / 3'DtLsf afjh'b nueu ! jif{ * dlxgfkl5 tYof+ssf lx;fan]
v];|fs} ¿kdf eP klg k':ts tof/ eof] . o;leq ;d]l6Psf ;a} ldltx¿, 36gfx¿ /
tYox¿ ;To g} x'g\ eGg] l9kL d}n] ulb{g . p2]Zo t ;To ;dfj]z ug{] g} xf] t/
o:tf] sfddf Ps} k6ssf] k|of; k'Ubf] gx'g]/x]5 . To;sf/0f ;a} cfb/0fLo kf7sx¿n]
;Tosf lglDt tYox¿ /flvlbg' x'g / /rgfTds ;xof]u, ;'emfj / cfnf]rgf ;d]t
xflb{stfk"j{s /flvlbg' x'gsf lglDt ;a}df ljgd|tfk"j{s cg'/f]w
ub{5' . tfls csf{] k6snfO{ o:t} uNtL x'g gkfcf];\ . lj1 kf7sx¿af6
cfpg] ;a} /rgfTds cfnf]rgfsf] Xbo vf]n]/ :jfut ug{] ;+:s[lt hgo'4n] xfdLnfO{
l;sfPsf] 5 .
clvn 1fg tof/ kfg{] qmddf w]/} cu|h
sd/]8x¿, ;xof]4f ldqx¿ / z'e]R5's ;fyLx¿sf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;xof]u k|fKt
eof] . s;}n] lnlvt ¿kdf, s;}n] df}lvs ?kdf, s;}n] kmf]gåf/f t s;}n] k':ts
jf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L pknAw u/fP/ jf ;Gbe{;fdu|L kfOg] 7fp“ / lbzf atfOlbP/ ;xof]usf]
xft a9fpg' eof] . pxf“x¿ ;a}df /ftf] ;nfd ck{0f ub{5' . sltn] lbg' ePsf
k':tsx¿ lkmtf{ ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g, sltko x/fPsf klg 5g\ pxf“x¿;fd' cfnf]lrt x'“b}
jfrf k"/f ug{] k|lta4tf klg bf]xf]¥ofp“5' . t/ sltko kmf}hL sfjf{xLx¿,
ha; / df]rf{sf] ;+u7gfTds Oltxf;, hg;/sf/sf] u7g / gfdfjnL Pj+ lzIff gLlt /
em08fx¿ xhf/ sf]l;; ubf{ klg k|fKt geP/ ;dfj]z ug{ ;Sb} ;lsg . o;k|lt klg
d cfnf]lrt x'g'k5{ . k':ts k|sfzgsf] nflu xf};nf lbg' x'g] >4]o kf6L{ cWoIf
sd/]8 k|r08df /lQmd ;nfd r9fp“5' . ;fy} c;fWo} rfksf] aLraf6 5f]6f] t/ uxlsnf]
e"ldsf n]lvlbg' x'g] >4]o kf6L{ k|jQmf sd/]8 s[i0faxfb'/ dx/fk|lt klg
/lQmd ;nfd r9fp“5' . z'4fz'4L x]/]/ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' x'g] kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo
k|sfzg ljefusf ;]qm]6/L sd/]8 sdnk|;fb, sDKo"6/ 6fOk;]l6ª u/]/ ;xof]u
ug{'x'g] ldq gLdaxfb'/ a'9fyf]sL, ;Ltf kf}8]n / k|];sf ju{lxt}ifL dhb'/x¿nfO{
klg /ftf] ;nfd;lxt wGojfb lbg rfxG5' . !=* jif{sf] cl3Nnf] ^ dlxgfsf]
cjlwdf ;fdu|Lx¿ s]lGb|t ug{], n]lvPsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;fkmL ug{] / of]hgf k"/f
ug{sf nflu xf};nf lbg] Pj+ ;xof]u ug{] lk|o hLjg;fyL pld{nf clwsf/L -;dLIff_,
h;n] k':ts aflx/ cfPsf] b]Vg} kfpg' ePg, pxf“k|lt ljz]if ju{;nfd ck{0f
ub{5' . of] k':ts k|sfzg ug{] h'g l;h{gfTds of]hgf xfd|f] ;+u7g
cg]/f:jljo' -qmflGtsf/L_ s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt k|sfzg ljefun] agfof], ;+u7gk|lt cfef/
JoQm ub{} s]Gb|Lo ;ldltnufotsf ;a} ;xof]4f sd/]8x¿df /ftf] clejfbg ug{
rfxG5' . c:t' .
%
c;f/, )^@
n]vgfy Gof}kfg]
lekhnathneupane@yahoo.com
prem_sudha123@rediffmail.com
ljifo–;"rL
k|sfzsLo -s_
e"ldsf -v_
d]/f]
eGg' -u_
!= cGt/f{li6«o
uLt !
@= ljZjsDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ng @
#= g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf] Oltxf; ^
$= ;}Go
lj1fg @$
%= hgkl/ifb\
-hg;/sf/_ #$
^= df]rf{x¿ $!
&= hgjuL{o
;+u7gx¿ $$
*= ljBfyL{
cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf; $(
(= n]lggjfbL
;+u7gfTds l;4fGt &!
!)= dxŒjk"0f{
/fhgLlts zAb kl/ro &@
!!= s]xL nfdf] ¿kx¿ *)
!@= dggLo plQmx¿ *@
!#= Oltxf; (!
!$= jftf{,
cfrf/;+lxtf / cWoIf sd/]8sf ^ k|Zg (^
!%= lj1fg / k|ljlw !))
!^= ;dfh lj1fg !)$
!&= ljleGg
JolQmTjx¿sf] hLjgL !)(
!*= ljleGg dfukqx¿ !@&
!(= JolQm / s[ltx¿ !##
@)= lzIff / ;+:s[lt !$#
@!= k|sfzg /
k|;f/0fsf] Oltxf; !%)
@@= h]n a|]ssf
36gfx¿ !%!
@#= dlNns cfof]usf
ck/fwLx¿ !%#
@$= dfcf]sfnLg rLgdf
cl:tTjdf /x]sf kf6L{x¿ !%$
@%= ljljw !%%
@^=
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L !^!
cGt/f{li6«o
uLt
zAb M o'=h]=Kof]Q/
;+uLt M kL=6L=h]6/
p7 hfu P ef]sf gf¨f hfu ;+;f/sf b'MvL
;'Gb/ ;+;f/ /rgf ug{ Gofosf] nflu uhL{
af“Wg] 5}g k/Dk/fsf] ;fª\nf]n] hfu P >lds xf]
gof“ hudf k[YjL p7\g] 5 / ;+;f/ xfd|f] x'g]5
of]
clGtd o'4 xf] cf–cfºgf] 7fp“df 86f}+
ca
dflg;sf] cGt/f{li6«o hflt x'g]5 .
ltgsf] cbfntaf6 zfl;t x'g xfdL rfxGgf}+
ltgsf] lqmkfnfO{ s'Nrb} a? ;a} eO{ ;Nnfx u/f}+
n'6fxaf6 cfºgf] wg vf]:g zf]if0faf6 d'Qm x'g
cfºgf] st{Jo cfkm}n] lg0f{o u/L k"/f ug{
of]
clGtd o'4 xf] cf–cfºgf] 7fp“df 86f}+
ca
dflg;sf] cGt/f{li6«o hflt x'g]5 .
HofdL v]tfnf Ps eO{ cfpm >ldsx¿sf] ;+3df
wtL{ xfdL >ldsx¿sf] xf], xf]Og hfnLem]nL
sf“t/sf]
df]6fP s}of}+ xfd|f] /ut df;'n] t/ tL xTof/f
s'g} ljxfg gi6 x'g]5 / pHofnf] /lx/xg] 5
of]
clGtd o'4 xf] cf–cfºgf] 7fp“df 86f}+
ca
dflg;sf] cGt/f{li6«o hflt x'g]5 .
w
ljZjsDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ng
!= s'g b]zdf slxn] sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ :yfkgf eof] <
g]kfn – g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -@@ clk|n !($(– ef/tdf_
ef/t – lxGb':tfg sDo'lg:6 u'|k -!& cS6f]a/ !(@)–¿;df_
–
ef/tLo sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -;g\ !(@*_
leotgfd – leotgfdL sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -!(@)_
d+uf]lnof – d+uf]lnog sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -!(@)_
rLg – lrlgof“ sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -;g\ !(@!_
hfkfg – hfkfgLh sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -!(@@_
lkmlnlkG; – lkmlnlkG; sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -!(@$_
O08f]g]lzof – O08f]g]lzog sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -!(@!_
o'uf]:nfleof – o'uf]:nfe sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -!(!(_
a'Nu]l/of – a'Nu]l/og sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -!(!(_
x+u]/L – x+u]l/og sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -!(!*_
¿; * – /l;og ;fdflhs hgjfbL dhb'/ kf6L{ -!*(*_
–
!(!@ df o;sf] k5fl8 sf]i7df af]N;]ljs n]Vg yflnof]
O6nL – O6flnog sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -!(@!_
jdf{ – jld{h sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -!($#_
k]¿ – k]¿leog sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -!(@*_
l;+ufk'/ – ;fpy l;h sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -!(@*_
–
o;nfO{ !(#) df dnfof sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ elgof] .
sf]l/of – sf]l/og js{; kf6L{ -!(@%_
O/fs – O/fsL sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -!(#$_
hd{g – hd{g sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -!(!*_
* ;ftf}+
dxflwj]zg (6 March 1918) df kf6L{sf] gfd /l;og sDo'lg:6
kf6L{
-af]N;]les_ /flvof] .
@= sDo'lg:6 cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7g
-s_ k|yd cGt/f{li6«o
)
!* ;]K6]Da/ !*^$ df ;]G6 dfl6{g xn,
n08gdf cGt/f{li6«o >ldsx¿sf] ;+3 (International
Working Men's Association) u7g eof] . of] g} cGt/f{li6«o ;j{xf/fju{sf] klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o
;+u7g xf] . kl5 o;sf] gfd dhb'/ d}qL ;dfh /flvof] .
)
;]K6]Da/ !*^^ df h]g]efdf k|yd
cGt/f{li6«osf] k|yd dxflwj]zg ;DkGg eof] . o;df ljleGg b]zsf ^) hgf
k|ltlglwx¿sf] pkl:ylt lyof] .
)
;]K6]Da/ !(^& df nf]hfgdf k|yd
cGt/f{li6«osf] bf];|f] dxflwj]zg ;DkGg eof] . o; dxflwj]zgeGbf cufl8
dfS;{åf/f n]lvPsf] k'“hL k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] .
)
;]K6]Da/ !(^* df a|;]N;df k|yd
cGt/f{li6«osf] t];|f] dxflwj]zg ;DkGg eof] . o; dxflwj]zgdf jfs'lgg klg
;lqmo lyP / pgn] dfS;{nfO{ …ltdL dxfg\ xf} / d ltd|f] lzio x'“Ú eGg] kq n]v]sf
lyP . To;kl5 pgnfO{ hf/zfxLåf/f kqmfp ul/of] / cfTd;dk{0f u/] .
)
;]K6]Da/ !*^( df a|;]N;df k|yd
cGt/f{li6«osf] rf}yf] dxflwj]zg ;DkGg eof] . o;df ljleGg b]zsf &* hgf
k|ltlglw ;xefuL lyP .
)
;]K6]Da/ !*&@ df x]udf k]l/;
sDo'gsf] xf/kl5 k|yd cGt/f{li6«osf] kf“rf}+ dxflwj]zg ;DkGg eof] . o;df
ljleGg b]zsf ^! hgf k|ltlglw ;xefuL lyP .
) * ;]K6]Da/ !*&* df k|yd cGt/f{li6«osf]
5}7f}+ dxflwj]zg eof] / o;}df km"6 klg eof] .
-v_ låtLo cGt/f{li6«o
)
h'nfO{ !**( df k]l/;df sd/]8 P+u]N;sf]
g]t[Tjdf låtLo cGt/f{li6«osf] :yfkgf Pj+ k|yd dxflwj]zg ;DkGg eof] . o;df
@) b]zsf #(! k|ltlglwx¿ ;xefuL lyP .
)
;g\ !*(! a|;]N;df låtLo cGt/f{li6«osf]
bf];|f] dxflwj]zg ;DkGg eof] . o;n] * 306] sfdsf] dfu k'gM p7fpg] lg0f{o
u¥of] .
)
;g\ !*(# df låtLo cGt/f{li6«osf] t];|f]
dxflwj]zg ;DkGg eof] .
)
;g\ !()) df k]l/;df låtLo cGt/f{li6«osf]
kf“rf}+ dxflwj]zg ;DkGg eof] . o;df hd{gLsL k|l;4 sDo'lg:6 g]t[ /f]hf
nUh]Dau{sf] pkl:ylt lyof] / qmflGtsf/L ljrf/åf/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf] lyof] .
-u_ t[tLo cGt/f{li6«o
) ;g\
$–* dfr{ !(!( df d:sf]df t[tLo cGt/f{li6«osf] u7g Pj+ k|yd dxflwj]zg ;DkGg
eof] . o;} dxflwj]zgn] sDo'lg:6 cGt/f{li6«o gfdfs/0f u¥of] . o;df !!
j6f sDo'lg:6 kf6L{, % j6f ;f];ln:6 kf6L{x¿ k|ltlglwsf] ¿kdf / dtbfg clwsf/
gePsf !) b]zsf kf6L{x¿ ko{j]Ifssf] ¿kdf ;xefuL lyP .
) ;g\
!(@) df t[tLo sDo'lg:6 cGt/f{li6«osf] bf];|f] dxflwj]zg ;DkGg eof] . o;n]
cfºgf] ljwfg agfof] .
) ;g\
!(@@ df t[tLo sDo'lg:6 cGt/f{li6«osf] rf}yf] dxflwj]zg ;DkGg eof] . o;df
sd/]8 n]lggn] …¿;L qmflGtsf] kf“r jif{ / ljZjqmflGtsf] ;DefjgfÚ gfds b:tfj]h
k|:t't ug{'eof] .
) ;g\
!(@$ df sd/]8 n]lggsf] d[To'kl5 t[tLo sDo'lg:6 cGt/f{li6«osf] kf“rf}+ dxflwj]zg
;DkGg eof] . o;n] 6«f6:sLkGyLsf] unt gLltsf] Jofks e08fkmf]/ u¥of] .
) ;g\
!(@* df t[tLo sDo'lg:6 cGt/f{li6«osf] 5}7f}+ dxflwj]zg ;DkGg eof] . o;df
6«f6:sLn] cfkm" dxflwj]zgdf k|j]z kfpg' kg{] dfusf] lgj]bg lbPsf
lyP . t/ pQm lgj]bg c:jLs[t eof] .
) ;g\
!(#% df t[tLo sDo'lg:6 cGt/f{li6«osf] ;ftf}+ dxflwj]zg ;DkGg eof] . o;df
^% j6f sDo'lg:6 kf6L{sf %!) k|ltlglw ;xefuL lyP / o;n] kmfl;Hd / o'4sf] lj/f]w
ug{] gLlt kfl/t u¥of] .
) h'nfO{
!($# df bf];|f] ljZjo'4 rNb} ubf{ t[tLo sDo'lg:6 cGt/f{li6«osf] lj36g
eof] .
#=
l/d (RIM)
qmflGtsf/L cGt/f{li6«otfjfbL cfGbf]ng Rivolutionary Internationalist Movement (RIM)
)
;g\ !(*) sf] j;Gtdf !# b]zsf kf6L{ /
;+u7gx¿sf] k|yd cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ngn] s]Gb|ljxLg cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lg:6
cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;+ul7t ug{] af6f] sf]¥of] .
)
;g\ !(*$ df ;DkGg bf];|f] cGt/f{li6«o
;Dd]ngn] o;sf] d"t{ kxn u¥of] . h;n] ;Rrf sDo'lg:6 qmflGtsf/Lx¿aLrsf]
Pstfsf] j}rfl/s cfwf/sf] ¿kdf 3f]if0ff–kq kfl/t u¥of] / cGt/f{li6«o ;+u7gsf]
¿kdf æqmflGtsf/L cGt/f{li6«otfjfbL cfGbf]ngÆsf] u7g u¥of] .
)
l/dn] !((# cl3
dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]ljrf/wf/f eGg] kbfjnL k|of]u uYof{] eg] To;kl5
dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfbsf] kIfdf cfkm"nfO{ b[9tfk"j{s
pEofof] .
l/dsf ;b:o ;+u7gx¿
!= l;nf]g
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ >Ln+sf
@= ckmuflg:tfg
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{
#= a+unfb]z
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL_
$= ef/tLo
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -df=n]=_ -gS;njf8L_
%= O/fg
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfbL–dfcf]jfbL_
^= g]kfn
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_
&= t'sL{
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL_ TKP
(ML), 6sL{
*= k]¿
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -;fOlgªkfy_
(= dfcf]jfbL
sDo'lg:6 s]Gb| (MCC) ef/t
!)= dfcf]jfbL
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{, O6nL
!!= 6\o'lglzof
dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL sDo'lg:6 ;+u7g
!@= k"j{
a+unf ;j{xf/f kf6L{, a+unfb]z
!#= sf]nlDaof
qmflGtsf/L sDo'lg:6 u|'k
!$= qmflGtsf/L
sDo'lg:6 kf6L{, cd]l/sf
l/dsf] 3f]if0ff–kq lgDg efiffx¿df k|sflzt ePsf]
lyof]–
c/aL k|mfG;]nL a+ufnL hd{g
rfOlgh u'h/ftL lqmcf]n lxGbL
8]lgz O6fjnL c+u|]hL hfkfgL
kmf/;L s'lb{z g]kfnL dnofnd
k+hfaL :k]lgz tldn t'sL{
$= lxhf]sf ;dfhjfbL d'n'sx¿
¿; r]sf]:nf]eflsof rLg x+u]/L
d+uf]lnof kf]Nof08 So"jf k"jL{ hd{gL
sf]l/of a'Nu]l/of o'uf]:nfleof ¿dflgof
leotgfd cNaflgof sDaf]l8of nfcf];
% sDkf];f (CCOMPOSA)
Coordination Committee of Maoist Parties and
Organazations of South Asia.(CCOMPOSA)
blIf0f
Plzofsf dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ / ;+u7gx¿sf] ;dGjo ;ldltsf ;b:o kf6L{x¿
!= kL=aL=P;=kL=-;L=;L=_, a+unfb]z
@= kL=aL=P;=kL= -Pd=kL=s]=_,
a+unfb]z
#= ;L=kL=O{=aL= -/]8 km\Nofu_,
a+unfb]z
$= aL=P;=8L=-Pd=Pn=_, a+unfb]z
%= ;L=kL=;L=-dfcf]jfbL_,
>Ln+sf
^=
Pd=;L=;L=cfO{=, -ef/t_
&=
;L=kL=cfO{=-Pd=Pn=_ -kL=8An'_, ef/t
*=
;L=kL=cfO{= -Pd=Pn=_ -gS;njf8L_, ef/t
(=
cf/=;L=;L=cfO{=-Pd=Pn=Pd=_, ef/t
!)= g]=s=kf= -dfcf]jfbL_, g]kfn .
w
g]kfn sDo'lg:6
kf6L{sf] Oltxf;
-s_ :yfkgf
)
:yfkgf ldlt M !) j}zfv @))^ (22 Apr 1949) Zofdahf/ snsQf, klZrd a+ufn,
ef/t .
)
;+:yfksx¿ M dxf;lrj k'iknfn >]i7,
;b:ox¿– g/axfb'/ sdf{rfo{, gf/fo0fljnfz hf]zL / lg/~hg uf]ljGb j}B .
-v_ klxnf] dxflwj]zg
)
kf6L{ hGd]sf] % jif{kl5 !& df3, @)!)
(30 Jan 1954)
kf6g–sf7df8f}+df k|yd dxflwj]zg ;DkGg eof] . of] dxflwj]zg
e"ldut ¿kdf ePsf] lyof] .
)
lgjf{lrt s]Gb|Lo ;ldltM dxf;lrj— dgdf]xg
clwsf/L, /fhgLlts Ao"/f] ;b:ox¿— k'iknfn >]i7, zDe'/fd >]i7,
8L=kL=clwsf/L, z}n]Gb|s'df/ pkfWofo, ;b:ox¿— s]z/h+u /fodfemL, sd/ zfx,
s[i0f/fh jdf{, lxSdtl;+x e08f/L, uf]kfn k|;fO{+, wg'ifrGb| uf}td / s]bf/
pkfWofo .
-u_
bf];|f] dxflwj]zg
) !%–@% h]7, @)!$ (May 28-Jun 6, 1957) df ;DkGg .
) dxf;lrj– s]z/h+u /fodfemL . ;b:ox¿–
k'iknfn >]i7, t'n;Lnfn cdfTo, 8L=kL=clwsf/L, sd/ zfx, zDe'/fd >]i7,
lxSdtl;+x e08f/L, s[i0f/fh jdf{, df]xgljqmd l;+x, c/ljGb| l/dfn, kL=Pg=/f0ff,
kL=aL=dNn, sdn/fh /]UdL, s]bf/k|;fb pkfWofo, s[i0fnfn >]i7, s[i0fk|;fb zdf{
clwsf/L / dw' l;+x .
-3_ t];|f] dxflwj]zg
) !%
j}zfv, @)!( (Apr 1962) cGt/hf]g ;dGjo ;ldltsf] cfof]hgfdf t];|f]
dxflwj]zg ;DkGg .
) dxf;lrj–
t'n;Lnfn cdfTo, ;b:ox¿— k'iknfn >]i7, dgdf]xg clwsf/L, lxSdtl;+x e08f/L,
s[i0f/fh jdf{, df]xgljqmd l;+x, sdn/fh /]UdL, e/tdf]xg clwsf/L, k'ikk|tfk
/f0ff, lgd{n nfdf, e/t/fh hf]zL, houf]ljGb zfx, sdn sf]O/fnf .
) o;
dxflwj]zgn] s]z/h+u /fodfemL, zDe'/fd >]i7, sd/ zfx, 8L=kL=clwsf/L,
kL=aL=dNnnfO{ kf6L{af6 lg:sf;g u/]sf] lyof] .
) o;
dxflwj]zgn] %! hgfsf] /fli6«o kl/ifb\ klg u7g u/]sf] lyof] .
-ª_ rf}yf] dxflwj]zg
) #)
efb|, @)#! (Sep 1974) df >Ls[i0f wd{zfnf agf/;, ef/tdf ;DkGg
ePsf] .
) dxf;lrj–
df]xgljqmd l;+x, /fhgLlts Ao"/f] ;b:ox¿– lgd{n nfdf, houf]ljGb zfx,
j}slNks /fhgLlts Ao"/f] ;b:ox¿– eQmaxfb'/ >]i7 / vDafl;+x s'“j/,
;b:ox¿– df]xg j}B, Clif b]jsf]6f -cfhfb_, ;"o{gfy ofbj, v'lj/fd cfrfo{,
lrqaxfb'/ s]=;L=, u+ufw/ l3ld/] / ef/Wjh .
) lj=;+=
@)#% ;fndf df]xgljqmd l;+x x6]/ lgd{n nfdf dxf;lrj ag]sf .
) lj=;+=
@)#^ ;fndf lgd{n nfdfsf] 7fp“df eQmaxfb'/ >]i7 dxf;lrj ag]sf .
) lj=;+=
@)$) ;fndf eQmaxfb'/ >]i7 h]n k/]kl5 lrqaxfb'/ s]=;L= sfo{jfxs dxf;lrj
ag]sf .
) rf}yf]
dxflwj]zgeGbf cufl8 k'iknfnåf/f uf]/vk'/ ;Dd]ngdfkm{t\, s]Gb|Lo
Go"lSno;dfkm{t / emfkf ljb|f]xdfkm{t o'jf qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] kf6L{ k'gu{7g ug{
vf]lhPsf k|oTgx¿ dxŒjk"0f{ x'“bfx'“b} klg d"t{tf kfpg eg]
;s]gg\ .
-r_ kf“rf}+ dxflwj]zg
) lj=;+=
@)$! d+l;/df cof]Wof, ef/tdf kf“rf}+ dxflwj]zg ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] .
) dxfdGqL–df]xg
j}B -ls/0f_, ;b:ox¿– lrqaxfb'/ s]=;L=, /fdl;+x >L;, e}/j /]UdL, uf]ljGbl;+x
yfkf, k'iksdn bfxfn, vDafl;+x s'“j/, jfr:klt b]jsf]6f, ;L=kL=uh'/]n, b]j u'?ª,
O{Zj/L bfxfn, lji0f' kf]v/]n / eQmaxfb'/ >]i7 -kl5 yk ul/Psf]_
) df]xgljqmd
l;+xnfO{ ^ dlxgfsf] nflu kf6L{ ;b:otfaf6} lgisfzgsf] sfjf{xL ul/Psf] . tTkZrft\
km"6 @)$@ ;fndf ePsf] .
) kf6L{df
km"6 M g]=s=kf=-dzfn_ ;+:yfkg kIf
)
g]=s=kf=-d;fn_ lg:sflzt u'6
ju{;+3if{sf]
vfsf
kf“rf}+ dxflwj]zgkl5 -k+rfotsfnsf] cGTolt/_
sd/]8 k|r08åf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] u|fdL0f ju{;+3if{sf] vfsf o;k|sf/ 5–
!= ;j{k|yd kf6L{leq cfd ¿kdf gof“ sfo{lbzfaf/]
JofVof, 5nkmn, ax; / To;sf] l:kl/6 ;Dk"0f{ kf6L{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ a'emfpg'
kb{5 . ;DalGwt ljifodf ha;Dd ;Dk"0f{ kf6L{sf] ;dfg ;f]rfO aGb}g,
ta;Dd To;nfO{ nfu" ug{ sl7g kb{5 .
kf6L{sf g]t[TjbfoL cem To;df klg ls;fg
df]rf{df sfd ug{] g]t[TjbfoL ;Dk"0f{ sd/]8x¿df Jofks / lj:t[t 5nkmn rnfO{
kf6L{ sfo{lbzfaf/] Pp6} ;f]rfO{ -;a}kIfdf_ lgdf{0f ug{'kb{5 .
@= clxn] tTsfn /fi6«JofkL ls;fg cfGbf]ng p7fg ug{
;Dej 5}g . To;sf/0f vf;vf; lhNnfx¿df :yfgLo cfwf/df To;k|sf/sf]
ls;fgcfGbf]ng p7fpg k|oTg ug{'kb{5 .
w h'g
lhNnfdf xfdLn] sfdsf] yfngL ug{] xf], Toxf“ xfdLn] tTsfn lgDglnlvt sfo{x¿
k"/f ug{ hf]8 nufpg' kb{5 .
w kf6L{
lhNnf sld6Lsf] a}7s a;L ls;fg cfGbf]ngsf] ;DefJotf cWoog ug{sf nflu 7f];
lg0f{ox¿ ug{] . ljleGg Pl/ofdf uO{ ls;fg ;d:ofsf] cWoog ug{] . kf6L{
sld6Lx¿nfO{ sIff, 5nkmn cflbåf/f gof“ sfo{lbzfsf] l:kl/6 a'emfpg] .
w ls;fg
;+3sf] lhNnf sld6LnfO{ u7g–k'gu{7g u/L To;df ;lqmo / ;Ifd ;b:ox¿ /fvL
º|ofS;gdfkm{t\ kf6L{ gLlt / lg0f{ox¿ n}hfg] .
w ls;fg
;+3sf] Pl/of, ufp“ sld6L cflbsf] u7g–k'gu{7g ug{] / pgLx¿nfO{ Pl/of :t/df e]nf
u/]/ Jofks ¿kdf tflnd lbg] / ;lqmo kfg{] .
w ;Dej
eP;Dd ls;fg ;+3nfO{ lj:tf/ ug{] .
w ;a}
df]rf{nfO{ ls;fg cfGbf]ngsf] kIfdf ;fdf~h:o sfod u/L sfd u/fpg] lx;fan] tof/
kfg{ tflnd lbg] .
#= ljleGg 7fp“af6 cfPsf ls;fg ;d:of / To;;“u
;DalGwt tYox¿sf cfwf/df ljZn]if0f u/L ;+3if{sf] :j¿k / gLlt lglZrt ug{] .
Tof] ljZn]if0faf6 lhNnfJofkL, j}wflgs ls;fg cfGbf]ngsf] cfjZostf / ;Defjgf klg
b]vfkg{ ;S5 jf lhNnfsf vf;vf; e]udf 5'§f5'§} k|sf/sf ju{;+3if{sf]
;Defjgf x'G5 . of] klg x'g ;S5 ls s'g} lhNnfdf tL b'j} ;Defjgf df}h'b
xf]pmg\ . oL ;a} s'/fsf] lgisif{ lgsfnL cfjZos lg0f{o kf6L{ lhNnf sld6Ln]
lng' kb{5 / º|ofS;gdfkm{t\ ls;fg lhNnf sld6Ldf lg0f{o u/fO{ Jojxf/df ptfg{
k"/f zlQm nufpg' kb{5 .
$= o;/L ls;fg ;d:ofsf] Jofjxfl/s / j:t'jfbL
of]hgf alg;s]kl5 To;nfO{ nfu" ug{, ;DalGwt lhNnfdf cGo /fhg}lts tŒjx¿
sf]–sf] 5g\ < sf]–sf];“u sfo{ut Pstfsf] ;Defjgf 5, 5}g lgwf] u/L lhNnf
sld6Ln] ;Dej eP;Dd dflyNnf sld6Lsf] ;Nnfx ln+b} To;sf nflu kxnsbdL
ug{'kb{5 . sfo{ut Pstfsf] ;Defjgf geP jf k|oTg ubf{ klg ;Dej geP cfºg}
lsl;dn] ju{;+3if{ jf j}wflgs ls;fg cfGbf]ng h'g lhNnfdf h] ;Dej 5, ;'?
ug{'kb{5 .
%= To;f] ubf{ kf6L{n] lhNnf / Pl/of :t/df cem
;Dej / cfjZos eP ;]n;Dd pQm sfo{sf nflu v'nf / u'Kt sfd ug{ sfo{stf{ rog
ug{'kb{5 .
^= ls;fg cfGbf]ng j}wflgs tj/n] p7\g] ;Defjgf
ePdf ls;fg ;ef ug{], j}wflgs tj/n] k|ltlglwx¿ 5gf}6 ug{], dfukq tof/ kfg{],
x:tfIf/ cleofg rnfpg], k|zf;g -lhNnf / s]Gb|_df ;d]t cfjZostfcg';f/ 8]lnu];g
hfg], dfu k]z ug{], clN6d]6d lbg], dfu k"/f gePdf cfd;ef, h'n'; cflbåf/f
ls;fg cfGbf]ngnfO{ rsf{pb} nuL To;nfO{ /fhgLlts/0f ug{] .
&= Tof] bf}/fgdf ;/sf/L x:tIf]k x'g] s'/f lglZrt
x'G5 . To;sf nflu :yfgLo hfnL–km6fxf, zf]ifs, ;fdGt, u'08f, hf;'; cflbsf]
nut lng] -uf]Ko tl/sfn] kf6L{ lhNnfn] dfq_ To;k|sf/sf] n8fs' zlQm tof/ kf/L 7Ls
df}sfdf cfjZos sfo{jfxL ug{] . qmdzM ls;fg cfGbf]ngnfO{ n8fs' ¿k lbg k|oTg
ug{] .
*= To; l;nl;nfdf ;Dej eP;Dd cGo hgju{nfO{ klg
cfºg} dfusf cfwf/df cfGbf]lnt kfg{ k|oTg ug{] jf ls;fg cfGbf]ngdf ;dy{g /
;xof]u h'6fpg] s'/fdf hf]8 nufpg] .
(= sfo{ut Pstfsf] xsdf pgLx¿n] wf]vf lbg ;Sg]
s'/fdf ;ts{ /xg] / To:tf] l:ylt cfPdf e08fkmf]/ u/L hgtfsf] aLrdf g¨ofpg hf]8
nufpg] .
w lj/f]wLx¿n]
wf]vf lbg ;Sg] s'/fdf ;ts{ /x“b} pgLx¿;“usf ;a} ;Nnfx / lg0f{ox¿nfO{ lnlvt
/fVg] / z+sf nfu]sf ;fgfltgf s'/fdf klg lnlvt lg0f{o lng k|oTg ug{] .
w xfd|f]
tkm{af6 PseGbf a9L ;fyL lj/f]wL;“u s'/f ug{ uPdf klxn] g} ;a} ljifodf ;Nnfx u/L
:ki6 x'g] k|oTg ug{] / 5nkmndf uPkl5 dte]b gb]vfpg] .
!)= oL ;a} sfdx¿ 3f]lift ;+u7gfTds k|lqmofcGtu{g g}
k"/f ug{'kb{5 . To;sf nflu kf6L{ s]Gb|n] cfjZos lg0f{o lnO{ ls;fg Pj+
cGo ;a} df]rf{x¿df º|ofS;gdfkm{t\ k'¥ofpg' kb{5 . To;}u/L lhNnf:t/df g}
clxn] cfGbf]ng ;+rfng x'g] ePsfn] kf6L{ lhNnf sld6L / If]qLo Ao"/f] o;sf
nflu ljz]if ;lqmo / rgfvf] /xg' k5{ . ;a} sfdx¿ lhNnf sld6Ldf lg0f{o u/fP/
g} ls;fg df]rf{df n}hfg' kb{5 . o;df x'g] u8a8Ln] ef]ln ;d:of pTkGg x'g
;S5 .
)
lj=;+= @)$^ ;fndf g]=s=kf=-dzfn_sf]
dxfdGqL k'iksdn bfxfn -k|r08_ aGg' eof] .
-r_ Pstf dxflwj]zg
Pstfdf ;xefuL kf6L{x¿
!= g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -dzfn_
@= g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -rf}yf] dxflwj]zg_
#= ;j{xf/f >lds ;+u7g
$= g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -hgd'vL_ If]qLo
:t/df .
%= s]xL dlxgf k5fl8 g]=s=kf=-d;fn_af6 ljb|f]x u/L
ljb|f]xL d;fn u7g u/L Pstfdf ;fd]n .
)
$ d+l;/ @)$* df ;DkGg Pstf dxflwj]zgn]
kf6L{sf] gfd g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -Pstf s]Gb|_ /fVof] .
)
lgjf{lrt dxfdGqL– s= k|r08 -k'iksdn
bfxfn_ ;b:ox¿– df]xg j}B, lgd{n nfdf, /fdaxfb'/ yfkf, gf/fo0fsfhL >]i7,
kf]i6axfb'/ af]u6L, lul//fhdl0f kf]v/]n, gf/fo0fk|;fb zdf{, lbnaxfb'/ >]i7,
b]j u'?ª, afa'/fd e§/fO{, ;L=kL=uh'/]n, xl/af]n uh'/]n, zlz z]/rg, ;fWoaxfb'/
e08f/L, ¿knfn ljZjsdf{, /fdj[If ofbj, ljZjgfy zfx, d]3/fh 1jfnL, jf;'b]j uf}td,
ofgk|;fb uf}td, /fd sfsL{, ljgaxfb'/ s'“j/, lrqaxfb'/ cfn], tf/fdfg :jf“/,
xl/eQm s“8]n / cgn .
)
;Nnfxsf/ af]8{– cWoIf–g/axfb'/ sdf{rfo{,
;lrj–eQmaxfb'/ >]i7 / ;b:ox¿ b]j]Gb|nfn >]i7 -sfOnf af_, cfx'tL, vDafl;+x
s'“j/ -sfhL ;fxj_, b08kfl0f Gof}kfg], O{Zj/L bfxfn / zlQm nD;fn .