ljZjb[li6sf]0f / lrGtg–k|j[ltaf/]
5f]6f] rrf{
lxDdt
b'O{
ljZjb[li6sf]0f
-s_ cWofTdjfbL jf
clzi6 ljsf;jfbL b[li6sf]0f– o;n] rLhx¿nfO{ cnu–cnu, l:y/ tyf Psf¨L ?kdf x]b{5 .
o;n] ;f/f rLhx¿nfO{ ckl/jt{gzLn 7fGb5 . s'g} rLhsf] ljsf;sf] sf/0fnfO{ ;f]
rLheGbf aflx/ vf]Hb5 / s'g} rLhleqsf] cGtlj{/f]wsf] sf/0faf6 ;f] rLhdf ljsf;
x'G5 eGg] ef}ltsjfbL åGåjfbsf] l;4fGtnfO{ o;n] dfGb}g .
-v_ ef}ltsjfbL
åGåjfbL ljZjb[li6sf]0f– o;sf] s]
egfO 5 eg] rLhx¿sf] ljsf;nfO{ tLgsf] cfGtl/s tyf cfjZos cfd ultsf] ?kdf x]l/g'
kb{5 / k|To]s ultdfg rLh cfºgf] jl/kl/sf rLhx¿l;t cGt/;DalGwt /xG5 .
To;}n] tL rLhx¿dfly aflx/L k|efj kb{5 . t/ klg s'g} rLhsf] ljsf;sf]
cfwf/e"t sf/0f rLhaflx/ xf]Og, leq x'G5 . ;f] rLhleqsf] cGtlj{/f]wdf
To;sf] ljsf; /x]sf] x'G5 . k|To]s rLhdf cfGtl/s cGtlj{/f]w /x]sf] x'G5,
To;}n] To;sf] ult / ljsf; x'G5 . aflx/L sf/0fx¿ kl/jt{gsf zt{x¿ x'g\ eg]
cfGtl/s sf/0fx¿ kl/jt{gsf cfwf/x¿ x'g\ / aflx/L sf/0fx¿ cfGtl/s sf/0fdfkm{t
lqmofzLn x'G5g\ .
-u_ cGtlj{/f]wx¿sf]
;j{Jofkstf– o;af/] P+u]N; eGg' x'G5– æult :jo+ Pp6f cGtlj{/f]w xf] .Æ
n]lggn] cGtlj{/f]wsf] ;j{Jofkstfsf lgDg pbfx/0fx¿ lbg' ePsf] 5–
v ul0ft
zf:qdf M hf]8 / 36fp, ljsng /
cljsng .
v oGq
lj1fgdf M lqmof / k|ltlqmof .
v ef}lts
zf:qdf M wgfTds / C0ffTds
ljB't .
v /;fog
zf:qdf M k/df0f'sf] d]n /
ljR5]bg .
v ;fdflhs
lj1fgdf M ju{;+3if{ .
v o'4df M xdnf / k|lt/Iff, cl3 a9\g' / kl5 x6\g',
hLt / xf/ ;a} k/:k/ cGtlj{/f]wL 36gfx¿ x'g\ .
v kf6L{leq ljleGg ljrf/x¿sf] dfemdf lj/f]w / ;+3if{
lg/Gt/ rln/xG5 . of] kf6L{leq ;dfhdf ju{x¿aLr / gofF tyf k'/fgfaLr
cGtlj{/f]wx¿sf] k|ltljDa xf] . kf6L{leq cGtlj{/f]w gePdf / o;sf] ;dfwfgsf]
nflu ljrf/wf/fTds ;+3if{ gePdf kf6L{sf] hLjg cGt x'g]5 .
v cGtlj{/f]wsf] ljlzi6tf M s'g} 36gf k|jfxsf] If]qdf
lglxt ljlzi6 cGtlj{/f]w lj1fgs} Pp6f vf; zfvfsf] cWoogsf] ljifo aGb5 .
pbfx/0fsf]
nflu,
> ul0ft zf:qdf M wgfTds /
C0ffTds ± / —
> oGq lj1fgdf M lqmof / k|ltlqmof
> ef}lts zf:qdf M wgfTds / C0ffTds ljB't .
> /;fog zf:qdf M k/df0f'sf] d]n / ljR5]bg .
> ;fdflhs lj1fgdf M pTkfbs zlQm, pTkfbg ;DaGw,
ju{x¿ tyf ju{;+3if{ .
> ;}lgs lj1fgdf M xdnf / ;'/Iff
> cfbz{jfb / ef}ltsjfb÷cWofTdjfbL b[li6sf]0f /
åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbL b[li6sf]0f .
> 1fg k|flKtsf b'O{ k|lqmofx¿ oL x'g\ -!_
ljlzi6af6 ;fdfGotkm{ / -@_ csf]{ xf] ;fdfGoaf6 ljlzi6tkm{ a9\g' .
> u'0ffTds ?kn] leGgfleGg} cGtlj{/f]wx¿sf]
;dfwfg u'0ffTds ?kn] leGgfleGg} tl/sfåf/f dfq ug{ ;lsG5 . ;j{xf/fju{ /
k'FhLklt ju{aLrsf] cGtlj{/f]wsf] ;dfwfg ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] tl/sfåf/f
ul/G5 . ljzfn hgtf / ;fdGtL Joj:yfaLrsf] cGtlj{/f]wsf] ;dfwfg hgjfbL
qmflGtsf] tl/sfåf/f ul/G5 . cf}klgj]lzs /fi6« / ;fd|fHojfbaLrsf]
cGtlj{/f]wsf] ;dfwfg /fli6«o qmflGtsf/L o'4sf] tl/sfåf/f ul/G5 .
> ;dfhjfbL ;dfhdf –dhb'/ ju{ / ls;fgx¿aLrsf]
cGtlj{/f]wsf] ;dfwfg s[lifsf] ;fd"lxsLs/0f
-d]lzgLs/0f_ sf] tl/sfåf/f ul/G5 .
> sDo'lgi6 kf6L{leqsf] cGtlj{/f]wsf] ;dfwfg
cfnf]rgf / cfTdcfnf]rgfsf] tl/sfåf/f ul/G5 .
> ;dfh / k|s[ltaLrsf] cGtlj{/f]wsf] ;dfwfg
pTkfbs zlQmx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ tl/sfåf/f ul/G5 .
> k|lqmof km]l/G5–k'/fgf k|lqmofx¿ / k'/fgf
cGtlj{/f]wx¿ lanfP/ hfG5g\ / gofF k|lqmofx¿ / gofF cGtlj{/f]wx¿ pTkGg x'G5g\ /
tbcg';f/ cGtlj{/f]wx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug]{ tl/sfx¿ klg km/s–km/s x'G5g\ .
> s'g} ;d:ofsf] cWoog ubf{ xfdLn] dgf]utjfb /
k'/fgf Psf+uL / 6k/6'OofFkgnfO{ TofUg'k5{ . dgf]utjfbL x'g'sf] cy{ xf]
;d:ofx¿nfO{ j:t'ut ?kn] gx]g'{ jf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ x]bf{ ef}ltsjfbL b[li6sf]0fsf]
k|of]u gug'{ .
> pbfx/0fx¿ M h:t} sDo'lgi6 kf6L{nfO{ dfq a'‰g'
t/ k|ltlqmofjfbL kf6L{x¿nfO{ ga'‰g' . ;j{xf/fju{nfO{ dfq a'‰g' k“'hLklt
ju{nfO{ ga'‰g' . cg's"n kl/l:yltnfO{ dfq a'‰g' eljionfO{
ga'‰g' . cnu–cnu -c+z–c+z_ nfO{ a'‰g' t/ ;Dk"0f{nfO{ ga'‰g' . IfltnfO{
dfq a'‰g' t/ pknlAwnfO{ ga'‰g' . jfbLsf] s'/f dfq a'‰g' t/ k|ltjfbLsf]
s'/f ga'‰g' . uNtL–sdhf]/LnfO{ dfq a'‰g' t/ /fd|f] / ;an kIfnfO{
ga'‰g' . e"ldut sfdnfO{ dfq a'‰g' t/ v'Nnf / j}wflgs sfdnfO{
ga'‰g' . kf6L{sf] sfdnfO{ dfq a'‰g' t/ hj; / df]rf{sf sfdsfjf{xLx¿nfO{
ga'‰g' . kmf}hL ;+3if{nfO{ dfq a'‰g' t/ u}/kmf}hL ;+3if{nfO{ ga'‰g' .
ju{;+3if{nfO{ dfq a'‰g' t/ cGt/;+3if{nfO{ ga'‰g' cflb . o;sf] cy{
cGtlj{/f]wsf b'j} kIfx¿sf ljz]iftfnfO{ ga'‰g' xf] . åGåfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s
ef}ltsjfbnfO{ hLjg–Jojxf/df nfu" gug'{sf] kl/0ffd xf]– dgf]utjfbL
x'g' . h8;"qjfb / cg'ejjfb dgf]utjfbsf b'O{6f zfvf x'g\ . o;
cy{df o;nfO{ clwe"tjfb klg elgG5 .
> ;'g p lrn]
eg]sf 5g\, æzq'nfO{ lrg / cfkm"nfO{ lrg, clgdfq ltdL k/flht x'g] vt/f
gdf]nLsg ;of}+ n8fO{+x¿ n8\g ;S5f} .Æ
kf6L{,
;]gf, ;Qf, h=j=;=, df]rf{ / ;+u7gdf b]vfkg]{ lrGtg–k|j[lQx¿
) If]qLotfjfb M cfºgf] k'Vof}{nL lhNnf jf If]qnfO{ sfdsf]
s]Gb| 7fGg] / cGo If]qnfO{ pk]Iff ug]{, cfºgf] of cfkm"n] sfd u/]sf]
If]qnfO{ ;a}yf]s 7fGg] / To;nfO{ sfdsf] u'?Tjs]Gb| agfpg vf]Hg], cGo 7fp“
/ sfdsf] pk]Iff ug]{ lrGtg–k|j[lQ If]qLotfjfb, hftLotfjfb jf If]qLo
cx+sf/jfbsf ¿kdf b]lvG5 . o;sf] d"n ljz]iftf g} hftLo jf If]qLo d'lQm
cfGbf]ngnfO{ juL{o d'lQm cfGbf]ngaf6 s6fpg vf]Hg] /x]sf] x'G5 .
) c/fhstfjfb M of] s]Gb|, s]Gb|Ls/0f / g]t[Tjsf] lj?4 hfg]
k|j[lQ xf] . pkNnf] txsf] sld6Lsf] lg0f{o / lgb]{zg gdfGg], cg'zf;gsf] cj1f
ug]{, lg/k]If :jtGqtf jf clt hgjfbsf] dfu ug]{, cGt/;+3if{df c:j:y 9+un] rnv]n
ug{ vf]Hg] of] k|j[lQ JolQmjfb, cx+jfb, af}l4s bDejfb / 5f8fkg;“u cleGg ?kn]
uf“l;Psf] x'G5 .
) pbf/tfjfb M of] k|j[lQ kbLo bfloTj / lhDd]jf/LnfO{ xNsf
9+un] lng] lrGtg xf] . unt lrGtg / k|j[lQsf lj?4 ;+3if{ ug{af6 klG5g], ax;
/ ljjfbaf6 aRg vf]Hg], n'Sg], vt/f;“u v]Ng 8/fpg], ljleGg unt lrGtg–k|j[lQx¿;“u
;Demf}tf sfod ug{ vf]Hg] / cGttM ;'wf/jfbnfO{ k|>o lbg] k|j[lQ
xf] of] . o;n] ;+3if{nfO{ w]/} g} k|b"lift t'Nofpg vf]Hb5 .
) cfTd;'/Iffjfb M of] k|j[lQ ;+3if{af6 efUg], /0fg}lts ?kdf
b'ZdgnfO{ 7"nf] b]Vg], vt/f df]Ng grfxg] k|j[lQ xf] . of] knfogjfb /
blIf0fkGyL lj;h{gjfbsf ?kdf klg cleJoQm x'g] ub{5 .
) b':;fx;jfb M o;n] sfo{g}lts ?kdf b'ZdgnfO{ ;fgf]
b]V5 . cfjZos tof/L / zlQmlagf ;+3if{df xf]ldg vf]Hg] k|j[lQ xf] .
b':;fx;jfb cfTd;'/Iffjfbs} pN6f] kf6f] xf] of] . s'g} vf; kl/l:yltdf
b':;fx;jfb cfTd;'/Iffjfbdf klg ablng ;S5 .
) ;+sL0f{tfjfb M ;+sL0f{tfjfbn] JolQmut cx+nfO{ k|fyldstf
lbG5 . o;n] gf]s/zfxL k|j[lQnfO{ hGd lbG5 . ;+sL0f{tfjfb Ps o:tf]
j}rfl/s /f]u xf] h;n] kf6L{ jf ;+u7gsf] pkNnf] sld6L / tNnf] sld6Lx¿, g]tf /
sfo{stf{x¿, kf6L{ / hgtf, kf6L{ / hg;]gfaLrsf] ;DaGwdf ult/f]w k}bf ub{5 .
of] hglbzf / hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf] lj?4 b]vfkb{5 .
) :jtM:km"t{tfjfb M o;n] ;+u7g, ;+3if{ / lrGtgsf]
If]qdf ;r]tg k|of;sf] lj/f]w ub{5 . ;+u7g / ;+3if{nfO{ of]hgfa4 9ª\un]
cufl8 a9fpg], ;+u7gsf] z'4Ls/0f / lj:tf/ ug]{ sfddf o;n] Jojwfg v8f ub}{ cfPsf]
5 .
) dgf]utjfb M dgf]utjfb eg]sf] clwe"tjfb xf] .
of] d"ntM h8;"qjfb / cg'ejjfbsf ?kdf b]vfkg]{ u/]sf] 5 .
;+sL0f{tf, h8tf, l;h{gzLntfsf] cefj, l;4fGtnfO{ ?l9jfbL ;"qsf ?kdf u|x0f
ug'{, ljz]if jf ljZn]if0fsf] lgif]w u/L ;fdfGo jf ;+Zn]if0fdf dfq hf]8 lbg
vf]Hg' h8;"qjfbsf ljz]iftf x'g\ . kl/jlt{t j:t'sf gof“ u'0f–ljz]iftf,
cGt/j:t' / ;f/tTjnfO{ a'‰g g;sL k'/fg} s'/fdf cNdlng' h8\;"qjfb xf] .
o;sf] 7Ls pN6f] cg'ejjfb xf] . ;+sL0f{tf / h8tfsf] lj/f]w Pj+
l;h{gzLntfsf] gfddf slyt Jojxf/df cyjf cg'ejdf hf]8 lbg], ;fdfGo / ;+Zn]if0fsf]
cjd"Nog ug]{, ¿kdf hf]8 u/]/ ;f/sf] lgif]w ug]{ cflb o;sf
ljz]iftf x'g\ . cg'ejjfbn] s]jn aflx/L ?kdf dfq Wofg lbg] ub{5 .
j:t'sf] ;f/tŒjnfO{ a'‰g] tyf o;sf] ;}4fGtLs/0f ug]{ s'/fsf] k"/} pk]Iff
ub{5 . h8;"qjfbsf] clGtd kl/0flt z+sfjfb xf] . xfdLsxf“ clxn]
>4fjfbeGbf z+sfjfbn] lk/f]ln/x]sf] 5 .
) PskIfLotfjfb M j:t'df ljBdfg ljk/Ltx¿sf b'O{ kf6f]dWo]
Pp6f kf6f]nfO{ dfq x]g]{ / csf]{ kf6f]nfO{ gx]g]{ lrGtg PskIfLotfjfb xf] .
o;sf b'O{ ?k x'G5g\ . -!_ Psdgfjfb -@_ ax'njfb . Psdgfjfb eg]sf]
j:t'df ljBdfg cGtlj{/f]w / ljk/Ltsf] cl:tTj c:jLsf/ ug'{ xf] . o;n] åGåjfbsf]
dfGotfnfO{ a'‰g ;Sb}g . ax'njfb eg]sf] Psdgfjfbsf] pN6f] lrGtg xf] .
ax'njfbn] ljk/LtjfbnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5 . jfbljjfbdf hf]8 lbG5 . t/
ljk/Ltx¿sf] Ps–csf{df ?kfGt/0f, ;+jfb jf gof“ cfwf/df gof“ Pstfsf] s'/fnfO{
c:jLsf/ ub{5 . of] s'ts{gfjfb jf ljt08tfjfbdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .
ax'njfbsf] ;fOgf] c/fhstfjfb tyf pbf/jfbl;t x'G5 . of] s]Gb|Ls/0f, cg'zf;g
/ PsLs[t g]t[Tjsf] lj?4df x'G5 .
) e“8'jf ljsf;jfb M o;n] qmlds ljsf;, dfqf / ;'wf/sf]
kIfkf]if0f ub{5 . of] qmflGt / u'0ffTds 5nfËsf] åGåjfbL dfGotfsf] lj/f]wL
x'G5 . o;k|sf/sf] lrGtgsf] c;/ ;+u7g, ;+3if{ / sfdsf ljljw If]qdf k/]sf]
kfOG5 .
) cfTds]lGb|t JolQmjfb M of] lrGtg cfkm" :jo+nfO{ w'/L
dfgL rNg], cxd\jfbn] k}bf ug]{ 5f8f k|j[lQ xf] . of] cj;/jfbdf klg k|s6
x'g] ub{5 .
) gf]s/zfxL sfo{z}nL M zf;sLo :jefj / z}nL ePsf] k|j[lQ
xf] gf]s/zfxL sfo{z}nL . of] z}nLn] s'g} JolQm cfkm"eGbf tnsf
sfo{stf{x¿dfly cfb]z rnfpg] / dflyNnfsf] ;fv'Nn] aGg] ub{5 . of] sltko
cj:yfdf ;+sL0f{tfdf klg k|s6 x'g] ub{5 . sdhf]/dfly zf;g nfb\g] / alnofsf]
bf;Tj :jLsf/ ug]{ k|j[lQdf klg k|s6 x'g] ub{5 .
) ¿l9jfb M kl/l:yltcg';f/ cfkm"nfO{ abNg g;Sg',
cGonfO{ abNg] k|of; klg gug'{, afa'–cfdf / k'vf{n] h] ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ To;}sf]
dfq cg'z/0f ug]{ k|j[lQ xf]– ?l9jfb . of] k|j[lQ ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts
kl/jt{gsf] lj/f]wL x'G5 .
) h8;"qjfb M kl/jlt{t j:t'sf gof u'0f, ljz]iftf,
cGt/j:t' / ;f/tŒjnfO{ a'‰g g;Sg' / k'/fg} s'/fdf cNdlng' l;h{gzLntfsf] cefj,
l;4fGtnfO{ ¿9 ;"qsf] ?kdf lng' / ljz]if jf ljZn]if0fsf] lgif]w u/L
;fdfGo jf ;+Zn]if0fdf hf]8 lbg' h8;"qjfbsf ljz]iftf x'g\ .
) cg'ejjfb M slyt cg'ejjfbn] Jojxf/df ljz]if hf]8 lbg]
ub{5 . ;fdfGo / ;+Zn]if0fsf] cjd"Nog ub{5 . o;n] ?kdf hf]8 lbg]
/ ;f/tŒjsf] lgif]w ub{5 .
) cj;/jfb M s'g} l;4fGt jf /fhgLltsf ;fy} j}rfl/s, gLltut jf Jofjxfl/s k|Zgdf b[9 c8fg g/fVg]
tyf ljrlnt x'g] / /+u/f]ug abNg] k|j[lQnfO{ cj;/jfb elgG5 . cj;/jfbsf
tLgcf]6f ?k x'G5g\ — blIf0fk+yL, dWok+yL, pu|jfdk+yL .
xfd|f]h:tf] cw{;fdGtL / cw{cf}klgj]lzs cfly{s, ;fdflhs
cj:yf ePsf] d'n'sdf nfdf] ;dob]lv ;fdGtL pTkfbg k|0ffnLsf] 6'qm] pTkfbg,
JolQmut ;DklQ, lkt[;QfTds ;dfh, ;fdGtL a|fDx0fjfbL ;+:s[lt / ;+:sf/, ?l9jfb,
cGwljZjf; / efUojfb cflb hAa/ ?kdf /x]sf] ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf hlGdPsf / x'ls{Psf
xfdL sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/Lx¿;Fu tL ljljw lrGtg–k|j[lQx¿ x'g' :jfefljs dfGg
;lsG5 . ju{ljeflht ;dfhdf lg/Gt/ ju{;+3if{sf] k|lqmofåf/f ;dfh ljsf;sf]
ult cufl8 al9/x]sf] x'G5 . ;dfh ljsf;sf] dxfg\ ofqfdf dfgjhfltn] cfh{g
u/]sf cg'ejx¿sf] ;+Zn]if0faf6 k|fKt j}rfl/s xltof/ dfn]dfjfb / k|r08kyh:tf]
j}1flgs ljrf/sf xfdL kIfkf]ifs xf}+ . xfdL gofF hgjfbL / ;dfhjfbL qmflGt
;DkGg u/L ;fDojfbL ju{ljxLg ;dfh lgdf{0f ug{ rfxG5f}+ . k/Gt', ef}lts
cfjZostf / j:t'ut kl/l:yltdf cfd"n kl/jt{g gu/L xfdL xfd|f] /0fg}lts nIodf
k'Ug ;Sb}gf}+ . To;sf nflu xfdL cfkm"nfO{ ;j{xf/f r]tgfn] n}; u/L
;j{xf/fjfbL ;f+:s[lts ?kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmofdf cufl8 a9fO{ ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj /
lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ h?/L 5 .
o;sf] z'?jft JolQmut ;DklQsf] df]xhfn
/ JolQmdf lglxt ;a} k|sf/sf :jfy{x¿l;t ;DaGw ljR5]b ug{ ;fx; ug}{kb{5 .
o;sf ;fy} k|s[lt, ;dfh / dfgjlrGtgaLrsf] cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ a'‰g] åGåjfbL tl/sf,
To;nfO{ abNg] ef}ltsjfbL ljZn]if0f / cjwf/0ffnfO{ cfˆgf] hLjg–Jojxf/df
nfu" ug'{kb{5 . To;f] u/]/
dfq pk/f]Qm ljljw jfbcGtu{t kg]{ lrGtg–k|j[lQx¿af6 cfkm"nfO{ lg/Gt/ d'lQm
ub}{ dfn]dfjfbL qmflGtsf/L aGg] lbzflt/ cu|;/ x'g]5f}+ . ta dfq cWoIf
sd/]8 k|r08n] eGg'eP h:t}– æcfkm\gf] 6fpsf]df cfkm} cfuf] nufpg] cfF6 ug'{k5{Æ
eGg] egfOsf] dd{nfO{ xfdL a'‰g ;Sg]5f}+ . r
;Gbe{ ;fdu|LM
w qmflGtsf/L ?kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ dfly
p7fpFb} /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fdf k|j]z u/f}+ – g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ s]=;=sf]
b:tfj]h .
w ;+3if{sf]
bz{g – s=ls/0f .
w åGåfTds / P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfb – :6flng .
w n]lggsf
;+slnt /rgf .
1
dfcf]sf ;+slnt
/rgf .
qmflGtsf/L ?kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ gof“ prfOdf
p7fp“b},
/0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] r/0fdf k|j]z u/f}+
-g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] ut efb| @)^! df ;DkGg
s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf cWoIf s= k|r08åf/f
k|:t't tyf
;j{;Ddltaf6 kfl/t /fhg}lts Pj+ ;+u7gfTds k|:tfj_
æk|To]s ;Rrf bz{g cfºgf] ;dosf] af}l4s ;f/tŒj
xf] .Æ – sfn{ dfS;{ .
æxfdL dfS;{sf]
l;4fGtnfO{ s'g} k"0f{ / cg'nª\3Lo -pn+3g ug}{ gx'g]_ 7fGb}gf}+ . a?
To;sf] ljk/Lt xfdL ljZj:t 5f}+ ls To;n] -dfS;{jfbn]–cg'=_ lj1fgsf] cfwf/ :tDe
:yflkt u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ ;dfhjfbLx¿n] rf}tkmL{ ?kdf ljsf; ug}{kb{5, olb
pgLx¿ hLjg;“u rNg rfxG5g\ eg] === === ==== of] l;4fGtn] s]jn kyk|bz{s dfGotfx¿
dfq k|bfg ub{5, h'g k|mfG;df eGbf Oª\uNof08df, hd{gLdfeGbf k|mfG;df /
/:;fdfeGbf hd{gLdf km/s / ljlzi6 9+un] nfu" x'G5g\ .Æ – n]lgg .
ædfS;{jfbdf jf:tljs ks8 xfl;n ug{
o;nfO{ s]jn k':tsx¿af6 dfq l;Sg x'“b}g, a? d'Vo ¿kdf ju{;+3if{af6, Jofjxfl/s
lqmofsnfkaf6 tyf dhb'/ Pj+ ls;fg hg;d'bfo;“usf] 3lgi7 ;DaGwaf6
l;Sg'kb{5 .Æ – dfcf]T;]t'Ë .
!= e"ldsf
s]Gb|Lo
;ldltsf] ut k"0f{ a}7sb]lv clxn]sf] of] k"0f{ a}7s;Dd cfp“bf b]zleq /
aflx/sf j:t'ut Pj+ cfTdut kl/l:yltdf dxŒjk"0f{ kl/jt{gx¿ cfPsf 5g\ .
@!cf}+ ztfAbLdf ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf ;Defjgf / r'gf}tLx¿sf gof“–gof“ j}rfl/s,
/fhg}lts, kmf}hL / ;+u7gfTds cfofdx¿sf] pb\3f6g ub}{ dxfg\ g]kfnL hgo'4 cfh
b'Zdgsf lj?4 /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] ;+3f/df cfOk'u]sf] 5 . ljlzi6
e"/fhg}lts cjl:yltsf] g]kfndf eO/x]sf] dfn]df / hgqmflGtsf] of] tLj|td
ljsf; k|lqmofn] ju{;+3if{ / ljsf;sf] åGåfTds lgodcg';f/ g} ;fd|fHojfb / ef/tLo
lj:tf/jfb;d]tnfO{ uDeL/ r'gf}tL lbO/x]sf] 5 . kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf xfl;n
e}/x]sf] hgo'4sf] prfO / efjL ljsf;sf] r'gf}tLk"0f{ cfjZostfn] ljrf/, ;+u7g,
;+3if{ / ;+:s[ltsf ;du| If]qdf yk ljsf;, :ki6tf / ¿kfGt/0fsf] dfu ul//x]sf]
5 . To; k|sf/sf] ljsf;, :ki6tf / ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu 7f]; gLlt, of]hgf /
sfo{qmd th'{df ug]{ P]ltxfl;s ¿kn] lhDd]jf/L s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] jt{dfg a}7sdf
cfPsf] 5 .
@= gof“ ljZjkl/l:ylt / gof“
j}rfl/s ;+Zn]if0faf/]
s=
dfcf]T;]t'Ësf] lgwgkZrft\ ;dfhjfbL rLgdf ePsf] k'“hLjfbsf] k'gM:yfkgf, ;fdflhs
;fd|fHojfbdf ktg ePsf] ;+zf]wgjfbL ;f]leot ;+3sf] lj36g / zLto'4sf] cGt,
ljZjsf] Ps dfq cltdxfzlQmsf ¿kdf cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] a9\bf] p208tf,
;"rgf–k|ljlwdf eO/x]sf] ce"tk"j{ qmflGt / o;sf] ljZjJofkL k|efj,
cf}Bf]lus k'“hLdfly ljQLo k'“hL / ljQLo k'“hLdfly æljZja}ÍÆ æcGt/f{li6«o
d'b|fsf]zÆ / æljZjJofkf/ ;+u7gÆ h:tf ;+:yfdfkm{t sfod ul/Psf] ;fd|fHojfbL
Psflwsf/, æe"d08nLs/0fÆ æpbf/Ls/0fÆ / ælghLs/0fÆ sf gfddf t];|f] ljZjsf
pTkLl8t /fi6« Pj+ hgtfsf k|fs[lts ;fwg, ;|f]t, >d / ahf/dflysf] n'6kf6,
æcft+sjfbÆlj/f]wL o'4sf gfddf hgtfsf /fli6«o d'lQm, hgjfbL / ;dfhjfbL
cfGbf]ngsf lj?4 j]nufd kmfl;jfbL kmf}hL cfqmd0fsf] k|lqmof k]?nufotsf sltko b]zdf
hgo'4n] ;fdgf ul//xg' k/]sf uDeL/ wSsf cflbn] gof“ ljZjkl/l:yltsf s]xL
d'ne"t ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ JoQm ub{5g\ .
ljZjsf]
k|d'v cGtlj{/f]wsf] j:t'ut cleJolQmsf ¿kdf ;fd|fHojfb d'VotM cd]l/sL
;fd|fHojfbsf lj?4 cfhsf] gof“ ljZjsf] ;Gbe{df pTkLl8t /fi6« Pj+ hgtfsf cfqmf]z
/ k|lt/f]wsf gof“ nx/x¿n] lglZrt ¿kdf hGd lnO/x]sf 5g\ . (÷!! kl5
ckm\uflg:tfg / O/fsdf ;fd|fHojfbL o'4sf lj?4 k|s6 ePsf] ljZjhgdt, ;fd|fHojfbL
ljZjJoj:yfsf lj?4 ;dfhjfbL ljZjJoj:yfsf] cfjZostf / ;+efjgfaf/] rln/x]sf]
ljZjJofkL axz, ljZjsf ljleGg b]zdf ;j{xf/fju{df dfn]dfjfbL kf6L{x¿sf] g]t[Tjdf
cufl8 al9/x]sf hgo'4x¿ tyf ljljw ljb|f]x / k|lt/f]wsf 36gfx¿n] ljZjqmflGtsf]
gof“ nx/sf] ckl/xfo{tfnfO{ :ki6 ;+s]t ul//x]sf 5g\ .
o;/L
ljZjsf] gof“ kl/l:yltdf k|s6 eO/x]sf] hgk|lt/f]wsf] gof“ k|lqmofnfO{ ;xL
j}rfl/s / /fhg}lts g]t[Tj k|bfg ub}{ To;nfO{ ljZj ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf] gof“ nx/df
¿kfGt0f ug]{ P]ltxfl;s lhDd]jf/L cGt/f{li6«o ;j{xf/fju{sf /fhgLlts k|ltlglwsf
x}l;otn] dfn]dfjfbL qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf sf“wdf cfPsf] 5 . of] P]ltxfl;s
r'gf}tLsf] ;fdgf ug]{ åGåfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbsf] lj1fgnfO{ ;dsfnLg
ljZjsf cGtlj{/f]wx¿sf] ljZn]if0fdf k|of]u ub}{ hLjGt ¿kdf kl/dfh{g ug{ cfjZos
5 . dfS;{jfbsf tLgcf]6} ;+36s c+u— bz{g, /fhg}lts cy{zf:q / j}1flgs
;dfhjfbsf] If]qnfO{ ;fd|fHojfbn] v8f u/]sf pQ/fw'lgstfjfb nufotsf tdfd j}rfl/s
/ ;f+:s[lts lje|dx¿sf] v08g–cfnf]rgf ub}{ ;Dd[4 kfg{ h?/L 5 . ;fd|fHojfbL
e"d08nL–s/0fsf lj?4 ;j{xf/f cGt/f{i6«jfbsf] j}1flgs ljrf/, ;+u7g /
efjgfnfO{ gof“ prfOdf p7fpg clgjfo{ 5 . ;fy} o;sf nflu ;j{xf/fju{n] @)cf}+
ztfAbLdf xfl;n u/]sf dxfgtd\ pknlAwx¿sf] /Iff tyf k|ltqmflGtsf k5fl8 /x]sf ;Ldf
/ sdhf]/Lx¿sf] lj1fg ;Ddt ;+Zn]if0f klg plQs} cfjZos 5 .
o;;Gbe{df
dfS;{jfbsf] ;j{xf/f juL{o kIfw/tf tyf b'lgof“ abNg] o;sf] cfnf]rgfTds /
qmflGtsf/L cfTdfsf] unf /]6\b} ;fd|fHojfbsf] ;]jf ug]{ blIf0fkGyL ;+zf]wgjfbsf
lj?4 3gLe"t j}rfl/s ;+3if{sf andf To;nfO{ gf¨]emf/ kfg'{ sDo'lg:6
cfGbf]ngsf] k|fylds bfloTj xf] . ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf] ljsf;df d'Vo vt/fsf]
¿kdf /x]sf] blIf0fkGyL ;+zf]wgjfbsf lj?4 k|efjsf/L j}rfl/s ;+3if{sf lgldQ
qmflGtsf/L sDo'lg:6x¿n] h8\;"qjfbL ;+sL0f{tfjfbaf6 d'Qm l;h{gzLntf /
ultzLntfsf] kl/ro lbg ;Sg'kb{5 . blIf0fk+yL ;+zf]wgjfbsf lj?4 dfS;{jfbL
l;4fGtsf] /Iffsf gfddf ljut sl/a # bzsb]lv cGt/f{li6«o :t/df g} qmflGtsf/L
sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngleq @)cf}+ ztfAbLsf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltx¿nfO{ e6\ofO/xg] /
ltgsf] dlxdf dl08t u/]/ cfTd;Gtf]if ug]{ h8\;"qjfbL lrGtg klg uDeL/ ¿kdf
ljBdfg /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . blIf0fk+yL cj;/jfbsf lj?4 ;+3if{ ubf{ xfdLn]
h8\;"qjfbsf lj?4sf] ;+3if{nfO{ sbflk la;{g' x'“b}g .
xfd|f]
kf6L{ ;d]t ;xefuL /x“b} cfPsf] qmflGtsf/L cGt/f{li6«otfjfbL cfGbf]ng -RIM_ n]
dfn]dfsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿sf] /Iff / ljsf;sf lglDt rnfp“b} cfPsf] j}rfl/s
;+3if{ cfhsf] ljZjsDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngdf ;jf{lws dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
clxn] æ@!cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf;af/]Æ xfd|f] kf6L{n] p7fPsf j}rfl/s k|Zgx¿
R.C.P.America n] p7fO/x]sf ;j{xf/f
clwgfosTj / ;j{xf/f hgjfbsf s}+of}+ dxŒjk"0f{ j}rfl/s k|Zgx¿dfly Wofg
lb+b} CORIM n] tof/ kf/]sf] axzsf
lglDtsf] k|:tfjn] of] lbzfdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] s'/f :ki6
5 .
ha;Dd
;j{xf/fju{n] jt{dfg kl/l:yltdfly cfºgf] j}rfl/s x:tIf]knfO{ HjnGt t'Nofpg
;St}g, ta;Dd ;fd|fHojfbsf lj?4 k|efjsf/L hgqmflGt klg cufl8 a9\g ;St}g .
ha;Dd ;j{xf/fju{n] gof“ j}rfl/s ;+Zn]if0f;lxt ;fd|fHojfbsf lj?4 hg;d'bfosf]
g]t[Tj ug]{ P]ltxfl;s e"ldsfnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg ;St}g, ta;Dd hg;d'bfo
ljleGg ¿ksf wfld{s s§/tfjfb, ;+sL0f{ /fi6«jfb / ljz'4 JolQmut cft+sjfbsf] lzsf/
alg/xg] vt/f /lx/xG5 . ljut gf} jif{b]lv ljZj;fd|fHojfbnfO{ ;d]t r'gf}tL
lb+b} /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] :t/;Dd cfOk'u]sf] dxfg\ hgo'4sf] g]t[Tjsf x}l;otn]
To;k|sf/sf] j}rfl/s ;+Zn]if0fsf lgldQ xfd|f] kf6L{sf] sf“wdf ljlzi6 P]ltxfl;s
lhDd]jf/L /x]sf] 5 . of] l:yltdf k|:tfljt @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf]
ljsf;nfO{ @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf dfn]dfsf] ljsf;sf] :t/;Dd p7fpg] nIo;Dd l;+uf]
kf6L{n] hf]8 nufpg h?/L 5 . cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf cg'ejx¿sf]
d"Nof+sg, jt{dfg ljZj kl/l:yltsf ljz]iftfx¿sf] cf“sng / g]kfnL hgo'4sf
cg'ejx¿sf] ;+Zn]if0fdf åGåfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbsf] k|of]uåf/f dfq
To;k|sf/sf] j}rfl/s ;+Zn]if0f cufl8 cfpg] 5 . lglZrt ¿kdf eGg ;lsG5 ls
To;k|sf/sf] j}rfl/s ;+Zn]if0fn] g]kfnL ;j{xf/fju{nfO{ ljZj;j{xf/f qmflGtsf]
;]jf ug]{ P]ltxfl;s uf}/j k|fKt x'g]5 . xhf/f}+ zxLbx¿sf] /utn] 7Ls oxL
P]ltxfl;s lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{ xfdLnfO{ pTk|]l/t ul//x]sf] 5 .
#= g]kfnL qmflGt / ef/tLo
lj:tf/jfbsf lj?4sf] ;+3if{af/]
g]kfnL
qmflGtsf] sfo{lbzf lgwf{/0f ub}{ @)$* df ;DkGg Pstf dxflwj]zgdf kf6L{n] k|d'v
cGtlj{/f]wsf ¿kdf ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbåf/f ;+/lIft ;fdGt, gf]s/zfx / bnfn k'“hLklt
ju{ ldn]/ ag]sf] 3/]n' k|ltlqmofjfbL ;Qf;“u g]kfnL hgtfsf] cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ ls6fg
u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL hgo'4sf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltx¿sf] ¿k/]vf lvRg] kf6L{
s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] P]ltxfl;s t];|f] lj:tfl/t a}7sn] g]kfnL qmflGtsf
ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ ;"qa4 ug]{ qmddf ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf lj?4 ;+3if{sf] k|ZgnfO{
Ps dxŒjk"0f{ ljz]iftfsf ¿kdf ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL hgo'4sf] P]ltxfl;s
kxnsf] of]hgf k|wfg cGtlj{/f]w / g]kfnL qmflGtsf ljz]iftfx¿sf] pk/f]Qm
lgisif{;“u cleGg ¿kn] uf“l;Psf] tYo :ki6} 5 . ;fy}, kf6L{sf] P]ltxfl;s
bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngåf/f kfl/t b:tfj]hdf ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf lj?4 ;+3if{sf]
cfjZostfdf s]lGb|t x'“b} cufl8 ;fl/Psf] blIf0f Plzof;DaGwL k|:tfj / To;df
@!cf}+ ztfAbLdf gof“ ;f]leot km]8/]zgsf] cjwf/0ffsf] k|:t'lt oxf“ ljz]if ¿kn]
:d/0fof]Uo 5 .
;fdGtjfb
/ ;fd|fHojfbsf lj?4 k'“hLjfbL hgjfbL qmflGtsf] l;+uf] r/0fdf /fli6«otf /
hgjfbsf lglDt ;+3if{nfO{
-cfGtl/s / afx\o b'j} cy{df_ cljefHo ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg'kg]{ /0fg}lts cfjZostfdf
klg xfd|f] kf6L{n] nuftf/ hf]8 lb+b} cfPsf] 5 . tfTsflns / sfo{g}lts cy{df
b'Zdgsf aLrsf] cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ gLltcg';f/ kf6L{n] xd]zf k'/fgf]
;Qfsf] afu8f]/ ;dft]/ hg;d'bfodfly bdg / cTofrf/ ug]{ k|ltlqmofjfbL u'6dfly g}
cfºgf] cfqmd0f s]lGb|t ug]{ gLlt ln+b} cfPsf] 5 . To;cg';f/ hgo'4sf]
klxnf] kf“r jif{ k'/fgf] ;Qfdf ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf] k|ToIf bnfnL ub}{ Pj+
/fi6«3ftL / c;dfg ;lGw–;Demf}tf ub}{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] jf:tljs /fli6«o / hgtflGqs cfsf+Iffdfly
s'7f/f3ft ug]{ k|ltlqmofjfbL u'6sf lj?4 s]lGb|t /x]sf] tYo :d/0fLo 5 . pQm
gLlt cg';f/ b]zJofkL ¿kdf emf+lub} uPsf] hgo'4sf] nx/ / k|efjaf6 lrlGtt /
cft+lst aGg k'u]sf ;fd|fHojfbL, lj:tf/jfbL / ;fdGtL s§/tfjfbLx¿sf] ldlneutdf Ps
uDeL/ if8\oGqcGtu{t s'Voft gf/fo0flx6L xTofsf08sf] d~rg ul/of] .
pQm
xTofsf08 klZrdf ;fd|fHojfb d'VotM cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] ljz]if u'?of]hgfcGtu{t
pgLx¿s} ljz]if bnfnL ug]{ lg/+s'z ;fdGtL tŒjx¿sf] ck/fwsf] kl/0ffd /x]sf] s'/f
kf6L{n] :ki6 ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . of] kl/36gfn] :jfefljs ¿kdf kf6L{sf] tfTsflns
cfqmd0f lg/+s'z ;fdGtL b/afl/of u'6 / p;sf] k|d'v dflns cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf
lj?4 s]lGb|t ug{ clgjfo{ agfof] . k"0f{ k/fho / ktgsf] ;+3f/df
k'lu;s]sf] lg/+s'z ;fdGtL gSsnL /fhtGq / p;sf] e/f}6] zfxL ;]gfnfO{ /fhg}lts, cfly{s
/ ;}lgs e/y]u ug{ ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbnfO{ ;d]t ;fy ln+b} cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbn]
ljz]if hf]8 u/]sf] s'/f slyt ;+s6sfn / kl5Nnf] jftf{sfndf emg\ pbfËf] / p208
¿kdf b]vf k¥of] . s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] ut k"0f{ a}7sn] pk/f]Qm l:yltsf]
;dLIff;lxt kf6L{sf] tTsfnLg / bL3{sfnLg sfo{ef/ lglZrt u¥of] . /fhg}lts /
kmf}hL 36gfqmdx¿sf] ljsf;n] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf tL lgisif{x¿sf] j}1flgstf /
;xLkgfnfO{ k|dfl0ft u/]sf 5g\ . lgZro g} kf6L{n] afx\o ¿kdf cd]l/sL
;fd|fHojfb / cfGtl/s ¿kdf ;fdGtL b/afl/ofx¿dfly cfºgf] cfqmd0f s]lGb|t ul//x]sf]
;Gbe{df ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf] tfTsflns /IffTds l:yltnfO{ Wofg lb+b} pm;“u
tTsfnsf] nflu s'6g}lts ;+3if{ rnfpg] gLlt lnPsf] lyof] . tfTsflns
sfo{g}lts cy{df To;k|sf/sf] uf]Ko s'6g}lts ;+3if{ rnfpg' ;xL x'“bfx'“b} klg
v'nf /fhg}lts ;DaGw / ;+3if{nfO{ ToxL :t/df p7fpgdf xfdL k5fl8 k/]sf] s'/f
:jLsfg'{ oxf“ dxŒjk"0f{ x'g cfp“5 .
kf6L{sf]
pk/f]Qm gLltsf] /fhg}lts / kmf}hL If]qdf ul/Psf] sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmof j]gL
sfjf{xL;Dd cfOk'Ubf cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb / ;fdGtL b/afl/ofx¿sf] sfo{gLlt /fhg}lts
/ kmf}hL b'a} If]qdf c;kmn l;4 eof] . of] c;kmntfn] cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbnfO{
s]xL kl5 x6\g tyf la|l6z ;fd|fHojfb / d'VotM ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbnfO{ cufl8 a9\g
afWo kf¥of] . /0fg}lts Ps¿ktfsf afjh"b blIf0f Pl;ofdf cfºgf] Ps5q
k|e'Tjsf] bfjL ug]{ ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf nflu g]kfndf cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf]
a9\bf] ;lqmotf dg kl//x]sf] lyPg . o;sf ;fy} hgo'4sf] u'0ffTds
ljsf;k|lqmof / s'6g}lts ;+3if{sf aLraf6 ef/tLo lj:tf/jfb of] lgisif{df k'Uof]
ls xfd|f] kf6L{ / hgo'4nfO{ ;lhn} cfºgf] hfndf kfg{ ;Dej 5}g .
cGtlj{/f]wsf] ljsf;sf] 7Ls oxL k|lqmofsf ;Gbe{df ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbn] cd]l/sL
;fd|fHojfbsf] ;d]t ;dy{g lnP/ cToGt sk6k"0f{ 9ª\un] xfd|f] kf6L{ / hgo'4sf
lj?4 cfqmd0fnfO{ tLj| t'Nofp“b} nUof] . kf6L{ x]8\Sjf6{/nfO{ ;d]t lgzfgf
agfp“b} lbNnLdf s=dft[sf ofbj / s=;'/]z cfn]du/dfly ul/Psf] cfqmd0f, l;nLu'8Ldf
s=ls/0fdfly ul/Psf] cfqmd0f / k6gfdf s=;f]gfd, s=cEof;, s=ljho, s=clgn,
s=zdz]/, s= lrqaxfb'/ >]i7 nufotsf !! hgf sd/]8x¿dflysf] cfqmd0fnfO{ pk/f]Qm
ljZn]if0f / lgisif{ eGbf aflx/af6 a'‰g' 7"nf] /fhg}lts e"n dfq x'g
hfG5 .
ef/tLo
zf;sx¿n] lg/+s'z ;fdGtL b/af/;“u} emu8f gug{ ;+;b\jfbL /fhg}lts bnx¿nfO{
lbO/x]sf bjfa, slyt zfxL ;]gfnfO{ hf]8tf]8n] lbO/x]sf ;xof]u, ;+o'Qm
/fi6«;+3sf] dWo:ytf jf pkl:yltsf lj?4 ul//x]sf if8\oGq, dfcf]jfbL hgo'4sf lj?4
;}Go x:tIf]k ul/g;Sg] s'/fsf] v'Nnf wDsL / jsfnt cflbn] slyt Nehru
Doctrine sf] cg'z/0f ub}{ g]kfnnfO{ l;lSsd
agfpg] lj:tf/jfbL if8\oGqnfO{ JoQm ub{5g\ .
g]kfnsf]
ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«o :jtGqtf Pj+ :jtGq cfly{s, /fhg}lts / ;f+:s[lts
k|ultsf] k|d'v afx\o b'Zdg /lxcfPsf] P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{df ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf
jt{dfg lqmofsnfkx¿ g]kfnL hgtfsf nflu s'g} cfZro{sf] ljifo xf]Ogg\ .
clkt', oL lqmofsnfkx¿n] :jo+ ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf] /fhg}lts k/fho / g]kfnsf]
/fli6«o :jtGqtfsf] kIfdf dxfg\ hgo'4n] xfl;n u/]sf] /fhg}lts ljhonfO{
bzf{p“5g\ . g]kfnsf] ljlzi6 l:yltdf /fli6«o / hgjfbL qmflGtdf
k"0f{tfsf] Ps cfwf/e"t /fhg}lts zt{ ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbaf6 d'lQm k|fKt
ug{' /x]sf] tYo lglj{jfb 5 . ;fd|fHojfb / ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf] jt{dfg o'udf
j}b]lzs ;fd|fHojfbL x:tIf]k gePsf] s'g} b]z / qmflGt x'g' c;Dej 5 . cfh
;fd|fHojfbsf lj?4 o'4 gu/Lsg ;kmn ePsf] hgqmflGtsf] sNkgf ug'{ sf]/f cfbz{jfb
dfq x'g] s'/f :ki6 5 . g]kfnL hgo'4 klg ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbL x:tIf]k;“u 6Ss/
glnO{ To;dfly ljho k|fKt gu/L ;kmn x'g] s'/fsf] sNkgf g} ug{ ;lsGg .
ctM
hgo'4sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/jfbL x:tIf]ksf] a9f]Q/Låf/f ablnPsf] gof“ ;Gbe{df
kf6L{n] ef/tLo ;}Go ;xof]usf] u'gufg ufpg] k'/fgf] ;Qfsf /fli6«o cfTd;dk{0fjfbL
bnfnx¿sf ;fy} g]kfndf lj:tf/jfbL :jfy{sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ /fhg}lts, cfly{s /
;f+:s[lts k|lti7fgx¿dfly cfºgf] cfqmd0fnfO{ s]lGb|t ub}{ n}hfg' kb{5 . ljrf/wf/f,
/fhgLlt, ;+u7g / ;+:s[ltsf ;a} If]qdf /fli6«o cfTd;dk{0fjfbsf lj?4sf] ;+3if{ /
e08fkmf]/nfO{ of]hgfa4 9ª\un] cufl8 a9fpg' kb{5 . ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbL ;}Go
x:tIf]ksf lj?4 ef}lts / ;}Go tof/Lsf lglDt ;Dk"0f{ :jfledfgL / b]zeQm
g]kfnLx¿nfO{ nfda4 ug]{ of]hgfsf] l9nf] gu/L ljsf; ug{ clgjfo{ 5 .
ef/tLo
lj:tf/jfbL ;}Go x:tIf]k / To;sf lj?4 k|lt/f]wsf k|lqmofdf d'¶Le/ cfTd;dk{0fjfbL
u2f/x¿sf lj?4 cfd g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ Pstfa4 ub}{ hgqmflGtnfO{ ljhoL t'Nofpg], :jo+
ef/t / l;+uf] blIf0f Pl;ofdf /fli6«o d'lQm / hgjfbL qmflGtdf hg;d'bfonfO{
;xof]u ug]{, blIf0f Pl;ofdf qmflGtsf] gof“ nx/ ;[li6 ug{ pef/ v8f ug{] tyf
jt{dfg ;fd|fHojfbL ;Gt'ngnfO{ eTsfp“b} ljZj;j{xf/f qmflGtsf] gof“ nx/ ;[li6
ug]{ /0fgLlt cGtlg{xLt /x]sf] P]ltxfl;s oyfy{nfO{ hlt ulx/fOk"j{s cfTd;ft\
ug{ ;lsG5, Tolt g} uDeL/tfk"j{s cfºgf] kxnsbdLnfO{ a9fpg ;lsG5 .
$= jt{dfg /fli6«o kl/l:ylt /
k'/fgf] ;Qf;“u jftf{sf] k|Zgaf/]
cfh
b]zdf k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] cl:tTj ;fd|fHojfb / lj:tf/jfbn] sf7sf] v'§f nufP/ 6]sfPsf]
t;f{pg] -j'VoF“rf_ sf] h:tf] alg/x]sf] 5 . dxfg\ hgo'4sf] a9\bf]
cfqmfdstfsf cufl8 b]zsf] ;du| u|fdL0f Onfsfaf6 a9fl/Psf] k'/fgf] ;Qf ca zx/–
ahf/ / ;b/d'sfddf ;d]t /IffTds aGg afWo x'“b} 5 . ;+ljwfg;ef / u0ftGqsf]
kIfdf pln{/x]sf] hgdtn] k'/fgf] ;QfnfO{ cfºgf] clGtd 38Lsf] k|tLIffdf a:g' kg]{
l:yltsf] l;h{gf ul//x]sf] 5 . o;/L Oltxf;sf] s'8fss{6df ldNsfOg nfu]sf]
gSsnL /fhtGq / p;sf] ;fdGtL ;QfnfO{ 6]sf] nufpg] ;fd|fHojfbL / lj:tf/jfbLx¿n]
g} cfh k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] ;Dk"0f{ xfnLd'xfnL cfºgf] xftdf lnO/x]sf 5g\ .
o;/L
d/0ff;Gg k'/fgf] ;Qfn] b]zsf] /fli6«o cy{tGq tx;–gx; kf/]sf] 5 . ;Lldt
pBf]uwGbf, Jofkf/, ljlgdo, xf]6n Joj;fo, ko{6g, cfly{snufot hLjgsf ;a} If]qdf
ef/tLo bnfn k'“hLkltx¿sf] Ps5q cflwkTo sfod ePsf] 5 . cy{tGqsf] of]
l:yltn] pTkGg u/]sf] g]kfnL hgtfsf] ul/aL / j]/f]huf/Lsf] ;d:of cfsfl;Psf] 5 .
ul/aL / j]/f]huf/Lsf] pk/f]Qm l:yltnfO{ ;fd|fHojfbs} u'?of]hgfcg';f/ ;:tf]
>d ahf/sf ¿kdf ljZjsf ljleGg b]zdf vl/b–lalqm ug]{ k|lqmof lj:dosf/L 9ª\un]
a9]sf] 5 / o;n] b]zsf] /fli6«o cl:tTjnfO{ g} r'gf}tL lbO/x]sf] 5 . b]z /
hgtfsf] /fli6«otf, hgtGq / hghLljsfsf] em08fsf] ¿kdf ljhof]Gd'v hgo'4nfO{
æk/f:tÆ ug]{ if8\oGqcGtu{t eO/x]sf oL /fi6«3ftL / cfTd;dk{0fjfbL lqmofsnfkn]
/fi6«sf] l:yltnfO{ eofjx agfPsf] 5 .
/fhg}lts
¿kn] ;+ljwfg;efdfkm{t u0ftGqsf] ;+:yfut ljsf; ug]{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] hgtflGqs
cfsf+Iffsf] lj?4 k|ltufdL ;fdGtL tŒjx¿dfkm{t j}b]lzs k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿n] lg/Gt/
gof“–gof“ if8\oGq / x:tIf]ksf] k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . o:t} if8\oGqsf]
kl5Nnf] s8Lsf ¿kdf ;fdGtL k|ltudgsf lj?4 cfGbf]ng/t ;+;b\jfbL /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{
km'6fpg] / pgLx¿nfO{ ;fdGtL b/af/sf] kmf}hL clwgfosjfbsf cufl8 3“'8f 6]sfpg]
if8\oGqsf] k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5 . cfºgf] /fhg}lts ktg / b]z / hgtfk|ltsf]
ljZjf;3ftnfO{ k|dfl0ft ub}{ s}of}+ ;+;b\jfbL u'6x¿ To;k|sf/sf] if8\oGqdf ;fd]n
ePsf 5g\ . af“sL sltko ;+;b\jfbL bnx¿ eofgs csd{0otfsf] lzsf/ alg/x]sf
5g\ . if8\oGqsf] kl5Nnf] k|of]udf ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbL zf;sx¿ ;jf{lws
hf]8tf]8n] nflu/x]sf 5g\ . ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf] bnfnLdf cfºgf] cl:tTj wfGb}
cfPsf k|d'v ;+;b\jfbL bnx¿ clxn] cfkm\g} k+lQmdf c;nL b]zeQm /
k|hftGqjfbLx¿dfly 808f a;f{pg] sfo/tfsf] ¿kdf k|:t't x'g yfn]sf 5g\ .
;+;b\jfbL tŒjx¿sf] o:t} k|sf/sf] /fhg}lts ktg, cfTdljZjf;xLgtf, c;xfokg, bnfnL
/ csd{0otfnfO{ /fd}|;“u a'em]sf ;fdGtL k|ltufdL / ;fd|fHojfbL lj:tf/jfbLx¿n]
pgLx¿nfO{ lj/fnf]n] d';f v]nfPem}+ ;lhn} v]nfp“b} cfPsf 5g\ .
hgo'4sf]
lj?4 æc;Ifd b]pjfsf] g]t[TjdfÆ æ;IfdÆ æ;j{bnLoÆ ;/sf/sf] lgo'lQm pk/f]Qm
l:ylts} kl/0ffd ePsf] s'/fdf s'g} z+sf 5}g . j}b]lzs k|ltlqmofjfb / ;fdGtL
k|ltudgsf t'R5 gf]s/x¿sf] d08nLsf ¿kdf cufl8 NofOPsf] slyt gof“ dlGqd08nn]
dflnsx¿sf] lgb]{zgdf hgtfsf] sfg k6\ofpg] u/L l;Ë g k'R5/sf] zflGtjftf{sf]
cd"t{ /fu cnflk/x]sf 5g\ . jftf{sf] /fu cnfk]/ afx\o ¿kdf
cfkm"nfO{ hg;d'bfosf cufl8 zflGtsf] ædl;xfÆ b]vfpg] / leqL ¿kdf cem
7"nf] hg;+xf/sf lgldQ ljb]zL ;]gf;Dd u'xfg]{ if8\oGqdf k|ltufdL ;fdGtL xTof/fx¿sf]
of] if8\oGqnfO{ rsgfr'/ kfg{ b[9tfk"j{s cufl8 a9\g'afx]s b]z / hgtfsf]
lxtdf csf]{ ljsNk /x]sf] 5}g .
lglZrt
¿kdf xfdL g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ jf:tljs cy{df ;fj{ef}d t'Nofpg] tyf g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
k|ultzLn ¿kfGt/0fsf lgldQ jftf{sf] lj/f]wL 5}gf}+ . t/ casf] jftf{ k'/fgf]
;Qfsf t'R5 gf]s/x¿;“u xf]Og, ltgsf dflnsx¿;“u / tL slyt dflnsx¿;“u klg
;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ hgtfnfO{ a'emfpm eGgsf lglDt dfq x'g ;Sb5 . b]zdf
ljBdfg zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] cfhsf] l:yltdf of]eGbf csf]{ 9ª\un] ;f]+Rg' cGttM /fli6«o
cfTd;dk{0fjfb g} x'g hfG5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ bx|f];“u cfTd;ft\ ug'{ / cfd hgtfnfO{
Tof] lbzfdf lzlIft–bLlIft t'Nofpg' qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf] P]ltxfl;s bfloTj xf] .
;fd|fHojfbL / lj:tf/jfbL x:tIf]ksf] wDsL lbP/ g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ cfTd;d{k0f u/fpg]
if8\GqnfO{ sbflk ;xg ;lsb}g . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3nufot cGo s'g} dfgjclwsf/jfbL
;+:yfsf] dWo:ytf jf ;xof]udf jftf{ x'g] l:yltdf klg xfd|f] kf6L{sf] of]
cfwf/e"t c8fg / l:kl/6df km/s cfpg] 5}g . xfd|f] kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf
;+rflnt dxfg\ hgo'4 ;fd|fHojfb / lj:tf/jfbsf] ;}Go x:tIf]ksf lj?4 ;d]t 6Ss/ lng
tof/ 5 eGg] ljrf/ / l:kl/6df cufl8 a9]/ dfq b]z / hgtfsf] d'lQm / k|ultnfO{
;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 .
%= /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fdf k|j]zsf]
cfwf/
-/fhg}lts
/ kmf}hL l:yltsf] ;dLIff_
k'/fgf]
;fdGtL ;Qf;“u ul/Psf] ut o'4lj/fd / jftf{k|lqmofdf kf6L{åf/f k|blz{t /fhg}lts
c8fg / kxnsf kIfdf u|fdL0f If]qdf dfq geO{ Jofks zxl/of hg;d'bfodf ;d]t
b]vfk/]sf] pef/af6 eolet aGg k'u]sf ;fdGtjfbL / ;fd|fHojfbL tŒjx¿sf] cToGt
if8\oGqd"ns 9ª\uaf6 o'4lj/fd / jftf{sf] cf}lrTo ;dfKt kf/]sf] s'/fdf yk
JofVofsf] cfjZostf 5}g . j}b]lzs ;fd|fHojfb, tfTsflns cj:yfdf d'VotM
cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb / lg/+s'z ;fdGtL tŒjx¿af6 zflGtjftf{dfkm{t cu|ufdL lgsf;
vf]Hg] g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfsf+Iffsf lj?4 eO/x]sf] if8\oGqnfO{ ;dod} cf“sng u/]/ g}
s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] ut k"0f{ a}7sn] cufl8sf nflu gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmd
lglZrt u/]sf] lyof] . s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf lg0f{ox¿sf] sfof{Gjog / kl5Nnf
ultljlwx¿sf] ;+lIfKt ;dLIff lgDgfg';f/ ul/G5 .
-s_ g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ / ls=j=kf= aLrsf] Pstfaf/]
k'/fgf]
;Qf;“u jftf{k|lqmofsf] cf}krfl/s cGTo x'g'cufl8 ljleGg hgjuL{o ;+u7g, hftLo tyf
If]qLo df]rf{x¿sf] e]nf–;Dd]ng rln/x]sf] lyof] . o; k|lqmofdf b"/ufdL
dxŒj /fVg] /fhg}lts k|ultsf ¿kdf ls/f“t /fli6«o d'lQm df]rf{sf] ;Dd]ngsf]
k"j{;GWofdf ;DkGg g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ / uf]kfn vDa'sf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf]
…ls/ft js{; kf6L{Ú sf aLrsf] Pstf xf] . dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfb /
k|r08kysf] ;}4flGts lgb]{zgdf g]kfnL qmflGt cufl8 a9fpg] k|lta4tfsf ;fy ;DkGg
of] Pstfn] juL{o / hftLo d'lQmsf lglDt ;+3if{/t ls/ftL hg;d'bfosf] Pstf,
cfTdljZjf; / pT;fxnfO{ dfq gof“ prfOdf p7fPg, clkt' l;+uf] b]zsf qmflGtsf/LnfO{
yk phf{ ;d]t k|bfg u¥of] . …km'6fpm / zf;g u/Úsf] if8\oGqdf l6s]sf]
k'/fgf] a|fDx0fjfbL ;fdGtL ;Qfsf lglDt of] Pstf alnof] emfk8 l;4 eof] .
qmflGtsf/L ¿kfGt/0f;“u} qmflGtsf/Lx¿sf aLrsf] Pstf ;'b[9 x'“b} hfg] s'/fdf
kf6L{ ljZj:t 5 .
-v_ /fhg}lts kl/rfng;“u ;DalGwt sfdsf] ;dLIff
kf6L{,
hgd'lQm ;]gf, ;+o'Qm qmflGtsf/L hgkl/ifb\, ljleGg hftLo Pj+ If]qLo df]rf{ Pj+
ljleGg hgjuL{o ;+u7gaf6 s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo / :yfgLo:t/df lg/Gt/ cfof]hgf ul/+b}
cfPsf hgkl/rfngsf ;+o'Qm Pj+ :jtGq sfo{qmdx¿n] hg;d'bfonfO{ cfGbf]lnt / ;+ul7t
ug]{ tyf k'/fgf] ;fdGtL ;QfnfO{ cnu–ynu / c:t–Jo:t kfg]{ sfddf dxŒjk"0f{
e"ldsf v]Nb} cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df gof“ df]8 ;fljt ug]{ hftLo
/ If]qLo :jfoQ ;/sf/x¿sf] u7g / 3f]if0ffn] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] ;dob]lv sfod
/x]sf] ;fdGtL lxGb" pRr hftLo cx+sf/jfbL -a|fDx0fjfbL_ /fHo;Qfsf] cfwf/
Wj:t kfg{] tyf hgtfsf] hgjfbL /fHo;Qfsf] cfwf/ v8f ug]{ sfddf Pp6f sf];]
9'+ufsf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ePsf] 5 . ca tL :jfoQ ;/sf/sf] sfdnfO{ ;hLj /
;'b[9 kfg{ hf]8 nufpg cfjZos 5 . ;fy} juL{o / hftLo cfGbf]ngsf aLrsf]
;DaGw, ;j{xf/fju{sf] g]t[Tjsf] ckl/xfo{tf, ;dfhjfb / ;fDojfbsf] nIoh:tf
cfwf/e"t ;}4flGts ljifox¿df yk j}rfl/s :ki6tfsf] nflu lg/Gt/ Wofg lbg
cfjZos 5 . o; k|sf/sf k|Zgx¿df j}rfl/s :ki6tfsf] cefjn] b'Zdg / cj;/jfbsf
lj?4 hg;d'bfosf] PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ sl7g x'g hfg] s'/fnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s
cfTd;ft\ ug'{kb{5 .
;fdGtL
k|ltudgsf lj?4 cfºgf tdfd juL{o / /fhg}lts ;Ldf;lxt cfGbf]ng/t ;+;b\jfbL
/fhg}lts bnx¿sf ;fy} b]zdf k|ltli7t af}l4s ;d'bfo, gful/s ;dfh ;a};“u kf6L{n]
lg/Gt/ ;Dks{, cGtlqm{of / cfGbf]ngdf tfnd]nsf] k|oTg ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
o;k|sf/sf] lg/Gt/ k|oTgn] k|ltufdL k'/fgf] ;fdGtL ;QfnfO{ zx/–ahf/df;d]t
cnufjdf kfg]{ tyf dWod ju{df kf6L{sf] g]t[Tj :yflkt ug]{ sfddf pNn]Vo k|ult
x'“b} cfPsf] 5 . ;+;bjfbL /fhg}lts bnx¿nfO{ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg /
u0ftGqsf] kIfdf lnPsf] kxnn] ljb|f]xsf] tof/Lsf kIfdf /fd|f] e"ldsf
v]n]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/sf] cfGbf]ngaf6 cQflnP/ ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztfjfbLx¿n]
z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] g]t[Tjdf slyt ;j{bnLo ;/sf/sf] lgo'lQm u/]/ gof“ gf}6+sLsf]
k|bz{g ul//x]sf 5g\ . To;k|sf/sf] k|ltufdL if8\oGqdf ;fd]n eP/ Pdfn]
g]t[Tj u'6n] cfkm\g} /fhg}lts bfx;+:sf/ dfq u/]sf] 5 .
s]Gb|Lo
;ldltsf] ut k"0f{ a}7sn] u/]sf] lgb]{zgcg';f/ cGt/f{li6«o kxnsbdLdf
pNn]lvt k|ult eO/x]sf] 5 . sDo'lg:6 qmflGtsf/Lx¿;“usf] ;DaGw ;hLj / ;'b[9
kfg]{, ;fd|fHojfb / lj:tf/jfblj/f]wL ;+3if{df tfnd]n ub}{ kxn lng], k|sfzg /
k|rf/nfO{ Jojl:yt ug]{, b'Zdgx¿sf aLrsf] cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ tyf ;Dej
eP;Dd ljleGg zlQm;“u s'6g}lts ;Djfb ug]{ h:tf sfo{x¿df ;Gtf]ifhgs k|ult
eO/x]sf] 5 .
/fhg}lts
kl/rfngsf] If]qdf kf6L{n] lnPsf pk/f]Qm kxnx¿sf] s'n of]ukmnsf ¿kdf cfh
;+ljwfg;efh:tf] kf6L{sf] Go"gtd /fhg}lts gf/fdf lg/+s'z ;fdGtL b/afl/of
u'6afx]s b]zdf cfd /fli6«o ;xdlt g} sfod x'g k'u]sf] 5 . o;af6 /fhg}lts
¿kdf xfd|f] kf6L{ k'/fgf] ;Qfsf lj?4 k"/} cfqmfds l:yltdf /x]sf] s'/f :ki6
x'G5 .
-u_ kmf}hL If]qsf] sfdsf] ;dLIff–
s]=;=
åf/f lglb{i6 ljs]Gb|Ls[t / s]Gb|Ls[t sfjf{xL;DaGwL kmf}hL of]hgf sfof{Gjog
ePsf] 5 . ljutsf of]hgfx¿sf] t'ngfdf pknlAw / Ifltsf b'a} b[li6n] of]
of]hgf cjlw u'0ffTds k|s[ltsf] /xg uof] .
t/fO{ /
zx/df 3gLe"t cfqmd0f ub}{ b]zJofkL ¿kdf ljs]lGb|t sfjf{xL ug]{ of]hgfsf]
klxnf] r/0f cToGt ;zQm / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;kmn /x\of] . cfZro{ /
cfsl:dstfsf] e/k"/ k|of]u ub}{ hgd'lQm ;]gfdf qmflGtsf/L of]4fx¿n]
/fhwfgLb]lv ;a} k|d'v zx/ Pj+ t/fO{b]lv kxf8;Dd ljj]s, zf}o{ / /0fsf}znsf] prfO
5'“b} ;fgf–7"nf ;of}+ ;kmn sfo{jfxLx¿åf/f b'ZdgnfO{ c:tJo:t kfg]{ sfd
eof] . c+z–c+zdf b'Zdgtkm{ 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofpg] / xltof/, o'4;fdu|L /
cfly{s sAhf ug]{ sfddf klg klxnf] r/0fdf /fd|f] ;kmntf k|fKt eof] .
7"nf / s]lGb|t sfjf{xLx¿sf] dfu a9\b} hf“bf / pQ]hs k|rf/jfhLsf ;Gbe{df
;fk]lIfs s]Gb|Ls/0fcGtu{t ePsf s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ kmf}hL sfjf{xLx¿df ePsf]
Iflt / c;kmntf tyf /fhwfgLdf s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ of]4fx¿sf] lu/km\tf/Ln]
of]hgfsf] bf];|f] r/0fdf dgf]j}1flgs ¿kn] gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ uof] . lgZro g}
To;aLrdf klg ljleGg ¿k / :t/sf kmf}hL sfjf{xLx¿ lg/Gt/ cufl8 al9/x] / sltko
If]qdf pNn]Vo ;kmntf klg k|fKt eP t/ s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ kmf}hL sfjf{xLdf ePsf]
Iflt / c;kmntf, /fhwfgLdf k'u]sf] wSsf, s]lGb|t sfo{jfxL ;+ul7t ug{ ljljw
sf/0faf6 x'g uPsf] l9nfO{ tyf b'Zdgsf] Jofks k|rf/jfhLsf sf/0f ToxL cjlwdf
ljleGg ¿k / :t/df cs{d0otfjfbL, cfTd;'/IffjfbL / c/fhstfjfbL k|j[lQx¿ b]vfkg{
vf]h] .
of]hgfsf]
clGtd r/0fdf ePsf s]lGb|t sfo{jfxLx¿sf] ;kmntfn] ;du| hgo'4sf] gof“ :t/df ePsf]
ljsf;nfO{ :ki6 u/]sf 5g\ . k"jL{ sdf08cGtu{t ef]hk'/ / klZrd
sdf08cGtu{t DofUbLdf ePsf oL pRr sfjf{xLx¿n] zfxL cd]l/sg ;]gfåf/f ljsf;
ul/Psf] clxn];Ddsf] /0fg}lts of]hgfnfO{ Ps k6s k'gM w/f;foL kf/]sf 5g\ .
ef]hk'/ sfjf{xLn] k"jL{ sdf08df kmf}hL sfjf{xLsf] u'0ffTds km8\sf]nfO{ k|ltlglwTj
u/]sf] 5 eg] DofUbLsf] j]gL sfjf{xLn] ;du| hgo'4 gof“ r/0fdf k|j]z u/]sf]
tYonfO{ :ki6 kf/]sf] 5 . b'Zdgsf] Ps a6flnogeGbf a9Lsf] ;}Go zlQm
d':tfª;d]tsf] /0fg}lts cfjZostfnfO{ Wofg lbP/ ljsf; ul/Psf] ;}Go ljGof; /
lsNnfaGbLnfO{ ;kmntfk"j{s tf]8]/ hgd'lQm ;]gfn] cfºgf] kmf}hL pRrtf /
>]i7tfnfO{ ;zQm ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 / oL b'j} sfjf{xLkl5sf] :yfgfGt/0fsf]
k|lqmofdf b'Zdg;“u ePsf s}of}+ uDeL/ d'7e]8x¿n] rnfodfg / df]rf{a4 o'4sf gof“
cg'ej / :t/nfO{ JoQm ub{5g\ . s]lGb|t sfjf{xLdf d'VotM j]gL sfjf{xLdf
k|of]u ul/Psf k|ljlw, ljsf; ul/Psf] Jof6n Knfg, rf/}lt/ v8f ul/Psf df]rf{x¿,
of]4fx¿af6 k|blz{t alnbfgL l:kl/6, zf}o{ tyf cfwf lbg;Dd ;b/d'sfdd} /x]/
b'ZdgnfO{ r'gf}tL lb+b} dgfOPsf] ljho pT;jn] hgo'4sf] u'0ffTdstf /
ck/fh]otfnfO{ :ki6 ub{5g\ .
s]lGb|t
k|ltlglwd"ns sfjf{xLx¿sf] ;kmntfkl5 clxn] ;DkGg eO/x]sf ljs]Gb|Ls[t
sfjf{xLx¿df ;d]t hgd'lQm ;]gfn] cfqmfdstf / u'0ffTdstf a[l4 ub}{ nu]sf]
5 . ljs]Gb|Ls[t sfjf{xLx¿df klg ljsl;t x'“b} uPsf] of] cfqmfdstf /
u'0ffTdstfn] o'4 Ifdtfdf eO/x]sf] ljsf;nfO{ g} k|dfl0ft ul//x]sf 5g\ .
of] s'/f
:ki6 5 ls cfly{s, k|fljlws, nlhli6s Pj+ /fhg}lts / kmf}hL k|lzIf0f cflb If]qdf
hgd'lQm ;]gfsf cufl8 cem}+ klg uDeL/ cefj / ;d:of /x]sf 5g\ . tL cefj /
;d:ofx¿sf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu l;+uf] kf6L{k+lQmn] ljz]if hf]8 nufpg}
kb{5 . ;Lldt ;fwg–;|f]t / k|lzIf0fsf afjh"b cgluGtL sl7gfOx¿;“u h'Wb}
/ ;of}+ xf]gxf/ sld;f/, sdf08/ / of]4fsf] /utsf] d"Noaf6 xfl;n ePsf]
;kmntfn] g]kfnL qmflGtsf] dfq geP/ ljZj;j{xf/f qmflGts} cd"No lglw /
uf}/jsf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf 5g\ . hgo'4sf] /0fg}lts / kmf}hL cfqmd0fdf ePsf]
ljsf;nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{ pk/f]Qm tYox¿n] ;du| hgo'4 g} k|Tofqmd0fsf] r/0fdf
k|j]z ul//x]sf] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 ub{5g\ . oL lgisif{x¿n] cfufdL of]hgfnfO{
/0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] klxnf] of]hgfsf ¿kdf ljsf; ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf 5n{Ë
x'G5 .
-3_ /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0faf/]—
/0fg}lts
k|Tofqmd0fsf] r/0f hgo'4sf] ;du| ljsf;df clGtd, lg0f{ofTds / To; cy{df cToGt
dxŒjk"0f{ r/0f xf] . ctM /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff /
o; r/0fdf k|j]zsf j:t'ut / cfTdut cfwf/df tyf o;sf] efjL ljsf;sf] ¿k/]vfdf
l;+uf] kf6L{ k+lQmsf] a'emfO / l:kl/6df Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{ s'/fsf] dxŒj ljutsf]
t'ngfdf w]/} a9\g hfG5 . o;;Gbe{df b]vfkg]{ blIf0fkGyL jf jfdkGyL
dgf]utjfb tyf csd{0otfn] ;du| hgo'4df uDeL/ gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{5 .
bL3{sfnLg
hgo'4df /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] cy{, dxŒj / kl/efiffaf/] cfwf/e"t ;}4flGts
cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; s=dfcf]n] lrlgof“ hgqmflGtsf] qmddf ug'{ePsf] xf] .
cfwf/e"t ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff pxL /x“bf/x“b} klg @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] cfhsf]
kl/l:yltdf To;nfO{ oflGqs ¿kn] nfu" ug{ ;Dej x'“b}g . /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fnfO{
xfdLn] ljz'4 zf:qLo cy{df xf]Og gof“ ljZjkl/l:yltdf xfd|f] kf6L{sf] P]ltxfl;s
bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngsf] kmf}hL ;+Zn]if0f / @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf]
ljsf;;DaGwL s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] k|:tfj;“u hf]8]/ a'‰g cfjZos 5 . bL3{sfnLg
hgo'4sf] cfwf/e"t /0fgLltdf cfd ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] / cfd ;z:q ljb|f]xsf]
cfwf/e"t /0fgLltdf bL3{sfnLg hgo'4sf s}of}+ /0fgLltx¿nfO{ k|f/Deb]lv
;dfof]hg u/]/ nUg' gof“ ljZjkl/l:yltdf clgjfo{ 5 eGg] xfd|f] ;+Zn]if0fn]
hgo'4nfO{ a'‰g] k/Dk/fut h8\;"qjfbL ;f]+rdfly 7"nf] k|xf/ u/]sf]
5 . ;j{k|yd gof“ kl/l:ylt / g]kfnL hgo'4sf cg'ejsf cfwf/df ljsl;t of] gof“
cjwf/0ffsf af/]df ljz]if :ki6 x'g h?/L 5 .
/0fg}lts
k|Tofqmd0fnfO{ cfd ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] ;dt'No jf kof{ojfrLsf ¿kdf a'‰g] e|d jf unt
wf/0ffaf6 l;+uf] kf6L{ d'Qm /xg'kb{5 . /0fg}lts ;Gt'ng cGtu{tsf] ljutsf]
of]hgfsfndf /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0f / ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] tof/L eg]/ ul/Psf] k|rf/df
To;k|sf/sf] e|d jf unt wf/0ff aGg] vt/f ljBdfg lyof] . /0fg}lts /Iffsf]
r/0faf6 /0fg}lts ;Gt'ng / /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fdf hgo'4sf] ljsf;n] lglZrt ¿kdf
u'0ffTds km8\sf]sf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ t/ o;sf] cy{ /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0f eg]sf]
cfd ;z:q ljb|f]x eGg] cy{ nufpg' 7"nf] e"n x'g]5 . /0fg}lts
k|Tofqmd0fcGtu{t sltko of]hgf k"/f u/]kl5 cfd ;z:q ljb|f]xsf] l:ylt aGb5
eGg] s'/f o'4sf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/df / ;fy} s}+of}+ /fli6«o–cGt/f{li6«o l:yltsf] ljsf;df
lge{/ ub{5 .
kf6L{n]
gof“ j}rfl/s ;+Zn]if0f / g]kfnsf] ljlzi6 /fhg}lts l:yltsf cfwf/df b]zdf s'g}
klg a]nf cfd ljb|f]x x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf Pj+ To;sf] tof/L ;+ul7t ug]{af/] cfºgf] wf/0ff :ki6 ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . To;sf]
;f/tŒj hgo''4nfO{ cem 3gLe"t ¿kn] ljsf; ug'{, hg;d'bfonfO{ cem Jofks /
k|efjsf/L ¿kn] ;+ul7t / kl/rfng ug'{, /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o cGtlj{/f]wx¿nfO{
cem åGåjfbL tl/sfn] ljZn]if0f, pkof]u / kl/rfng ug'{ tyf of] k|lqmofdf cfd ;z:q
ljb|f]xsf] ;Defjgf k}bf x'g] lalQs} To;nfO{ qmflGtsf] kIfdf ;+ul7t ug{ hf]8bf/
kxn ug'{ xf] . hgo'4sf] ljsf;sf ;Gbe{sf ljhosf ltlyldltsf]
k"j{lgwf{/0f c;Dej s'/f xf] . s'g s'/f lglZrt ¿kdf eGg ;lsG5 eg] cfd
;z:q ljb|f]x / To;sf] ;kmntfsf] nflu b'Zdgsf] ;}Go zlQmdf lj36gsf] k|lqmof /
cGt/f{li6«o kl/l:yltdf ;fk]lIft cg's"ntf /0fg}lts dxŒjsf tŒjx¿ x'g\ .
k'/fgf] ;fdGtL ;Qf / p;sf e/f}6] ;]gfn] (÷!! kl5 cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb, ef/tLo
lj:tf/jfb / cGo k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿af6 ljz]if /fhg}lts, cfly{s / ;}Go ;xof]u
gkfPsf] eP cfhsf] g]kfndf cfd ljb|f]x eO;Sg] / hgo'4n] ljho k|fKt ul/;Sg] s'/f
;Dej lyof] . oxf“ of] s'/f klg lglZrt xf] ls O/fs, cºuflg:tfg /
dWok"j{nufot ljZjJofkL ¿kdf cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb hlthlt gf+lub} uPsf] 5 /
p;s} a9\bf] bnfnLsf sf/0f ef/tLo lj:tf/jfb blIf0f Pl;ofnL ;d'bfosf aLrdf
hlt–hlt gf+lub} uPsf] 5, g]kfnL hgo'4sf] ;kmntfsf] kIfdf Tolt g} cg's"ntf
ylk+b} uPsf] 5 . 36gfqmdx¿sf] ljsf;n] :ki6 ;+s]t u/]sf] 5 ls cfp“bf lbgdf
of] cg's"ntf cem tLj| ultdf a9\g] 5 . km]l/ klg d'Vo s'/f
k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgfcGtu{t kf6L{n] hgo'4 / hgtfsf aLrsf] sfdnfO{ hlt Jofks,
3gLe"t / k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] cufl8 a9fpg] 5, ljb|f]xsf] ;Defjgf klg Tolts}
glhlsP/ cfpg]5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ bx|f];“u cfTd;ft\ ug'{ g} xf] .
/0fg}lts
/Iffaf6 ;Gt'ng / ;Gt'ngaf6 k|Tofqmd0fdf Ps k6s k|j]z ul/;s]kl5 s'g} klg xfntdf
k5fl8 kms{g' x'“b}g eGg] oflGqs ;f]+raf6 klg d'Qm /xg' kb{5 . s'g} lglZrt
b]zsf] qmflGtsf ;Gbe{df xf];\ jf ljZjqmflGtsf ;Gb{edf g} lsg gxf];\,
To;k|sf/sf] oflGqs ;f]+rn] qmflGtsf] /Iff / ljsf;df 7"nf] Iflt k'Ug]
u/]sf] 5 . o;;Gbe{df ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf] / b'Mvb Iflt xfdLn] k]? qmflGtdf
b]v]sf 5f}+ . xfdLn] To;af6 lzIff lng} k5{ . ljZjdf / cfkm\g]} b]zdf
;d]t qmflGtn] u+eL/ k/fho ef]lu;Sbf klg /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fdf /x]sf] eGg]
ljZn]if0f ul//fVg'nfO{ lj8Dagf dfq eGg ;lsG5 . o;ljifodf xfd|f] kf6L{n]
ljutdf /0fg}lts ;Gt'ngsf] JofVofsf] qmddf g} cfºgf] l:ylt w]/} :ki6 ul/;s]sf]
5 . lgZro g} Psfw 36gf jf ljHfo–k/fhosf] k|efjdf cfP/ /0fg}lts r/0fnfO{ g}
x]/km]/ ug{ p4t algxfNg] dgf]ut cw}o{tfaf6 xfdL xd]zf ;ts{ /xg' kb{5 . t/,
s'g} /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o sf/0fn] l:yltdf 7"nf] kl/jt{g cfof] jf hgo'4n]
Pskl5 csf]{ ub}{ 7"N7"nf wSsf vfg k'Uof] eg] l:yltsf] j:t'jfbL
cf+sngsf ;fy k|Tofqmd0faf6 /0fg}lts /Iffdf uP/ gof“ lz/faf6 qmflGtsf
pknlAwx¿sf] /Iff / ljsf;sf lgldQ of]hgf lgdf{0f ug{ kf6L{ tof/ /xg' kb{5 .
pbfx/0fsf nflu ef]ln ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbn] Jofks ;}Go x:tIf]k u¥of] eg] -h;sf]
68\sf/f] ;+efjgfaf/] dfly g} rrf{ ul/;lsPsf] 5_ kf6L{n] /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fdf
/x]sf] elg/xg' 3fts l;4 x'g ;Sb5 . o;df xfd|f] kf6L{n] ;+Zn]if0f u/]sf]
k|r08kysf] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ ljz]iftf cGtlg{lxt /x]sf] 5 .
afx\o
¿kaf6 ;]gfsf] ;+Vof, xftxltof/sf] dfqf / u'0f, cfk"lt{sf] l:ylt,
;fd|fHojfb / lj:tf/jfbsf] ;xof]u, cfly{s, nlhl:6s / cGo ;fwg–>f]tsf] cj:yf
cflbsf b[li6n] x]bf{ clxn] klg b'Zdgsf] ;}Go zlQm hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] eGbf w]/} g}
dha't /x]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm l:yltnfO{ dfq ljrf/ ubf{ tTsfn /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fdf
k|j]z ug'{ jfdkGyL b':;fx;jfbL uNtL t x'“b}g eGg] k|Zg :jfefljs ¿kdf p7\g
;Sb5 . t/, ha g]kfnL hgo'4sf] cf7 aif{sf] ljsf;k|lqmof, kf6L{n] ljsf;
u/]sf] kmf}hL /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltsf] >[+vnf, hgd'lQm ;]gfn] ljsf; u/]sf]
kmf}hL Ifdtf, p;sf] cfqmfdstf / b'Zdgsf] /IffTds cj:yf k'/fgf] ;Qf / gof“
;Qfsf] hgwf/0ffsf] l:ylt, k'/fgf] ;Qfdf ljsl;t eO/x]sf] cl:y/tf, c/fhstf /
cGtlj{/f]wsf] l:ylt cflbnfO{ Ps} 7fp“df /fv]/ ulxl/P/ ljrf/ ubf{ zlQm ;Gt'ngsf]
lgtfGt leGg lrq b]vf kb{5 . of] leGg lrqn] ca klg /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fdf
k|j]z ug{ l9nfO{ ug'{ ;du| hgo'4nfO{ csd{0otf / uf]nrSs/df km;fpg] blIf0fkGyL
cfTd;'/IffjfbL uNtL x'g] s'/fnfO{ bzf{p“5 . k|Tofqmd0f;DaGwL dfly rrf{
ul/Psf] cjwf/0fsf cfwf/df b'a} l:yltnfO{ uDeL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ ubf{ /0fg}lts
k|Tofqmd0fsf] r/0fdf k|j]z u/L of]hgfa4 9ª\un] cufl8 a9\g' g} qmflGtsf/L /
j:t'jfbL lg0f{o x'g] s'/fdf z+sf /x“b}g . lj:tf/jfbL x:tIf]ksf] tof/LnfO{
;d]t nIo agfP/ ctM /0fg}lts k|Tofqm0fsf] klxnf] of]hgfsf] cfwf/df dfq l;+uf]
kf6L{ k+lQm, ;}Go zlQm, hg;Qf / cfd hg;d'bfonfO{ gof“ prfOaf6 Pstfa4 ug{,
¿kfGt/0f ug{ / o;/L g} cfTdljZjf;sf ;fy b'Zdgdfly k|efjsf/L k|xf/ ;+ul7t ug{
;lsG5 . ca kf6L{n] 7Ls oxL lbzflt/ of]hgfsf] ljsf;df cfºgf] Wofg s]lGb|t
ug'{kb{5 .
%= /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] klxnf] of]hgfsf] ¿k/]vf
klxnf] of]hgfsf] d"n gf/f
k|Tofqmd0fsf] klxnf] of]hgf ;kmn kf/f}+ †
j}b]lzs x:tIf]ksf lj?4 Jofks tof/L u/f}+ ††
of]hgfsf k|d'v /fhg}lts nIox¿
-s_
cu|ufdL /fhg}lts lgsf; / /fHo;Qfsf] Jofks k'gM;+/rgfljgf slyt ;+;bLo lgjf{rg
u/fpg] k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] if8\oGqnfO{ rsgfr'/ kfg]{ .
-v_
j}b]lzs x:tIf]k d'VotM lj:tf/jfbL ef/tLo ;}Go x:tIf]ksf] vt/f Pj+ /fli6«o
cfTd;dk{0fjfbL k'/fgf] ;Qfsf lj?4 cfd b]zeQm g]kfnLx¿nfO{ Pstfa4 / cfGbf]lnt
ug{ hf]8 nufpg] .
-u_
;fdGtL k|ltudg / ;fd|fHojfbL lj:tf/jfbL x:tIf]ksf cufl8 cfTd;dk{0f ug]{ blIf0fkGyL
;+zf]wgjfbsf] Jofks e08fkmf]/ ug]{ .
-3_
hg;d'bfo;“usf] ;DaGwnfO{ cem} xflb{s / ;hLj t'Nofp“b} kf6L{sf] hglbzf / ;j{xf/f
rl/qnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{df ljz]if hf]8 lbg] .
-ª_
g]kfnL qmflGtsf kIfdf hgdt a[l4 ug{ / cfGbf]ng ;+ul7t ug{ cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw,
k|rf/ / cGo lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kn] cufl8 a9fpg hf]8 ug]{ .
of]hgfsf k|d'v kmf}hL nIox¿
-s_
rnfodfg, df]rf{a4 / s]Gb|Ls[t cfqmd0fnfO{ gof“ prfOdf p7fpg] tyf b'Zdgsf] xjfO{
cfqmd0fnfO{ lg:t]h kfg{ hf]8 nufpg] .
-v_
slyt ;+;bLo lgjf{rgsf] gf}6+sL k|bz{g ug]{ k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] b':k|of;nfO{ kmf}hL
of]hgfsf ;fy tx;–gx; kfg]{ .
-u_
zx/, ahf/, ;b/d'sfd, b'Zdgsf] ;+rf/, oftfoft / ;KnfO{ nfOgdfly ljleGg ¿kdf pRr
5fkfdf/ sfjf{xL ;+ul7t ug{ hf]8 nufpg] .
-3_
j}b]lzs ;}Go x:tIf]ksf] k|lt/f]wsf lgldQ l;+uf] b]z / cfd hgtfnfO{ /Iff /
cfqmd0fsf] cfwf/e"t kmf}hL tof/Lsf] sfddf kl/rfng ug]{ .
-ª_
klZrd sdf08cGtu{t Ps l8lehg / k"jL{ sdf08cGtu{t Ps la|u]8 hgd'lQm ;]gf yk
ug{ hf]8 nufpg] tyf k|jf;af6 oyf;Dej ;}Go cfk"lt{df hf]8 ug]{ .
-r_
pk/f]Qm kmf}hL / /fhg}lts cfqmd0fsf] k|lqmofaf/] of]hgfsf] klxnf] efudf
ljs]lGb|t cfqmd0f, bf];|f] efudf s]lGb|t / 3gLe"t cfqmd0f -pTsif{_ /
t];|f] efudf ljs]lGb|t cfqmd0fsf] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ;fdfGotof of] l;+uf]
k|lqmof Ps jif{df k"/f x'g]5 . of]hgfsf] ;kmntfsf nflu j}rfl/s,
/fhg}lts, kmf}hL / ;+u7gsf x/]s If]qdf kf6L{sf] PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t g]t[TjnfO{
;'b[9 ug]{ ;+sNkut Pstf;lxt s7f]/ kl/>ddf h'6\g clgjfo{ 5 . To;sf]
lglDt cfjZos j}rfl/s z'4Ls/0f, ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf / sfo{z}nLdf z'4Ls/0f tyf
kf6L{, ;]gf, ;Qf, h=j=;=, ljefunufotsf sfdx¿nfO{ lgwf{l/t nIodf cufl8 a9fpg
cfjZos tof/Laf/] ;+u7gfTds k|:tfjdf 5nkmn ul/g]5 .
!= z'4Ls/0f / sfo{z}nLdf
;'wf/af/]
-;+u7gfTds k|:tfj_
k|Tofqmd0fsf]
/0fg}lts cfjZostf Pj+ dxfg\ hgo'4sf lj?4 a9\bf] j}b]lzs x:tIf]ksf]
k[i7e"lddf cfh kf6L{ / cfGbf]ngdf Jofks z'4Ls/0f clgjfo{ aGg uPsf]
5 . z'4Ls/0f eGgfn] oxf“ d'VotM j}rfl/s–/fhg}lts, ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf /
sfo{z}nLdf z'4Ls/0f a'‰g'kb{5 . @)cf}+ ztfAbLsf qmflGt / k|ltqmflGtsf
k|r'/ cg'ejsf P]ltxfl;s ;Gbe{df z'4Ls/0fsf] dfGotfdf dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts
qmflGtsf lzIffx¿nfO{ ;dflji6 ug'{kg]{ s'/fnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug{ h?/L 5 .
kf6L{sf
nflu z'4Ls/0f / sfo{z}nLdf ;'wf/sf] Psdfq p2]Zo zlQmzfnL b'Zdgsf lj?4
hLjg–d/0fsf] n8fO“df cfºgf] k+lQmnfO{ cem ;'b[9, z:q–;lHht / Pstfa4 kfg'{
xf] . ctM h'g ljrf/ / sfo{z}nLn] kf6L{ / cfGbf]ngnfO{ PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t
kf/]/ gof“ cfTdljZjf; / alnbfgsf] pRr ;j{xf/f r]tgf / l:kl/6sf ;fy cufl8 a9\g
d2t ub{5g\, tL ljrf/ / sfo{z}nL ;xL x'g\ / h'g ljrf/ / sfo{z}nLn] kf6L{ /
cfGbf]ngnfO{ ljvl08t / ljs]lGb|t kfb{5g\ jf kfg{ vf]Hb5g\ tL ljrf/ / sfo{z}nL
unt x'g\ . ;xL ljrf/ / sfo{z}nLsf] ljsf; xd]zf unt ljrf/ / sfo{z}nLsf
lj?4sf] ;+3if{sf aLraf6 dfq x'g] ub{5 . ljrf/wf/fTds ;+3if{nfO{ kf6L{sf]
hLjg eGg'sf] tfTko{ klg oxL xf] .
-s_ j}rfl/s z'4Ls/0faf/] M
(i) ‘k|r08ky’
/ ljrf/sf] ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{ a'‰g] ;d:of M—
dxfg\ hgo'4sf] P]ltxfl;s kxn / To;kl5sf kf“r
jif{sf cg'ejx¿sf cfwf/df kf6L{sf] P]ltxfl;s bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] g]kfnL
qmflGtsf] ljlzi6 ljrf/–>[ª\vnfsf ¿kdf …k|r08kyÚsf] ;+Zn]if0f u¥of] .
of] P]ltxfl;s ;+Zn]if0fn] /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;d]t axz / lh1f;fsf] gof“
t/+u ;[li6 ub}{ g]kfnL hgo'4nfO{ /Iffaf6 ;Gt'ng / ;Gt'ngaf6 cfqmd0fsf] /0fg}lts
r/0f;Dd Nofpg cToGt dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nof] . cfh ljrf/
lgdf{0fsf] of] k|lqmof @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf;;DaGwL k|:tfj / dfn]dfsf]
;du| ljsf;sf] r'gf}tL :jLsf/ ug]{ clxn]sf] /fhg}lts k|:tfj;Dd cfOk'Ubf csf]{
gof“ prfOdf p7\b} uPsf] 5 . kf6L{ / qmflGtsf] efjL ljsf;sf nflu of]
k|lqmofn] alnof] j}rfl/s cfwf/sf] sfd ul//x]sf] oyfy{nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug'{ tyf
o;sf] lg/Gt/ ljsf;sf nflu k|oTgzLn /xg' l;+uf] kf6L{sf] bfloTj xf] .
kf6L{sf] of] d"ne"t j}rfl/s wf/faf6 bfof“ jf jfof“ ljrng cfGbf]ngsf]
ljsf;df 3fts x'g hfg]5 .
t/,
ljsf;sf] cfºg} åGåfTds lgod tyf g]kfnL ;dfh / sDo'lg:6 cfGbf]ngsf] ;Ldf /
lj/f;tsf sf/0f …k|r08kyÚ nufot kf6L{sf] j}rfl/s ljsf;nfO{ a'‰g] ;xL dfn]dfjfbL
;f]+rsf cltl/Qm b'O{ leGg ¿kdf cltjfbL dgf]ut ;f]+r / k|j[lQ klg b]vfkb}{
cfO/x]sf 5g\ . Psflt/ ;+Zn]lift ljrf/sf] dxŒj / e"ldsfnfO{
cjd"Nog ug]{ tyf csf{lt/ To;nfO{ k"0f{tfsf] h8 cy{df a'‰g] h:tf
åGåfTds ef}ltsjfblj/f]wL To;k|sf/sf lrGtgsf lj?4 lg/Gt/ j}rfl/s ;+3if{ rnfpg
h?/L 5 . k|Tofqmd0fdf k|j]zsf] cfhsf] 7f]; ;Gbe{df kf6L{sf] PsLs[t /
s]Gb|Ls[t g]t[TjnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{, ;+Zn]lift ljrf/sf] cjd"NogjfbL ;f]+rsf
lj?4sf] ;+3if{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg cfjZos 5 .
cGttM
j}rfl/s z'4Ls/0fsf] o; ;Gbe{df …k|r08kyÚsf] /Iff ub}{, k|of]u ub}{ tyf o;df
lg/Gt/ ljsf;sf] cfjZostfnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ub}{ cufl8 a9\g' g} ;xL dfn]dfjfbL k4lt
/x]sf] s'/fdf xfdL :ki6 x'g'kb{5 .
II. JolQmjfbsf lj?4 ;+3if{sf] ;d:of—
xfd|f]
h:tf] cw{;fdGtL / cw{cf}klgj]lzs ;dfh / 6'qm] pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t Jofks
lgDgk'“hLjfbL ju{sf aLraf6 ljsl;t ;j{xf/fju{sf] kf6L{df ljljw ¿kdf k|s6 x'g]
;d:ofx¿sf] Ps nfIfl0fs ljz]iftf ;+sL0f{ tyf cfTds]lGb|t JolQmjfb xf] .
;j{xf/fju{sf] ;fd"lxs cfbz{sf lgldQ ;+3if{df xf]Og, JolQmut kb, k|lti7f /
k|rf/df a9L lrGtf ug'{, ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu kf6L{leq u'6aGbL l;h{gf ug'{,
cfkm"n] eg]h:tf] gePdf 3'sL{–wDsL / afu]{lgËsf] tl/sf ckgfpg', tNnf
sld6Lx¿dfly gf]s/zfxLsf] / dflyNnf] sld6L;“u ;fv'Nn] aGg rfs8Lsf] tl/sf
ckgfpg', cfkm" / cfkm\gf kl/jf/sf nflu ;'/Iff, lzIff / ;'ljwfsf] Uof/]G6L
vf]Hg', cGosf] b'Mv, si6 / cfjZostfk|lt pbf;Lg aGg', cfkm}nfO{ ;j{1ftf 7fGg' /
c?nfO{ c1fgL / d"v{ b]Vg', hgtfaf6 l;Sg] / hgtfsf] ;]jf ug]{ ;j{xf/fjuL{o
cfbz{sf ljk/Lt hgtfdfly /jfkm b]vfpg] / x}sd sfod ug]{ a'h{'jf z}nL ckgfpg',
b'Zdg / cj;/jfbLx¿sf] sf]0faf6 cfP klg k|;+zfdf /Dg', nfnlot x'g' t/ qmflGtsf/L
sf]0faf6 cfPsf cfnf]rgfnfO{ ;xg} g;Sg', kf6L{leq ;Qf kIf / ljkIfsf] cfr/0f
k|bz{g ub}{ ax's]Gb|jfbL l:yltsf] l;h{gf ug'{, hgjfbsf gfddf c/fhstfjfb / s]Gb|Lotfsf]
gfddf gf]s/zfxLtGqsf] kIfkf]if0f ug'{, kf6L{åf/f ljutdf j}rfl/s, /fhg}lts,
;f+u7lgs / ;f+:s[lts ¿kn] e08fkmf]/ ul/Psf] cfnf]s k|j[lQsf sltko nIf0fx¿
b]vfkg'{ cflbh:tf cgluGtL ¿kdf JolQmjfb cleJoQm eO/x]sf] x'G5 . rf/}lt/
zlQmzfnL b'Zdgx¿åf/f 3]l/Psf] ;j{xf/fju{sf] kf6L{n] cfkm}leq ljBdfg JolQmjfbsf
lj?4 s7f]/ cfTd;+3if{, cGt/;+3if{ / j}rfl/s ;+3if{sf] ljsf; ub}{ ;j{xf/fjuL{o
PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ ;s]g eg] p;n] qmflGtnfO{ cGt;Dd g]t[Tj ug]{ P]ltxfl;s
e"ldsf k"/f ug{ ;St}g . pk/f]Qm k|sf/sf sdhf]/Lsf aLrdf b'Zdgn]
kf6L{leq}af6 cGt/Wj+z ug]{ if8\oGqnfO{ ;kmn kfg]{ df}sf ;lhn} k|fKt ub{5 .
To; lsl;dsf y'k|} 36gf / Ifltx¿ xfd|f] kf6L{n] Joxf]l/;s]sf] 5 . of] s'/f
klg lglZrt 5 ls j}rfl/s ;+3if{, ;+u7gfTds ljlw / sfo{z}nLdf ;'wf/sf andf tnb]lv
dfly;Dd ;j{xf/fju{sf] PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t g]t[Tjsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsPg eg] kf6L{ /
cfGbf]ngn] cem 7"n7"nf b'3{6gf / Iflt ef]Ug'kg]{ vt/f 68\sf/f] /x]sf]
5 . cfhsf] tfTsflns cj:yfdf JolQmjfbsf lj?4 ;+3if{ eGgfn] d'VotM JolQmjfbL
c/fhstfjfbsf lj?4 ;+3if{ eGg] a'‰g'kb{5 . o;sf] cy{ JolQmjfbs} csf]{ ¿k–
gf]s/zfxL s]Gb|Lotf / sfo{z}nLsf lj?4sf] ;+3if{nfO{ la;{g' xf]Og / x'g' klg
x'“b}g . ctM j}rfl/s z'4Ls/0fsf ;Gbe{df l;+uf] kf6L{n] JolQmjfbsf ljljw
¿ksf lj?4 ;j{xf/f juL{o ;fd"lxstfsf lgldQ j}rfl/s, ;f+u7lgs / ;f+:s[lts
;+3if{nfO{ of]hgfa4 / k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] cufl8 a9fpg hf]8 ug}}{kb{5 .
III. åGåfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbsf] cWoog /
k|of]usf] ;d:of–
åGåfTds
tyf P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfb k|s[lt, ;dfh / dfgjlrGtgsf cGtlj{/f]wx¿sf] cWoog,
ljZn]if0f / ;+Zn]if0f ug]{ dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfbsf] ljZjb[li6sf]0f
xf] . åGåfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / lgodx¿sf]
uDeL/ cWoog Pp6f ;j{xf/fju{sf] kf6L{sf] nflu clgjfo{ zt{ xf] . lsgls,
åGåfTds ef}ltsjfb :jo+ ;j{xf/fju{s} ljZjb[li6sf]0f xf] . b'lgof“nfO{ x]g]{
/ a'‰g] tl/sfdf åGåjfbL / b'lgof“sf] JofVof ug]{ / abNg] l;4fGt / wf/0ffdf
ef}ltsjfbL x'g' g} åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbsf] ;f/tŒj xf] . åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbsf
cfwf/e"t l;4fGt / lgodx¿ s07:y kfg'{ / To;af/] k|jrg lbg' Pp6f s'/f xf],
t/ Tof] d'Vo s'/f xf]Og . d'Vo s'/f t hLjg Jojxf/df k|of]u ug]{ :t/;Dd
To;sf] cfTd;ftLs/0f ug'{ xf] . bz{g, /fhg}lts cy{zf:q / j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf
If]qdf cfhsf] ;fd|fHojfbn] v8f u/]sf r'gf}tLx¿sf] ;fdgf ug{ åGåfTds tyf
P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbsf] k|of]udf lgk"0f{tf xfl;n gu/L @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf
qmflGtsf] ;kmntf c;Dej 5 . t/, xfd|f] kf6L{df cem} klg k|s[lt, ;dfh /
dfgjlrGtgsf cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ a'em\g] / ;+rfng ug]{ tl/sf / wf/0ffdf sfkmL xb;Dd
åGåfTds ef}ltsjfb xf]Og, clwe"tjfb / oflGqs ef}ltsjfb ljBdfg /x]sf]
5 . lbgnfO{ x]bf{ /ft la;{g], /ftnfO{ x]bf{ lbg la;{g], ;sf/fTds x]bf{
gsf/fTds la;{g], gsf/fTds x]bf{ ;sf/fTds la;{g], ljho x]bf{ k/fho / k/fho x]bf{
ljho la;{g], /fli6«o x]bf{ cGt/f{li6«o l:ylt / cGt/f{li6«o l:ylt x]bf{ /fli6«o
l:ylt la;{g], /0fgLlt x]bf{ sfo{gLlt la;{g] sfo{gLlt x]bf{ /0fgLlt la;{g],
cfjZostf x]bf{ :jtGqtf / :jtGqtf x]bf{ cfjZostf la;{g], JolQm x]bf{ ;dfh / ;dfh
x]bf{ JolQm la;{g], cfºgf] ljefu–sfo{If]q x]bf{ cGo ljefu–sfo{If]q / cGo
ljefu–sfo{If]q x]bf{ cfºgf] ljefu–sfo{If]q la;{g], ljrf/ x]bf{ ;Qf / ;Qf x]bf{
ljrf/ la;{g], jt{dfg x]bf{ Oltxf; / Oltxf; x]bf{ jt{dfg la;{g] cflbh:tf cgluGtL
¿kdf clwe"tjfbL / oflGqs ef}ltsjfbL lrGtgsf cleJolQmx¿ b]vfkg]{
ub{5g\ . j:t'x¿df ljBdfg cGt/;DaGw / cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ t'ngfTds 9ª\un] /
åGåfTds 9ª\un] x]g{ g;Sg'sf] kl/0ffd:j?k g} To; lsl;dsf cleJolQm b]vfkb{5g\ .
ctM
j}rfl/s z'4Ls/0fsf ;Gbe{df åGåfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbsf] cWoog tyf
cfGbf]ngsf cufl8 ljBdfg ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgdf To;sf] k|of]u ug]{ bIftf j[l4 ug{
l;+uf] kf6L{n] axz / :s"lnËsf] kxnnfO{ u'0ffTds ¿kn] a9fpg h?/L 5 .
;+u7gfTds z'4Ls/0f / sfo{z}nLdf qmflGtsf/L
¿kfGt/0faf/]
ljrf/wf/fTds
/ /fhg}lts sfo{lbzfn] kf6L{ / cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf;df lg0ff{os e"ldsf v]Ng]
s'/f ;xL x'“bfx'“b} klg olb sfo{lbzfcg's"nsf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf /
sfo{z}nLsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsPg eg] sfo{lbzf :jo+ Pp6f lghL{j sfuhL gf/f aGg
hfG5 . Tolt dfq xf]Og, olb ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf / sfo{z}nLdf sfo{lbzfsf]
dfucg';f/ qmflGtsf/L ¿kfGt/0f x'g ;s]g eg] cGttM unt ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf /
sfo{z}nLn] sfo{lbzfsf] qmflGtsf/L cfTdfnfO{ lgn]/ cj;/jfbL sfo{lbzfsf] ljsf;
u/fp“5 . To;}n] ljrf/ / ;+u7gsf aLrdf cyf{t sfo{lbzf / sfo{z}nLsf aLrdf
Ps–csf{nfO{ k|efj kg]{ ulx/f] åGåfTds ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 .
xfd|f]
kf6L{n] hgo'4sf] P]ltxfl;s kxnk"j{b]lv g} qmflGtsf/L ljrf/;“u} qmflGtsf/L
;+u7g / sfo{z}nLsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lb+b} cfPsf] 5 . otf kf6L{sf] P]ltxfl;s bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngsf]
;+Zn]if0f / @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf;;Dd ePsf] ljrf/sf] :t/sf t'ngfdf
;+u7gfTds z'4Ls/0f / sfo{z}nLdf ;'wf/sf] kIf sdhf]/ /x“b} cfPsf] tYo klg
kf6L{n] o;aLrdf k|foM ;a} s]Gb|Lo a}7sx¿df /fVb} cfPsf] 5 . qmflGt /
k|ltqmflGtsf] ljsf;sf] gof“ cfjZostfn] ca ;+u7gfTds z'4Ls/0f / sfo{z}nLdf
¿kfGt/0fsf] k|ZgnfO{ ;}4flGts k|lta4tfsf] k|Zg dfq g/fv]/ 7f]; kxnsbdLsf] dfusf
:t/df NofP/ /flvlbPsf] 5 . ;j{k|yd kf6L{n] of] ljifosf] uDeL/tfnfO{
/fd|f];“u cfTd;ft\ ug{ h?/L 5 .
Pp6f
lglZrt b]z, sfn / kl/l:yltdf pko'Qm ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf / sfo{z}nL csf]{ lglZrt
b]z, sfn / kl/l:yltdf k5fl8 kl/;s]sf] / cg'ko'Qm x'G5 . To;}u/L Ps lglZrt
cjlwdf z'4Ls/0fdfkm{t xfl;n ul/Psf] ;kmfO{ / Pstf ;+3if{sf] ljsf;sf] csf]{
cjlwdf k'Ubf kf6L{df k'gM kmf]xf]/d}nf hDdf eO;s]sf] x'G5 / To;nfO{ /fd|f];“u
a9fg'{kg]{ cfjZostf k}bf x'G5 . ctM z'4Ls/0f / sfo{z}nLdf ;'wf/sf] k|lqmof
slxn] Jofks / slxn] ;fdfGo ¿kdf t/ lg/Gt/ cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ k|lqmof xf] .
hgo'4sf] ljsf;sf] ljut cf7 jif{df kf6L{n] ljleGg ;do / :t/df cfºgf] k+lQmnfO{ z'4Ls/0f
ub}{ cfPsf] 5 / To;s} kl/0ffd:j¿k cfGbf]ng cfhsf] prfO;Dd cfOk'u]sf] 5 .
cfh cfGbf]ngsf] oxL prfOn] ;+u7g / sfo{z}nLdf dfqfTds geP/ u'0ffTds ;kmfOsf]
dfu u/]sf] 5 . Ps lglZrt of]hgf / cleofgcGtu{t ;+u7gfTds z'4Ls/0f /
sfo{z}nLdf qmflGtsf/L ¿kfGt/0f clgjfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 .
gof“
l:yltdf ;+u7gfTds z'4Ls/0f / qmflGtsf/L ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmof kf6L{ x]8Sjf6{/ /
;jf]{Rr g]t[Tjk+lQmaf6 g} cufl8 a9\g' h?/L 5 . 7f]; ¿kdf o;sf] cf/De
k|jf;– ef/tdf ljsf; eP/ uPsf] g]t[Tjsf] ef/Le/sd ;~hfnnfO{ b[9tfk"j{s
tf]8\g] tyf s8f kl/>d / ;/n k|zf;gsf] qmflGtsf/L dfGotfcg';f/ b]zleq hgtfsf]
aLraf6 sfo{ ;+rfng ug]{ ljlw / sfo{z}nLsf] ljsf;af6 x'g'kb{5 . afx\o ¿kdf
x]bf{ k|fljlws / k|zf;lgsh:tf] b]lvg] g]t[Tjsf] sfo{z}nLsf] of] k|Zg, xfd|f]
7f]; ;Gbe{df qmflGtsf/L ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|Zg;“u cleGg ¿kn] uf“l;Psf] 5 .
ju{;+3if{ / hgo'4sf] lxhf]sf] ;fk]Iftfdf ;xL, ;/n / ;'/lIft ePsfn] k|jf;nfO{
k|of]u ug]{ g]t[Tjsf] ;Lldt sfo{k|0ffnL kl5Nnf] cjlwdf ;r]t jf cr]t ¿kdf
g]t[Tjsf] cfd sfo{k|0ffnL / To;sf jl/kl/ ;fgf]ltgf] hf]8n] l5rf]Ng} g;lsg] ;+oGq
v8f x'g k'Uof] . of] sfo{k|0ffnL, ju{;+3if{ / hgo'4sf] ljsf;sf] cfhsf]
;fk]Iftfdf k"/} unt, hl6n / c;'/lIft ag]/ uPsf] 5 . To;sf/0f z'4Ls/0f
/ sfo{z}nLdf ;'wf/sf] z'?jft o;} a}7saf6 / o;} k|Zgaf6 ug'{kb{5 . of]
k|lqmofn] kf6L{df clxn] b]vfk/]sf sfo{z}nLsf s}of}+ ;d:ofx¿sf] uf“7f] km'Sg z'?
x'g]5 .
t/,
o;af6 dfq z'4Ls/0fsf tdfd ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg x'g]5 eGg] sNkgf ul/of] eg] Tof]
klg oflGqs ef}ltsjfbL jf Jojxf/jfbL (Pragmatist) ;f]+r dfq x'g] s'/fdf xfdL :ki6 x'g'kb{5 . cfGbf]ngsf]
ljsf;;“u} cfh b]vfk/]sf u}/;j{xf/f lrGtg, k|j[lQ / ;+:sf/sf lj?4 s7f]/ j}rfl/s
;+3if{ / Jofks ;+u7gfTds z'4Ls/0fsf aLraf6 uP/ dfq ;d:ofx¿dfly jf:tljs ljho
xfl;n ug{ ;Dej x'g]5 . ;fy} xfdL oxf“ of] s'/fdf klg :ki6 x'g'kb{5 ls
g]t[Tjsf] ljBdfg sfo{k|0ffnLdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ug'{sf] cy{ k|jf;–ef/tdf
g]kfnL hgtfsf aLrdf xfd|f] sfd / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf] dxŒjnfO{ clnslt klg
36fpg' xf]Og . clkt', Toxf“ vl6g] g]tf, sfo{stf{x¿sf nflu ljgfcltl/Qm
af]em, cem s]lGb|t / k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] kf6L{ / cfGbf]ngsf sfdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg]
l:yltsf] ljsf; ug'{ xf] . ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf lj?4sf] ;+3if{ lgs} tLvf] /
k]lrnf] x'“b} uO/x]sf] jt{dfg ;Gbe{df Toxf“ /x]sf g]kfnL hgtf, efOrf/f kf6L{,
ef/tLo af}l4s ;d'bfo, ljleGg ;+;b\jfbL /fhg}lts bn Pj+ cfd ef/tLo hgtfsf aLrsf]
sfdsf] dxŒj cem} a9\g uPsf] 5 . of] lj/f6 sfdsf] dxŒjnfO{ gh/cGbfh ug'{
7"nf] e"n x'g]5 .
cGttM
;+u7gfTds z'4Ls/0f / sfo{z}nLdf ;'wf/sf lgldQ lgDg s'/fx¿df ljz]if Wofg s]lGb|t
ug'{kb{5 .
I. s]Gb|Lo ;ldltb]lv ;]n sld6L;Dd
z'4Ls/0fsf] k|:tfjnfO{ cufl8 /fv]/ Jofks j}rfl/s cWoog / axzsf] k|lqmof ;+ul7t
ug]{ / To;af6 gofF :t/sf] ;j{xf/fjuL{o j}rfl/s, ;f+u7lgs / ;f+:s[lts ;+Zn]if0f
xfl;n ug{ hf]8 ug]{ .
II. s]Gb|Lo ;ldltb]lv ;]n sld6L;Dd kf6L{sf] nfOg /
l:kl/6cg';f/ lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ g;Sg] ;b:ox¿nfO{ sld6Laf6 x6\g] /
;Sg];Ddsf] lhDd]jf/L dfq lng k|]l/t ug]{, u'6aGbL ug]{ jf kf6L{ cg'zf;gsf] kfng
gug]{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ uNtLsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ cg'zf;gsf] sfjf{xL ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{
b[9tfk"j{s cufl8 a9fpg] tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ sld6Lx¿sf] k'gu{7g ug]{ .
III. s]Gb|Lo ;ldltb]lv lhNnf ;ldlt;Dd kf6L{ cg'zf;g
ljefusf] u7g ug]{ tyf ;f] ljefun] cfˆgf] :t/ / Tof] eGbf tNnf sld6L jf s'g} klg
;b:osf ultljlw c:jfefljs / cjfl~5t b]vf k/]df To;sf] cWoog, cg';Gwfg u/L
;'emfj;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg ;DalGwt sld6Ldf k|:t't ug]{ . j}b]lzs / 3/]n'
k|ltlqmofjfbL 3';k}7 / cGt/Wj+z al9/x]sf] cfhsf] ;Gbe{df cg'zf;g ljefusf] u7g /
o;sf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfngdf ljz]if hf]8 ug'{ cfjZos 5 .
IV. j}rfl/s z'4Ls/0f, ;+u7gfTds z'4Ls/0f, sfo{z}nLdf
;'wf/ / hgo'4sf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;d'lrt j}rfl/s ;+Zn]if0f ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy lglZrt
cjlwdf kf6L{ dxflwj]zgsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ . dxflwj]zgsf ;Gbe{df s]Gb|åf/f
d:of}bf u/L k7fOg] b:tfj]hdfly axzsf] k|lqmof;Fu} s]Gb|åf/f g} k7fOg] JolQmut
clen]v kmf/fdsf cfwf/df ;b:otf gjLs/0f ug]{ .
V. kf6L{sf] hglbzfcg';f/ hg–;d'bfo;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ cem
;'b[9 ug{ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltb]lv ;]n sld6L;Dd ;a}n] axz, 5nkmn, >d lzlj/ jf
sfo{nufotsf sfdx¿sf] ljz]if sfo{tflnsf lgdf{0f ug]{ .
ju{;+3if{
-hgo'4_ df k|Tofqmd0fsf] klxnf] of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog tyf ljrf/ ;+Zn]if0f /
;+u7gfTds z'4Ls/0f Pj+ sfo{z}nL ;'wf/sf] pk/f]Qm k|lqmofnfO{ pRrtf k|bfg ub}{
dxflwj]zg ;kmn ug'{ kf6L{sf casf b'O{ d'Vo nIo x'g]5g\ . oL b'j} nIo xfl;n
ug{ Psh'6 x'g' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
kf6L{, ;]gf, ;Qf, df]rf{, h=j=;= /
ljefuaf/]
/0fg}lts
k|Tofqmd0fdf k|j]z / o;sf] klxnf] of]hgfsf] ;kmntfsf nflu kf6L{sf] PsLs[t /
s]Gb|Ls[t g]t[TjnfO{ ;'b[9 ub}{ ;]gf, ;Qf, df]rf{, h=j=;= / ljefusf sfdx¿nfO{
lglZrt of]hgfcGtu{t nIo k|flKtdf s]lGb|t ug'{kb{5 . ;f] k|of]hgsf nflu
lgDg s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg lbg h?/L 5 .
kf6L{ M
I. z'4Ls/0f cleofgnfO{ k|efjsf/L 9ª\un] ;~rfng
ug]{ . kf6L{df b]vfkg{ yfn]sf] ju{pTyfgsf] k|j[lQ / To;sf ljleGg ¿kx¿sf
lj?4 ;+3if{ ub}{ ;j{xf/fs/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ cu|ult k|bfg ug]{ k|ZgnfO{
o;;Gbe{df ljz]if k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 .
II. s]Gb|Lo kf6L{ :s'nsf] :yfkgf ug]{ tyf kf6L{sf]
dflyb]lv tn;Dd cfwf/e"t ;}4flGts / /fhg}lts ljifox¿df Ps¿ktf sfod ug{ hf]8
nufpg'kb{5 .
III. ;+u7g / ;+3if{sf ;a} ¿kx¿ / ;a} :t/x¿df kf6L{sf]
rf}tkmL{ PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t g]t[Tj :yfkgf ug]{ .
;]gf M
I. hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] ;+Vof, ;+/rgf / u'0f:t/ a[l4df hf]8
nufpg] tyf of]hgfcg';f/ kf6L{, df]rf{, h=j=;=b]lv cfd hg;d'bfo;Ddsf]
kmf}hLs/0fdf ljz]if hf]8 nufpg] .
II. s]Gb|Lo hg;}Go k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf ug]{ tyf kf6L{sf]
;}Go /fhg}lts /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltåf/f k|lzlIft sdf08 / of]4fx¿sf] of]hgfa4 ¿kdf
ljsf; ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] .
III. hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] ;a} :t/df kf6L{ g]t[TjnfO{ cem ;'b[9
ub}{ ;}Go ;+/rgf, k|lzIf0f, bIftf j[l4, ;fwg ;|f]tsf] cfk"lt{ cflbdf
ljlzi6Ls/0f ub}{ n}hfg] .
hg;Qf M
I. ;+o'Qm qmflGtsf/L hgkl/ifb\dfkm{t, /fli6«o
cfTd;dk{0fjfbL k'/fgf] ;Qfdfly /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] gofF of]hgfcg';f/ j}rfl/s
/ /fhg}lts x:tIf]ksf] k|lqmofnfO{ of]hgfa4 ¿kn] cufl8 a9fpg] .
II. ljleGg hftLo Pj+ If]qLo :jfoQ ;/sf/x¿sf tkm{af6 gofF
of]hgfsf] l:kl/6cg';f/ hg;]jf / hg–kl/rfngsf] 7f]; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ljsf; u/L
b[9tfk"j{s sfof{Gjog ug{ hf]8 ug]{ .
III. b]zsf ljleGg cfwf/Onfsfx¿nfO{ ;'b[9
/ lj:tf/ ug{ hf]8 nufpg] . o;sf nflu cfwf/Onfsfx¿df ljBdfg cfly{s cfwf/ /
/fhg}lts clw/rgfsf aLrsf] cGtlj{/f]w xn ug{ ljz]if uDeL/tfk"j{s kxnsbdL
lng h?/L 5 . ljleGg ¿k / :t/sf ;xsf/Ls/0fsf] ljsf; u/L /f]huf/Ldf /
pTkfbgdf j[l4 ub}{ cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf] hu a;fpg cfwf/Onfsfx¿df ;jf{lws hf]8 lbg
h?/L 5 .
df]rf{
M
I. xfn b]zdf ljBdfg ljleGg hftLo
Pj+ If]qLo df]rf{x¿dfkm{t gofF of]hgfsf] l:kl/6cg';f/ 7f]; sfo{qmdsf] ljsf; u/L
ltgsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 ug]{ .
II. b]zsf] l;+uf] t/fO{ / dw]zdfly
ljz]if ¿kn] a9\b} uPsf] lj:tf/jfbL ef/tLo x:tIf]ksf] k|ltsf/sf lgldQ dw]zdf
df]rf{sf] sfdnfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg] tyf kf6L{ gLltnfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kn] sfof{Gjog
ug{ hf]8 ug]{ .
III. cfjZostfcg';f/ df]rf{sf s]Gb|Lo
lgsfox¿sf] k'gu{7g ug]{ .
h=j=;=
M
I. dhb'/,
ls;fg, dlxnf, ljBfyL{, lzIfs, a'l4hLjLnufotsf hgjuL{o ;+u7gx¿dfkm{t gofF
of]hgfsf] l:kl/6cg';f/ :yfgLo / s]Gb|Lo b'j} :t/df hg;+3if{ / hgkl/rfngsf
sfo{qmdx¿sf] ljsf; u/L ltgsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogdf hf]8 ug]{ .
II. ljleGg h=j=;=sf sfdx¿sf]
;+of]hgsf lgldQ s]Gb|Lo, If]qLo / lhNnf:t/;Dd kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf ;+of]hg
;ldltsf] u7g ug]{ .
III. ;a} h=j=;=x¿n] cf–cfˆgf] ;+u7gfTds
/ k|rf/fTds sfdnfO{ Jojl:yt kfg{ hf]8 ug]{ .
ljefu
M
I. kf6L{, ;]gf / ;Qfsf ljefuLo
sfdx¿nfO{ cf–cfˆgf] ljlzi6tf cg';f/ of]hgfa4 ¿kn] ljsf; ug{ hf]8 ug]{ .
II. cfwf/Onfsfx¿df :jf:Yo, lzIff,
s[lif, Gofo, ljsf;–lgdf{0f, ;'/Iff, ;~rf/, ;xsf/L nufotsf ljefux¿sf] gofF
cfjZostfx¿sf] kl/k"lt{sf lgldQ of]hgfa4 kxn ug]{ .
III. /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] gofF
of]hgfcg';f/ kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo ljefux¿sf] u7g, k'gu{7g ug]{ .
kf6L{, ;]gf, ;Qf, df]rf{, h=j=;= /
ljefu;Fu ;DalGwt pk/f]Qm gLltx¿nfO{ k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgf ;kmn kfg{ PsLs[t ¿kn]
;+rfng u/]/ g} kf6L{n] cfˆgf] lgwf{l/t nIo xfl;n ug{ ;Sg]5 . v
g]kfn blnt d'lQm df]rf{
s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt
-blnt d'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] ;dLIffTds /fhg}lts k|ltj]bg /
cfufdL sfo{of]hgf_
-!_ bf];|f]
/fli6«o e]nfkZrft\sf] ;fdfGo ;dLIff–
g]kfn blnt d'lQm
df]rf{sf] bf];|f] /fli6«o e]nf )%* sflt{s !*–@) ut] lrtjgdf ;DkGg ePkZrft\
tTsfn} s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] bf];|f] a}7s e]nf:ynd} ;DkGg eof] . To; a}7sn]
e]nfåf/f kfl/t gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ dxŒjk"0f{
lg0f{ox¿ u/]sf] lyof] . lhNnfx¿df e]nf–;Dd]ng, k|lzIf0f rnfpg] / @) nfv
;b:otf /l;b ljt/0f ug]{ lg0f{o ul/of] . e]nfn] kfl/t u/]sf] ljwfg /
k|ltj]bgnfO{ k'gn]{vg u/L tTsfn k|sfzg ug{ s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] lhDdf
lbOof] . k|sfzgsf] lglDt k|ltj]bg / ljwfgsf] k|ltlnlk !÷! k|lt;lxt ?=$@
xhf/ tTsfnLg k|mofS;g OGrfh{ Pj+ g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_sf s]=;= s=hLjgnfO{ lhDdf
lbOof] / df]rf{sf b'O{hgf s]=;=x¿nfO{ ;xof]usf nflu sf7df8f}+ k7fOof]
klg . t/ b]zdf o;} bf}/fgdf o'4lj/fd e+u eO slyt ;+s6sfnsf] 3f]if0ff x'“bf
k|mofS;g OGrfh{ ;du| k|ltlnlk;lxt a]kQf eOlb+bf k|ltj]bg tyf ljwfgsf] k|sfzgdf
cj/f]w ;[li6 eof] . w]/} ck]Iffkl5 klg pgL;“u ;Dks{ x'g g;Sbf ;fyLx¿ lg/f;
eP/ kmls{g' k¥of] . kl5 yfxf eof] ls pgdf /x]sf] cfTd;'/Iffjfbsf sf/0f ;a}
k|sfzg ;fdu|Lx¿ pgn] b'ZdgnfO{ ;'Dk]sf lyP . o;/L dflyNnf] lhDd]jf/L lnPsf
JolQmaf6} ;+u7gk|lt wf]sf / u2f/L ePkl5 k|jf;af6 !) xhf/ ;b:otf /l;b k|sfzg u/L
ljt/0f u/L e]nfdf kfl/t sfo{qmdnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{ eof] .
k|jf;sf] klZrdf]Q/ Jo"/f]cGtu{tsf s]xL zx/x¿df lhNnf ;+u7g lgdf{0f tyf
e]nf k|lzIf0fx¿ klg ;DkGg eP . slyt ;+s6sfns} bf}/fgdf ;]dsf] sflnsf]6 Pj+
e]ssf] h'Dnf, b}n]v, hfh/sf]6, ;'v]{t, af“s] cflb lhNnfx¿df e]nf k|lzIf0f ;DkGg
eP . ljzfn ;efx¿ blnt d'lQm df]rf{sf] cfof]hgfdf ;DkGg eP .
;ef:ynaf6} @%) k"0f{sfnLg sfo{stf{ o;} bf}/fgdf lgl:sP . k|mofS;g
OGrfh{sf] ;Nnfx, ;'emfjsf] cefjdf tyf s]=;=sf kbflwsf/Lx¿;“usf] hLljt ;Dks{sf]
cefjsf jfah'b /fi6«JofkL s]Gb|Lo:t/sf] ;+3if{sf sfo{qmd th'{df ug{ ;Dej lyPg /
ePg klg . slyt ;+s6sfndf k"jL{ sdf08, pkTosf sdf08 / If]qLo df]rf{sf
kbflwsf/Lx¿;“u kq dfkm{t ;Dks{ ug{ nfdf] k|of; ubf{ klg ;Dks{ x'g ;s]g .
blnt ljefusf OGrfh{
s=k|sf08 / ;]d, e]s tyf ljz]if If]qsf kbflwsf/L Pj+ s]=;=x¿sf] l;h{gfTds ;'emfj
/ ;Nnfxcg';f/ )%( >fj0f @# ut] ;d;fdlos /fli6«o kl/l:yltaf/] Pj+ ;fdGtL
a|fDx0fjfbL kmfl;jfbL ;Qfsf lj?4 hg;+3if{ kl/rfng ug{ sfof{nosf] tkm{af6
lgb]{zg;lxt kl/kq ul/of] .
)%( efb| !# ut] ;