dfS;{jfbL
n]lggjfbL
dfcf]jfbL
;+u7gfTds
l;4fGt
k|sfzs M
hglbzf k|sfzg, g]kfn
s[lt M dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL–dfcf]jfbL
;+u7gfTds l;4fGt
k|sfzs M hglbzf k|sfzg, g]kfn
;jf{lwsf/ M k|sfzsdf
ldlt M efb|, @)^@
;+:s/0f M klxnf]
k|lt M %))) -kf“r xhf/_
d"No M ¿= !%)÷–
Marxwadi-Leninwadi-Maowadi
Sangathanatmak
Siddhanta
ljifo;"rL
dGtJo -s_
k|sfzssf]] tkm{af6 -u_
sfn{ dfS;{
!= cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ ;+3sf] cfd
lgodfjnL !
dfS;{–P+u]N;
@= ;j{xf/f /
sDo'lgi6 %
k|m]8l/s P+u]N;
#= ;Qfsf] ;DaGwdf !$
Anf=O= n]lgg
$= sDo'lgi6
kf6L{sf] ;+u7g / agf]6 !*
hf];]km :6flng
%= kf6L{ $(
^= sfo{z}nL ^!
dfcf] T;]
t'ª
&= kf6L{–;+u7gsf] ;jfn ^#
*= kf6L{leqsf unt ljrf/x¿nfO{ ;'wfg]{ ;DaGwdf ^*
(= pbf/jfbsf] lj/f]w u/ &(
!)= kf6L{leq / b]zel/ b'a} 7fp“df
cfTd;dk{0fjfbsf] lj/f]w ug}{k5{ *@
!!= ;Dk"0f{ l:yltnfO{ Wofgdf /fv,
ax';+VofnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/
;f]+r / xfd|f ;xof]uLx¿;“u ldn]/ sfd u/ ()
!@= kf6L{sf]
sfo{z}nL ;'wf/ !))
!#= g]t[Tjsf
tl/sfx¿l;t ;DalGwt s]xL ;jfnx¿ !!&
!$= l;ª\uf] kf6L{
Pstfa4 xf]cf];\ / cfºgf cleef/fx¿
k"/f
ug{sf] nflu ;+3if{df 86f];\ !@#
!%= cg'zf;gsf tLg
d'Vo lgodx¿ / Wofg lbg'kg]{
cf7 s'/fnfO{
k'gM hf/L /fVg]af/] !@*
!^= l/kf]6{ lbg]
Joj:yf sfod ug]{af/] !#)
!&= ;]gfdf
hgjfbL cfGbf]ng !##
!*= kf6L{ sld6L
k|0ffnLnfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg]af/] !#%
!(= kf6L{
;ldltx¿sf sfo{–k4ltx¿ !#&
@)= lrlgof“
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] /fhgLlts
Ao"/f]sf]
lj:tfl/t a}7sdf kfl/t k|:tfjsf k|d'v a'“bfx¿ !$@
@!= k|ltqmflGtsf/Lx¿nfO{
bdg ubf{ kf6L{sf]
hglbzfsf]
cg'z/0f ug}{k5{ !$&
@@= ætLg v/faLx¿Æ
/ ækf“r v/faLx¿Æ! lj?4sf] ;+3if{af/] !%)
@#= gf]s/zfxL,
x}sdjfb / sfg'g tyf cg'zf;gsf]
pNn+3gsf]
lj/f]w u/ !%^
@$= xfg
cx+sf/jfbsf] cfnf]rgf u/ !%*
@%= ækf“r crfSnLÆ
x¿sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg u/ !%(
@^= clwsf/ k|fKt
gu/L s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] gfddf b:tfj]hx¿
hf/L u/]/
cg'zf;g eª\u u/]afkt No" zfcf]–rL
/
ofª zfª–s'gsf]
cfnf]rgf ul/Psf] !^@
@&= cfd
sfo{lbzfaf6 ljrlnt ePsf blIf0fkGyL
e8\sfpo'Qm
ljrf/x¿sf] v08g u/ !^#
@*= kf6L{ /
u}/kf6L{aLrsf] ;DaGw !^%
@(= kf6L{ PstfnfO{
;'b[9 kf/ / kf6L{ k/Dk/fx¿nfO{ cl3 a9fpm !^&
#)= æ;of}+
km"nx¿nfO{ km'Ng b]pm, ljrf/sf ;of}+ wf/x¿nfO{
k|lt:kwf{ ug{
b]pmÆ tyf æbL3{sfnLg ;x–cl:tTj /
cfk;L
;'kl/j]If0fÆ af/] !&(
#!= ;fbf hLjg /
s7f]/ ;+3if{df b[9 /xf}+ / hg;d"x;“u
3lgi7 ;DaGw
sfod /fvf}+ !*%
#@= cGt/kf6L{
Pstf;DaGwL åGåfTds tl/sf !*(
##= dxfg\ ;j{xf/f
;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf ;f]x|a'“b] lg0f{o !(@
-kl/lzi6_ k|r08
#$= ;+u7gfTds
;d:ofsf s]xL ;}4flGts kIfx¿ @)@
#%= Oltxf;sf
cg'ej / @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf;af/] @)*
#^= z'4Ls/0f
/ sfo{z}nLdf ;'wf/af/] @!$
dGtJo
Oltxf;df
s'g} klg dxfg\ qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ng, j}1flgs / qmflGtsf/L ;+u7gfTds l;4fGt /
d"No–dfGotfåf/f lgb{]lzt ;+u7glagf ;kmn ePsf 5}gg\ . g]kfndf
;j{xf/fju{sf] uf}/jzfnL cu|b:tf g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] g]t[Tjdf
Ps bzsb]lv cufl8 al9/x]sf] dxfg\ qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ng klg To;sf] ckjfb x'g
;Qm}g . j:t'tM / cGttM Ps bzsdf g]kfndf qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngn] xfl;n u/]sf]
;kmntfsf k5fl8 ;xL ljrf/wf/fTds / /fhg}lts sfo{lbzfsf ;fy} j}1flgs / qmflGtsf/L
;+u7gfTds l;4fGtn] klg sfd u/]sf] 5 .
qmflGtsf/L
cfGbf]ng / qmflGtsf/L ;+u7g s'g} h8 j:t' geP/ lg/Gt/ ultjfg\ /xg] ;hLj k|lqmof
x'g\ . ult / ljsf;sf] ToxL lg/Gt/ k|lqmofdf qmflGtsf/Lx¿n] ljrf/ / ;+u7gsf
b'j} If]qdf ljsf; ul//xg' kg{] cfjZostf x'G5 . ha;Dd dfn]dfsf
cfwf/e"t ;+u7gfTds l;4fGtaf/] qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngdf ;+nUg of]4fx¿df
cfwf/e"t 1fg x'“b}g, ta;Dd ;+u7gn] ck]lIft ult lng ;Sb}g . ;+u7gsf]
ultzLntf;“u cljlR5Gg ;DaGw ghf]l8Psf] ljrf/sf] ultzLntfsf] s'/f sf]/f cfbz{ dfq
x'g k'Ub5 . ctM xfd|f] kf6L{n] xd];f ljrf/ / ;+u7gsf] åGåfTds ;DaGwdf hf]8
lb+b} cfPsf] 5 .
otf
s]xL jif{b]lv xfd|f] kf6L{ / cfGbf]ngdf xhf/f}+sf] ;+Vofdf gof“ sfo{stf{x¿n]
k|j]z lnPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ dfn]dfsf cfwf/e"t ;+u7gfTds l;4fGtåf/f
k|lzlIft ug{ ;lsPg eg] ljleGg vfnsf u}/;j{xf/f k|j[lQx¿n] 6fpsf] p7fpg] vt/f
a9]/ hfG5 . clxn] g} klg To; k|sf/sf] vt/fsf uDeL/ ;+s]tx¿ b]vfkl//x]sf
5g\ . ;+u7g, sfo{z}nL / cfr/0fsf] If]qdf b]vfkg{] u}/;j{xf/f
lrGtg–k|j[lQsf lj?4 ;d'lrt ;+3if{ cufl8 a9fpg ;lsPg eg] cGttM To;n] qmflGtsf/L
ljrf/ / cfbz{af6 g} cfGbf]ngnfO{ ljrlnt t'Nofpg] vt/f pTkGg x'g k'Ub5 .
o;}
uDeL/ l:yltnfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]/ g} kf6L{ s]Gb|n] s]Gb|Lo k|sfzg ljefunfO{
dfn]dfsf ;+u7gfTds l;4fGtaf/] dxŒjk"0f{ /rgfx¿sf] ;+sng / k|sfzg ug{
lgb{]lzt u/]sf] lyof] . ljljw k|fljlws / ;+u7gfTds sf/0fjz l9n} eP klg
clxn] s]Gb|Lo k|sfzg ljefusf lhDd]jf/ sd/]8x¿sf] ;lqmo kxndf of] ;+sng k|sflzt
eO/x]sf]df s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf tkm{af6 d ;DalGwt sd/]8x¿nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb 1fkg
ub{5' . dnfO{ ljZjf; 5 k'/fgf / gof“ ;a} sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ o;sf] cWoogaf6
;+u7gfTds l;4fGtaf/] cfºgf] j}rfl/s :t/ pGgt ug{ dfq xf]Og, cfºgf] cfr/0f /
sfo{z}nLdf Jofks qmflGtsf/L ?kfGt/0f ug{;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] 5 .
!) efb| )^@
k|r08
cWoIf
g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_
k|sfzssf] tkm{af6
qmflGt
ug{sf] nflu qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ / ljrf/cg';f/sf] kf6L{ x'g' cTofjZos x'G5 .
To;}n] …qmflGtsf/L l;4fGtlagf qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ng x'g} g;Sg], clg qmflGtsf/L
ljrf/ eP/ dfq klg gk'Ug] / pQm ljrf/nfO{ nfu" ug]{ ljrf/cg';f/sf] ;+u7gsf]
klg Tolts} cfjZostf kg]{ dfn]dfjfbL dfGotfsf] ljsf; ePsf] xf] . cfhsf] ljZjsDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf dfn]dfsf
j}rfl/s Pj+ ;+u7gfTds l;4fGtx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{af/]df ax; / ljrf/–ljdz{ eO/x]sf
5g\ . ljrf/sf] ljsf;sf] cfjZostf hlt 68\sf/f] b]lvPsf] 5 / o;af/] 5nkmn
klg hlt tLj|tf / pRrtfdf eO/x]sf] 5, Tolts} :t/df ljlwsf] ljsf;af/]rflx+ 5nkmn
eO/x]sf 5}gg\ . g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_sf cWoIf s= k|r08n] …gof“ ljrf/ cyf{t\
qmflGtsf/L ljrf/cg';f/sf] gof“ ;+u7g cyf{t\ qmflGtsf/L ;+u7g ePg eg] k'/fgf]
;+u7gn] go“f ljrf/nfO{ vfOlbg] Ú s'/fnfO{ cToGt} uDeL/tf / dd{sf ;fy p7fpg'
ePsf] 5 . sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ ljrf/sf] kf6L{ xf]– ;j{xf/fju{sf] qmflGTfsf/L
ljrf/n] n}; ePsf] kf6L{ xf] / x'g' kb{5 . o;/L ljrf/ / ;+u7gaLr cljefHo
åGåfTds / kl/k"/s ;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . To;}n] ljrf/sf ;fy} ljlwsf] klg
ljsf; ug'{ cTofjZos x'G5 .
clxn]
ljZjdf …ljrf/wf/fsf] cGtÚ / …lj;+36gjfbÚ h:tf vt/gfs / lj;h{gjfbL
ljrf/—l;4fGtx¿ lnP/ pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbLx¿ ;fd|fHojfbsf] kIfdf jsfnt ul//x]sf
5g\ . ltgsf lj?4 n8\g sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf :yflkt ljrf/x¿sf] ;fy} go“f–go“f
;+u7gfTds l;4fGtx¿sf] ljsf; ;d]t cToGt h?/L 5 . of] dxfg\ sfo{sf]
lhDd]jf/L cfh ljZjsf sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/Lx¿ vf;u/L g]s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_df cfPsf]
5 . v'zLsf] s'/f xf] …k|r08kyÚ o;}qmddf ljsl;t kl5Nnf] s8L xf] eg]
g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_n] dfn]dfdf ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf dx;'; u/L To;tkm{
a9fPsf] sbd ljZjs} Ps ljz]if P]ltxfl;s dxŒjsf] ljifo xf] .
g]kfndf
olta]nf vf;u/L @)^! df3 !( b]lv lg/+s'z /fhtGqsf] k'g/fudg dfq ePsf] 5}g, clkt'
dWoo'uLg aa{/ /fHo ;+rfng eO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] ljsNkdf :yfgLob]lv s]Gb|Lo
:t/;Dd go“f hg;Qfx¿ klg ;+rfng e}/x]sf 5g\ /
k'/fgf] dWoo'uLg ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztfjfbL ;Qf Wj:t x'“b} uO/x]sf] 5 . ut
df3 !( kl5sf] k|ltufdL ;fdGTfL ;Qfsf lj?4 cfh b]zsf ;a}h;f] /fhgLlts zlQmx¿
sl/a–sl/a Ps 7fp“df b]lvb} 5g\ / cfGbf]ngafx]s csf]{ ljsNk 5}g eGb} lg/k]If?kn]
cfGbf]ngdf ;a}n] hf]8 lbO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . o;n] Psflt/ g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
ljsf;sf] k|d'v afws tŒj /fhtGqnfO{ pv]n]/ kmfNgdf t ;xof]u unf{ t/ ljrf/ /
p2]Zosf] eg] pk]Iff / cjd"Nog x'G5 ls eGg] eo a9]/ uPsf] 5 . To;}n]
olta]nf …cfGbf]ng ;a} yf]s xf], nIo s]xL xf]Og eGg] 3fts ljrf/af6 ;ts{ /xgsf]
nflu nIopGd'v / l;4fGt lglb{i6 kf6L{– ;+u7g, ;+o'Qm df]rf{ / ;+3if{sf] lglDt
klg of] …dfn]dfjfbL ;+u7gfTds l;4fGth:tf] PsLs[t k':tssf] cfjZostf / dxŒj emg\
a9]]/ uPsf] 5 .
cGt/f{li6«o
?kdf Psw'|jLo pGdQ ;fd|fHojfbåf/f eLif0f bdg / cft+s tyf /fli6«o ?kdf lg/+s'z
;fdGtjfbåf/f n]Vfg, k|sfzg, k|rf/, ;+u7g / ;+3if{k|lt nufOPsf] k|ltaGw Pj+
b]zeQm / k|hftGqjfbLx¿k|lt rnfOPsf] 808f–s'Gbf, h]n–g]n / xTof–cft+ssf sf/0f
o;k|sf/sf ;}4flGts k':tsx¿sf] v8]/L k/]sf] ;Gbe{df k|:t't k':tssf] cf}lrTo :jtM
l;4 5 .
clxn]
;fdfGotM ljZjsDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf / ljz]iftM g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf cyf{t\
d'VotM g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_df kf6L{leqsf ljleGg ljrf/x¿ ;fj{hlgs u/]/ @!cf}
ztfAbLsf] go“f ljrf/, go“f ljlw / go“f ;+u7gfTds d"No–dfGotfsf] cEof; /
ljsf; ub}{ hfg] k|of; eO/x]sf] ;Gbe{df …5nkmn / cfnf]rgfsf] :jtGqtfÚ -n]lgg_sf]
gfddf c/fhstfjfbsf] cEof; x'g] / …sfd–sfjf{xLdf Ps?ktfÚ -n]lgg_ sf] gfddf vfln cf}krfl/stf, kfv08 / 9f]+u a9\g
hfg] / cGttM ;Dk"0f{ cfGbf]ng lj;h{gdf k'Ug] vt/f al9/x]sf] l:yltdf k|:t't
k':ts w]/} xb;Dd pkof]uL x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 . kf6L{leqsf ljleGg dt–ljrf/x¿
;fj{hlgs u/]/ ljrf/ / ljlwsf] ljsf; ug]{ / To;df hg;d'bfosf] klg ;xof]u lng]
kljq / dxfg\ p2]Zo o;df lglxt /x]sf] s'/fdf s'g} z+sf 5}g . t/ klg o;/L
JolQm–JolQmsf ljleGg dt–ljrf/x¿ 5/ki6 ?kdf aflx/ cfp“bf cGof}n / c/fhstf a9\g]
/ ;+u7gfTds d"No–dfGotf, cg'zf;g, ljlw, k4lt cflb ;a} nf]k eP/ hfg] /
cGttM kf6L{ / cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf; xf]Og, ljgf; x'g] vt/f a9]sf] cfhsf] 7f];
;Gbe{df cg'zf;g, gLlt, ljlw / k4lt–k|lqmofnfO{ bx|f];“u ;dfTgsf] nflu ;}4flGts
kyk|bz{g h?/L ePsf] 5 . nfU5, of] cfjZostf k"/f ug{ k|:t't k|sfzg
;dy{ x'g]5 .
oxL+g]/
of] s'/f klg e'Ng' x'“b}g ls ;+u7g ;fWo xf]Og, ;fwg xf] . ;fWfg uf}0f xf]
t/ ;fWo k|wfg xf] . oBlk /fd|f] ;fWo k|flKtsf] nflu ;fwg klg /fd|f] x'g' t
kb{5 t/ s'g} Ps ;do / kl/l:yltdf /fd|f] 7flgPsf] ;fwg s'g} csf]{ ;do /
kl/l:yltdf ck"0f{ ;flat x'g ;Qm5 . To;a]nf Tof] ck"0f{tfnfO{ yk
/ ljsf; u/L ;d[4 / k"0f{ agfpg' kb{5 . o; bf}/fgdf k'/fgf
d"No–dfGotf / ;fwgx¿df km]/abn x'g ;Qm5g\ / ug'{ kb{5 . o;f] gu/L
ljsf; klg x'“b}g . To;}n] o; ljifodf xfdL h8;"qjfbL, ¿l9jfbL jf
oflGqs x'g' x'“b}g . t}klg o:tf] x'g' x'“b}g eGg] gfddf dfS;{jfbdf
kl/dfh{g ug]{ axfgfdf cfh ljZjsDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf ;+zf]wgjfb xfjL ePsf] s6'
;TonfO{ eg] la;{g' x'“b}g . cflv/ sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf; t b]j|] /
bflxg] b'j}y/L cj;/jfb / ;+zf]wgjfbsf lj?4sf] tLvf], lgd{d / lg/Gt/sf]
;+3if{af6 x'“b} cfPsf] 5 / o;/L g} x“'b} hfg] 5 . clxn] hgjfb / s]Gb|Lotf
tyf :jtGqtf / cfjZostf cyjf ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / s]Gb|Ls/0f Pj+ ;j{xf/f hgjfb /
;j{xf/f clwgfosjfbaf/] ax; / ljjfb lj=s=cf=df JofKt 5 . of] ax; / ljjfb
cGo b]zx¿df j}rfl/s :t/df a9L 5 t/ g]kfndf g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ df eg]
j}rfl/s–Jofjxfl/s b'j} :t/df 5 . jf:tjdf oL b'j}sf] ;xL ;+of]hgsf] cefjdf
klg ljZjdf sltko b]zdf sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, cfGbf]ng / ;Qfsf] ktg ePsf] 5 .
logsf] ;xL / ;d'lrt ;+of]hg x'g ;s]g eg] cyf{t\ s'g} Ps kIfdf dfq lg/k]If hf]8
lbO/lxof] eg] grfx]/ klg sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng ls t c/fhstfjfbsf] lzsf/ eO{
lj;h{gdf k'U5, ls eg] gf]s/zfxL s]Gb|Lotfsf] lzsf/ eO{ cGttM lj;{hgjfbd}
k'U5 . lj=s=cf=df o;/L b'a} ?kdf lj;h{gdf k'Ug] u/]sf] tLtf] oyfy{ xfd|f]
;fd' 5 . To;}n], sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ lj;h{gaf6 hf]ufp“b} o;sf] uGtJo
;dfhjfb–;fDojfb;Dd k'/fpgsf] nflu j}rfl/s l;4fGtdf dfq xf]Og ;+u7gfTds
l;4fGtsf] cyf{t\ ljrf/sf] dfq xf]Og ;“u;“u} ljlwsf] klg ljsf; ug'{ cfh emg\
clgjfo{ / ckl/xfo{ ePsf] 5 . o; lbzflt/ ;DalGwt ;a}sf] Wofgfsif{0f ug{ ;Sof]
eg] k|:t't k':tssf] ;fy{stf /xg]5 .
hglbzf
k|sfzgn] xfn;d k|foM JolQm÷g]tf / pxf“x¿sf ljrf/ / efjgfs]lGb|t k':tsx¿ cyf{t\
JolQmut n]v–/rgfx¿sf ;+sngx¿ k|sflzt ub}{ cfPsf]df xfn l;4fGt / ljrf/s]lGb|t
ljZjsDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf dxfg\ u'?x¿sf ;fd"lxs n]v–/rgfx¿sf] ;+sng k|sfzg
ug{ uO/x]sf] 5 . JolQmjfb / cx+jfbsf lj?4 ;+3if{ ub}{ sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf
;fd"lxs g]t[Tjsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ :yflkt ug]{ lbzfdf of] ;+sng ;xof]uL x'g
;Sof] eg] xfdLnfO{ v'zL nfUg] 5 .
olta]nf g]kfnL hgo'4 / hgqmflGt
/0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] r/0fdf 5 . hgo'4 / hgqmflGtnfO{ o; lg0ff{os, clGtd
/ eo+s/ r/0fdf k'¥ofpgsf] nflu dfq xf]Og, ;jf]{Rr / k"0f{ ;kmntf;Dd
k'¥ofpgsf] nflu ;d]t dfn]dfjfb / k|r08kysf] cxd\ e"ldsf 5 . jt{dfg
g]kfnL qmflGtnfO{ k|r08kyaf6 cnu u/]/ x]g{ ;lsb}g . o;sf] cy{ k|r08ky
ljlzi6tfdf dfq nfu" x'G5, cGoq nfu" x'“b}g eGg] xf]Og / x'g
;Qm}g . ljlzi6tfleq ;fj{ef}ldstfsf c+zx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\ eGg] ;fj{ef}ldstfleq
ljlzi6tfx¿ ;dflxt ePsf x'G5g\ . To;}n] dfn]dfsf] ;fj{ef}d ;+u7gfTds
l;4fGt;“u} ljlzi6 ljrf/–>+[vnf …k|r08kyÚsf ;+u7gfTds ljrf/x¿ klg PsLs[t ?kdf
a'em\g ;lhnf] xf];\ eGg] lx;fan] kl/lzi6df g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf cWoIf s=
k|r08sf s]xL n]v–b:tfj]hx¿ ;dflji6 ul/Psf 5g\ .
s]xL
jif{ cl3b]lv g} o;k|sf/sf] k':tssf] cfjZostf dx;'; x'“b} cfO/x]sf]n] k|foMh:ff]
;fdfu|Lx¿ ut jif{ g} tof/ eO;s]sf x'g\ . To;df clxn] ;do / kl/l:yltsf]
km]/abn;“u} sltko n]v–/rgfx¿ yk36 ul/Psf 5g\ . snd ef“lrPsf], sfut
RofltPsf], k|];df tfNrf dfl/Psf] / n]vs–ljrf/x¿ y'lgPsf] cfhsf] sxfnL nfUbf]
g]kfnsf] o; ljlzi6 / sl7g l:yltdf xfdLn] rfx]sf] ;do, ;+Vof / ?kdf k|sfzg ug{ /
ljt/0f ug{df ePsf leq / aflx/sf ;d:of / r'gf}tLx¿sf jfjh"b klg tL;“u
;+3if{ ub}{ k|sfzg ug{ ;kmn ePsf]df xfdLnfO{ uj{ nfu]sf] 5 . k|:t't k':ts
tof/ ug]{ qmddf cfºgf] >d, ;Lk / IfdtfnfO{ nufgL ug]{ ;DalGwt ;a}
sd/]8x¿k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ug{ rfxG5f}+ .
cfºgf] cToGt} Jo:t ;dosf aLraf6 ;do
lgsfn]/ cWoIf s= k|r08n] o; k':tssf] af/]df dGtJo n]v]/ k':tssf] ul/df / cf]h
a9fOlbg] tyf clxn] Wofg s]lGb|t ug'{ kg]{ ljifodfly k|sfz kfl/lbg] ;d]t of]ubfg
ug'{ ePsf]df xfdL pxf“k|lt cfef/L 5f}+ / pxf“nfO{ xflb{s wGojfb lbg
rfxG5f}+ .
k|:t't
k':ts / hglbzf k|sfzgs} af/]df s]xL sdL–sdhf]/L ePdf cfnf]rgf / ;'emfa lbg
;DalGwt ;a};“u xfdL ljz]if cg'/f]w;d]t ub{5f}+ . ;fy}, hglbzf k|sfzgnfO{
Pp6f :yflkt / a[xt\ qmflGtkIfLo k|sfzgsf] ?kdf bL3{hLjL agfpg] xfd|f] ck]IffnfO{
cf–cfºgf] tkm{af6 oyf;So ;xof]u k'¥ofOlbgsf] nflu klg xfdL ;DalGwt ;a};“u
xflb{s cfx\jfg ub{5f}+ .
!) efb| @)^@
hglbzf k|sfzg, g]kfn
sfn{
dfS;{
cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ ;+3sf]
cfd lgodfjnL*
of] Wofgdf /fVb}
ls
dhb'/ju{sf] d'lQm :jo+ dhb'/ ju{åf/f ul/g' kb{5 . dhb'/ ju{sf] d'lQmsf]
cy{ ju{sf ljz]ifflwsf/ tyf Ohf/]bf/L -clwsf/÷bnfnL <_ sf] nflu xf]Og, a?
;dfg clwsf/ / st{Jo Pj+ ;d:t ju{–zf;gsf] pGd"ngsf] nflu ;+3if{ xf],
ls
d]xgts; dflg;sf] >dsf] ;fwgsf], cyf{t\ hLjgsf ;|f]tx¿sf Ohf/]bf/ -clwsf/_
sf] cfly{s cwLgtf, bf;tf / To;sf ;d:t ¿kx¿– ;f/f ;fdflhs bl/b|tf, dfgl;s
cwf]ktg tyf /fhgLlts k/fwLgtfsf] cfwf/ xf],
ls
o;sf/0f dhb'/ ju{sf] cfly{s d'lQm Ps dxfg\ nIo xf], k|To]s /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngsf]
Pp6f ;fwgsf] ¿kdf To;sf] cwLg x'g'kb{5, ls Tof] dxfg\ nIosf] k"lt{sf] nflu
ul/Psf ;f/f k|oTgx¿ x/]s b]zdf >dsf ljljw efux¿sf] aLrdf Psh'6tfsf] cefjsf
sf/0f, ljleGg b]zx¿sf dhb'/ ju{x¿sf aLr P]Soa4tfsf] aGw'Tjk"0f{
;"qsf] cefjsf] sf/0fn] clxn];Dd ljkmn /x]sf 5g\,
ls
>dsf] d'lQm g t :yfgLo xf], g /fli6«o ;d:of g} xf], a? Ps ;fdflhs ;d:of xf],
h;sf] jl/kl/ tL ;f/f b]zx¿ cfp“5g\, hxf“ cfw'lgs ;dfhsf] cl:tTj / h;sf] ;dfwfg
;aeGbf pGgt b]zsf Jofjxfl/s tyf ;}4flGts ;xof]udf lge{/ ub{5,
ls
o'/f]ksf] ;aeGbf w]/} ljsl;t cf}Bf]lus b]zx¿df dhb'/ ju{sf jt{dfg gjLg k'g¿Tyfg,
hxf“ gof“ cfzfnfO{ hGd lbG5, Toxf“ ltg} k'/fgf uNtLx¿sf] k'g/fj[lQ ul/g]af/]df
uDeL/ r]tfjgL klg lbG5 tyf cem};Dd c;Da4 cfGbf]ngx¿nfO{ tTsfn ;"qa4 ug{]
cfx\jfg ub{5,
oL s'/fx¿n] ubf{–
cGt/f{li6«o
dhb'/ ;+3sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] .
o;n] 3f]lift ub{5–
ls To;;“u
;+nUg x'g]jfnf ;d:t ;f];fO6Lx¿ tyf JolQmx¿n] ;To, Gofo tyf g}ltstfnfO{
Ps–csf{]sf k|lt tyf z/L/sf] /ª\u, wfld{s ljZjf; of hftLotfsf] Vofn gu/]/ ;a}
dflg;x¿sf k|lt cfºgf] Jojxf/sf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf lz/f]wfo{ ug{]5g\,
ls
o;n] st{Jolagfsf] s'g} klg clwsf/ tyf clwsf/lagfsf] s'g} klg st{JonfO{ :jLsf/
ub{}g,
/ o;
efjgfdf lgDg lgodfjnL tof/ ul/Psf] 5–
!= of] ;+3 ljleGg b]zdf /x]sf / Pp6} nIosf] nflu
cyf{t\ dhb'/ju{sf] /Iff, pGglt / k"0f{ d'lQmsf] nflu sfd ug{] dhb'/x¿sf
;f];fO6Lx¿sf aLrdf ;Dks{ tyf ;xof]usf] Pp6f s]Gb| agfpg] p2]Zon] :yflkt ul/Psf]
5 .
@= ;f];fO6Lsf] gfd æcGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ ;+3Æ
x'g]5 .
#= k|ltjif{ cfd dhb'/x¿sf] s+u|]; x'g]5, h;df
;+3sf zfvfx¿sf k|ltlglwx¿ ;fd]n x'g]5g\ . s+u|];n] dhb'/ju{sf ;dfg
cfsf+Iffx¿ pb\3f]lift ug{'kg{]5 . o;n] cGt/f{li6«o ;+3sf] sfdsf] ;kmntfsf] nflu
cfjZos sbd p7fpg' kg{] 5 / ;+3sf] hg/n sfplG;nsf] :yfkgf ug{'kg{]5 .
$= k|To]s s+u|];n] cfufdL s+u|];sf] cfof]hgfsf]
nflu :yfg / ;do lglZrt ug{]5 . s+u|];sf k|ltlglwx¿ s'g} ljz]if
lgdGq0fflagf g} lglZrt ;do / :yfgdf hDdf x'g]5g\ . hg/n sfplG;nn] cfjZos
k/]df :yfg abNg ;Sg]5 t/ p;nfO{ ;efsf] ;do :ylut ug{] s'g} clwsf/ 5}g .
s+u|];n] k|ltjif{ ;fwf/0f;efsf] :yfg to ug{]5 / To;sf ;b:o lgjf{lrt
ug{]5 . o;/L lgjf{lrt hg/n sfplG;nnfO{ ;b:ox¿sf] ;+Vof a9fpg] clwsf/
x'g]5 .
cfd
sf+u|];n] cfºgf aflif{s clwj]zgx¿df hg/n sfplG;nsf aflif{s sfo{x¿sf] ;fj{hlgs
l/kf]6{df ljrf/–ljdz{ ug{]5 . hg/n sfplG;n ;+s6sf] l:yltdf lgoldt aflif{s
sfo{sfneGbf klxn] klg cfd sf+u|];
af]nfpg ;Sg]5 .
%= hg/n sfplG;n cGt/f{li6«o ;+3df ljleGg b]zx¿df k|ltlglwTj
k|fKt dhb'/x¿nfO{ lnP/ aGg]5 . o;n] sfdsfh ;+rfng ug{sf] nflu cfºgf
;b:ox¿dWo]af6 clwsf/L r'Gg]5, h:t} sf]iffWoIf, dxf;lrj / ljleGg b]zx¿sf] nflu
;xof]uL ;lrj cflb .
^= hg/n sfplG;nn] ;+3sf ljleGg /fli6«o tyf :yfgLo
;+u7gx¿dWo]af6 Pp6f cGt/f{li6«o lgsfo u7g ug{]5, h;af6 Ps b]zsf dhb'/x¿nfO{
x/]s cGo b]zdf cfºgf] ju{sf cfGbf]ngx¿;“u lg/Gt/ cjut u/fpg ;lsof];\, h;af6
o'/f]ksf ljleGg b]zx¿sf] ;fdflhs l:yltsf] af/]df Ps}k6s / ;dfg lgb{]zgdf hf“r
hg{ ;lsof];\, h;af6 Pp6f ;f];fO6Ldf p7\g] ;dfg lbnr:kLsf ;jfnx¿ ;a}df
ljrf/–ljdz{ x'g ;sf];\, h;af6 ha slxn] tTsfn Jofjxfl/s sbd— pbfx/0fsf] nflu
cGt/f{li6«o emu8fx¿sf] af/]df p7fpg h?/L xf];\, ;+3sf ;f];fO6Lx¿ Ps}k6s sfd ug{
;s"g\ / To;df Ps¿ktf xf];\ . hlxn] pko'Qm x'G5, hg/n sfplG;nn] ljleGg
/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo ;f];fO6Lx¿sf ;dIf k|:tfj /fVgsf] nflu kxn ug{] 5 .
;Dks{nfO{ ;'ud agfpgsf] nflu hg/n sfplG;nn] ;do–;dodf l/kf]6{ k|sflzt
ug{]5 .
&= k|To]s b]zdf dhb'/ cfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntf,
P]Soa4tf tyf ;+u7gsf] zlQmsf] cltl/Qm cGo s'g} t/xn] ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsb}g,
lsgeg] csf{tkm{ hg/n sfplG;nsf] pkof]lutf w]/} xb;Dd o; kl/l:yltdf lge{/ ub{5
ls p;nfO{ dhb'/x¿sf ;+:yfx¿sf s]xL /fli6«o s]Gb|x¿af6 cyjf ;fgf–;fgf, c;Da4
;f];fO6Lx¿nfO{ /fli6«o ;+u7gx¿df, h;sf] s]Gb|Lo / /fli6«o lgsfon] k|ltlglwTj
ub{5g\, ldnfpgsf] nflu clwstd k|of; ug{'kb{5 . k/Gt', of] :jtM:ki6 5 ls
of] lgodnfO{ nfu" ug{] s'/f x/ b]zsf ljlzi6 sfg'gx¿df lge{/ ub{5, / :yfgLo
afwfx¿sf cltl/Qm s'g} klg cGo l:yltdf s'g} klg :jtGq :yfgLo ;f];fO6L hg/n
sfplG;n;“u ;Lwf kq–Jojxf/ ug{af6 ljd'v /flvg] 5}g . **
*= x/]s zfvfnfO{ hg/n sfplG;n;“u kqJojxf/ ug{sf]
nflu cfºgf] ;lrj lgo'Qm ug{] clwsf/ x'g]5 .
(= hf]s;}n] klg cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ ;+3sf] l;4fGt
:jLsf/ ub{5, tyf To;sf] /Iff ub{5 eg] Tof] ;b:o aGg ;Sg] 5 . x/]s zfvf
cfºgf ;b:ox¿sf]– h;nfO{ o;n] etL{ ub{5, Odfgbf/Lsf] nflu pQ/bfoL 5 .
!)= h'g;'s} ;b:o Ps b]zaf6 csf{] b]zdf uP/ a:b5 eg]
p;nfO{ ;+3df ;+ul7t dhb'/x¿sf] aGw'Tjk"0f{ ;dy{g k|fKt x'g]5 .
!!= cGt/f{li6«o ;+3df ;fd]n x'g]jfnf dhb'/
;f];fO6Lx¿, hxf“ pgLx¿ aGw'Tjk"0f{ ;xof]usf] :yfoL ;"qdf af“lwP/
/xg]5g\, Toxf“ pgLx¿n] cfºgf ljBdfg ;+u7gx¿nfO{ cIf'00f /fVg] 5g\ .
!@= o; lgodfjnLnfO{ k|To]s sf+u|];n] ;+zf]wg ug{
;Sg]5, t/ k|ltlglwx¿sf] b'O{ ltxfO{ efu o:tf] ;+zf]wgsf] kIfdf x'g'kb{5 .
!#= o; lgodfjnLdf hf] s'/f lbg ;lsPsf] 5}g, tL
;anfO{ clwlgodx¿åf/f Joj:yf ul/g]5, h;nfO{ x/]s sf+u|];n] ;+zf]wg ug{
;Sg]5 .
l6Kk0fLx¿
* of]
cfd lgoodfjnL cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ ;+3sf] n08g s+u|];df ;]K6]Da/ !*&! df
cg'df]lbt ePsf] lyof] . of] sfn{ dfS;{åf/f !*^$ df ha klxnf] O06/g]zgnsf]
:yfkgf ePsf] lyof], t}of/ kfl/Psf] c:yfoL lgodfjnLdf cfwfl/t lyof] .
;]K6]Da/ !*&@ df ;DkGg x]u sf+u|];åf/f lgodfjnLdf wf/f & kl5 Pp6f
cltl/Qm wf/f & s ;lDdlnt ug{]af/]df dfS;{ tyf P+u]N;åf/f tof/ ul/Psf]
k|:tfj d~h'/ ul/Psf] lyof] . o;df dhb'/ ju{sf] /fhgLlts sfo{snfksf] af/]df
n08g sGk|m]G;sf] ;]K6]Da/ !*&! sf] gof“ k|:tfjsf] cGtj{:t' ;fd]n ul/Psf]
lyof] . pQm wf/f …sÚ klg hfgsf/Lsf] nflu km'6gf]6sf] ¿kdf wf/f & kl5
lbOPsf] 5 .
**
;]K6]Da/ @–&, !*&@ df cGt/f{li6«o dhb'/ ;+3sf] hg/n sf+u|]; ePsf]
lyof] . s+u|];n] lgodfjnLdf wf/f & …sÚ yk u/]sf] lyof] . ;f] wf/f
& …sÚ o;k|sf/ 5– wf/f–& …sÚ ;DklQwf/Lju{x¿sf] ;+o'Qm ;Qfsf lj?4 cfºgf]
;+3if{df ;j{xf/fn] cfkm"nfO{ Ps ljz]if /fhgLlts kf6L{df ;+ul7t u/]/ g}
ju{sf] ¿kdf sfd ug{ ;Qm5g\, hf] ;DklQwf/L ju{x¿sf tdfd k'/fgf kf6L{x¿sf lj?4
x'G5 .
/fhgLlts
kf6L{df ;j{xf/fsf] of] ;+ul7t x'g] sfd ;fdflhs qmflGtsf] / To;sf] clGtd nIo–
ju{x¿sf] pGd"ngsf] nIo– sf] ljho ;'lglZrt ug{sf] nflu ckl/xfo{ 5 .
dhb'/ju{sf zlQmx¿sf] ;+o'Qm zlQm, hf] cfly{s ;+3if{åf/f k|fKt ePsf] 5, o;ju{sf]
xftdf cfºgf zf]ifsx¿sf] /fhgLlts ;Qfsf lj?4sf] ;+3if{df o;n] pQf]nssf] sfd klg
ug{' kg{]5 .
lsgls
e"ld / k'“hLsf dflnsn] cfºgf cfly{s clwsf/x¿nfO{ a/s/f/ -sfod}_ /fVg
>dnfO{ bf; -s}b_ agfpgsf] nflu cfºgf /fhgLlts ljz]ifflwsf/x¿sf] ;b}j pkef]u
ub{5g\ . To;}n] /fhgLlts ;Qfdfly ljho k|fKt ug{' ;j{xf/fsf] dxfg\ st{Jo
x'g hfG5 .
-pQm
sf+u|];df of] wf/faf/]df ePsf] dtbfgdf % sf lj?4 @( dtn] of] wf/f & …sÚ
cg'df]lbt ePsf] lyof] ._
dfS;{ P+u]N;
;j{xf/f / sDo'lgi6
sDo'lgi6 / ;j{xf/fju{sf] aLrdf s] ;DaGw 5 <
cGo
dhb'/ kf6L{x¿sf] lj/f]wdf sDo'lgi6x¿n] cfºgf] s'g} cnu kf6L{ agfp“b}gg\ /
;j{xf/fju{sf] lxteGbf 5'§} / leGg} csf]{ s'g} :jfy{ sDo'lgi6x¿sf] 5}g . ;j{xf/f cfGbf]ngnfO{ s'g} vf;
9f“rfdf 9fNg] sDo'lgi6x¿sf] p2]Zo 5}g, g t To;sf] nflu pgLx¿n] 8]9dfgf rfdnsf]
lvr8L 5'§} ksfpg]em}+ s'g} csf]{ ;+sL0f{ l;4fGtsf] g} hu xfNg] ub{5g\ . c¿
dhb'/ kf6L{x¿af6 sDo'lgi6x¿nfO{ b'O{j6f s'/fn] 5'6\ofp“5 .
!= x/]s b]zdf sDo'lgi6x¿ hfltkfltsf] e]befj
gu/Lsg k"/} ;j{xf/fju{sf] lxtsf] lglDt n8\5g\ . sDo'lgi6x¿n] tdfd
dhb'/x¿sf] lxtnfO{ g} cl3 ;fg]{ ub{5g\ .
@= k'“hLklt ju{sf] lj?4 dhb'/ ju{sf] ;+3if{sf]
ljsf;sf ljleGg cj:yfdf pgLx¿ -sDo'lgi6x¿_ hlxn] klg / hxf“ klg k"/}
cfGbf]ngsf] lxtsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ .
o;/L
Psflt/ sDo'lgi6x¿ Jofjxfl/s b[li6n] k|To]s b]zsf dhb'/ kf6L{x¿df ;aeGbf cufl8
a9]sf / b[9;+sNkL c¨ x'g\ / pgLx¿n] c¿ af“sL hgtfnfO{ cfGbf]ngsf] lglDt cufl8
a9fp“5g\, t/ l;4fGtsf b[li6af6 pgLx¿n] ;j{xf/f hg;fwf/0fn] eGbf a9L a'em]sf
x'G5g\ .
dhb'/
ju{sf c¿ kf6L{x¿sf] h'g p2]Zo xf] sDo'lgi6x¿sf] klg tfTsflns p2]Zo ToxL xf]—
u}/dhb'/x¿nfO{ Ps} ju{sf] ¿kdf ;+ul7t ug]{, k'“hLjfbL zf;gnfO{ vtd ug]{ /
/fhgLlts ;QFdfly dhb'/ ju{sf] sAhf hdfpg] .
sDo'lgi6x¿sf]
;}4flGts lgisif{ s'g} ljZj;'wf/såf/f tof/ ul/Psf ljrf/ jf l;4fGtx¿df Psbd}
cfwfl/t 5}g .
;fdfGotM
pgLx¿ ljBdfg ju{;+3if{af6, xfd|} cf“vfcufl8 rln/x]sf] P]ltxfl;s cfGbf]ngaf6
l;lh{Psf jf:tljs ;DaGwx¿nfO{ dfq JoQm ub{5g\ . ljBdfg ;DklQ–;DaGwsf]
pGd"ng ug'{ sDo'lgHdsf] Pp6f ljz]if nIf0f ljns'n} xf]Og .
cl3–cl3
klg P]ltxfl;s l:yltx¿df ePsf] km]/abnn] ubf{ ;a} ;DklQ– ;DaGwdf lg/Gt/
P]ltxfl;s km]/abn ePsf 5g\ .
b[i6fGtsf]
¿kdf, k|mfG;sf] qmflGtn] k'“hLjfbL ;DklQsf] kIfdf ;fdGtL ;DklQsf] pGd"ng
u¥of] .
sDo'lgHdsf]
dflyNnf] nIf0f ;fwf/0ftof ;DklQsf] pGd"ng ug'{ xf]Og, a? k'“hLjfbL
;DklQsf] pGd"ng ug'{ xf] . cfw'lgs k'“hLjfbL JolQmut ;DklQ
ju{b':dgLdf, yf]/} dflg;åf/f w]/}sf] zf]if0fdf cfwfl/t k}bfjf/ / zf]if0f
Joj:yfsf] cflv/L / ;aeGbf k"0f{ cleJolQm xf] .
o;
cy{df sDo'lgi6x¿sf] l;4fGtnfO{ Pp6f jfSodf o;/L eGg ;lsG5M o;sf] p2]Zo JolQmut
;DklQnfO{ pGd"ng ug'{ xf] .
dflg;n]
cfºg} kl;gfn] sdfPsf] JolQmut ;DklQ /fVg kfpg] clwsf/ g} ;dfKt kfg{ rfxg] eg]/
sDo'lgi6x¿dfly bf]if nufOPsf] 5 . o:tf] bf]if nufpg]x¿sf] egfOadf]lhd of]
;DklQ u}/JolQmut :jtGqtf, lqmofzLntf / :jfwLgtfsf] cfwf/ xf] .
lgSs}
kl/>d u/]/ k|fKt u/]sf], cfkm}n] kfPsf], cfkm}n] sdfPsf] ;DklQ . s]
ltdLx¿sf] egfOsf] cy{ ;fgf b:tsf/ / ;fgf ls;fgsf] ;DklQ xf], h'g k'“hLjfbL
;DklQeGbf klxn] /x]sf] lyof] < To;sf] pGd"ng ug'{ kg]{ s'g}
cfjZostf 5}g, pBf]usf] ljsf;n] To;nfO{ lgs} xb;Dd ;dfKt kfl/;s]sf] 5 / clxn]
klg lbgx'“ ;dfKt kfb}{5 .
cyjf
ltdLx¿sf] dtna cfw'lgs k'“hLjfbL JolQmut ;DklQl;t xf] <
t/
Hofnfbf/L >dn] s] dhb'/sf] lglDt s'g} bf}nt k}bf u5{ < s'g} xfntdf
ub}{g . To;n] t k'“hL k}bf u5{, cyf{t\ To:tf] lsl;dsf] ;DklQ k}bf u5{,
h;n] Hofnfbf/L >dsf] zf]if0f u5{ / h'g gof“ zf]if0fsf] nflu rflxg] Hofnfbf/L
>dsf] gf}nf] cfk"lt{ gePdf a9\g ;Sb}g . cr]nsf] ;DklQ k'“hL /
Hofnfbf/L >daLr b':dgLdf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 . xfdL o; b':dgLsf] k/LIff
b'j} kIfaf6 u/f}+ .
k'“hLklt
aGg' eg]sf] z'4 JolQmut l:ylt k|fKt ug'{ dfq xf]Og, k}bfjf/df ;fdflhs l:ylt
k|fKt ug'{ klg xf] . k'“hL Pp6f ;fd"lxs pkh xf] / ;dfhdf w]/}
;b:ox¿sf] ;+o'Qm sfjf{xLaf6 dfq To;nfO{ ultzLn kfg{ ;lsG5 .
ctMPj,
k'“hL eg]sf] JolQmut zlQm xf]Og, a? ;fdflhs zlQm xf] .
To;f]
ePsf]n] k'“hLnfO{ ;femf ;DklQdf, ;dfhsf ;f/f ;b:ox¿sf] ;DklQdf km]l/+bf JolQmut
;DklQ ;fdflhs ;DklQdf km]l/g] xf]Og . ;DklQsf] ;fdflhs rl/q dfq
ablnG5 . ;DklQsf] ju{rl/q gi6 x'G5 .
ca
xfdL Hofnfbf/L >daf/] ljrf/ u/f}+ .
Hofnfbf/L
>dsf] ;/b/ df]n Go"gtd Hofnf xf] . dhb'/nfO{ cf};t¿kn] vfln Tolt
dfq Hofnf lbOG5, hlt p;nfO{ af“Rgsf lglDt Psbd cfjZos kb{5 . cyf{t\ Tolt
gkfPsf] v08df dhb'/ af“Rg ;Sb}g . o;sf/0f d]xgt ug]{ dhb'/n] cfºgf] s8f
kl/>daf6 hlt Hofnf kfp“5, To;af6 cfºgf] / hxfg–kl/jf/sf] u'hf/f d'lZsnn]
rnfpg ;Sb5 . -dhb'/ af“Rg} g;Sg] ePsf] v08gdf km]l/ dhb'/ sxf“af6 cfpnf
<_ dhb'/sf] cfºg} >daf6 k}bf ul/Psf] o; lghL d]xgtsf] To; sdfO{nfO{, h'g
dfgj hLjg sfod / rfn" /fVgsf] nflu cToGt cfjZos 5 / h;af6 csf{sf]
kl/>dnfO{ zf]if0f ug]{ sfd ub}{g, To:tf] ;DklQ vtd ug]{ ljrf/ xfd|f] k6Ss}
xf]Og . h'g rLhnfO{ xfdL vtd ug{ rfxG5f}+, Tof] xf]— o; pTkfbg Joj:yfsf]
cefuL :j¿k h;sf] d'lg dhb'/ k'“hL a9fpg] ;fwgafx]s c¿ s]xL x'“b}g / h;sf] d'lg
p;nfO{ hLljt /xg Tolt dfq clwsf/ x'G5, hlt zf;s ju{nfO{ p;sf] -dhb'/sf]_ vf“rf]
k5{ .
k'“hLjfbL
;dfhdf hLljt >d ;l~rt >dnfO{ a9fpg] ;fwg dfq xf] . sDo'lgi6 ;dfhdf
;l~rt >d HofdLsf] hLjgnfO{ ;'vL, ;d[4 / Jofks agfpg] ;fwg aGg]5 .
o;/L
k'“hLjfbL ;dfhdf jt{dfgnfO{ e"tn] -cyf{t\ lhp“bf]nfO{ d/]sf]n]_ zf;g
u5{ . sDo'lgi6 ;dfhdf e"tnfO{ jt{dfgn] zf;g ug]{5 . k'“hLjfbL
;dfhdf k'“hL :jtGq x'G5 . k'“hLsf] cnu} dxŒj klg x'G5 . t/ hLljt
JolQm k/tGq 5 . p;sf] s]xL cnu JolQmTj 5}g .
t}klg
k'“hLkltx¿ xNnf u/]/ s] eGb5g\ eg] o; k'“hLjfbL Joj:yfnfO{ vtd ug'{sf] cy{
JolQmTj / :jtGqtfsf] pGd"ng ug'{ xf], dflg;sf] :jtGqtf vtd ug'{ xf] .
o:t} eG5g\ eg] s'/f 7Ls} xf] . lsgeg], of] k'“hLjfbL JolQmTj, k'“hLjfbL
:jfwLgtf / k'“hLjfbL :jtGqtfnfO{ Psbd h/}b]lv pv]n]/ ºo“flslbg xfdL rfxG5f}+
eGg] s'/fdf clnslt klg zÍf 5}g .
jt{dfg
k'“hLjfbL pTkfbg Joj:yfdf :jtGqtfsf] cy{ x'G5– …:jtGq Jofkf/Ú / …:jtGq
vl/b–lalqmÚ .
t/
vl/b–lalqmsf] Joj:yf vtd eof] eg] :jtGq vl/b–lalqm klg vtd x'g]5 . xfd|f]
k'“hLklt ju{sf] :jtGq vl/b–lalqmsf] asjf;nfO{ / :jtGqtfsf] af/]df p;sf] tdfd
u'8\8L xf“Sg] s'/fnfO{, olb dWoo'usf afwfx¿, ;fdGtsf ;f“wx¿, s/x¿, ;8sx¿ /
oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿df sdL cflbsf afwfx¿af6 hsl8Psf Jofkf/Lx¿sf] d'sflanfdf
/flvPsf] eP To;sf] s]xL dtna x'g ;SYof] . lsgeg], To;a]nf Tof] Pp6f
k|ultzLn s'/f lyof] / ;dfhsf] ljsf;df ;3fp“Yof] klg . t/ log} s'/fx¿nfO{
lnP/ k'“hLkltx¿n] vl/b–lalqmsf] Joj:yfnfO{ vtd ug]{ sDo'lgi6 of]hgfx¿sf] lj/f]w
ub{5g\, pTkfbgsf] k'“hLjfbL Joj:yf / :jo+ k'“hLklt ju{nfO{ ;dfKt ug]{
sDo'lgi6x¿sf] of]hgfnfO{ cfnf]rgf ub{5g\ eg] To;sf] s]xL klg cy{ /x“b}g .
lsgeg], oL ;a s'/fx¿ ca ;dfhlj/f]wL / ;dfhsf] k|ultsf] af6f]df sf“9f alg;s]sf
5g\ .
æJolQmut
;DklQnfO{ vtd ug{ rfxG5f}+Æ eGg] xfd|f] s'/f ;'g]/ tkfO{+x¿ l/;n] cfuf] x'g'
ePsf] 5 . t/ s] tkfO{+x¿dWo] bz hgfdf gf} hgfsf] lghL ;DklQ o; jt{dfg
;dfhdf klxNo} vtd eO;s]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fdf tkfO{+x¿n] slxNo} ljrf/ ug'{ ePsf] 5
< yf]/} dflg;x¿l;t h'g lghL ;DklQ 5, Tof] t log} gAa] k|ltztsf] lghL ;DklQ
x8k u/]/ ePsf] xf] . o;lglDt xfd|f] lj/f]wdf ;DklQsf] h'g :j¿knfO{ vtd
ug]{ s'/fsf] of]hgfsf] cleof]u nufpg' x'G5, To;sf] dtnj s] xf] eg] ;dfhsf]
7"nf] efu -gAa] k|ltzt_ ef]sf / gf¨f /x"g\, lsgeg] Tolt geO{sg To;
;DklQsf] cl:tŒj g} sfod /x“b}g . bz cf}+nfdf ulgg ;lsg] dflg;x¿ rflx+
df]h–dHhf u¿g\, P];–cf/fd u¿g\, t/ af“sL dflg;x¿ bz 7fp“df 6fn]sf] nuf}+6L s;]/
lbgdf ;of}+ k6s e"“8L ldrL–ldrL d¿g\ .
;+If]kdf
eGg] xf] eg] ltd|f] -k'“hLkltsf]_ xfdLdfly gfln; s] xf] eg] xfdL ltd|f] ;DklQ
x8k ug{ rfxG5f}+ . of] t ;xL xf] . xfdL klg To;} ug{ rfxG5f}+ .
ltdLx¿
s] eG5f} eg] h'g lbgb]lv >dnfO{ k'“hL, b|Jo cyjf nufgdf, Psflwsf/ k|fKt ug{
;lsg] ;fdflhs zlQmdf k]mg{ ;lsg] 5}g, cyf{t\ h'g lbgb]lv j}olQms ;DklQnfO{
k'“hLjfbL ;DklQdf, k'“hLdf km]g{ ;lsg] 5}g, To; lbgb]lv JolQmTj eGg] s'/f
lanfP/ hfG5 .
t/
ltdLx¿ o;f] lsg eGb}gf}+ ls k'“hLklt / dWod ju{sf] ;DklQzfnL dflg;afx]s c¿x¿
dflg; g} xf]Ogg\ . olb oxL s'/f 7Ls xf] eg] o;nfO{ vtd} kfg'{ / To;sf]
cl:tTjnfO{ c;Dej agfOlbg' k/]sf] 5 .
;dfhsf pkhx¿
sDo'lgi6n]
;dfhsf pkhx¿sf] pkef]u ug{af6 s;}nfO{ klg a+lrt ub}{g . o;n] csf{sf]
>dnfO{ zf]if0f ug]{ zlQmaf6 dfq a+lrt u5{
cyf{t\ s;}n]–s;}nfO{ zf]if0f ug{ o;n] lbg] 5}g .
lghL
;DklQnfO{ vtd ul/lbPsf] v08df ;dfhsf] ;a} sfdsfh 7Kk x'g]5 / b'lgof“df cfn:osf]
/fh rNg] 5 egL ltgLx¿ xfd|f] lj/f]wdf cf/f]k nufpg] ub{5g\ . olb of] s'/f
;f“rf] dfGg] xf] eg] k'“hLjfbL ;dfhnfO{ cN5\of“O{ cyjf cfn:on] klxn] g} vtd
kfl/;Sg] lyof] . lsgeg], o; k'“hLjfbL ;dfhdf /ut–kl;gf r'xfP/ sdfO{ ug]{
dflg;nfO{ xft nfUof] z"Go x'G5 . ;a} >L–;DklQ pgLx¿sf] xftdf x'G5,
h;n] xft v'§f rnfP/ sfd ug'{ cfºgf] a]OHht ;DemG5g\ . of] lj/f]w tnsf]
egfOsf] csf]{ cleJolQm dfq xf] .
k'“hL /xg uPg eg] Hofnfbf/L >d klg /xGg
ef}lts
j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg / pkef]u–k|0ffnLsf] ;DaGwdf sDo'lgi6x¿dfly h'g cf/f]k nufOPsf
5g\, tL cf/f]k, To:t} u/L af}l4s /rgfx¿sf] ;[li6 / pkef]u;DaGwL sDo'lgi6
k4ltsf] lj?4 klg nufOPsf 5g\ . h;/L k'“hLkltsf] b[li6df ju{ / ;DklQsf]
ljgfz x'g'sf] cy{ pTkfbg g} ljgf; x'g' xf], To;} u/L p;sf] b[li6df
ju{;+:s[ltsf] gfz x'g' xf] . h'g ;+:s[ltsf] ljgfzsf] ;DaGwdf ljr/f
k'“hLklt /f]Os/fO ub{5 Tof] clwsf+z hgtfsf] lglDt -;dfhsf ()–(% k|ltztsf]
lglDt_ d]lzgn] cem} sfd ug{ l;sfpg] lzIff l;jfo c¿ s]xL klg xf]Og .
k'“hLjfbL ;DklQ vtd ug]{ xfd|f]
ljrf/nfO{ ltdL cfºgf] k'“hLjfbL ljrf/sf] s;Ldf /fv]/ kf/v ub{5f}, To;}n]
o;;DaGwdf xfdL;“u jfbljjfb ugf{n] s]xL nfe x'“b}g . lsgeg], ltd|f] ljrf/
:jo+ pTkfbg k4lt / k'“hLjfbL ;DklQ Joj:yfaf6 pAh]sf] dfq xf] . ltd|f]
Gofoljwfg ltd|} ju{sf] OR5fdf cfwfl/t 5 / cfºgf] ju{sf] OR5fcg';f/
P]g–sfg"g agfP/ ;Dk"0f{ ;dfhdfly nflblbPsf 5f}+ . ltd|f] hLjgsf]
lglDt cfjZos cfly{s kl/l:yltaf6 ltd|f] OR5fsf] jf:tljs ¿k / lbzf lgwf{l/t
x'G5 .
h:t}
ltd|f] Gofoljwfg ;a}sf] nflu P]g agfOPsf] ltd|} ju{sf] o:tf] OR5f xf], h;sf]
cfjZostf, rl/q / lbzfnfO{ ltd|f] ju{sf] cfly{s cj:yfn] lgwf{l/t u5{ .
:jfy{k"0f{
e|dsf] alze"t eP/ ltdL cfºgf] jt{dfg pTkfbg k4lt / ;DklQ Joj:yfaf6 pAh]sf
;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿nfO{ ltdL k|s[lt / 1fgsf] zfZjt lgoddf km]l/lbG5f}, Tof] vfln
ltd|f] dfq xf]Og, ltdLeGbf klxn]sf zf;s ju{x¿ klg o;} e|dsf] lzsf/ lyP .
jf:tjdf, tdfd ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿ P]ltxfl;s x'g\ . pTkfbgsf] tl/sfdf kl/jt{g
x'gfsf] ;fy;fy} ;dfhdf klg kl/jt{g x'G5 .
k|frLg
;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf ltdL h'g s'/f] k|:6l;t b]V5f}, ;fdGtL ;DklQsf] ;DaGwdf ltdL
h'g s'/f]nfO{ dfG5f}, To; s'/f]nfO{ ca ltdL ;DklQsf] cfºgf] k'“hLjfbL :j¿ksf]
;DaGwdf dfGg tof/ 5}gf} .
kl/jf/sf]
pGd"ng . sDo'lgi6x¿sf] o:tf] abgfd k|:tfj ;'g]/ s§/ qmflGtsf/Lx¿ klg
l/;n] cfuf] x'g] u5{g\ .
s'g
cfwf/df df}h'bf kl/jf/, k'“hLjfbL kl/jf/ c8]sf] 5 < k'“hLsf] cfwf/df, lghL
nfesf] cfwf/df, cfºgf] k"0f{ ljsl;t ¿kdf of] kl/jf/ k'“hLklt ju{sf] aLrdf
dfq ljBdfg 5 . t/ To;sf] k"/ssf] ¿kdf s] kfOG5 eg] ;j{xf/fx¿sf] aLrdf
kl/jf/ eGg] s'g} rLh 5}g / ;fj{hlgs j]Zofj[lQ ljBdfg 5 .
cfºgf]
k"/s d]l6Pkl5 k'“hLjfbL kl/jf/ klg :jefjtM d]l6g] 5 / k'“hLsf] cGt ePkl5
b'j} d]l6g] 5g\ .
xfdL
s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] cfdfa'jfsf] zf]if0faf6 d'Qm ug{ rfxG5f}+ eg]/ ltdLx¿
xfdL pk/ bf]iff/f]k0f u5f}{ eg] xfdL Tof] bf]if :jLsf/ u5f}{+ . t/ ltdL s]
eG5f} eg] xfdL 3/]n' lzIff–Joj:yfsf] 7fp“df ;fdflhs lzIff–Joj:yf sfod ug{
rfxG5f}+ . o;n] ubf{ hLjgsf] Pp6f cToGt kljq ;DaGw gi6 x'g hfG5 .
p;f]
eP ltd|f] lzIff s] xf] t < s] Tof] klg ;fdflhs lzIff xf]Og < s] To;nfO{
;fdflhs cj:yfx¿åf/f, kf7zfnfdfkm{t\ ;dfhsf] k|ToIf cyjf ck|ToIf x:tIf]kåf/f
lgwf{l/t ul/+b}g <
;dfhdf
;fdflhs kl/l:yltx¿åf/f lzIff ;~rfng ug]{ k|yf sDo'lgi6n] cflj:sf/ u/]sf]
xf]Og . sDo'lgi6 t o;sf] ;~rfng, x:tIf]k / lgoGq0fsf] ¿knfO{ abn]/
lzIffnfO{ zf;s ju{sf] k|efjaf6 d'Qm ul/lbg rfxG5g\ . s'6'Da / lzIff, cfdfafa'
/ s]6fs]6Lsf] kljq ;DaGw cflb k'“hLjfbL zAbhfn cfw'lgs pBf]uwGwfsf] ljsf;n]
ubf{ emg\ ljeQm / c¿lrs/ eP/ hfG5g\ . cfw'lgs pBf]uwGbfsf] ljsf;n] ubf{
dhb'/x¿sf] ;f/f s'6'Dasf] ;DaGw gi6 eP/ hfG5g\ / pgLx¿sf afn–aRrfx¿ vl/b–lalqm
Jofkf/sf j:t'x¿ / >dsf] ;fdfGo xltof/ aGb5g\ .
tdfd
k'“hLkltx¿n] cfºgf >LdtLx¿nfO{ pTkfbgsf
;fwgafx]s c¿ s]xL 7fGb}gg\ . pgLx¿n] s] ;'lg/fv]sf 5g\ eg] sDo'lgi6
;dfhdf pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿ ;fd"lxs ¿kn] pkef]u ul/G5g\ . To;f] x'gfn]
pgLx¿ s] 7fGb5g\ eg] sDo'lgi6 ;dfhdf dlxnfx¿ klg ;fd"lxs ;DklQ
x'G5g\ . o;afx]s a9\tf ;f]Rg pgLx¿ s] ;S5g\ / <
pgLx¿n]
;kgfdf klg s] ljrf/ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ eg] xfd|f] d'Vo p2]Zo dlxnfx¿sf] jt{dfg
cj:yfnfO{ abn]/ pgLx¿nfO{ jf:tljs dfgjclwsf/ lbg] xf] .
dlxnfx¿nfO{
v'Nnd–v'Nnf / sfg"gL¿kn] ;fd"lxs ;DklQ agfpg vf]H5g\ eg]/
sDo'lgi6x¿dfly cf/f]k nufO{ xfd|f k'“hLkltx¿ a8f] ;bfrf/L ag]/ To;k|lt qmf]w
k|s6 u5{g\ . of]eGbf a9L xf“;f] p7\g] c¿ s] s'/f x'g
;Snf < dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;fd"lxs ;DklQ agfpg sDo'lgi6x¿nfO{ s'g} vf“rf]
5}g . dlxnfx¿ t ;gftg sfnb]lv g} ;dfhsf] ;fd"lxs ;DklQ eP/ cfPsf
5g\ . sDo'lgi6x¿ t s]jn pgLx¿sf] aGwgnfO{ tf]8]/ o; b'b{zfaf6 d'Qm u/L
pgLx¿nfO{ dfly p7fpg rfxG5g\ .
xfd|f
oL k'“hLjfbL k'“hLkltx¿ cfºgf cwLgdf ePsf dhb'/x¿sf r]nLa]6L / a'xf/Lx¿sf]
;tLTj gi6 u/]/ dfq c3fp“b}gg\ . Psn] csf{sL >LdtL p8fpgdf pgLx¿nfO{
ljz]if cfgGb x'G5 .
o;sf/0f
k'“hLjfbL ljjfx jf:tjdf ;fd"lxs >LdtLx¿sf] g} k|yf xf] . km]l/,
sDo'lgi6x¿sf] lj?4 bf]iff/f]k0f g} ug]{ xf] eg] klg olt;Dd bf]if nufpg ;lsG5 ls
sDo'lgi6x¿ ;fd"lxs kTgLTjsf] df}h'bf 9f]¨k"0f{ / u'Kt Joj:yfsf] 7fp“df
v'nf / sfg'gL ¿k lbg rfxG5g\ . jf:tjdf, :jo+l;4 s'/f s] xf] eg] pTkfbgsf]
jt{dfg k'“hLjfbL tl/sf vtd x'gf;fy To; tl/sfaf6 k}bf x'g] dlxnfx¿sf] ;fj{hlgs
kTgLTjsf] l:ylt klg vtd x'G5 cyf{t\ v'nf / u'Kt ;a} k|sf/sf j]Zofj[lQx¿ g}
;dfKt x'G5g\ .
sDo'lgi6x¿dfly
csf]{ cleof]u s] nufOG5 eg] pgLx¿ b]z / hftLotf ld6fOlbg rfxG5g\ .
vf;
s'/f] s] xf] eg] HofdLx¿sf] -dhb'/x¿sf]_ s'g} b]z 5}g . hf] 5“b} 5}g,
To;nfO{ vf]:g] s'/} p7\b}g . t/, To;f] ePtfklg dhb'/ ju{ Ps dfg]df
/fi6«jfbL xf] . ;j{k|yd dhb'/ ju{n] /fhgLlts ;Qf -x's"dt_ sfod ug'{
k/]sf] 5, p;n] cfºgf] b]zsf] zf;s ju{ aGg' k/]sf] 5, p;n] cfºg} /fi6« agfpg' 5,
o; cy{df p kSs} /fi6«jfbL xf], h'g k'“hLjfbL /fli6«otfeGbf a]Un} 5 .
k'“hLklt
ju{sf] ljsf;, Jofkf/sf] :jtGqtf, ljZj ahf/, pTkfbg k4ltdf / hLjgfj:yfdf Ps¿ktf
oL ;an] ubf{ hgtfaLrsf /fli6«o e]befj / j}/efjx¿ lbglbg} emg\emg\ lanfp“b}
uO/x]sf 5g\ .
dhb'/
ju{sf] zf;g sfod ePkl5 o:tf e]befj / j}/efjx¿ emg\ l56f]–l56f] lanfP/
hfg]5g\ . dhb'/ ju{sf] d'lQmsfnflu -;a}sf] gePtf klg_ sd;]sd vf;–vf; ;Eo
b]zx¿sf] ;+o'Qm sfjf{xL Pp6f k|d'v ;t{ xf] .
ha
dflg;åf/f ul/g] zf]if0f klg d]l6g] 5, ha /fi6«leqsf ju{x¿aLrsf] b':dgL vtd
x'G5, ta /fi6«–/fi6«x¿ aLrsf] zq'tf klg d]l6+b} hfG5 .
wd{,
bz{g / ;fdfGo¿kn] ljrf/wf/fTds b[li6sf]0faf6 sDo'lgHdsf] lj?4 nufOPsf
bf]iff/f]k0fx¿ uDeL/tfsf ;fy Wofg lbg'kg]{ ljifo xf]Ogg\ .
dflg;sf]
ef}lts hLjgsf cj:yfx¿df, p;sf ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿df / p;sf] ;fdflhs hLjgdf km]/abn
ePkl5 p;sf] ljrf/, b[li6sf]0f / wf/0ffx¿ cyf{t\ Ps zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] p;sf]
r]tgf klg ablnG5 eGg] s'/f hfGgsf] nflu s'g} k|ltefsf] cfjZostf kb}{g .
ha
ef}lts pTkfbgdf kl/jt{g x'G5, ta af}l4s pTkfbgsf] rl/qdf klg kl/jt{g x'G5 eGg]
s'/fnfO{ s] ljrf/x¿sf] Oltxf;n] k|dfl0ft ub}{g / < x/]s o'usf] k|e'TjzfnL
ljrf/ ;w}+ zf;s ju{sf] ljrf/ /x]sf] 5 . ha dflg;x¿ ;dfhdf pynk'yn -qmflGt_
drfpg] ljrf/x¿sf] af/]df s'/f u5{g\, ta To;sf] cy{ s] dfq x'G5 eg] k'/fgf]
;dfhsf] ue{df gof“ ;dfhsf tŒjx¿sf] l;h{gf eO;s]sf] 5 / hLjgsf] k'/fgf] l:yltsf]
ljgfz klg x'G5 .
k|frLg
ljZjn] cfºgf] clGtd ;f; km]l//x“bf O;fO{ wd{n] k|frLg wd{nfO{ gi6
kfl/lbof] . c7f/f}+ ztfAbLdf a'l4hLjL ljrf/sx¿sf] cufl8 O;fO{ wd{sf] ljrf/
ha nf]k x'“b} lyof], ta To;a]nfsf] qmflGtsf/L k'“hLklt ju{;“u d'7e]8 ug]{
;fdGtjfbL ;dfh klg cfºgf] clGtd ;f; km]l//x]sf] lyof] . wfld{s :jtGqtfsf]
s'/fn] 1fgsf] IF]qdf vfln s] s'/f k|s6 ul//x]sf] lyof] eg] ;dfhdf
d'Qm–k|ltof]lutfsf] af]njfnf rn]sf] 5 .
o:tf]
elgG5 M æP]ltxfl;s ljsf;sf] qmddf wfld{s, g}lts, bfz{lgs / sfg"g;DaGwL
ljrf/ klg abln+b} cfPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f ;xL xf] . t/ wd{, g}ltstf, bz{g,
/fhgLlt, lj1fg / sfg"g ;w} sfod} /x]sf 5g\ .Æ
o;afx]s
:jtGqtf, Gofo cflbh:tf zfZjt ;Tox¿ ;a} ;dfh Joj:yfx¿df kfOG5g\ . t/, oL
s'/fx¿nfO{ Ps gof“ cfwf/df k|ltli7t ug'{sf] ;§f sDo'lgi6x¿n] tL ;a}nfO{ vtd
kf5{g\ / ;a} wd{ / ;a} g}ltstfnfO{ cGt ul/lbG5g\ . o;/L pgLx¿n] ljutsf
;f/f P]ltxfl;s cg'ejsf] ljk/Lt sfd u5{g\ .
of]
bf]iff/f]k0fsf] dtna s] xf] < lat]sf ;a} ;dfhsf] Oltxf; ju{–ju{;+3if{x¿sf]
ljsf;sf] Oltxf; xf] . o; ju;+3if{n] ljleGg o'ux¿df a]Unfa]Un} ¿k lnPsf]
5 . t/ pQm ju{;+3if{n] h:tf];'s} ¿k lnP klg lat]sf ;a} o'ux¿df Pp6f ;femf
s'/f] kfOG5– Tof] xf] ;dfhsf] Ps efuåf/f csf]{ efusf] zf]if0f . To;}n] s]
s'/fdf crDd nfUb}g eg] lat]sf o'ux¿sf] ;fdflhs r]tgfdf ljleGgtf–ljljwtf eP klg
To;n] s'g} ;femf ¿kx¿ jf ;fdfGo ljrf/x¿leq} kmGsf] df5{ / ju{ tyf ju{;+3if{
k"/f vtd geP;Dd Tof] klg k"/f ¿kdf vtd x'g ;Sb}g .
sDo'lgi6
qmflGt eGg' ;dfhsf] k/Dk/fut ;DklQ ;DaGwl;t ;aeGbf cfwf/e"t¿kn] ;DaGw
ljR5]b ug'{ xf] . To;}n] To;sf] ljsf;n] k/Dk/fut ljrf/x¿l;t k"0f{¿kdf
gftf tf]8]sf] s'/fdf s'g} cfZro{ 5}g . sDo'lgi6x¿ pk/ nufOg] k'“hLjfbL
cf/f]kx¿sf] s'/fnfO{ c¿ w]/} uGyg gu/Lsg oxL 6'¨ofOlbcf}+ .
dfly
xfdLn] s] elg;s]sf 5f}+ eg] dhb'/ ju{sf] qmflGtdf klxnf] kfOnf] ;j{xf/fju{nfO{
zf;s ju{sf] l:yltdf p7fpg' hgjfbsf] ;+u|fd lhTg' xf] .
;j{xf/fju{n]
cfºgf] ;Qf k|of]u u/L k'“hLklt ju{sf] xftaf6 ;a} >L–;DklQ la:tf/}–la:tf/}
vf]:g] 5, pTkfbgsf tdfd ;fwgx¿nfO{ /fi6«sf] cyf{t\ zf;sju{sf] ¿kdf ;+ul7t ePsf]
dhb'/ju{sf] xftdf s]lGb|t kfg]{5 / pTkfbgsf] ultnfO{ Psbd tLj| ultn] a9fpg]
5 .
of]
sfd ;lhn}l;t x'g ;Sb}g eGg] s'g} ;Gb]z 5}g . k'“hLklt ju{sf] pTkfbg
k|0ffnLdfly lgb{otfk"j{s cfqmd0f gu/Lsg o;nfO{ k"/f ug{ ;lsGg .
;'?df of] sfd cg'lrt h:tf] klg nfUg ;S5 . km]l/ o;n] cfly{s b[li6af6 IFlt
klg k'¥ofp“5 / g/fd|f] b]lvg ;S5 . t/ la:tf/} dhb'/x¿sf] /]vb]vdf pTkfbg
k4ltdf cfd"n kl/jt{g ug]{ ;fwgsf] ¿kdf pQm sbd rfNg' ljns'n cfjZos
5 .
lgZro
g} a]Unfa]Un} b]zx¿df of] kfOnf a]Unfa]Un} ¿kn] rflng] 5 . To;f] ePtfklg
tn lbOPsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;a} ljsl;t b]zx¿df ;fwf/0f 9¨n] nfu" ug{ ;lsg]5 .
!= hldgbf/L k|yf vtd ug]{ / dfnkf]taf6 cfPsf]
/sd ;fj{hlgs sfddf nufpg] .
@= cfos/sf] b/ cfDbfgL x]/]/ a9fpg] cyf{t\
h;sf] hlt a9\tf cfDbfgL x'G5, Tof];“u ToxL dfqfdf a9L s/ lng] .
#= pQ/flwsf/L k|yf Psbd} vtd ul/lbg] .
$= eu'jf -qmflGtsf] a]nf b]z 5f8L hfg]x¿_ /
ljb|f]xLx¿sf] ;Dk"0f{ >L–;DklQ hkmt ug]{ .
%= /fli6«o a}+s vf]n]/ n]gb]gdf tdfd sf/f]af/
/fHon] cfºgf] xftdf lng] / ¿k}of–k};fsf] n]gb]g ug]{ clwsf/ s]jn /fHonfO{ dfq
lbg] .
^= 8f“s, tf/ cflb oftfoftsf ;fwgx¿sf]
k"0f{ clwsf/ ;/sf/df /fVg] .
&= Pp6f Jofks of]hgf agfP/ b]ze/sf pBf]uwGwf /
cf}hf/x¿sf] a[l4 ug'{sf] ;fy} ktL{ hldgnfO{ v]tLof]Uo agfpg] . dnhn cflb
xfn]/ hldgnfO{ Ps gDa/sf] cJjn hUufdf kl/0ft ug]{ .
*= ;dfhsf k|To]s ;b:onfO{ cyf{t\ ;a} dflg;nfO{
sfd ug{sf] lglDt afWo ug]{, vf; u/L v]tLkftLsf] sfdsf] nflu dflg;x¿nfO{ /fd|/L
6]«lg¨ lbg] / ;+ul7t ug]{ .
(= v]tLkftLsf] sfdnfO{ pBf]uwGwfsf] sfdl;t
;DaGw :yflkt u/fpg], b]zsf] cfDbfgL zx/ / ufp“df Ps}gf;n] af“8\g] / zx/ /
ufp“sf] e]bnfO{ qmdzM vtd ug]{ .
!)= ;fj{hlgs kf7zfnfx¿df ;a} s]6fs]6Lx¿sf] lglDt
lgMz'Ns lzIffsf] aGbf]a:t ug]{ . s]6fs]6Lx¿nfO{ snsf/vfgfdf sfd u/fpg]
jt{dfg k|yf vtd ug]{ . lzIffnfO{ cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgl;t ;+o'Qm ug]{ .
ljsf;sf]
qmddf ju{e]bx¿ lanfO;s]kl5, k"/} /fi6«sf] Pp6f ljzfn ;+3sf] xftdf
u}/pTkfbg s]lGb|t eO;s]kl5 /fHo;Qfsf] /fhgLlts rl/q klg d]l6g] 5 . Ps
ju{n] csf]{ ju{nfO{ bafpg] ;+ul7t zlQmsf] gfd dfq xf] /fhgLlts ;Qf .
k'“hLklt ju{sf] lj?4 cfºgf] n8fO“df dhb'/ ju{n] kl/l:yltsf] afWotfn] ubf{
cfkm"nfO{ ju{sf] ¿kdf ;+ul7t ub{5, o;n] qmflGtåf/f cfkm"nfO{ zf;s ju{
agfp“5 / pTkfbgsf] k'/fgf] Joj:yfnfO{ ank"j{s vtd kf5{ . s] klg 5n{¨
5 eg] tL Joj:yfx¿ vtd x'gfsf] ;fy;fy} ju{lj/f]w / ;fdfGotM ju{x¿sf] cl:tTjsf]
cfwf/nfO{ / ju{sf] x}l;otn] cfÎgf] k|e'TjnfO{ klg vtd u5{ .
ju{x¿
/ ju{lj/f]wx¿n] o'Qm ePsf] k'/fgf] k'“hLjfbL ;dfhsf] 7fp“df Pp6f gof“ :jtGq
dfgj ;+3sf] :yfkgf x'g]5, h;df k|To]s JolQmsf] :jtGq ljsf; ;a}sf] :jtGq
ljsf;sf] nflu ;t{ /xG5 .
1
sDo'lgi6
kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ff–kqaf6
km]8l/s
P+u]N;
;Qfsf] ;DaGwdf
otflt/
cg]sf}+ ;dfhjfbLx¿n] To; rLhsf lj?4 afsfObf Pp6f h]xfb 5]+l8lbPsf 5g\, h;nfO{
pgLx¿n] ;Qfsf] gfdn] k'sfb{5g\ . pgLx¿åf/f of] jf Tof] sfdsf] lgGbf ug{sf]
nflu To;nfO{ ;QfjfbL eGg' kof{Kt x'G5 . sfo{–k|0ffnLsf] of] ;+lIfKt
ljlwsf] o; k|sf/ b'¿kof]u ul/O/x]sf] 5
ls To;sf] yf]/} s]xL uxgtfk"j{s hf“r ug{ cfjZos ePsf] 5 . oxf“ …;QfÚ
zAbsf] h'g cy{df k|of]u ul/Psf] 5, To;sf] cy{ xf]– csf{sf] OR5fnfO{ xfd|f]
OR5fdfly yf]kl/lbg' . csf]{lt/ ;Qfn] cwLg:ytfsf] k"j{sNkgf ub{5 . t/,
oL b'j} zAb lsg /fd|f] nfUb}g / h'g ;DaGwsf] pgLx¿n] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\, Tof]
lsg cwLg:y kIfsf] nflu si6s/ x'G5 < o;sf/0f ;jfn of] kQf nufpg] xf] ls s]
o;nfO{ vtd ug]{ s'g} af6f] 5, s] xfdL jt{dfg ;dfhsf] kl/l:yltcGtu{t o:tf] s'g}
;fdflhs k|0ffnL tof/ ug{ ;Qm5f}+, h;cGtu{t o;sf nflu s'g} u'~hfO; /flvb}g /
kmn:j¿k To;nfO{ n'Kt x'g' kg]{5 . cfly{s, cf}Bf]lus tyf s[lif;DaGwL
cj:yfx¿sf], h;nfO{ lnP/ ;dsfnLg k'“hLjfbL ;dfhsf] cfwf/ ag]sf] 5, hf“r u/]df
xfdLnfO{ yfxf x'G5 ls pgLx¿ cnu–ynu JolQmx¿sf sfo{snfkx¿sf] 7fp“df dfG5]x¿sf
;+o'Qm sfo{snfkx¿tkm{ cTolws k|j[Q x'G5g\ . cfÏgf 7"nf–7"nf
ÏofS6«Lx¿ / s/vfgfx¿;d]t, hxf“ ;of}+ dhb'/x¿ jfkmåf/f rNg] hl6n d]l;gnfO{ ;+rfng
ub{5g\, cfw'lgs pBf]un] k[ys–k[ys pTkfbsx¿sf js{zkx¿sf] :yfg lnPsf 5g\ .
o;}u/L, /fhdfu{x¿df k'/fgf 3f]8f–uf8Lx¿sf] 7fp“ /]nuf8Lx¿n] 7Ls To;} k|sf/n] lnPsf 5g\, h;k|sf/n] ;fgf
kfnbf/ 8“'ufx¿sf] 7fp“ :6Ld/x¿n] lnPsf 5g\ . s[lif klg d]l;g / jfkmsf]
k|d'vdf cfO/x]sf] 5 . logn] ;':t–;':t t/ lgd{dtfk"j{s ;fgf
e":jfdLx¿sf] :yfgdf 7"nf k'“hLkltx¿nfO{ lnO/x]sf 5g\, hf] Hofnfbf/L
dhb'/x¿sf] d2tn] lj:t[t e"efudf v]tL ul//x]sf 5g\ . ;+o'Qm
lqmofsnfkdf Ps–csf{df cfl>t hl6n k|lqmofx¿n] k[ys–k[ys JolQmx¿sf :jtGq lqmofsnfksf]
7fp“ lnO/x]sf 5g\ . k/Gt', h;n] ;+o'Qm lqmofsnfksf] rrf{ ub{5, p;n]
;+u7gsf] s'/f ub{5 eg] s] ;Qflagf ;+u7g ;Dej 5 <
dfgf}+
ls s'g} ;fdflhs qmflGtn] k'“hLkltx¿sf] tVtf kN6fOlbG5, h;sf] ;Qf of] ;dodf
;Dkbfsf] pTkfbg tyf ;+rfngdf 5 . dfgf}+ ;Qfjfbsf lj/f]wLx¿sf] of]
k"/} b[li6sf]0f :jLsf/ ul/G5 ls e"ld tyf >dsf] cf}hf/ dhb'/sf]
;fd"lxs ;DklQ alg;s]sf] 5, hf] pgLx¿n] pkof]u ub{5g\ . ta s] o;af6
;Qf n'Kt x'g]5 jf o;n] cfÏgf] ¿k abNg] 5 < cfpg'xf];\ x]/f}+ .
pbfx/0fsf]
nflu s'g} skf; sfTg] ldnnfO{ lnpm“ . skf;nfO{ sd ;] sd ^ j6f qmlds
;+lqmofx¿sf] aLraf6 u'h|g' kb{5 / p;n] wfuf]sf] ¿k wf/0f ub{5 . oL
;f/f ;+lqmofx¿ clwst/ cnu–cnu sf]7fx¿df x'G5g\ . olQdfq xf]Og, d]l;gx¿nfO{
rfn" /fVgsf] nflu Ps OGhLlgo/sf] h?/t kb{5 . p;n] jfikm OGhgsf]
x]/rfx ub{5 . o;}u/L, b}lgs d/Ddtsf] nflu ld:qLx¿sf] h?/t kb{5 . ;fy}
cGo s]xL dhb'/x¿sf] klg cfjZostf kb{5, h;sf] sfd pTkfbx¿nfO{ Ps sf]7faf6 csf]{
sf]7fdf k'/fpg' cflb x'G5 . oL ;a} dhb'/x¿– k'?if, dlxnf / aRrf, sfdsf tL
306fsf aLrdf sfd ;'? ug{ / vtd ug{sf] nflu ljjz x'G5g\ . pgLx¿nfO{ jfkmsf]
;Qfn] lgo'Qm ub{5 / of] jfkmsf] ;Qfn] JolQmut :jfoQtfsf] s'g} k/jfx
ub}{g . o;sf/0f dhb'/x¿nfO{ ;aeGbf klxn] sfdsf] 306f lglZrt ug'{
kb{5 . Psk6s of] 306f lglZrt eof] eg] lagfs'g} ckjfb ;a}af6 To;sf] kfng
x'g' kb{5 . km]l/ klg x/]s sf]7fdf / x/]s 38Ldf pTkfbg tyf ;fdu|Lx¿sf]
ljt/0f cflbsf] k|lqmofsf] ;DaGwdf ljz]if k|Zg k}bf x'G5g\, h;nfO{ t'?Gt >dsf
k|To]s r/0fsf zLif{ :yfgdf s'g} k|ltlglwåf/f cyjf olb ;Dej eof] eg] ax'dtåf/f
to ul/G5, cnu–cnu JolQmx¿sf OR5fx¿ ;b}j cwLgdf /xg' kb{5 . o;sf] cy{ of]
eof] ls k|Zg ;QfjfbL 9+un] to ul/G5 . s'g} 7"nf] ÏofS6«Lsf] :jrflnt
d]l;g dhb'/af6 sfd lng]jfnf ;fgf k'“hLkltx¿eGbf ;w}+ s}of}+ a9L :j]R5frf/L
x'G5 . sDtLdf klg sfdsf] 306fsf] dfdnfdf oL ÏofS6«Lx¿sf 9f]sfdf oL zAb n]Vg
;lsG5– "Lasciate ogni autonomia,
voic he entrate !* olb dfG5]n] cfÏgf] 1fg jf
cflj:sf/ ug]{ k|ltefsf] d2taf6 k|s[ltsf zlQmx¿nfO{ cfÏgf] cwLgdf u/]sf] 5 eg]
k|s[ltsf zlQmx¿n] klg To;nfO{ hxf“;Dd p;n]
ltgLx¿sf] pkof]u ub{5, jf:tljs :j]R5frfl/tfsf] cwLgdf NofP/, hf] ;f/f
;fdflhs ;+u7geGbf aflx/ x'G5, To;;“u abnf lnG5 . 7"nf] k}dfgfsf]
pBf]udf ;Qfsf] pGd"ngsf] sfdgf ug'{ :jo+ pBf]usf] pGd"ng ug'{,
rvf{lt/ kmsg{sf] nflu oflGqs swf{nfO{ gi6 ug'{ a/fa/ xf] .
Ps
csf]{ pbfx/0f lnpm“– /]nuf8Lx¿ . oxf“ klg c;+Vo JolQmx¿sf] ;xof]u lgQfGt
cfjZos x'G5 . of] ;xof]u klg 7Ls–7Ls lglZrt 306fleq ul/g' kb{5, h;af6 s'g}
b'3{6gf gxf];\ . oxf“ klg sfdsf] klxnf] zt{ k|e'TjzfnL OR5f xf], h;n] ;f/f
cwLg:t k|Zgx¿sf] to ub{5, en} To; OR5fsf] k|ltlglwTj Pp6f k|ltlglwn] u/f];\ jf
o:tf] sld6Ln] u/f];\, h;nfO{ ax';+Vossf] k|:tfj sfof{Gjogsf] bfloTj ;'lDkPsf]
5 . b'j} dfldnfdf of] cToGt ;':ki6 ;Qf xf] . /, Tof] kmsf{Og] klxn]s}
/]nuf8Lsf] s] xf]nf olb dfggLo ofqLx¿dflysf] /]nj] sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;Qf vtd ul/of]
eg] <
t/,
;Qf, cem Tof] klg k"0f{ zlQmo'Qm ;Qf, sf] cfjZostf hlt :ki6 v'nf ;fu/df
rNg]jfnf hxfhdf x'G5, Tolt cGoGq sxL+ x'“b}g . Toxf“ vt/fsf] ;dodf ;a}sf]
hLjg tL ;aåf/f Ps JolQmsf] OR5fnfO{ tTsfn tyf lglj{jfb ¿kdf kfng ug]{ s'/fdf
lge{/ ub{5 .
d}n]
o;k|sf/sf] ts{ ha ;aeGbf s§/ ;QfjfbL lj/f]wLx¿sf ;fdg] /fv]+ ta pgLx¿n] dnfO{
oxL Psdfq pQ/ lbg ;s]– c“, of] ;f“rf] xf], t/ oxf“ dfdnf Tof] ;Qfsf] xf]Og, hf]
xfdLn] cfÏgf k|ltlglwx¿nfO{ ;'DkG5f}+, a? ;'lDkOg] s]xL lglZrt sfo{ef/sf]
xf] . oL ;Hhgx¿ ;f]+Rb5g\ ls pgLx¿n] j:t'sf] gfd abn]/ :jo+ j:t'nfO{ g} ablnlbG5g\ .
oL uxg lrGtsn] k"/f b'lgof“sf] o;k|sf/ xf“;f] p8fp“5g\ .
o;k|sf/
xfdLn] b]lv;s]sf 5f}+ ls Psflt/ s'g} lglZrt ;Qf, Tof] rfx] s'g} klg ¿kdf lsg
gxf];\, tyf csf{lt/ s'g} lglZrt cwLgtf, hf] ;f/f ;fdflhs ;+u7gaf6 :jtGq x'G5,
xfdLdfly tL ef}lts cj:yfx¿;“u yf]kl/G5 h;cGtu{t pTkfbg tyf pTkfbx¿sf] ;+rfng
x'G5 .
csf]{tkm{
xfdLn] b]v]sf 5f}+ ls 7"nf] k}dfgfsf pBf]u tyf 7"nf] k}dfgfsf s[lifdf
pTkfbg tyf ;+rfngsf ef}lts cj:yfx¿ cjZoDefjL ¿kn] ljsl;t x'G5g\ . tL ;Qfsf]
sfo{If]qsf] lj:tf/lt/ pGd'v x'G5g\ . o;sf/0f of] eGg' pkxf;hGo x'G5 ls
;Qfsf] l;4fGt k"0f{tM v/fa 5 / :jfoQtfsf] l;4fGt k"0f{tM /fd|f]
5 . ;Qf / :jfoQtf ;fk]If s'/f x'g\ . logsf] sfo{If]q ;dfhsf] ljsf;sf]
ljljw k|lqmof;“u abln+b} hfG5 . :jfoQtfjfbLn] olb cfkm"nfO{ of]
eGg];Dd ;Lldt /fVb5g\ ls eljiosf] ;fdflhs ;+u7gn] ;QfnfO{ dfq tL ;Ldfx¿leq
/fVg]5, h;cGtu{t pTkfbgsf cj:yfx¿n] ltgnfO{ cjZoDefjL agfOlbG5g\ eg] xfdL
pgLx¿;“u ;xdt x'G5f}+ . t/, pgLx¿ tL tdfd tYox¿sf] dfdnfdf cGwf 5g\, h;n]
;QfnfO{ cfjZos atfp“5g\ / pgLx¿n] zAbsf] lj?4df cfu|xk"j{s ;+3if{
rnfp“5g\ .
;Qfjfblj/f]wL
/fhgLlts ;Qf, /fHosf lj?4 s/fpg];Dddf cfkm"nfO{ lsg ;Lldt /fVb}gg\ <
;f/f ;dfhjfbLx¿ o; s'/fdf ;xdt 5g\ ls /fhgLlts /fHosf] / To;sf ;fy} /fhgLlts
;Qfsf] efjL ;fdflhs qmflGtsf] kmn:j¿k nf]k x'g]5, cyf{t\ ;fj{hlgs sfo{n] cfÏgf]
/fhgLlts rl/q u'dfP/ a:g]5 / ;dfhsf] lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg]x¿ ;fdfGo k|zf;lgs
sfdx¿df ¿kfGtl/t x'g]5g\ . k/Gt', ;Qfjfbsf lj/f]wLx¿n] of] dfu ub{5g\ ls
;QfjfbL /fhgLlts /fHonfO{ To;nfO{ hGd lbg]jfnf ;fdflhs cj:yfx¿nfO{ gi6 ug'{eGbf
klxn] g} Ps em6\sfd} pGd"ng ul/of];\ . pgLx¿n] of] dfu ub{5g\ ls
;fdflhs qmflGtsf] klxnf] sfd of] x'g' kb{5 ls To;n] ;Qfsf] pGd"ng
u/f];\ . s] oL ;Hhgx¿n] slxn] qmflGt b]v]sf 5g\ < qmflGt lglZrt ¿kn]
;jf{lws, olt w]/} ls hlt sNkgf ug{ ;lsG5, ;QfjfbL s'/f xf] . of] o:tf] sfd
xf], h;df cfjfbLsf] Ps efun] /fOkmnx¿, ;+uLgx¿ / tf]kx¿sf] dfWodaf6, r/d
;QfjfbL ;fwgx¿sf] dfWodaf6 csf]{ efudf cfÏgf] OR5f yf]kb{5 . /, olb ljhoL
kf6L{n] p;sf] k|oTg c;kmn xf];\ eGg] rfx“b}g eg] p;n] o:tf] cft+ssf] d2taf6
cfÏgf] zf;g sfod /fVg' kg]{5, h:nfO{ p;sf] xltof/åf/f k|ltlqmofjfbLx¿sf] dgdf
pTkGg ub{5 . olb k]l/; sDo'gn] k'“hLkltju{sf lj?4 ;z:q hgtfsf] ;QfnfO{
pkof]u gu/]sf] eP s] Tof] Pslbg klg l6Sg ;SYof] < o;sf] ljk/Lt s] xfdLn]
sDo'gsf] o;sf/0f eT;{gf gug'{ k¥of] ls p;n] of] ;Qfsf] kof{Kt pkof]u u/]g <
o;sf/0f
b'O{ s'/fdf Pp6f g} x'g ;Qm5– of t ;Qfjfblj/f]wLx¿nfO{ of] yfxf 5}g ls pgLx¿
s] elg/x]5g\ /, olb o:tf] xf] eg]
pgLx¿n] e|d lzjfo c¿ s]xL klg k}bf ul//x]sf 5}gg . of pgLx¿nfO{ of] yfxf 5 /
olb o:tf] xf] eg] t pgLx¿n] ;j{xf/fcfGbf]ng;“u u2f/L ul//x]sf 5g\ . b'j}
cy{df pgLx¿n] s]jn k|ltlqmofjfbsf] lxt;fwg ul//x]sf 5g\ .
k|m]= P+u]N;åf/f cS6'a/ !*&@– dfr{ !*&# df
lnlvt .
l8;]Da/ !*&$ df Alomanacco Repubblicano per
(anno 1874
df k|sflzt .