kf6L{leqsf unt ljrf/x¿nfO{
;'wfg]{ ;DaGwdf *
-l8;]Da/ !(@(_
rf}yf]
nfn;]gfleqsf] sDo'lgi6 kf6L{–;+u7gdf o:tf ljleGg u}/;j{xf/f ljrf/x¿ 5g\, h;n]
kf6L{sf] ;xL sfo{lbzfsf] sfof{Gjogdf 7"nf] afwf xfN5g\ . o:tf
ljrf/x¿nfO{ g;'wf/]df rf}yf] nfn;]gfn] rLgsf] dxfg\ qmflGtsf/L ;+3if{df cfºgf]
lhDdfsf cleef/fx¿nfO{ cjZo klg axg ug{ ;Sb}g . o; kf6L{–;+u7gdf ePsf o:tf
unt ljrf/x¿sf] ;|f]t cjZo klg s] tYodf /x]sf] 5 eg] o;sf cfwf/e"t PsfOx¿df
clwsf+z JolQmx¿ ls;fgx¿ / lgDgk'“hLjfbLju{sf cGo tŒjx¿ 5g\, t/ tL sfod /xgfsf]
/ a9\gfsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ sf/0f kf6L{sf g]t[Tjsf/L c+ux¿n] unt ljrf/x¿sf]
lj?4 of]hgfa4 tyf b[9 ;+3if{ rnfpg / kf6L{sf] ;xL sfo{lbzfdf ;b:ox¿nfO{ lzlIft
kfg{ g;Sg'df /x]sf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf] ;]K6]Da/–kqsf] efjgfcg';f/, o;
dxflwj]zgn] rf}yf] kmf}hleqsf] kf6L{–;+u7gdf ljleGg u}/;j{xf/f ljrf/x¿ s'g ¿kdf
cleJoQm ePsf 5g\, ltgsf ;|f]tx¿ s] x'g\ / ltgnfO{ s'g tl/sfn] ;'wfg'{ k5{ eGg]
s'/f]tkm{ cf}+Nofp“5, / ;f/f sd/]8x¿nfO{ ltgsf] k"/f ¿kdf pGd"ng ug{
cfx\jfg ub{5 .
ljz'4 ;}lgs b[li6sf]0fsf] ;DaGwdf
nfn;]gfsf
sltko sd/]8x¿df ljz'4 ;}lgs b[li6sf]0f Hofbf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . o;sf]
cleJolQm lgDg ¿kx¿df x'g] u/]sf] 5 M–
!= oL
sd/]8x¿ kmf}hL dfdnf / /fhgLltnfO{ k/:k/ lj/f]wL 7fG5g\ / s] dfGg c:jLsf/ u5{g\
eg] ;}lgs dfdnfx¿ /fhg}lts cleef/fx¿ k"/f ug]{ Pp6f ;fwg dfq x'g\ .
sf]xL t s];Dd eG5g\ eg] æolb tkfO{++ ;}lgs ¿kaf6 /fd|f] x'g'eof] eg] :jefjtM
tkfO{++ /fhg}lts ¿kdf klg /fd|f] x'g'x'g]5= olb tkfO{++ ;}lgs ¿kaf6 /fd|f] x'g'
ePg eg], tkfO{++ /fhg}lts ¿kdf klg /fd|f] x'g ;Sg' x'Gg .Æ of] t Ps kfOnf
cl3 a9]/ /fhgLltnfO{ ;}lgs dfdnfsf] cwLg:y /fVg' xf] .
@=
pgLx¿ s] 7fG5g\ eg] nfn;]gfsf] cleef/f klg Zj]t;]gfsf] cleef/fem}+ n8\g' dfq
xf] . pgLx¿ s] s'/f a'¤b}gg\ eg] lrlgof“ nfn;]gf qmflGtsf /fhg}lts
cleef/fx¿ k"/f ug{sf nflu agfOPsf] Pp6f ;z:q ;+u7g xf] . vf; u/]/
o;a]nfdf nfn;]gfn] cfkm"nfO{ n8\gdf dfq ;Lldt /fVg' x'Gg . zq'sf]
;}Go zlQmnfO{ Wj:t kfg{sf nflu n8\g] sfo{sf cltl/Qm To;n] cfd hgtfdf k|rf/
ug]{, cfd hgtfnfO{ ;+ul7t kfg]{, pgLx¿nfO{ z:q;lHht agfpg], qmflGtsf/L /fhg}lts
;Qf :yfkgf ug{df pgLx¿nfO{ ;3fpg] / kf6L{–;+u7gx¿ :yfkgf ug]{h:tf
dxŒjk"0f{ cleef/fx¿nfO{ klg axg ug'{k5{ . nfn;]gf n8\gsf] nflu dfq
n8\b}g, a¿ cfd hgtfdf k|rf/ ug{, pgLx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t kfg{, pgLx¿nfO{ z:q;lHht
agfpg / qmflGtsf/L /fhg}lts ;Qf sfod ug{df pgLx¿nfO{ ;3fpgsf nflu klg
n8\b5 . oL p2]Zox¿ gePdf n8\g'sf] s'g} cy{ /x“b}g / nfn;]gfsf] cl:tTjsf]
nflu s'g} cfwf/ /x“b}g .
#=
To;}n], ;+u7gfTds ¿kdf oL sd/]8x¿ nfn;]gfsf] /fhg}lts sfd ug]{ ljefunfO{ ;}lgs
sfd ug]{ ljefusf] cwLg:y /fV5g\ / æ;}lgs x]8Sjf6/nfO{ aflx/sf] sfd ;+rfng ug{
b]pmÆ eGg] gf/f cl3 ;f5{g\ . o; ljrf/nfO{ a9\g lbPsf] v08df cfd hgtfaf6
cnlUug], ;/sf/dfly ;]gfsf] lgoGq0f x'g] / ;j{xf/f g]t[Tjaf6 ljrlnt x'g] vt/f
pTkGg x'G5 . of] Sjf]ldGtfª ;]gfn]em}+ o'4kltjfbsf] af6f] ;dfTg' x'g]5 .
$=
o;sf] ;fy}, k|rf/ sfo{df pgLx¿ k|rf/ bnx¿sf] dxŒjk|lt Wofg lb+b}gg\ . hg;+u7gsf] ;jfndf, pgLx¿
;]gfleq l;kfxL sld6L u7g ug]{ / :yfgLo dhb'/ tyf ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t kfg]{
s'/fnfO{ a]jf:tf u5{g\ . glthf:j¿k, k|rf/ / ;+u7gfTds sfo{ b'j}nfO{
kl/Tofu ul/G5 .
%=
n8fO“ lhTbf pgLx¿ uj{n] gfs km'nfp“5g\ / n8fO“ xfbf{ x/]; vfG5g\ .
^=
:jfyL{ ljefujfb cyf{t\ pgLx¿ rf}yf] ;]gfsf] :jfy{dfq x]5{g\ / s] s'/f a'¤b}gg\
eg] :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ ;+ul7t kfg'{ nfn;]gfsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ cleef/f
xf] . of] u'6jfbsf] cleal4{t ¿k xf] .
&=
rf}yf] ;]gfn] ;Lldt jftfj/0feGbf k/ b]Vg g;s]sf] x'gfn] s]xL sd/]8x¿ s] ljZjf;
u5{g\ eg] c¿ s'g} qmflGtsf/L zlQmx¿ ljBdfg 5}gg\ . To;}n], cfºgf] zlQm
hf]ufpg] / n8fO“nfO{ kG5fpg] ljrf/n] pgLx¿sf] lbdfudf ulx/f] h/f uf8]sf]
x'G5 . of] cj;/jfbsf] Pp6f cjz]if xf] .
*=
s'g} sd/]8x¿ cfTdut tyf j:t'ut cj:yfx¿nfO{ a]jf:tf u5{g\ lsgeg] pgLx¿nfO{
qmflGtsf/L pQfpnf]kgfsf] /f]u nfu]sf] 5 . pgLx¿ cfd hgtfsf] aLrdf dl;g'
tyf ;fgf–ltgf sfd ug]{ emGem6 p7fp+b}gg\, a? lbUe|ldt eP/ 7"n7"nf
sfdx¿ dfq ug{ rfxG5g\ . of] ljKnjjfbsf] Pp6f cjz]if xf] .
ljz'4 ;}lgs b[li6sf]0fsf ;|f]tx¿ oL x'g\ M
!=
lgDg /fhg}lts :t/ . o;sf] glthf s] x'G5 eg] s]xL sd/]8x¿ ;]gfdf /fhg}lts
g]t[Tjsf] e"ldsfnfO{ 7Dofpg ;Sb}gg\ / s] a'¤g ;Sb}gg\ eg] nfn;]gf /
Zj]t;]gf cfwf/e"t ¿kn] km/s 5g\ .
@=
e/f}6] l;kfxLsf] dgf]j[lQ . uPsf n8fO“x¿df ;dfltPsf w]/} aGbLx¿ nfn;]gfdf
;fd]n ePsf 5g\ / o:tf tŒjx¿n] e/f}6] l;kfxLsf] b[li6sf]0fnfO{ cfºgf] ;fydf
Nofp“5g\ . To;n] ubf{ ;fwf/0f l;kfxLx¿df ljz'4 ;}lgs b[li6sf]0fsf nflu
cfwf/ aG5 .
#=
dflysf b'O{ sf/0fx¿af6 t];|f] sf/0f pTkGg x'G5 / Tof] xf]M ;}Go zlQmdf cTolws
ljZjf; x'g' / cfd hgtfsf] tfutdf ljZjf;sf] cefj x'g' .
$=
sltko sd/]8x¿df ljz'4 ;}lgs b[li6sf]0f b]vfkgf{sf] Pp6f sf/0f s] klg xf] eg]
kf6L{n] ;}lgs sfo{k|lt ;lqmo ¿kdf Wofg lbg / To;af/] 5nkmn ug{ ;s]sf]
5}g .
o;df ;'wf/ Nofpg] tl/sfx¿ lgDg 5g\ M
!=
kf6L{df lzIffåf/f /fhg}lts :t/nfO{ p7fpm, ljz'4 ;}lgs b[li6sf]0fsf ;}4flGts
h/fx¿nfO{ gi6 kf/ / nfn;]gf tyf Zj]t;]gfaLrsf] cfwf/e"t leGgtfnfO{ k|:6l;t
a'em . o;sf] ;fy}, cj;/jfb / ljKnjjfbsf cjz]ifx¿nfO{ vtd kf/ / rf}yf]
kmf}hsf] ljefujfbnfO{ rsgfr"/ kf/ .
@=
clkm;/ tyf l;kfxLx¿sf] /fhg}lts k|lzIf0fnfO{ / vf;u/L e"tk"j{ aGbL
l;kfxLx¿sf] lzIffnfO{ tLj| kf/ . o;sf ;fy}, :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿n] ;+ej eP;Dd
;+3if{sf] cg'ej kfPsf dhb'/ / ls;fgx¿nfO{ 5fg]/ ;]gfdf etL{ ug'{ k5{, h;n] ubf{
ljz'4 ;}lgs b[li6sf]0fnfO{ ;+u7gfTds ¿kaf6 sdhf]/ jf lgd"{n;d]t kfg{
;lsof];\ .
#=
nfn;]gfleqsf kf6L{–;+u7gx¿sf] cfnf]rgf ug{df :yfgLo kf6L{–;+u7gx¿nfO{ pT;flxt
kf/ / nfn;]gfs} cfnf]rgf ug{df hgtfsf] /fhg}lts ;Qfsf lgsfox¿nfO{ pT;flxt kf/,
h;n] ubf{ nfn;]gfsf kf6L{–;+u7g / clkm;/ tyf l;kfxLx¿df k|efj kfg{
;lsof];\ .
$=
kf6L{n] ;}lgs sfddf ;lqmo ¿kn] Wofg lbg'k5{ / To;af/] 5nkmn ug'{ k5{ .
;fwf/0f l;kfxLx¿n] s'g} sfd ug'{eGbf cl3 ;f] sfdsf] af/]df kf6L{n] 5nkmn u/]/
km};nf lnPsf] x'g'k5{ .
%=
nfn;]gfsf lgod / lgodfjnLx¿ tof/ kf/, h;df nfn;]gfsf cleef/fx¿ / To;sf] ;}lgs
tyf /fhg}lts ;+oGqx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw, nfn;]gf / cfd hgtfaLrsf] ;DaGw tyf
l;kfxL–sld6Lsf clwsf/ tyf sfdx¿ / ;}lgs tyf /fhg}lts ;+u7gx¿l;tsf] To;sf]
;DaGwnfO{ :ki6 ¿kdf JofVof ul/Psf] x'G5 .
clthgjfbsf] ;DaGwdf
nfn;]gfsf]
rf}yf] kmf}hn] s]Gb|Lo sld6Lsf lgb]{zgx¿ dfg]b]lvg\ clthgjfbsf] cleJolQmdf
7"nf] sdL ePsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, kf6L{sf km};nfx¿ ca lgs}
/fd|f]l;t sfof{lGjt ul/G5g\= / nfn;]gfn] æhgjfbL s]Gb|LotfnfO{ tnaf6 dflyÆ
nfu" ug'{k5{, jf æ;a} ;d:ofx¿df klxn] tNnf] :t/x¿nfO{ 5nkmn ug{ lbg' /
To;kl5 dflyNnf] :t/nfO{ km};nf ug{ nufpg'Æ k5{ eGg]h:tf unt dfux¿ ca s;}n] k];
ub}{gg\ . t/, jf:tljs s'/f] s] 5 eg] of] sdL c:yfoL / aflx/L dfq xf] /
To;sf] cy{ clthgjfbL ljrf/x¿ lgd"{n eO;s]sf 5g\ eGg] xf]Og . csf]{
zAbdf eGg] xf] eg], w]/} sd/]8x¿sf] lbdfudf cem;Dd clthgjfbn] ulx/f] h/f
uf8]sf] 5 . kf6L{sf km};nfx¿nfO{ sfof{lGjt ug{ ljleGg 9+uaf6 cfgfsfgL ug'{
o;sf] Pp6f k|df0f xf] .
o;df ;'wf/ Nofpg] tl/sfx¿ lgDg 5g\ M
!=
l;4fGtsf] IF]qdf clthgjfbsf h/fx¿nfO{ sfl6b]pm . klxnf s] s'/f] b]vfOg'k5{
eg] clthgjfbsf] vt/f of] tYodf /x]sf] 5 ls To;n] kf6L{–;+u7gnfO{ gf]S;fg u5{ jf
k"/}l;t gi6 klg kf5{, kf6L{sf] n8fs" IFdtfnfO{ sdhf]/ kf5{ jf
k"/}l;t vtd klg kf5{, kf6L{nfO{ To;sf h'emf¿ cleef/fx¿ k"/f ug{ c;dy{
kfl/lbG5 / o;/L qmflGtsf] k/fho u/fp“5 . bf];|f], s] s'/f] b]vfOg'k5{ eg]
clthgjfbsf] ;|f]t cg'zf;gk|lt lgDgk'“hLkltju{sf] JolQmjfbL lj/lQm xf] . ha
o; ljz]iftfnfO{ kf6L{leq NofOG5, ta of] /fhg}lts / ;+u7gfTds b[li6af6 clthgjfbL
ljrf/x¿df ljsl;t x'G5 .
@=
;+u7gsf] If]qdf s]Gb|Ls[t lgb]{zgcGtu{t hgjfbnfO{ ;'lglZrt kf/ . tnsf
tl/sfx¿af6 of] sfd ul/g' k5{ M
-s_
cfkm"nfO{ g]t[Tjsf] s]Gb|sf] ¿kdf k|ltli7t ug{sf nflu kf6L{sf g]t[Tjsf/L
c+ux¿n] lgb]{zgsf] ;xL sfo{lbzf ckgfpg' k5{ / ;d:ofx¿ pTkGg x'“bf ltgsf] ;dfwfg
lgsfNg' k5{ .
-v_
dflyNnf ;+u7gx¿n] hgtfsf] hLjg / tNnf ;+u7gx¿sf] l:yltnfO{ hfGg'kb{5, h;n] ubf{
;xL lgb]{zgsf nflu j:t'ut cfwf/ k|fKt x'g]5 .
-u_
;a} :t/sf kf6L{–;+u7gx¿n] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{df /fd|/L ;f]rljrf/ gu/Lsg km};nf
ug'{ x'“b}g . t/, PskN6 km};nf lnO;s]kl5, To;nfO{ b[9 ¿kdf sfof{lGjt ul/g'
k5{ .
-3_
dflyNnf kf6L{–;+u7gx¿n] hlt klg dxŒjk"0f{ km};nfx¿ lnG5g\, ltgnfO{ t'?Gt
tNnf ;+u7gx¿df / cfd kf6L{–;b:ox¿df k'¥ofOg' k5{ . o;sf] tl/sf xf]
kf6L{–zfvfsf ;lqmo sfo{stf{x¿sf] jf cfd kf6L{–;b:ox¿sf] jf -kl/l:yltn] lbPdf_
k"/f sf]/dsf] a}7s af]nfpg' / o:tf] a}7sdf k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug{sf nflu
dflg;x¿ v6fpg' .
-ª_
tNnf kf6L{–;+u7gx¿n] / cfd kf6L{–;b:ox¿n] dflyNnf ;+u7gx¿sf lgb]{zgx¿df lj:t[t
5nkmn ug'{ k5{, h;n] ubf{ ltgLx¿n] To;sf] cy{nfO{ k"/f ¿kdf a'¤g
;s"g\ / To;nfO{ sfof{lGjt ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ lgwf{l/t ug{ ;s"g\ .
;+u7gfTds cg'zf;gsf] cjx]ngfsf] ;DaGwdf
rf}yf]
kmf}hsf] kf6L{ ;+u7gfTds cg'zf;gsf] cjx]ngf lgDg ¿kx¿df cleJoQm ePsf] 5 M
-s_ ax'dtsf] km};nfnfO{ cNkdtn] gdfGg' .
pbfx/0fsf
nflu, ha cNkdtn] cfºgf] k|:tfj c:jLs[t ePsf] b]V5, ta To;n] kf6L{sf
km};nfx¿nfO{ lbn}b]lv sfof{lGjt ub}{g .
o;df ;'wf/ Nofpg] tl/sfx¿ lgDg x'g\ M
!=
a}7sdf ;a}hgfnfO{ cf–cfºgf] /fo ;se/ k"/f ¿kdf JoQm ug{ pT;flxt
kfl/g'k5{ . s'g} klg ljjfbf:kb ;jfndf s'g 7Ls xf] / s'g a]7Ls xf] eGg]
s'/fnfO{ ;Demf}tf jf 9fs5f]k gu/Lsg :ki6 kfl/g' k5{ . :ki6 lgisif{df
k'Ugsf nflu Pp6f a}7sdf h'g s'/f]sf] 6'+uf] nfUg ;Sb}g, To;af/] csf]{ a}7sdf
5nkmn ul/g' k5{, t/ o;f] ubf{ sfddf afwf kg'{ x'“b}g .
@=
kf6L{ cg'zf;gsf] Pp6f cfjZostf s] 5 eg] cNkdtn] ax'dtsf] km};nfnfO{
dfGg'k5{ . cNkdtsf] ;'emfj c:jLs[t ePdf To;n] ax'dtåf/f kfl/t km};nfnfO{
;dy{g ug'{ k5{ . cfjZos k/]df To;n] csf]{ a}7sdf k'glj{rf/sf nflu ;f]
;'emfj k]; ug{ ;S5, t/ o;afx]s To;n] s'g} ¿kdf klg km};nf ljk/Lt sfd ug'{
x'“b}g .
-v_ ;+u7gfTds cg'zf;gsf] cjx]ngf u/]/ cfnf]rgf
ug'{ M–
!=
cGt/kf6L{ cfnf]rgf kf6L{–;+u7gnfO{ alnof] kfg]{ / To;sf] n8fs" IfdtfnfO{
a9fpg] ;fwg xf] . t/, nfn;]gfsf] kf6L{–;+u7gdf ;w}+el/ o:tf] vfnsf]
cfnf]rgf x'“b}g / slxn]sfxL+ cfnf]rgfn] JolQmut cfIF]ksf] ¿k lnG5 .
glthf:j¿k, To;af6 kf6L{–;+u7gnfO{ / ;fy} JolQmx¿nfO{ xflg k'¥ofp“5 . of]
lgDg k'“hLjfbL JolQmjfbsf] cleJolQm xf] . o;nfO{ ;'wfg]{ pkfo xf]–
cfnf]rgfsf] p2]Zo ju{;+3if{df ljho xfl;n ug{sf nflu kf6L{sf] n8fs" IfdtfnfO{
a9fpg' xf] / o;nfO{ JolQmut cfIF]ksf] ;fwgsf] ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{ x'Gg eGg]
s'/fnfO{ kf6L{–;b:ox¿nfO{ a'¤gdf d2t ug'{ .
@=
w]/} kf6L{–;b:ox¿ kf6L{leq xf]Og, a¿ kf6L{aflx/ cfnf]rgf u5{g\ . o;sf]
sf/0f s] xf] eg] cfd kf6L{–;b:ox¿n] cem;Dd kf6L{–;+u7gsf] -To;sf a}7s cflbsf]_
dxŒjnfO{ a'em]sf 5}gg\ / pgLx¿ ;+u7gleq ul/g] cfnf]rgf / To;eGbf aflx/ ul/g]
cfnf]rgfaLr s'g} leGgtf b]Vb}gg\ . o;nfO{ ;'wfg]{ pkfo kf6L{–;b:ox¿nfO{
lzlIft kfg'{ xf], h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿n] kf6L{–;+u7gsf] dxŒjnfO{ a'em"g\ / kf6L{–sld6L
jf sd/]8x¿sf] cfnf]rgf kf6L{–a}7sdf u¿g\ .
lg/k]If ;dfgtfjfbsf] ;DaGwdf
Ps
;dodf nfn;]gfdf lg/k]If ;dfgtfjfbn] lgs} uDeL/ ¿k lnPsf] lyof] . o;sf s]xL
b[i6fGtx¿ oxf“ lbOPsf 5g\ . 3fon l;kfxLx¿nfO{ lbOg] eQfsf] ;DaGwdf 3fpsf]
uDeL/tf x]/]/ km/s–km/s eQf lbOPsf]df cfklQ hgfOof] / ;a}nfO{ a/fa/ eQf
lbOg'k5{ eGg] dfu ul/of] . clkm;/x¿n] 3f]8f r9]sf] s'/fnfO{ sfdsf] nflu
cfjZos s'/f] g7fgLsg To;nfO{ c;dfgtfsf] Pp6f nIf0f 7flgof] . /;bsf] ljt/0f
lg/k]If ¿kn] ;dfg x'g' k5{ eGg] dfu ul/of] / vf; dfdnfx¿df a9L /;b lbPsf]df
cfklQ hgfOof] . rfdnsf] 9'jfgL ug]{ ;DaGwdf, pd]/ jf zf/Ll/s cj:yfnfO{
gx]/Lsg ;a}n] a/fa/ kl/df0fdf ef/L af]Sg'k5{ eGg] dfu ul/of] . a:g]
7fp“sf] ljt/0fdf klg ;a}sf] nflu a/fa/ 7fp“sf] dfu ul/of] / x]8Sjf6/n] cln
7"nf] sf]7f lnPsf]df To;sf] klg lgGbf ul/of] . ysfO nfUg] sfd lb+bf
klg ;dfgtfsf] dfu ul/of] / csf]{ dflg;n]eGbf cln a9L sfd ug{ OGsf/
ul/of] . s'/f] sxf“;Dd k'Uof] eg] 3fon JolQm b'O{hgf / :6]«r/ Pp6f dfq
ePdf s'g} PshgfnfO{ :6]«r/df n}hfg gx'g] eof], lsgeg] Psn] csf]{nfO{ k|fyldstf
lbg rfx“b}gYof] . pko'{Qm pbfx/0fx¿n] s] b]vfp“5g\ eg] nfn;]gfsf clkm;/ /
l;kfxLx¿sf] dfemdf lg/k]If ;dfgtfjfb cem klg Hofb} uDeL/ ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
/fhg}lts
dfdnfdf clthgjfbem}+ lg/k]If ;dfgtfjfb klg b:tsf/L tyf ;fgf ls;fg cy{tGqsf] pkh
xf] / km/s sltdfq 5 eg] logdf Pp6f rflx+ ef}lts dfdnfdf cleJoQm x'G5 / bf];|f]
rflx+ /fhg}lts dfdnfdf cleJoQm x'G5 .
o;nfO{ ;'wfg]{ tl/sf
xfdLn]
s] s'/f]tkm{ cf}+Nofpg' k5{ eg] k'“hLjfbsf] pGd"ng x'g'eGbf klxn] lg/k]If
;dfgtfjfb ls;fg / ;fgf ;DklQ–dflnsx¿sf] Pp6f e|d dfq xf] / ;dfhjfbcGtu{t klg
s'g} lg/k]If ;dfgtf x'g ;Sb}g, lsgeg] To;a]nf klg æk|To]saf6 p;sf] ;fdYo{cg';f/
/ k|To]snfO{ p;sf] sfdcg';f/Æ sf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df / ;fy} sfdsf]
cfjZostfcg';f/sf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ef}lts rLhx¿sf] ljt/0f x'g]5 . clkm;/
/ l;kfxLx¿sf] ;dfg tna ePem}+, nfn;]gfdf ef}lts rLhx¿sf] ljt/0f w]/yf]/ ;dfg
x'g'k5{, lsgeg] ;+3if{sf] jt{dfg l:yltsf]] dfu oxL 5 . t/,
cljj]sk"0f{ lg/k]If ;dfgtfjfbsf] lj/f]w ul/g'k5{, lsgeg] of] ;+3if{sf]
lglDt cfjZos 5}g, a¿ To;sf] pN6f] of] ;+3if{sf] lglDt afws 5 .
dgf]utjfbsf] ;DaGwdf
s]xL
kf6L{ ;b:ox¿sf] dfemdf dgf]utjfb uDeL/ xb;Dd ljBdfg 5 / o;n] /fhg}lts
kl/l:Yltsf] ljZn]if0fdf / sfdsf] lgb]{zgdf 7"nf] xflg k'¥ofp“5 .
o;sf] sf/0f s] eg] /fhg}lts kl/l:yltsf] dgf]ut ljZn]if0f / sfdsf] dgf]ut
lgb]{zgn] clgjfo{ ¿kdf of t cj;/jfbnfO{ of ljKnjjfbnfO{ k}bf u5{ . hxf“;Dd
dgf]utjfbL cfnf]rgf hyfefjL jf lg/fwf/ s'/fsfgL jf cfk;L z+sfsf] ;DaGw 5,
kf6L{leq o:tf s'/fx¿n] cS;/ u/L c;}4flGts emu8f k}bf u5{g\ / kf6L{–;+u7gnfO{
sdhf]/ agfp“5g\ .
cGt/kf6L{
cfnf]rgfsf] ;DaGwdf csf]{ pNn]vgLo s'/f] s] 5 eg] s]xL sd/]8x¿ cfnf]rgf ubf{
7"n7"nf s'/fnfO{ 5f8]/ ;–;fgf s'/fdf Wofg lbG5g\ . pgLx¿ s] s'/f
a'¤b}gg\ eg] cfnf]rgfsf] d'Vo sfd /fhg}lts tyf ;+u7gfTds uNtLx¿ b]vfpg'
xf] . hxf“;Dd JolQmut sdhf]/Lsf] ;jfn 5, tL sdhf]/Lx¿ /fhg}lts / ;+u7gfTds
uNtLx¿l;t ;DalGwt 5}gg\ eg] rflxg]eGbf a9L ltgsf] cfnf]rgf ug'{ / ;DalGwt
sd/]8x¿nfO{ x}/fg kfg'{ cfjZos 5}g . csf]{ s'/f], o:tf] cfnf]rgfsf]
l;nl;nf PskN6 rn]kl5 7"nf] vt/f s] 5 eg] kf6L{–;b:ox¿n] cfºgf] Wofg
k"/f ¿kdf ;–;fgf s'/fx¿df s]lGb|t kfg]{5g\, ;a}hgf nf5L aGg]5g\ / ;a}n]
kf6L{sf /fhg}lts cleef/fx¿nfO{ la;{g]5g\ .
o;nfO{
;'wfg]{ d'Vo pkfo kf6L{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ lzlIft kfg'{ xf], h;n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] ;f]+rfO
/ pgLx¿sf] kf6L{–hLjgdf /fhg}lts tyf j}1flgs efjgf JofKt xf];\ . o; p2]Zo
k"lt{sf nflu xfdLn] oL sfdx¿ ug'{ k5{ M -!_ /fhg}lts kl/l:yltsf] ljZn]if0f
/ ju{zlQmx¿sf] d"Nof+sg ubf{ kf6L{–;b:ox¿nfO{ dgf]ut ljZn]if0f tyf
d"Nof+sg ug'{sf] ;§fdf dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL tl/sf nfu" ug{
l;sfpg', -@_ ;+3if{sf] sfo{gLlt /
sfo{–tl/sf lgwf{l/t ug{sf nflu ;fdflhs / cfly{s cg';Gwfg tyf cWoogtkm{
kf6L{–;b:ox¿sf] Wofg cfs[i6 ug'{ / jf:tljs cj:yfx¿sf] cg';Gwfg gu/]df pgLx¿
xjfO{ sNkgf Pj+ ljKnjjfbsf] vfN6f]df hflsg]5g\ eGg] s'/f a'¤gdf sd/]8x¿nfO{ d2t
ug'{, / -#_ cGt/kf6L{ ;+3if{df dgf]utjfb, dgk/Ljfb / cZnLn cfnf]rgfb]lv ;fjwfg
/xg' tyf egfOx¿ tYox¿dfly cfwfl/t ug'{ / cfnf]rgf /fhgLltdfly s]lGb|t
ug'{ .
JolQmjfbsf] ;DaGwdf
nfn;]gfsf]
kf6L{–;+u7gdf JolQmjfbL k|j[lQn] cfkm"nfO{ lgDg ¿kx¿df cleJoQm u/]sf] 5 M–
!=
abnf lng] dgf]j[lQ . kf6L{leq s'g} ;}lgs sd/]8åf/f cfºgf] cfnf]rgf ePkl5
s'g}–s'g} sd/]8x¿ kf6L{aflx/ abnf lng] cj;/ vf]H5g\ / To;sf] Pp6f pkfo ;DalGwt
sd/]8nfO{ s'6lk6 ug'{ jf ufnLunf}h ug'{ xf] . pgLx¿ kf6L{leq klg abnf lng
vf]H5g\ . æltdLn] o; a}7sdf d]/f] cfnf]rgf u/]sf 5f}, To;}n] csf]{ a}7sdf
s'g} pkfoaf6 ltdLl;t abnf lng]5' .Æ abnf lng] o:tf] dgf]j[lQ z'4 JolQmut
:jfy{af6, ;du| ¿kdf ju{ / kf6L{sf lxtx¿sf] cjx]ngfaf6 pTkGg x'G5 . o;sf]
lgzfgf zq'ju{ xf]Og, a¿ xfd|f] cfºg} k+lQmdf /x]sf JolQmx¿ x'G5g\ . of]
o:tf] ljgi6sf/L s'/f] xf], h;n] ;+u7g / To;sf] n8fs" IFdtfnfO{ sdhf]/
kf5{ .
@=
æ;fgf] 8km\kmfÆ dgf]j[lQ . s'g} sd/]8x¿ cfºg} ;fgf] 8ºkmfsf] lxtnfO{ dfq
Wofgdf /fV5g\ / ;fdfGo lxtnfO{ a]jf:tf u5{g\ . aflx/af6 x]bf{ of] JolQmut
lxtsf] ;Dkfbg h:tf] b]lv+b}g, t/ jf:tjdf o;df clwstd ;+sL0f{ JolQmjfb lglxt
/x]sf] 5 / o;sf] k|efj ljgfzsf/L / la36gsf/L /xG5 . nfn;]gfdf æ;fgf]
8ºkmfÆ dgf]j[lQsf] af]nafnf /x]sf] lyof] . cfnf]rgfsf] kmn:j¿k To;df s]xL
;'wf/ eP klg To;sf cjz]ifx¿ cem;Dd ljBdfg 5g\ / To;nfO{ x6fpg cem sf]l;; ug'{
h?/L 5 .
#=
æsd{rf/LÆ dgf]j[lQ . sf]xL sd/]8x¿ s] s'/f a'¤b}gg\ eg], h'g kf6L{ / h'g
nfn;]gfsf pgLx¿ ;b:o 5g\, tL b'j} qmflGtsf cleef/fx¿ ;DkGg ug{sf nflu ;fwg
x'g\ . pgLx¿ s] dx;'; ub}{gg\ eg] pgLx¿ :jo+ g} qmflGtsf lgdf{tf x'g\, t/
pgLx¿ s] 7fG5g\ eg] qmflGtk|lt xf]Og, a? cfºgf jl/i7 clwsf/Lk|lt pgLx¿ pQ/bfoL
5g\ . qmflGtsf] æsd{rf/LÆ sf] of] lgliqmo dgf]j[lQ klg JolQmjfbsf] Pp6f
cleJolQm xf] . qmflGtsf nflu ljgf;t{ sfd ug]{ ;lqmo sfo{stf{x¿ w]/}
;+Vofdf lsg gePsf x'g\ eGg] s'/f o;af6 yfxf x'G5 . o; dgf]j[lQsf]
pGd"ng gePdf ;lqmo sfo{stf{x¿sf] ;+Vof a9\g] 5}g / qmflGtsf] ux|f}+ af]em
Og]lug] dflg;x¿sf] sf“wdfly kg]{5 / o;n] ubf{ ;+3if{nfO{ xflg k'Ug]5 .
$=P]z–cf/fdsf]
nfn;f . nfn;]gfdf o:tf s]xL dflg;x¿ klg 5g\, h;sf] JolQmjfb P]z–cf/fd
vf]Hg] k|j[lQdf cleJoQm x'G5 . pgLx¿ xd]zf s] cfzf u5{g\ eg] pgLx¿sf]
6's8L 7"nf] zx/df k|j]z ug]{5 . pgLx¿ sfd ug{sf nflu xf]Og, a?
P]z–cf/fdsf nflu zx/df hfg rfxG5g\ . h'g nfn Onfsfx¿df hLjg sl7g 5, Toxf“+
pgLx¿ sbflk hfg rfx“b}gg\ .
%=
lgliqmotf . s]xL sd/]8x¿ s'g} s'/f] cfºgf] OR5f ljk/Lt ePdf lgliqmo aG5g\
/ sfd ug{ aGb u5{g\ . d'Vo ¿kdf o;sf] sf/0f lzIffsf] sdL xf], t/
slxn]sfxL+ o;sf] sf/0f g]t[Tjaf6 sfdsf] cg'lrt 9+un] ;+rfng ul/g', cg'lrt
9+uaf6 sfdsf] af“8kmf“8 ul/g' jf cg'lrt 9+uaf6 cg'zf;g nfu" ul/g' klg
x'G5 .
^=;]gf
5f]8\g] OR5f . nfn;]gfaf6 :yfgLo sfddf :yfgfGt/ x'g rfxg] dflg;x¿sf]
;+Vofdf a[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . o;sf] sf/0f JolQmut dfq xf]Og, cGo sf/0fx¿ klg
5g\ . tL x'g\ M– -!_ nfn;]gfdf hLjgsf ef}lts sl7gfOx¿, -@_ nfdf]
;+3if{kl5sf] ysfO, / -#_ g]t[Tjåf/f cg'lrt 9+uaf6 sfdsf] ;+rfng ul/g', cg'lrt
9+uaf6 sfdsf] af“8kmf“8 ul/g' jf c'glrt 9+uaf6 cg'zf;g nfu" ul/g' .
o;nfO{
;'wfg]{ d'Vo pkfo lzIffnfO{ alnof] kfg'{ xf], h;n] ubf{ ljrf/wf/fTds ¿kaf6
JolQmjfbnfO{ vtd kfg{ ;lsof];\ . csf]{ pkfo plrt 9+uaf6 sfdsf] ;+rfng
ug'{, sfdsf] af“8kmf“8 ug'{ / cg'zf;g nfu" ug'{ xf] . o;afx]s,
nfn;]gfsf] ef}lts hLjgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] pkfox¿ kQf nufOg'k5{, / cf/fd / axfnLsf]
nflu ;'ne x'g] x/ cj;/nfO{ ef}lts cj:yf ;'wfg{sf nflu k|of]u ul/g' k5{ .
cfºgf] z}lIfs sfddf xfdLn] s] atfpg' k5{ eg] ;fdflhs pTklQsf] b[li6af6 JolQmjfb
kf6L{leq lgDgk'“hLjfbL / k'“hLjfbL ljrf/x¿sf] k|ltlaDa xf] .
3'dSs8 ljb|f]xL bnx¿sf] ljrf/wf/fsf] ;DaGwdf
nfn;]gfdf
3'dSs8 ljb|f]xL bnx¿sf] ljrf/wf/f k}bf x'gfsf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] o;df cfjf/f
tŒjx¿ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf 5g\ / rLgdf, vf; u/L blIf0fL k|fGtx¿df, 7"nf]
;+Vofdf cfjf/fx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ . of] ljrf/wf/f lgDg ¿kx¿df cleJoQm ePsf] 5 M
-!_ sf]xL dflg;x¿ 3'dSs8 5fkfdf/ sfjf{xLåf/f xfd|f] /fhg}lts k|efjnfO{ a9fpg
rfxG5g\, t/ cfwf/IF]qx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ si6;fWo sfd u/]/ / hgtfsf] /fhg}lts ;Qf
sfod u/]/ To;nfO{ a9fpg rfx“b}gg\ . -@_ sf]xL dflg;x¿ nfn;]gfnfO{ lj:tfl/t
kfg{sf nflu :yfgLo /Ifsbn / :yfgLo ;]gfnfO{ a9fpg] / o;/L nfn;]gfsf] d'Vo
zlQmx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ sfo{lbzfsf] cg'z/0f ub}{gg\, a? ædflg; ef8fdf lng] / 3f]8f
lsGg]Æ tyf æeu'jfx¿ etL{ ug]{ / afuLx¿nfO{ ;fd]n ug]{Æ sfo{lbzfsf] cg'z/0f
u5{g\ . -#_ sf]xL dflg;x¿df hgtfl;t ldn]/ s7f]/ ;+3if{ rnfpg] w}o{sf] sdL
5 / pgLx¿ v'a df]hdHhf ug{sf nflu 7"n7"nf zx/x¿df hfg dfq
rfxG5g\ . 3'dSs8 ljb|f]xLx¿sf] ljrf/wf/fsf o:tf ;a} cleJolQmx¿n] nfn;]gfsf
plrt cleef/fx¿ k"/f ug{df afwf xfN5g\ . To;}n], To;sf] pGd"ng
ug'{ nfn;]gfsf] kf6L{–;+u7gleq x'g] ljrf/wf/fTds ;+3if{sf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{
p2]Zo /xG5 . s] s'/f a'¤g'k5{ eg] jt{dfg cj:yfdf x\jfª 5fcf]! jf nf] 5\jfª@ vfnsf 3'dSs8 ljb|f]xLx¿sf
tl/sfx¿nfO{ 5"6 lbg ;ls+b}g .
o;nfO{ ;'wfg]{ pkfox¿ lgDg 5g\ M
!=
lzIffnfO{ hf]8bf/ ¿kdf a9fpm, unt ljrf/x¿sf] cfnf]rgf u/ / 3'dSs8 ljb|f]xL
bnx¿sf] ljr/wf/fnfO{ lgd"{n kf/ .
@=
nfn;]gfsf cfwf/e"t b:tfx¿sf] aLrdf / xfn} etL{ u/]sf aGbLx¿sf] aLrdf
cfjf/f b[li6sf]0fsf] lj?4 lzIffnfO{ hf]8bf/ ¿kdf a9fpm .
#=
nfn;]gfsf] ju{–agf}6nfO{ km]g{sf nflu ;+3if{df cg'ej kfPsf ;lqmo dhb'/ /
ls;fgx¿nfO{ To;sf k+lQmx¿leq Nofpm .
$=
n8fs" dhb'/ tyf ls;fgx¿sf ;d'bfox¿sf] aLraf6 nfn;]gfsf gof“ 6's8Lx¿
agfpm .
ljKnjjfbsf cjz]ifx¿sf] ;DaGwdf
nfn;]gfsf]
kf6L{–;+u7gn] ljKnjjfb#
sf] lj?4 ;+3if{ klxn] g} rnfO;s]sf] 5, t/ kof{Kt dfqfdf rnfPsf] 5}g .
t;y{, o; ljrf/wf/fsf cjz]ifx¿ nfn;]gfleq cem klg ljBdfg 5g\ . lgDg ¿kx¿df
o;sf] cleJolQm x'G5 M -!_
cfTdut tyf j:t'ut cj:yfx¿nfO{ a]jf:tf u/L cf“vf lrDn]/ sfd ug'{ -@_ zx/sf nflu
lgwf{l/t kf6L{sf gLltx¿nfO{ ckof{Kt / lkmtnf] 9+uaf6 sfo{lGjt ug'{ -#_ lzlyn
kmf}hL cg'zf;g— vf; u/]/ k/fhosf] a]nfdf -$_ s]xL 6's8Lx¿åf/f 3/ hnfpg] sfd
ul/g' -%_ eu'jfx¿nfO{ uf]nL xfg]/ dfg]{ rng / zf/Ll/s ;hfo lbg] rng . oL b'j}
rngdf ljKnjjfbL k|j[lQ k|s6 ePsf] 5 . ;fdflhs pTklQsf] b[li6af6 x]g]{ xf]
eg] ljKnjjfb cfjf/f ;j{xf/f ljrf/wf/f / lgDgk'“hLjfbL ljrf/wf/fsf] d]n
xf] .
o;nfO{ ;'wfg]{ pkfox¿ lgDg 5g\ M
!=
ljrf/wf/fTds ¿kn] ljKnjjfbnfO{ lgd{"n kf/ .
@=
lgod, lgodfjnL tyf gLltx¿åf/f ljKnjjfbL Jojxf/nfO{ x/fpm .
kf6L{leq hgjfbsf] ;jfn
pko'{Qm
p2]Zo k|flKtsf nflu kf6L{leq hgjfb cfjZos 5 . kf6L{nfO{ alnof] kfg]{ xf]
eg] xfdLn] ;f/f kf6L{ ;b:ox¿sf] tTk/tfnfO{ cg'k|fl0ft ug{sf nflu hgjfbL
s]Gb|LotfnfO{ Jojxf/df nfu" ug'{k5{ . k|ltlqmofjfb / u[xo'4sf] cjlwdf
a9L s]Gb|Lotf /x]sf] lyof], gof“ cjlwdf s]Gb|LotfnfO{ hgjfbl;t 3lgi7 ¿kn]
uf“:g' k5{ . xfdL hgjfbnfO{ nfu" u/f}+ / o;/L ;Dk"0f{ kf6L{df
tTk/tfsf] ljsf; u/f}+ . xfdL kf6L{sf ;f/f ;b:ox¿sf] tTk/tfsf] ljsf; u/f}+
/ clg 7"nf] ;+Vofdf gof“ sfo{stf{x¿ k|lzlIft x'g]5g\, ;+sL0f{tfjfbsf
cjz]ifx¿ lgd"{n x'g]5g\ / ;Dk"0f{ kf6L{ O:kftem}+ ;'b[9 ¿kn] Psu7
x'g]5 .
l6Kk0fLx¿
!=
x\jfª 5fcf] yfª j+zsf] cflv/Llt/ ePsf ls;fg–ljb|f]xsf g]tf lyP . *&%
O:jLdf cfkm" hGd]sf] lhNnf 5fcf]rcf] -clxn]sf] zfgt'ªsf] xf]T;] sfp06L_
af6 yfn]/ x\jfªn] zfxL ;]gfsf] lj?4 ljhok"0f{ n8fOx¿df z;:q ls;fgx¿sf]
g]t[Tj u/] / cfkm"nfO{ æ:ju{df wfjf af]Ng] ;]gfkltÆ 3f]lift u/] . b;
jif{sf] qmddf pgn] o]nf], ofªT;L x\nnfO{ / kn{ gbL–3f6Lx¿df /x]sf w]/}h;f]
k|fGtx¿ tLj| ultn] kf/ u/]/ Rofª\zL;Dd k'u] . cflv/df pgn] y'ªSjfg 3f6L
kf/ u/]/ zfxL /fhwfgL 5fª\zf -ca z]GzLsf] lzcfg_ dfly sAhf u/] / 5Lsf] afbzfx
ag] . cfGtl/s emu8f / yfª ;]gfsf u}/xfg hftLo ;xof]uLx¿sf] xdnfn] ubf{
x\jfª\ afWo eP/ 5fª\ cfg 5f8]/ 5fcf]rcf]df kms]{ / Toxf“ pgn] cfTdxTof
u/] . pgLåf/f rnfOPsf] b; jif]{ o'4 lrlgof“ Oltxf;df Pp6f cTolws k|l;4
ls;fgo'4 lyof] . /fhj+zsf Oltxf;sf/x¿n] s] n]v]sf 5g\ eg] ærsf]{ s/ /
n]jLaf6 b'Mv ef]lu/x]sf ;f/f hgtf pgsf] g]t[Tjdf Pslqt eP .Æ t/ pgn] ck]Iffs[t
b/f] cfwf/IF]qx¿ slxNo} sfod u/]gg\ / 3'dSs8 o'4 dfq rnfP, To;}n] p;sf]
;]gfnfO{ æ3'dSs8 ljb|f]xL bnÆ elgGYof] .
@= nL
5jfª /fhf 5jfª -lg8/ /fhf_ nL rL–5ªsf] 5f]6s/L gfp“ lyof] . pgL pQ/L
z]gzLsf] dLlr gfds :yfgsf lgjf;L lyP . pgL To; ls;fg–ljb|f]xsf g]tf lyP,
h;n] ubf{ ldª j+zsf] tVtf klN6of] . ;f] ljb|f]x !^@* df klxn] pQ/L z]gzLdf
;'¿ eof] . sfcf] Oª\Zofªsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] ;]gfdf nL ;fd]n eP / pgn]
x'gfg / cfgx\jLdf / km]l/ z]gzLdf cleofg rnfP . !^#^ df sfcf]sf] d[To'kl5
nLn] pgsf] kb u|x0f u/], /fhf 5jfª ag] / z]gzL, ;5jfg, x'gfg / x'k] k|fGtx¿df /
To;eGbf aflx/ cleofg rnfP . cflv/df pgn] of] gf/f lbP æs;}sf] xTof ug'{sf]
cy{ d]/f] lktfsf] xTof ug'{ xf], s;}dfly anfTsf/ ug'{sf] cy{ d]/L cfdfdfly
anfTsf/ ug'{ xf] .Æ o;/L pgn] hgtfsf] ;dy{g k|fKt u/] / pgsf] cfGbf]ng
ls;fgljb|f]xsf] d'Vo wf/f ag]/ ;f/f d'n'se/ km}lnof] . pgL klg ck]Iffs[t
b/f] cfwf/IF]qx¿ slxNo} sfod gu/Lsg 3'Db}/x], / To;}n] nLdfly ;+o'Qm xdnf ug{sf
nflu l5ª\ ;]gfl;t ;f“7uf“7 ug]{ Pshgf ldª ;]gfklt pm ;fg Sj]Oåf/f cflv/df pgL
k/flht eP .
pbf/jfbsf] lj/f]w u/
-& ;]K6]Da/ !(#&_
xfdL
;lqmo ljrf/wf/fTds ;+3if{sf] kIfdf 5f}+ lsgeg] of] xfd|f] ;+3if{sf] :jfy{sf]
lglDt kf6L{leq / qmflGtsf/L ;+u7gx¿df PstfnfO{ ;'lglZrt kfg]{ Pp6f xltof/
xf] . k|To]s sDo'lgi6 / qmflGtsf/Ln] of] xltof/ k|of]u ug}{ k5{ .
t/
pbf/jfbn] eg] ljrf/wf/fTds ;+3if{nfO{ OGsf/ u5{ / l;4fGtxLg zflGtsf] kIf
lnG5 . o;k|sf/, o;n] Pp6f ktgzLn / c;Eo k|j[lQ hGdfp“5 . ;fy}, o;n]
kf6L{ / qmflGtsf/L ;+u7gx¿sf s'g}–s'g} PsfOx¿ / JolQmx¿nfO{ /fhg}lts ktgtkm{
n}hfG5 .
pbf/jfb
cg]sf}+ ¿kdf k|s6 x'G5 .
s'g}
JolQmn] unt af6f] lnPsf] s'/f :ki6 x'“bfx'“b} klg zflGt / ldt]/Lsf] lglDt l:ylt
nyflnª\u x'g lbO/xg' / Tof] JolQm k'/fgf] lrgf?, Pp6} zx/sf] afl;Gbf, ljBfnosf]
;fyL, 3lgi7 ldq, Kof/f] JolQm, k'/fgf] ;xsdL{ jf k'/fgf] ;xfos x'gfn] pml;t
l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df ts{–ljts{ gug'{ cyjf ;d:ofnfO{ k"/fk"/
km:of]{6 ug'{sf] ;§f ;f] JolQml;t cfÏgf] ;';DaGw sfod} /fVg] dg;fon] ;d:ofnfO{
vfln af]qm] kf/fn] 5'g' . o;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ;+u7g / JolQm b'j}nfO{
xflggf]S;fgL x'ghfG5 . of] klxnf] lsl;dsf] pbf/jfb xf] .
;lqmotf;fy
;+u7gsf] cufl8 cfÏgf ;'emfjx¿ /fVg'sf] ;§f PsfGtdf u}/ lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{
cfnf]rgf ug'{ . dflg;x¿sf] ;fd'Gg] s]xL geGg' t/ pgLx¿sf lk7\o"“k5fl8
s'/f sf6\g', cyjf a}7sdf r'O“Ss gaf]Ng' t/ kl5 uP/ s'/f sf6\g' .
;fd"lxs hLjgsf l;4fGtx¿k|lt Ps/QL cfb/efj gb]vfpg' t/ cfÏg} nx8cg';f/ rNg'
of] bf];|f] lsl;dsf] pbf/jfb xf] .
s'g}
s'/fn] cfkm"nfO{ ;f]emf] c;/ kfb}{g eg] To;nfO{ cnkq x'g lbO/xg', unt s'/f
/fd|/L a'¤bfa'¤b} klg el/;Ss] yf]/} af]Ng', cfÏg} b'gf] ;f]¤ofpg' / tfs hf]ufpg
5§" x'g' / vfln bf]if kG5fpg vf]Hg' . of] t];f] lsl;dsf] pbf/jfb
xf] .
cfb]zx¿sf]
kfng gug'{ t/ cfÏg} /fox¿nfO{ ;jf]{Rr :yfgdf /FVg' / ;+u7gl;t ljz]if
Jojxf/sf] dfu ug'{ t/ To;sf] cg'zf;g dfGg OGsf/ ug'{ . of] rf}yf] lsl;dsf]
pbf/jfb xf] .
Pstf
ug]{ jf k|ult ug]{ jf plrt tl/sfn] sfo{ ;+rfng ug{] x]t'n] unt ljrf/x¿sf] lj?4
;+3if{ jf jfbljjfb rnfpg'sf] ;§f JolQmut cfIf]k nufpg', em}emu8f ;'¿ ug'{,
JolQmut O{iof{ k|s6 ug'{ jf ;f6f] km]g{ vf]Hg' . of] kf“rf}+ lsl;dsf]
pbf/jfb xf] .
unt
ljrf/x¿ ;'g]/ klg ltgsf] v08g gug'{ / cem k|ltqmflGtsf/L s'/fx¿ ;'g]/ klg
To;af/] l/kf]6{ glbg', t/ To;sf] ;§f s]xL ePs} 5}g h:tf] u/L zfGt 9+un] tL s'/f
;'Gg' . of] 5}7f}+ lsl;dsf] pbf/jfb xf] .
hg
;d"xsf] dfemdf /x]/ klg k|rf/ sfo{ / cfGbf]ng grnfpg' jf a}7sx¿df gaf]Ng'
jf hf“ra'em jf ;f]wk"5 gug'{, t/ To;sf] ;§f hg;d"xnfO{ a]jf:tfsf]
b[li6n] x]g'{ / ltgsf] ;'v–;'ljwfk|lt Wofg glbg', cfkm" sDo'lgi6 x'“ eGg]
s'/f la;]{/ ;fwf/0f u}/sDo'lgi6n] em}+ Jojxf/ ug'{ . of] ;ftf}+ lsl;dsf]
pbf/jfb xf] .
s;}n]
hg;d"xsf] :jfy{df xflggf]S;fgL ul//x]sf] s'/f b]v]/ klg qmf]wsf] cg'ej
gug'{, jf To:tf] JolQmnfO{ xtf]T;flxt ug'{ jf To;f] ug{af6 /f]Sg' jf pml;t
ts{–ljts{ ug'{sf] ;§f p;nfO{ To;f] ug{ lbO/xg' . of] cf7f}+ lsl;dsf]
pbf/jfb xf] .
lglZrt
of]hgf jf lbzfa]u/ dg gnufO{–gnufO{ sfd
ug'{, nfk/jfxL;fy h]gt]g cfÏgf] sfd ub}{ / æd af}4 leIf' 5pGh]n 306L ahfO/xG5'Æ
eGg] lx;fan] lbg sf6\b} hfg' . of] gjf}+ lsl;dsf] pbf/jfb xf] .
cfkm"n]
qmflGtk|lt Hofb} 7"nf] of]ubfg u/]sf] 5' eG7fGg', cfkm"nfO{ w'/Gw/
7fGb} km'“O ug'{, ;fgfltgf sfdx¿nfO{ x]nfsf] b[li6n] x]g'{ t/ 7"N7"nf
sfd ug]{ v"aL eg] Ps /QL gx'g', sfddf nfkjf{xL / cWoogdf cN5L x'g', of]
bzf}+ lsl;dsf] pbf/jfb xf] .
cfÏgf
uNtLx¿af/] ;hu x'“bfx'“b} klg ltgnfO{ ;Rofpg] k|oTg gu/Lsg cfkm"k|lt pbf/
b[li6sf]0f lng', of] P3f/f}+ lsl;dsf] pbf/jfb xf] .
xfdL
pbf/jfbsf c¿–c¿ ¿k klg k|:t't ug{ ;S5f}+ . t/, oL P3f/j6f d'Vo x'g\ .
oL
;a} pbf/jfbs} k|s6 ¿kx¿ x'g\ .
pbf/jfb
qmflGtsf/L ;+u7gsf] lglDt crfSnL xflgsf/s x'G5 . of] Pp6f 3'gh:t} xf],
h;n] PstfnfO{ vfG5, aGw'efjnfO{ sdhf]/
kf5{, sfddf lgliqmotf k}bf u5{ / snxsf] l;h{gf u5{ . o;n] qmflGtsf/L
k+lQmx¿nfO{ 7f]; ;+u7g / s7f]/ cg'zf;gaf6 a+lrt u5{, gLltx¿nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kn]
nfu" x'gaf6 /f]S5 / kf6L{n] g]t[Tj ug{ hg;d"xaf6 kf6L{nfO{
cnUofp“5 . of] Hofb} v/fa k|j[lQ xf] .
pbf/jfb
lgDgk'“hLjfbL :jfy{af6 hGdG5 . o;n] JolQmut :jfy{nfO{ klxnf] bhf{df /
qmflGtsf :jfy{nfO{ bf];|f] bhf{df /fV5, / o;}af6 ljrf/wf/fTds, /fhg}lts /
;+u7gfTds pbf/jfbsf] pbo x'G5 .
pbf/jfbLx¿n]
dfS;{jfbnfO{ vf]qmf] h8;"qsf] ¿kdf x]g]{ u5{g\ . ltgn] dfS;{jfbnfO{
:jLsf/ t u5{g\ t/ o;nfO{ nfu" ug{ jf k"0f{ ¿kn] nfu" ug{ eg]
ltgLx¿ tof/ x'“b}gg\= ltgLx¿ pbf/jfbsf]
:yfgdf dfS;{jfbnfO{ /fVg tof/ x'“b}gg\ . tL dflg;x¿l;t cfÏg} dfS;{jfb x'G5
t/ ltgLx¿l;t cfÏg} pbf/jfb klg x'G5, ltgn] dfS;{jfbsf s'/f u5{g\ t/ pbf/jfb
nfu" u5{g\, ltgn] cfÏgf e08f/df oL b'j} vfnsf ;fdfg /fV5g\ / b'j}sf]
pkof]u u5{g\ . s]xL dflg;x¿sf lbdfun] o; 9+un] sfd u5{g\ .
pbf/jfb
cj;/jfbs} Pp6f k|s6 ¿k xf] / dfS;{jfbl;t o;sf] cfwf/e"t kmf6f] 5 .
o;sf] ¿k gsf/fTds x'G5 / j:t'ut ¿kdf o;n] zq'nfO{ ;xfotf ug]{u5{= To;}n] xfd|f] dfemdf x'g] pbf/jfbsf] arfp sfo{nfO{
zq'n] :jfut u5{ . pbf/jfbsf] k|s[lt o; vfnsf] x'gfn] xfd|f qmflGtsf/L
k+lQmx¿df o;nfO{ v'§f 6]Sg] 7fp“ lbg' x'“b}g .
gsf/fTds
k|s[lt ePsf] pbf/jfbnfO{ k5fg{ xfdLn] ;sf/fTds k|s[lt ePsf] dfS;{jfbnfO{ k|of]u
ug}{k5{ . sDo'lgi6sf] Xbo ljzfn x'g'k5{ / pm lgi7fjfg\ / ;lqmo x'g'k5{,
p;n] qmflGtsf :jfy{x¿nfO{ cfÏgf] k|f0feGbf a9L d"Nojfg\ 7fGg'k5{ / cfÏgf
JolQmut :jfy{x¿nfO{ qmflGtsf] :jfy{d'lg /fVg'k5{, p;n] x/]s 7fp“df / ;w}+ g}
;xL l;4fGtdf 86\g}k5{ / ;a} unt ljrf/x¿ / sfo{x¿sf] lj?4 cys ;+3if{ rnfpg' k5{,
h;af6 kf6L{sf] ;fd"lxs hLjgnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ / kf6L{ / hg;d"xdfemsf]
;DaGwnfO{ bl/nf] kfg{ ;lsof];\ . p;n] s'g} JolQmljz]ifaf/] eGbf kf6L{ /
hg;d"xaf/] a9L lrGtf lng'k5{, / cfÏg}af/]df eGbf c¿ dflg;x¿sf] af/]df a9L
lrGtf lng'k5{ . o;f] u/]df dfq p;nfO{ sDo'lgi6 dfGg ;lsg]5 .
;a}
akmfbf/, Odfgbf/, ;lqmo / ;Rrf sDo'lgi6x¿n] xfd|f] dfemsf s]xL dflg;x¿n] k|bz{g
u/]sf pbf/jfbL k|j[lQx¿sf] lj/f]w ug{ Pstfa4 x'g}k5{ / oL dflg;x¿nfO{ ;xL
af6f]lt/ nufpg} k5{ . of] xfd|f] ljrf/wf/fTds df]rf{sf sfdx¿dWo]sf] Pp6f
sfd xf] .
kf6L{leq / b]zel/ b'a} 7fp“df
cfTd;dk{0fjfbsf] lj/f]w ug}{k5{*
kf6L{leq cfTd;dk{0fjfbsf] lj/f]w u/
!(@&
df 5g t"–Zo"sf] cfTd;dk{0fn] ubf{ qmflGt ljkmn eof] . /utn]
n]lvPsf] o; P]ltxfl;s kf7nfO{ xfd|f] kf6L{sf] s'g} klg ;b:on] slxNo} la;{g'
x'“b}g .
hfkfglj/f]wL
/fli6«o ;+o'Qm df]rf{;DaGwL kf6L{sf] sfo{lbzfsf] xsdf, n'scf]lrofcf]sf]
36gfeGbf cl3 kf6L{leqsf] d"n vt/f æjfdkGyLÆ cj;/jfb, cyf{t\ aGb 9f]sfjfb
lyof], / Sjf]ldGtfªn] cem} hfkfgsf] k|lt/f]w ug{ ;'¿ gug'{ To;sf] d'Vo sf/0f lyof] .
n'scf]lrofcf]sf]
36gfkl5 kf6L{leqsf] d'Vo vt/f æjfdkGyLÆ aGb–9f]sfjfb geP/ blIf0fkGyL cj;/jfb,
cyf{t\ cfTd;dk{0fjfb x'g uPsf] 5, / Sjf]ldGtfªn] hfkfgsf] k|lt/f]w ug{ ;'¿ ug'{
o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f xf] .
clk|n
dlxgfdf o]gfgdf ePsf] kf6L{sf ;lqmo sfo{stf{x¿sf] a}7sdf, To;kl5 km]l/ dO{
dlxgfdf kf6L{sf] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf / ljz]ifu/]/ cu:t dlxgfdf s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf]
/fhg}lts kl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf -nf]5jfgsf] a}7sdf_ xfdLn] of] ;jfn cl3 ;f¥of}+—
;+o'Qm df]rf{df ;j{xf/fju{n] k'“hLklt ju{sf] g]t[Tj unf{ ls k'“hLkltju{n]
;j{xf/fju{sf] g]t[Tj unf{ < Sjf]ldGtfªn] sDo'lgi6 kf6L{nfO{ cfkm"lt/
tfGnf ls sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] Sjf]ldGtfªnfO{ cfkm"lt/ tfGnf < xfnsf] ljlzi6
/fhg}lts cleef/fsf] b[li6n] x]bf{ o; ;jfnsf] cy{ o:tf] x'G5— hfkfgsf] k|lt/f]w
ug]{ / /fi6«nfO{ arfpg] bz ;"qLo sfo{qmdsf] tx;Dd / sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] jsfnt
u/]sf] k"0f{ k|lt/f]wsf] tx;Dd Sjf]ldGtfªnfO{ psf:g] xf] jf sDo'lgi6
kf6L{n] hldGbf/x¿ / k'“hLkltju{sf] Sjf]ldGtfª tfgfzfxLsf] tx;Dd cf+lzs
k|lt/f]wsf] tx;Dd lug]{ xf] <
o;
;jfnnfO{ xfdLn] olt rsf]{ ¿kn] p7fpgfsf] sf/0f s] xf] < o;sf] hjfkm o:tf] 5
M
Psflt/
xfd|f] ;fd'Gg] oL s'/fx¿ 5g\ . h:t}M– lrlgof“ k'“hLkltju{sf] ;+emf}tftkm{sf]
em'sfj, ef}lts zlQmsf] b[li6n] Sjf]ldGtfªsf] alnof] l:ylt, Sjf]ldGtfªsf]
s]Gb|Lo sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldltsf] t];|f] k"0f{ clwj]zgsf] 3f]if0ff / lg0f{ox¿,
h;df sDo'lgi6 kf6L{dfly cf/f]k yf]kb}{ p;sf] ckdfg ul/Psf] 5 / æju{;+3if{ ;dfKt
ug]{Æ xf]xNnf dRrfOPsf] 5, æsDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] cfTd;dk{0f u/f];\Æ eGg]
Sjf]ldGtfªsf] pTs6 OR5f / of] p2]Zo k"/f ug{ p;n] u/]sf] Jofks k|rf/, sDo'lgi6 kf6L{nfO{ cfÏgf]
cwLgdf /fVg] Rofª sfO{ z]ssf k|of;x¿, nfn;]gf / hfkfglj/f]wL hgjfbL cfwf/
Onfsfx¿dfly c+s'z nufpg] / ltgnfO{ sdhf]/ t'Nofpg] Sjf]ldGtfªsf] gLlt,
æk|lt/f]w o'4sf] l;nl;nfdf sDo'lgi6
kf6L{sf] zlQmsf] kf“r efudf b'O{ efu 36fOlbgÆ h'nfO{ dlxgfdf Sjf]ldGtfªsf]
n"zfgsf] tflnd sf];{!sf]
qmddf agfOPsf] if8\oGqsf/L of]hgf, sDo'lgi6 sf8/x¿nfO{ gfd / wg, /S;L / t¿gLsf]
ann] e|i6 kfg]{ Sjf]ldGtfªsf k|of;x¿, lgDgk'“hLkltju{sf s]xL s§/kGyLx¿ -h;sf]
k|ltlglwTj rfª gfP–5f]@ n]
u/]sf] 5_ sf] /fhg}lts cfTd;dk{0f, cflb–cflb .
csf]{lt/
xfd|f] ;fd'Gg] oL s'/fx¿ 5g\ . h:t}M sDo'lgi6x¿sf] c;dfg ;}4flGts :t/, pQ/L
cleofgsf] cjlwdf b'O{ kf6L{sf] cfk;L ;/;xof]uaf6 k|fKt ul/Psf cg'ejx¿sf] xfd|f
w]/} kf6L{ ;b:ox¿df cefj /x]sf] tYo, kf6L{ ;b:ox¿sf] ljzfn ;+Vof lgDgk'“hLklt
ju{IF]qaf6 cfPsf] tYo, s7f]/ ;+3if{k"0f{ hLjg hf/L /fVg] sfddf s]xL kf6L{
;b:ox¿sf] cfgfsfgL, ;+o'Qm df]rf{df
Sjf]ldGtfªl;t c;}4flGts ;Demf}tf ug]{ k|j[lQ, cf7f}+ dfu{ ;]gfdf gf}nf] vfnsf]
o'4kltjfbsf] pbo, Sjf]ldGtfª ;/sf/df sDo'lgi6x¿sf] ;xeflutf;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] pbo, cflb–cflb .
dfly
aofg ul/Psf] uDeL/ l:yltnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} g]t[Tj s;n] ug]{ eGg] ;jfnnfO{ xfdLn]
rsf]{ ¿kn] p7fpg'k5{ / cfTd;dk{0fjfbsf] b[9tf;fy lj/f]w ug'{ k5{ .
lat]sf
s}og\ dlxgfb]lv, / ljz]ifu/]/ k|lt/f]w o'4 5]l8Pb]lv s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt / ;a} txsf
kf6L{ ;+u7gx¿n] jf:tljs / ;+efljt cfTd;dk{0fjfbL k|j[lQx¿sf] lj?4 68\sf/f] /
bl/nf] ;+3if{ rnfPsf 5g\, ltgsf] lj?4
s}og\ cfjZos ;ts{tfx¿ ckgfPsf 5g\ / To;af6 ;'kl/0ffdx¿ xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ .
;/sf/df
sDo'lgi6x¿sf] ;xeflutfsf] ;jfn af/]df s]Gb|Lo ;ldltn] Pp6f d;f}bf k|:tfj# hf/L u/]sf] 5 .
cf7f}+
dfu{ ;]gfdf /x]sf] gf}nf] o'4kltjfbL k|j[lQsf] lj?4 ;+3if{ ;'¿ ul/Psf] 5 .
of] k|j[lQ tL s]xL JolQmx¿df b]lvPsf] 5, hf] nfn;]gfsf] k'ggf{df0fs/0fkl5
s8fO;fy sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf rNg clgR5's ePsf 5g\ . ltgdf JolQmjfbL
z"¥ofO“jfbn] d'G6f] p7fPsf] 5, Sjf]ldGtfªsf] lgo'lQm kfP/ tL uj{n]
km"n]sf 5g\, -h:t}M– clkm;/ aGbfv]l/_, cflb–cflb . of] gf}nf] vfnsf]
o'4kltjfbsf] h/f] pxL g} xf]— sDo'lgi6 kf6L{nfO{ lu/fP/ Sjf]ldGtfªsf] txdf
k'¥ofpg] / o;sf] kl/0ffd klg p:t} x'G5 -hg;d"xaf6 cnlUug'_ h:tf]– k'/fgf]
vfnsf] o'4kltjfbsf] k|j[lQ lyof], hf] hgtfnfO{
s'6lk6 ug]{ / ufnLunf}h ug]{, cg'zf;g e+u ug]{ cflb s'/fdf k|s6 x'GYof] . Sjf]ldGtfª sDo'lgi6 dfemsf]
;+o'Qm df]rf{ sfndf b]vf kl//x]sf] x'gfn] of] cem vt/gfs 5, To;sf/0f o;dfly
ljz]if ¿kn] Wofg lbg' / 86]/ o;sf] lj/f]w ug'{ cfjZos 5 . Sjf]ldGtfªsf]
x:tIf]kn] ubf{ pGd"ng ul/Psf] /fhg}lts k|lzIfsx¿sf] Joj:yf / oxL g}
sf/0fn] ubf{ æ/fhg}lts tflnd sfof{nox¿Æ eGg] gfd /flvPsf /fhg}lts ljefux¿sf]
Joj:yf oL b'j}nfO{ xfn k'g:yf{lkt ul/Psf] 5 . xfdLn] æxfd|f cfºg} xftdf kxnsbdL ln+b} kxf8L If]qx¿df :jtGq
¿kn] 5fkfdf/ o'4 rnfpg]Æ gf}nf] /0fgLlts l;4fGtsf] k|ltkfbg ub}{ To;nfO{
b[9tfsf ;fy nfu" u/]sf 5f}+ / o;/L n8fO“ / c¿ sfdx¿df cf7f}+ dfu{ ;]gfsf
;kmntfx¿nfO{ xfdLn] ;'lglZrt u/]sf 5f}+ . Sjf]ldGtfªn] cfºgf ;b:ox¿nfO{
sf8/sf] ¿kdf …cf7f}+ dfu{ ;]gfdf k7fpg kfpm“Ú egL u/]sf] dfunfO{ xfdLn] c:jLsf/
u/]sf 5f}+ / cf7f}+ dfu{ ;]gfdf sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] k"0f{ g]t[Tj sfod /fVg]
l;4fGtdf xfdL 86]sf 5f}+ . To;/L g}, hfkfglj/f]wL qmflGtsf/L
cfwf/Onfsfx¿df xfdLn] æ;+o'Qm df]rf{leq :jtGqtf / kxnsbdLÆ sf] l;4fGt nfu"
u/]sf 5f}+ . xfdLn] æ;+;b\jfbL k|j[lQÆ$ -of] lgZro g} bf];|f] cGt/f{li6«osf] ;+;b\jfb xf]Og, h'g
k|j[lQ lrlgof“ kf6L{df 5}g_ nfO{ ;RofPsf 5f}+ . xfdLn] 8f“sfx¿, zq'sf hf;';x¿ /
tf]8kmf]8sf/Lx¿sf lj?4sf] xfd|f] ;+3if{nfO{ klg b[9tfsf ;fy rfn" /fv]sf
5f}+ .
xfdLn]
lzcfgdf Sjf]ldGtfª;“usf xfd|f ;DaGwx¿df c;}4flGts ;+emf}tf ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{
;RofPsf 5f}+ / gf}nf] 9+¨n] hg;+3if{sf] ljsf; u/]sf 5f}+ .
xfdLn]
k"jL{ sfg;"df df]6fdf]6L ¿kn] lzofgsf] h:t} sfd u/]sf 5f}+ .
xfdLn]
zfª3fO{df æsDtLdf cfx\jfg ug]{ / Hofbf ;'emfj lbg]Æ gfP–5f]sf] sfo{lbzfsf]
cfnf]rgf u/]sf 5f}+ / /fli6«o d'lQm cfGbf]ngdf Hof:tL ;+emf}tf ug]{ k|j[lQnfO{
;RofPsf 5f}+ .
blIf0fsf
5fkfdf/ IF]qx¿df oL If]qx¿n] Sjf]ldGtfª;“usf] xfd|f] bz jif{sf]
/Qmkftk"0f{ o'4sf pknlAwx¿sf] Ps c+zsf], blIf0fL IF]qx¿df hfkfglj/f]wL
/fli6«o qmflGtsf/L o'4sf] xfd|f] /0fg}lts lsNnf / xfd|f] ;}Go zlQmsf]
k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\, h;nfO{ lzcfgsf] 36gfkl5 klg Sjf]ldGtfªn] …3]/f xfNg] / Wj:t
kfg]{Ú sfjf{xLåf/f ;vfk kfg{ vf]Hof], / h;nfO{ Sjf]ldGtfªn] n'scf]lrofcf]sf]
36gfkl5 klg æaf3nfO{ nf]Eofp“b} kxf8af6 aflx/ lgsfNg]Æ gf}nf] pkfoåf/f sdhf]/
kfg{ sf]l;; u¥of] . xfdLn]– -!_ kl/l:yltsf] Vofn} g/fvL cfÏgf] ;}GozlQmnfO{
s]lGb|t ug]{ -h'g s'/f oL lsNnfx¿nfO{ Wj:t kfg]{ Sjf]ldGtfªsf] OR5fsf]
cg's"n x'G5_ s'/faf6 hf]lug], -@_ Sjf]ldGtfªn] lgo'Qm u/]sf dflg;x¿nfO{
c:jLsf/ ug]{, / -#_ csf]{ xf] ldª 36gfsf]% vt/fk|lt -cyf{t\ Sjf]ldGtfªaf6 3]/fdf kfl/g] / ;z:q
t'Nofpg] vt/fk|lt_ ;hu /xg] s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg lbPsf 5f}+ .
d'lQm
;fKtflxs^ df xfdLn] nuftf/ uDeL/ / plrt
b[li6sf]0f c“ufNb} cfPsf 5f}+ .
;z:q
k|lt/f]w ug]{ sfddf c6n /xg / clGtd ljho xfl;n ug{ tyf cf+lzs k|lt/f]wnfO{
k"0f{ k|lt/f]wdf km]g{sf] lglDt hfkfglj/f]wL /fli6«o ;+o'Qm df]rf{sf]
sfo{lbzfdf 86\g', o;nfO{ lj:tf/ ug'{ / bl/nf] kfg'{ cfjZos 5 . Sjf]ldGtfª
/ sDo'lgi6 dfemsf] ;+o'Qm df]rf{nfO{ etfe'¨ kfg]{ s'g} klg ljrf/nfO{ ;lxg]
5}g . xfdLn] cem} klg æjfdkGyLÆ aGb 9f]sfjfbk|lt ;fjwfg /xg}k5{ . t/,
To;sf] ;fy;fy} xfdLn] ;+o'Qm df]rf{sf xfd|f ;a} sfdsfhx¿df :jtGqtf / kxnsbdLsf]
l;4fGtnfO{ /fd|/L cg';/0f ug'{ kb{5 . Sjf]ldGtfª / c¿ kf6L{x¿;“usf] xfd|f]
;+o'Qm df]rf{ Pp6f lglZrt sfo{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogdf cfwfl/t 5 . o; cfwf/lagf
;+o'Qm df]rf{ x'g} ;Sb}g, / To:tf] cj:yfdf ;/;xof]usf] s'/f c;}4flGts /
cfTd;dk{0fjfbsf] cleJolQm x'g hfG5 . o;/L hfkfglj/f]wL /fli6«o qmflGtsf/L
o'4nfO{ ljhotkm{ n}hfg] s8L æ;+o'Qm df]rf{leq :jtGqtf / kxnsbdLÆ sf] l;4fGtaf/]
;DemfO–a'emfO ug'{, To;nfO{ nfu" ug'{ / To;df 86\g' xf] .
oL
;a} s'/f ugf{sf] xfd|f] p2]Zo s] xf] t < Ps b[li6n] o;f] ugf{sf] p2]Zo xf]
xfdLn] lhlt;s]sf] cfwf/e"ldnfO{ bl/nf];“u ;dfTg', lsgeg] of]
cfwf/e"ld xfd|f] /0fg}lts yfngL ljGb' xf] / o;nfO{ u'dfpg'sf] cy{ ;j{:j
l;l4g' x'g hfG5 . t/, xfd|f] d'Vo p2]Zo rflx+ lhlt;s]sf]
cfwf/e"ldnfO{ lj:tf/ ug'{ / æhfkfglj/f]wL /fli6«o ;+o'Qm df]rf{df ;fd]n
u/fpg s/f]8f}+ dflg;x¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug'{ tyf hfkfgL ;fd|fHojfbsf] tVtf
kN6fOlbg'Æ xf] . xfd|f] cfwf/e"ldnfO{ bl/nf];“u ;dfTg] / o;nfO{
lj:tf/ ug]{ sfd cleGg ¿kn] uf“l;Psf 5g\ . lat]sf s]xL dlxgfdf lgDgk'“hLklt
ju{sf c¿ y'k|} ;b:ox¿ xfd|f] k|efjcGtu{t Pstfa4 ePsf 5g\, Sjf]ldGtfªsf] lzlj/df
gf}nf zlQmx¿ a9]sf 5g\, zfgzLdf hg;+3if{sf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 / w]/} 7fp“df xfd|f
kf6L{ ;+u7gx¿sf] lj:tf/ ePsf] 5 .
t/
xfdLn] s] s'/f k|:6;“u a'¤g' k5{ eg] ;fdfGo ¿kn] x]bf{ b]zJofkL ¿kdf xfd|f] kf6L{sf]
;+u7gfTds zlQm cem} klg Hofb} sd 5 . b]zJofkL ¿kn] x]bf{ hg ;d"xsf]
zlQm klg cem} Hofb} sd 5, lsgeg] hg;d"xsf cfwf/e"t cË dhb'/ / ls;fgx¿
cem} ;+ul7t ePsf 5}gg\ . of] ;a} x'gfsf] sf/0f Psflt/ Sjf]ldGtfªsf]
lgoGq0f / bdg xf] eg] csf]{lt/ xfd|f] cfÏg} sfdsf] ckof{Kttf jf cem Psbd cefj
xf] . xfnsf] hfkfglj/f]wL /fli6«o qmflGtsf/L o'4df xfd|f] kf6L{sf]
cfwf/e"t sdhf]/L oxL g} xf] . xfdLn] o; sdhf]/LnfO{ gx6fpGh]n;Dd
hfkfgL ;fd|fHojfbnfO{ k/flht ug{ ;lsg] 5}g . of] p2]Zo k"/f ug{sf]
lglDt xfdLn] æ;+o'Qm df]rf{leq :jtGqtf / kxnsbdLÆ sf] l;4fGt nfu" ug{}k5{
clg cfTd;dk{0fjfb / crfSnL ;Demf}tfh:tf ;a} k|j[lQnfO{ k5fg{}k5{ .
/fli6«o cfTd;dk{0fjfbsf] b]zJofkL ¿kdf lj/f]w u/
dfly
elgPsf s'/fx¿ ju{–cfTd;dk{0fjfb;DaGwL s'/f x'g\ . o; k|j[lQn]
;j{xf/fju{nfO{ k'“hLjfbL ;'wf/jfb / k'“hLjfbL ck"0f{tfl;t ldt]/L uf“:g]
af6f]lt/ 8f]¥ofp“5 . o; k|j[lQnfO{ gk5f?Gh]n;Dd xfdL hfkfglj/f]wL /fli6«o
qmflGtsf/L o'4nfO{ cl3 nDsfpg, cf+lzs k|lt/f]wnfO{ k"0f{ k|lt/f]wdf km]g{
/ dft[e"ldsf] /Iff ug{ ;kmn x'g ;Sb}gf} .
t/
csf]{ vfnsf] cfTd;dk{0fjfb cyf{t\ /fli6«o cfTd;dk{0fjfb klg 5, o;n] rLgnfO{ hfkfgL ;fd|fHojfbsf :jfy{x¿l;t
ldt]/L uf“:g] af6f]lt/, rLgnfO{ hfkfgL pklgj]z agfpg] af6f]lt/ / lrlgof“
hgtfnfO{ cf}klgj]lzs bf;x¿df km]g]{
af6f]lt/ 8f]¥ofp“5 . xfn hfkfglj/f]wL /fli6«o df]rf{sf] blIf0f kIfdf of]
k|j[lQ b]vf k/]sf] 5 .
hfkfglj/f]wL
/fli6«o ;+o'Qm df]rf{sf] jfdkIf sDo'lgi6åf/f
g]t[Tj ul/Psf hg;d"xx¿ ag]sf 5g\, h;df ;j{xf/fju{, ls;fg ;d"x
/ zx/L lgDgk'“hLklt ju{ ;lDdlnt 5g\ . o; kIfnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ / ;'b[9
t'Nofpg EofP;Dd sf]l;; ug'{ xfd|f] cleef/f xf] . o; cleef/fnfO{ k"/f
ug]{ sfd Sjf]ldGtfª, ;/sf/ / ;]gfnfO{ ;'wfg]{, PsLs[t hgjfbL u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf
ug]{, cf+lzs k|lt/f]wnfO{ k"0f{ k|lt/f]wdf km]g]{ / hfkfgL ;fd|fHojfbsf]
tVtf kN6fOlbg] sfdsf] cfwf/e"t k"j{;t{ xf] .
hfkfglj/f]wL
/fli6«o ;+o'Qm df]rf{sf] aLrsf] efu /fli6«o k'“hLkltju{ / lgDgk'“hLklt ju{sf]
pkNnf] txn] ag]sf] 5 . h]hlt dflg;x¿sf] lglDt zfª3fO{sf k|d'v cvaf/x¿
cfÏg} :j/ ag]sf 5g\, pgLx¿ xfn jfdkIftkm{ 9Ns“b} uPsf 5g\&, ptf km" lzª ;+3sf s]xL
;b:ox¿ eg] wd{/fpg yfn]sf 5g\ / ;L=;L= u'6sf s]xL ;b:ox¿ klg 9'nd'n x'“b}5g\* . hfkfgsf] k|lt/f]w
ul//x]sf ;]gfx¿n] Hofb} s7f]/ kf7 l;s]sf 5g\, / pgLx¿dWo] s;}s;}n] cfkm"df
;'wf/ ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ jf ;'wf/ ug]{ tof/L ub}{5g\ . of] aLrsf] efunfO{ cl3
nDsg / o;sf] c8fg km]g{ d2t ug'{ xfd|f] cleef/f xf] .
hfkfglj/f]wL
/fli6«o ;+o'Qm df]rf{sf] blIf0fkIfdf 7"nf hldgbf/x¿ / 7"nf k'“hLkltx¿
kb{5g\, / of] kIf /fli6«o cfTd;dk{0fjfbsf] d'6' xf] . o'4df cfÏgf] ;DklQ
gfz x'g] / hg;d"x h¥ofsh'¿s p7\g] b'j} s'/fb]lv 8/fpg] x'gfn] cfTd;kd{0fjfblt/
oL dflg;x¿sf] em'sfj x'g' clgjfo{ 5 . oLdWo] w]/}h;f] ;f“7uf“7sf/L eO;s]sf
5g\, w]/} rflx+ hfkfgkGyL eO;s]sf 5g\ jf x'g tof/ 5g\, w]/} hgf wd{/fp“b}5g\ /
ljz]if kl/l:yltn] ubf{ yf]/}hgf dfq b[9 ¿kn] hfkfglj/f]wL 5g\ . oLdWo]sf
s]xL hgf s/sfkdf k/]/ cGsgfp“b} s]xL sfnsf] nflu /fli6«o ;+o'Qm df]rf{df ;fd]n
ePsf 5g\ . ;fdfGo ¿kn] eGg] xf] eg] ;+o'Qm df]rF{af6 pgLx¿ km'6\g a]/
nfUg] 5}g . jf:tjdf 7"nf hldGbf/ / 7"nf k'“hLkltx¿dWo]sf ;aeGbf
s'tŒjx¿ oltv]/} klg hfkfglj/f]wL ;+o'Qm df]rf{df kmf6f] kfg]{ bfp /lr/x]sf
5g\ . pgLx¿ ckmjfx km}nfO/x]sf 5g\ / æsDo'lgi6x¿ /fhljb|f]x ug{ kl§ nfu]sf
5g\Æ / æcf7f}+ dfu{ ;]gf kl5 x6\b}5Æ h:tf atf;] s'/fx¿ lbglbg} a9\b} hfg] s'/f
lglZrt 5 . /fli6«o cfTd;dk{0fjfbsf] 86]/ lj/f]w ug'{ / ;+3if{sf] l;nl;nfdf
jfdkIfnfO{ lj:tf/ ug'{ / bl/nf] kfg'{ tyf aLrsf] efunfO{ cl3 a9\g / p;sf] c8fg
km]g{ d2t ug'{ xfd|f] cleef/f xf] .
ju{–cfTd;dk{0fjfb / /fli6«o cfTd;dk{0fjfbsf] cfk;L
;DaGw
hfkfglj/f]wL
/fli6«o qmflGtsf/L o'4df ju{–cfTd;dk{0fjfb jf:tjdf /fli6«o cfTd;dk{0fjfbs}
;'/lIft zlQm xf] . of] Pp6f o:tf] gLr k|j[lQ xf], h;n] blIf0fkIfsf] lzlj/nfO{
;dy{g u5{ / o'4nfO{ k/fholt/ 8f]¥ofp“5 . /fli6«o cfTd;dk{jfblj/f]wL
;+3if{df gf}nf] hf]z eg{ tyf lrlgof“ /fi6« / >lds hg;d"xsf] d'lQm xfl;n
ug{sf] lglDt xfdLn] sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ Pj+ ;j{xf/fju{leq o; k|j[lQ;“u h'Wg}k5{ / o;
h'wfOnfO{ xfd|f ;a} If]qsf sfddf km}nfpg' k5{ .
l6Kk0fLx¿
!=
n'zfg tflnd sf];{ RofªsfO z]sn] cfºgf] k|ltlqmofjfbL zf;gsf] d'6'sf] ?kdf sfd
ug{] Sjf]ldGtfª kf6L{ / ;/sf/sf pRr / demf}nf bhf{sf clkm;/x¿nfO{ tflnd lbgsf]
lglDt rfªzL k|fGtsf] n'zfgdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] .
@=
To;tfsf rfª gfP–5L æyf]/} cfx\jfg ug]{ / w]/} ;'emfj lbg]Æ s'/fsf] jsfnt ub}{
lyof] . t/, Sjf]ldGtfªn] pTkL8gsf] gLlt ckgfO/x]sf] x'gfn] æ;'emfjx¿Æ dfq
lbg' Joy{ x'GYof] . Sjf]ldGtfªsf] lj?4 ;+3if{ ug{ hgtfnfO{
Ao"“emfpgsf] lglDt pgLx¿nfO{ ;f]em} cfx\jfg ug{ h?/L lyof] . gqeg]
hfkfgsf] lj?4 o'4 hfl//fVg' jf Sjf]ldGtfª k|ltlqmofjfbsf] k|lt/f]w ug'{ c;Dej
x'g hfGYof] . o;;DaGwdf rfª gfP–5Lsf] ljrf/ unt lyof] / kl5 p;n]
la:tf/}–la:tf/} cfÏgf] uNtL dx;'; u¥of] .
#=
o;n] @% ;]K6]Da/ !(#& df tof/ ul/Psf] æsDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] ;/sf/df efu lng]
;DaGwdf rLgsf] sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] d;f}bf k|:tfjnfO{Æ
hgfp“5 . To;sf] k"/f a]xf]/f o; k|sf/ 5 M–
-s_
hfkfglj/f]wL o'4sf] jt{dfg l:yltdf l;¨f] /fi6«sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ Pp6f ;+o'Qm
df]rf{ ;/sf/sf] Hofb} vf“rf] 5, lsgeg] o:tf] ;/sf/n] dfq} hfkfglj/f]wL /fli6«o
qmflGtsf/L o'4sf] k|efjsf/L 9Ën] g]t[Tj ug{;S5 / hfkfgL ;fd|fHojfbnfO{ k/flht
ug{ ;S5 . sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ o:tf] ;/sf/df efulng tof/ 5, cyf{t\ o:tf] ;/sf/df
k|ToIf / clws[t ¿kn] k|zf;lgs lhDd]bf/Lx¿ ;DxfNg / To;df ;lqmo e"ldsf v]Ng
tof/ 5 . t/ o:tf] ;/sf/ cem} klg 5}g . cfh;Dd klg Sjf]ldGtfªsf]
PsbnLo tfgfzfxL ;/sf/ /x]s} 5 .
-v_
o; ;/sf/nfO{ Sjf]ldGtfªsf] PsbnLo tfgfzfxL ;/sf/af6 l;Ë} /fi6«sf] ;+o'Qm df]rf{ ;/sf/df km]/]kl5 dfq rLgsf] sDo'lgi6
kf6L{n] ;/sf/df efu lng;S5, cyf{t\ o;n] Toltv]/ dfq ;/sf/df efu lng;S5 ha
Sjf]ldGtfª ;/sf/n] -s_ hfkfgsf] k|lt/f]w ug{ / /fi6«nfO{ arfpgsf] lglDt xfd|f]
kf6L{af6 k|:tfljt bz ;"qLo sfo{qmdsf cfwf/e"t s'/fx¿ :jLsf/ u5{ / To;}adf]lhd
Pp6f k|zf;lgs sfo{qmdsf] 3f]if0ff u5{, -v_ o; sfo{qmdnfO{ nfu" ug]{ / 7f];
kl/0ffdx¿ k|fKt ug]{ s'/f cfÏgf Odfgbf/Lk"0f{ k|oTgx¿åf/f sfo{¿kdf b]vfpg
yfN5, / -u_ sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf ;+u7gx¿nfO{ sfg'gL ¿kn] /xg] cg'dlt lbG5, /
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{nfO{ cfkm"n] hg;d"xnfO{ ;+rflnt, ;+ul7t / lzlIft
t'Nofpg] s'/fsf] Uof/]G6L lbG5 .
-u_
kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltn] s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/df efu lng] lg0f{o ug'{eGbfcl3 sDo'lgi6
kf6L{sf ;b:ox¿n] ;fwf/0ftof s'g} klg :yfgLo ;/sf/df jf s]Gb|Lo jf :yfgLo
;/sf/sf k|zfg;lgs ;+u7gx¿;“u uf“l;Psf k|zf;lgs kl/ifb\x¿sf ;ldltx¿df efu lng'
x'“b}g . lsgeg] o;/L efu lngfn] vfln sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf 68\sf/f ljz]iftfx¿
wldlnG5g\, Sjf]ldGtfªsf] tfgfzfxL nlDaG5 / PsLs[t hgjfbL ;/sf/ :yfkgf ug]{
k|of;df ;xof]usf] ;§f afwf kg{ hfG5 .
-3_
t}klg sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf ;b:ox¿n] s'g} vf; IF]qx¿, h:t}– o'4If]qx¿sf :yfgLo
;/sf/x¿df efu lng ;S5g\, hxf“ k'/fgf clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ klxn]em}+ zf;g rnfpg c;Dej
ePsf] 5 / pgLx¿ df]6fdf]6L ¿kn] sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf gLltx? nfu" ug{ OR5's
5g\, hxf“ v'nf¿kn] sfd–sfjf{xL ug{ sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ x'G5, / hxf“ hgtf / ;/sf/
b'j}sf] /fodf xfnsf] ;+s6sfndf ;/sf/df sDo'lgi6n] efu lng' h?/L b]lvG5 . hfkfgLx¿n] sAhf u/]sf
Onfsfx¿df t sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] hfkfglj/f]wL ;+o'Qm df]rf{ ;/sf/sf] ;+u7gstf{sf]
¿kdf v'n]cfd clw ;g'{ emg\ h?/L 5 .
-ª_
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ cf}krfl/s ¿kn] ;/sf/df ;fd]n x'g'eGbf klxn], /fi6«nfO{ arfpgsf]
lglDt hgjfbL ;+ljwfg / gLltx¿af/] 5nkmn rnfpg] p2]Zon] clvn rLg /fli6«o ;Dd]ng
h:tf k|ltlglw ;+u7gx¿df efu lng kf6L{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ l;4fGttM cg'dlt 5 .
o;k|sf/n], sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] o:tf ;Dd]ngx¿sf] lglDt cfºgf ;b:ox¿nfO{ lgjf{lrt
u/fpg sf]l;; ug'{ k5{ / tL ;+:yfx¿nfO{ kf6L{sf ljrf/sf] k|rf/ ug]{ dfWodsf]
¿kdf k|of]u ug'{ k5{, h;af6 hgtfnfO{ ;+rflnt ug]{ clg kf6L{sf] jl/kl/ uf]naGb
ug]{ / PsLs[t hgjfbL ;/sf/sf] :yfkgf ug]{ sfdnfO{ cl3 a9fpg ;lsof];\ .
-r_
lglZrt ;femf sfo{qmd / k"0f{ ;dfgtfsf] l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf]
s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt jf o;sf :yfgLo zfvfx¿n] Sjf]ldGtfªsf] s]Gb|Lo sfo{sfl/0fL ;ldlt
jf o;sf :yfgLo ;b/d'sfdx¿;“u ;+o'Qm df]rf{ ;+u7g, cyf{t\ ljleGg ;+o'Qm ;ldltx¿
-h:t}, /fli6«o qmflGtsf/L nLux¿, hgcfGbf]n ;ldltx¿ / o'4If]qx¿sf] nflu hg;+rfng
;ldltx¿_ sf] :yfkgf ug{ ;S5g\, / o:tf ;+o'Qm sfo{snfkx¿dfkm{t\ sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n]
Sjf]ldGtfª;“u cfk;L ;/;xof]u xfl;n ug'{k5{ .
-5_
nfn ;]gfsf] km]l/ gfdfs/0f u/]/ o;nfO{ /fli6«o qmflGtsf/L ;]gfsf] Ps c+u
agfPkl5 / nfn /fhg}lts ;QfnfO{ ljz]if IF]qLo ;+u7gdf abn]kl5 ltgsf k|ltlglwx¿
cfkm"l;t ePsf] sfg'gL bhf{åf/f To:tf ;a} ;}lgs / hg;+u7gx¿df ;fd]n x'g
;S5g\, h;n] hfkfgsf] k|lt/f]w ug]{ sfd / /fi6«nfO{ d'Qm ug]{ sfdnfO{ cl3 a9fp“5g\ .
-h_
klxn]sf] nfn ;]gfdf / ;a} 5fkfdf/ PsfOx¿df sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] Psbd :jtGq g]t[Tj
sfod /fVg' clt cfjZos 5, / sDo'lgi6x¿n] l;4fGtsf] o; ;jfndf 9'nd'nkg k6Ss}
b]vfpg' x'“b}g .
$=
oxf“ æ;+;b\jfbÆ n] s]xL kf6L{ sfd/]8x¿n] qmflGtsf/L cfwf/Onfsfx¿sf] /fhg}lts
;Qfsf] kl/kf6L hgk|ltlglw ;Dd]ngsf] kl/kf6LnfO{ k'“hLjfbL ;+;bLo kl/kf6Ldf
km]g{' k5{ egL cl3 ;f/]sf] k|:tfjnfO{ ;+s]t u5{ .
%=
hfkfglj/f]wL o'4 5]l8Pkl5 xf] ldªsf] 36gf 36\of] . !(#$ sf] cS6f]a/
dlxgfdf s]Gb|Lo nfn;]gf pQ/tkm{ nDs]kl5 nfn;]gfsf 5fkfdf/, PsfOx¿ k5fl8 g} /x]/
ltgn] blIf0fdf kg]{ RofªzL, km"Ro]g, Sjfªt'ª, x'gfg–xf]k], xgfg, rRofª, /
cfgx\j]O{ gfdsf cf7 k|fGtsf rf}w IF]qx¿df Hofb} sl7g kl/l:yltx¿df 5fkfdf/ o'4
hf/L /fv] . hfkfglj/f]wL o'4 ;'¿ ePkl5 lrlgof“ sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo
;ldltsf] cfb]zcg';f/ oL PsfOx¿n] u[xo'4 aGb ug{sf] lglDt Sjf]ldGtfª;“u
;Demf}tf–jftf{ ;'¿ u/]/ cfkm"nfO{ Pp6f kmf}hL 8Ïkmfdf ;+ul7t u/] -cyf{t\
gf}nf] rf}yf] ;]gfdf ;+ul7t u/], h;n] kl5 ofªT;L gbLsf] blIf0fL / pQ/L lsgf/fdf
hfkfgLx¿;“u hf]8tf]8n] n8fO“ u¥of]_ / hfkfgsf] k|lt/f]w ug{ df]rf{tkm{
nDSof] . t/ 5fkfdf/ PsfOx¿nfO{ cfkm"lt/ tfGg] ;'/n] Rofª sfO{ z]sn]
oL ;Demf}tf–jftf{x¿af6 kmfObf p7fpg] if8\oGq u¥of] . rf}w 5fkfdf/
Onfsfx¿dWo]sf] Ps Onfsf km"Ro]g–Sjfªt'ª ;LdfGt IF]qsf] 5fkfdf/ g]tf xf]
ldª lyof] . Rofª sfO{ z]ssf] if8\oGqsf] lj?4 pm ;ts{ /x]g, h;sf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k p;sf] sdfgcGtu{t /x]sf Ps xhf/eGbf a9L 5fkfdf/x¿nfO{ pgLx¿ e]nf
ePkl5 Sjf]ldGtfªsf kmf}hx¿n] 3]/fdf kf/]/ lgMz:q t'NofP .
^=
!(#& df o]gfgdf :yflkt ePsf] æd'lQm ;fKtflxsÆ lrlgof“ sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf]
s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] d'vkq lyof] . !($! df æd'lQm b}lgsÆ n] o;sf] 7fp“
lnof] .
&=
pgLx¿ /fli6«o k'“hLkltju{sf] Tof] efu lyP, h;sf ljrf/x¿sf] k|ltlglwTj
zfª3fO{sf] æzg kfcf]Æ h:tf cvaf/x¿n] ub{y] .
*=
km" lzª ;+3 / ;L=;L= u'6 qmdzM Rofª sfO{–z]s / 5g\ nLkm" gfOs] /x]sf
Sjf]ldGtfªleqsf b'O6f kmfl;:6 ;+u7g lyP . ltgn] 7"nf hldgbf/x¿ /
7"nf k'“hLkltju{sf] cNktGqLo zf;gsf] :jfy{sf] ;]jf ub{y] . t/ tL
;+u7gleq s/sfkdf jf 5n5fddf k/]/ etL{ ePsf y'k|} lgDgk'“hLjfbL tŒjx¿ klg
lyP . n]vdf km" lzª–;+3sf] To; efusf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5, h;df d'Votof
Sjf]ldGtfªsf ;fgf jf dWod bhf{sf clkm;x¿ kb{y], / ;L=;L= u'6sf] To; efusf]
pNn]v ul/Psf] 5, h;df d'Votof ;Qfaflx/ /x]sf ;b:ox¿ kb{y] .
;Dk"0f{ l:yltnfO{ Wofgdf
/fv, ax';+VofnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ;f]+r / xfd|f ;xof]uLx¿;“u ldn]/ sfd u/*
zq'lj/f]wL
;+3if{df hg;d"xsf] g]t[Tj ubf{ sDo'lgi6x¿n] ;Dk"0f{ l:yltnfO{ Wofgdf
/fVg'k5{, ax';+Vos hgtfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ;f]Rg' k5{ / cfºgf ;xof]uLx¿;“u ldn]/
sfd ug'{ k5{ . pgLx¿n] c+zsf cfjZostfx¿nfO{ ;Dk"0f{sf cfjZostfx¿sf]
cwLgdf /fVg] l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft\ ug'{k5{ . olb s'g} k|:tfj cf+lzs b[li6n]
Jofjxfl/s b]lvG5 t/ ;Dk"0f{ b[li6n] Jofjxfl/s b]lv+b}g eg] To:tf] l:yltdf
c+z ;Dk"0f{sf] cwLgdf /xg}k5{ . ;Dk"0f{ l:yltnfO{ Wofgdf /fv
eGgfsf] dtna oxL xf] . sDo'lgi6x¿n] slxNo} klg ax';+Vos hgtfaf6 cnlUug' jf
Psfw k|ultzLn 8ºkmfx¿nfO{ PSnfPSn} hyfefjL cl3 a9\g g]t[Tj ub}{ ax';+Vos
hgtfnfO{ pk]Iff ug'{ x'“b}g, t/ ltgn] t k|ultzLn tŒjx¿ / Jofks hg;d"xsf]
dfemdf gª–df;'sf] ;DaGw sfod /fVg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg' k5{ . …ax';+Vos
hgtfnfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/ ;f]+rÚ eGgfsf] dtna oxL xf] . hxf“;'s} klg hgjfbL
kf6L{x¿ jf JolQmx¿ xfdL;“u ;xof]u jf n]gb]g ug{ OR5's ePdf pgLx¿;“u ;/;Nnfx
ug'{ / ldn]/ sfd ug'{ g} sDo'lgi6x¿n] c“ufNg' kg]{ plrt b[li6sf]0f xf] .
xfd|f ;xof]uLx¿nfO{ a]jf:tf ub}{ :j]R5frf/L 9¨n] lg0f{o ug'{ / hyfefjL
sfdsfjf{xL ug'{ unt xf] . c;n sDo'lgi6n] ;Dk"0f{ l:yltnfO{ Wofgdf
/fVg l;kfn' x'g} k5{ / cfºgf ;xof]uLx¿;“u ldn]/ sfd ug{ l;kfn' x'g} k5{ .
o; ljifodf xfdLdf uDeL/ vf]6x¿ /x]sf 5g\, To;}n] oL vf]6x¿ x6fpg xfdLn] cem a9L
Wofg lbg} k5{ .
sf8/x¿;DaGwL gLlt
lrlgof“
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ bzf}+ s/f]8 dflg;x¿ ePsf] Pp6f dxfg\ /fi6«df dxfg\ qmflGtsf/L
;+3if{sf] g]t[Tj ug]{ kf6L{ xf] . To;}n], of]Uotf / /fhg}lts Odfgbf/Lsf]
d]nn] ;';lHht g]t[TjbfoL sf8/x¿sf] Jofks ;+Voflagf o;n] cfºgf] P]ltxfl;s
cleef/f k"/f ug{ ;Sb}g . lat]sf ;q jif{df xfd|f] kf6L{n] y'k|}
;'of]Uo g]tfx¿nfO{ tflnd lbPsf] 5, h;n] ubf{ xfdL sxf“ ;}lgs, /fhg}lts /
;f+:s[lts IF]qdf tyf kf6L{sf] sfo{ / hgsfo{sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ sf8/x¿sf] Pp6f
vfsf tof/ eO;s]sf] 5 . o; pknlAwsf] nflu ;Dk"0f{ ;Ddfg kf6L{ / /fi6«n]
kfp“b5g\ . t/, xfd|f] ;+3if{sf] ljzfn dxnnfO{ wfGgsf] lglDt of] vfsf cem}
rflx+bf] dfqfdf bl/nf] eO;s]sf] 5}g, / ;Ifd dflg;x¿nfO{ cem Jofks :t/df tflnd
lbg' h?/L 5 . lrlgof“ hgtfsf] dxfg\ ;+3if{df y'k|} ;lqmo dflg;x¿ cl3 ;/]sf
5g\ / lg/Gt/ ¿kn] cl3 ;b}{5g\ . ltgnfO{ ;+ul7t ug]{, tflnd lbg], ltgsf]
/fd|f] b]v/]v ug]{ / plrt 9¨n] pkof]u ug]{ lhDd]jf/L xfd|f] sf“wdf /x]sf]
5 . /fhgLlts sfo{lbzf lgwf{l/t ePkl5 sf8/x¿ lg0ff{os tŒj aGb5g\ .! To;sf/0f, of]hgfa4 tl/sfn] Jofks
dfqfdf sf8/x¿nfO{ tflnd lbg' xfd|f] n8fs" cleef/f xf] .
kf6L{ sf8/x¿ tyf u}/kf6L{ sf8/x¿ b'a}df xfdLn] Wofg lbg' k5{ .
kf6L{aflx/ klg y'k|} ;Ifd dflg;x¿ 5g\, h;nfO{ xfdLn] a]jf:tf ug'{ x'“b}g .
PSnf]kgf / cx+sf/af6 d'Qm x'g' / u}x|kf6L{ sf8/x¿;“u ldn]/ sfd ug'{, ltgnfO{
;Rrf lbnn] d2t ug'{, pgLx¿k|lt Gofgf] / ldqjt\ b[li6sf]0f /fVg' / hfkfgsf]
k|lt/f]w ug]{ / /fi6«sf] k'glgdf{0f ug]{ dxfg\ sfo{df pgLx¿sf] kxnsbdLsf]
pkof]u ug'{ x/]s sDo'lgi6sf] st{Jo xf] .
xfdLn] sf8/x¿sf] d"NofÍg ug{
hfGg'kb{5 . xfdLn] cfºgf] d"NofÍgnfO{ s'g} sf8/sf] hLjgsf] 5f]6f]
cjlw jf Pp6} 36gfdf ;Lldt kfg'{ x'“b}g, t/ p;sf] ;Dk"0f{ hLjg / sfo{nfO{
Wofgdf /fv]/ p;sf] d"NofÍg ug'{ kb{5 . of] sf8/x¿sf] d"NofÍg
ug]{ d'Vo tl/sf xf] .
xfdLn]
sf8/x¿nfO{ /fd|/L pkof]u ug{ hfGg' kb{5 . clGtd ljZn]if0fdf g]t[Tjsf]
sf“wdf b'O6f k|d'v lhDd]jf/L /x]sf x'G5g\ M pkfox¿ /Rg' / sf8/x¿nfO{ /fd|/L
pkof]u ug'{ . of]hgfx¿ agfpg', lg0f{o ug'{ tyf cfb]z / lgb]{zgx¿ lbg'h:tf
;a} s'/f æpkfox¿ /Rg]Æ s'/fs} sf]6Ldf kb{5g\ . oL pkfox¿nfO{ Jojxf/df
ptfg{sf] lglDt xfdLn] sf8/x¿nfO{ Pstfa4 ug}{ k5{ / ltgnfO{ sfo{If]qdf pqg
xf};nf lbg} k5{ . of] s'/f æsf8/x¿nfO{ /fd|/L pkof]u ug]{Æ s'/fsf] sf]6Ldf kb{5 . sf8/x¿nfO{ pkof]u ug]{
ljifodf xfd|f] /fli6«o Oltxf;el/ g} b'O6f lj/f]wL sfo{lbzfx¿ /lxcfPsf 5g\ .
klxnf] xf]– æof]Uotfsf] cfwf/df dflg;x¿nfO{ lgo'Qm ug]{ sfo{lbzfÆ / bf];|f]
xf]– æs[kfjfbsf] cfwf/df dflg;x¿nfO{ lgo'lQm ug]{Æ sfo{lbzf . oLdWo]
klxnf] Odfgbf/Lk"0f{ / kl5Nnf] a]OdfgLk"0f{ sfo{lbzf xf] . s'g}
sf8/ kf6L{sf] sfo{lbzf nfu" ug{df b[9 5 ls 5}g, p;n] kf6L{sf] cg'zf;g kfng
u5{ ls ub}{g, p;n] hg;d"x;“u 3lgi7 ;DaGw /fV5 ls /fVb}g, p;df :jtGq ¿kn]
sfd ug]{ IFdtf 5 ls 5}g / pm ;lqmo, kl/>dL / lg:jfyL{ 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/f g}
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] cfºgf sf8/x¿;DaGwL gLltsf] xsdf nfu" ug'{ kg]{ dfkb08x¿
x'g\ . æof]Uotfsf] cfwf/df dflg;x¿nfO{ lgoQm ug'{Æ eGgfsf] cy{ oxL xf] .
rfª Sjf] yfcf]sf] sf8/x¿;DaGwL gLlt o;sf] 7Ls pN6f] lyof] . æs[kfjfbsf]
cfwf/df dflg;x¿nfO{ lgo'Qm ug]{Æ sfo{lbzfcg';f/ rNb} p;n] cfºgf] jl/kl/ lghL
s[kfkfqx¿ hDdf u¥of] / Pp6f ;fgf] u'6 agfof], clg cflv/df p;n] kf6L{k|lt u2f/L
u¥of] / lzlj/af6} efUof] . of] xfd|f]lglDt Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ kf7
xf] . of] / c¿ o:t} P]ltxfl;s kf7x¿af6 r]tfjgL ln+b} s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt / ;a}
txsf g]tfx¿n] sf8/x¿;DaGwL gLltsf] xsdf Odfgbf/Lk"0f{ / Gofof]lrt
tl/sfnfO{ b[9tf;fy c“ufNg] tyf a]OdfgL / cGofok"0f{ tl/sfnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug]{
/ o;k|sf/n] kf6L{sf] PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg]{ s'/fnfO{ cfºgf] k|d'v lhDd]jf/L
agfpg' kb{5 .
xfdLn]
sf8/x¿sf] /fd|/L /]vb]v ug{ hfGg} k5{ . o;/L /]vb]v ug]{ cg]sf}+ tl/sfx¿
5g\ . tL x'g\–
klxnf],
ltgnfO{ dfu{bz{g ug'{ . o;sf] cy{ xf] ltgnfO{ :jtGq ¿kn] cfºgf] sfd ug{
lbg'k5{, h;af6 ltgdf axg ug]{ ;fx; pTkGg x'g ;sf];\ / To;sf] ;fy;fy} ltgnfO{
7Ls–7Ls ;dodf lgb]{zgx¿ klg lbg' k5{, h;n] ubf{ kf6L{sf] /fhg}lts sfo{lbzfsf]
dfu{bz{gdf ltgn] cfºgf] kxnsbdLsf] k"0f{ pkof]u ug{ ;s"g\ .
bf];|f],
ltgsf] :t/ psf:g' . o;sf] cy{ xf] ltgnfO{ cWoog ug]{ df}sf lb+b} lzlIft
kfg'{, h;n] ubf{ ltgnfO{ cfºgf pknlAwx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ / cfºgf uNtLx¿ ;Rofpgdf
d2t k'uf];\ .
sfo{ef/
;'Dk“b} hfg' t/ hf“ra'em eg] gug'{ / uDeL/ uNtLx¿ u/]kl5 dfq} Wofg lbg'
sf8/x¿sf] /]vb]v ug]{ tl/sf 7Ls xf]Og .
rf}yf],
uNtL ug]{ sf8/x¿k|lt ;fwf/0ftof ltgnfO{ ;DemfO–a'emfO ug]{ tl/sf ckgfpg' k5{, /
ltgnfO{ uNtL ;Rofpg d2t ug'{ k5{ . uDeL/ uNtL ug]{ / lgb]{zg dfq OGsf/
ug]{x¿k|lt dfq ;+3if{sf] tl/sf ckgfpg' k5{ . o; s'/fdf w}o{k"j{s sfd
ug'{ clt h?/L x'G5 . ulx/f] u/L ;f]rljrf/ gu/L dflg;x¿nfO{ æcj;/jfbLÆ eg]/
laNnf nfOlbg' jf ulx/f] u/L ;f]rljrf/ gu/L ltgsf] lj?4 æ;+3if{ rnfpg'Æ unt s'/f
xf] .
kf“rf},
pgLx¿nfO{ cfºgf sl7gfOx¿ x6fpg d2t ug'{ k5{ . ljdf/, x}/fgL jf 3/fo;L jf
c¿ kL/dsf{x¿af6 sf8/x¿dfly sl7gfO{ cfOnfu]sf] a]nfdf xfdLn] ltgnfO{ ;Sbf]
/]vb]v ug}{ k5{ .
sf8/x¿sf]
/fd|/L /]vb]v ug]{ tl/sf oxL xf]
kf6L{ cg'zf;g
rfª
Sjf] yfcf]n] uDeL/ ¿kn] cg'zf;g pn‹g u/]sf] s'/fnfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ xfdLn] kf6L{
cg'zf;gaf/] km]l/ 3f]if0ff ug'{ k5{, h:t} M–
-!_ JolQm ;+u7gsf] cwLgdf /xG5,
-@_
cNkdt ax'dtsf] cwLgdf /xG5,
-#_
tNnf] txsf] kf6L{ ;+u7g dflyNnf] txsf] kf6L{ ;+u7gsf] cwLgdf /xG5 /
-$_
kf6L{sf ;a} ;b:ox¿ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] cwLgdf /xG5g\ .
h;n]
kf6L{ cg'zf;gsf oL lgodx¿ pn‹g u5{, p;n] kf6L{ PstfnfO{ e¨ u5{ . cg'ejl;4
s'/f s] xf] eg] sf]xL–sf]xL dflg;x¿ kf6L{ cg'zf;g eGg] s'/} ga'emL o;nfO{ pn‹g
u5{g\, t/ rfª Sjf] yfcf]h:tf c¿ dflg;x¿ rflx+ hfgL–hfgL cg'zf;g pn‹g u5{g\ /
cfºgf 3[l0ft p2]Zox¿ k"/f ug{sf] lglDt kf6L{ ;b:ox¿sf] c1fgtfaf6 kmfObf p7fp“5g\ .
To;}n] kf6L{ ;b:ox¿n] cfkm} cg'zf;g kfng ug{dfq xf]Og ls cfºgf g]tfx¿sf] klg
/]vb]v ug{ ;s"g\ / h;n] ubf{ g]tfx¿n] klg cg'zf;g kfng u¿g\ / o; k|sf/n]
rfª Sjf] yfcf]sf vfnsf 36gfx¿ gbf]xf]l/pmg\ eGg] Wo]on] kf6L{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ kf6L{
cg'zf;gaf/] lzIff lbg' h?/L 5 . kf6L{sf leqL ;DaGwx¿nfO{ ;xL lbzftkm{
ljsl;t ug]{ s'/fnfO{ ;'lglZrt kfg{sf] lglDt dfly pNn]v ul/Psf cg'zf;gsf rf/ clt
dxŒjk"0f{ lgodx¿afx]s xfdLn] lj:t[t kf6L{ pklgodx¿ klg tof/ kfg'{k5{, h;n]
;a} txsf g]t[TjbfoL c+ux¿sf sfd–sfjf{xLx¿nfO{ PsLs[t ug]{5 .
kf6L{ hgjfb
jt{dfg
dxfg\ ;+3if{df lrlgof“ sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] s] dfu ub{5 eg] o;sf ;a} g]t[TjbfoL
c¨x¿, o;sf ;a} ;b:ox¿ / sf8/x¿n] k"0f{ ¿kn], cfºgf] kxnsbdL k|s6
u¿g\ . o;f] ugf{n] dfq ljho ;'lglZrt x'g ;S5 . of] kxn sbdL
g]t[TjbfoL c¨x¿, sf8/x¿ / kf6L{sf ;f/f ;b:ox¿sf] l;h{gfTds 9¨n] sfd ug]{
Ifdtfdf, lhDd]jf/L axg ug]{ pgLx¿sf] tTk/tfdf, pgLx¿sf] cfºgf] sfdk|lt
7"nf] pT;fx k|bz{g ug]{ s'/fdf, k|Zg p7fpg], /fo JoQm ug]{ / sdLx¿sf]
cfnf]rgf ug]{ pgLx¿sf] ;fx; / lgk"0f{tfdf, / g]t[TjbfoL sf8/x¿sf]
d}qLk"0f{ lg/LIf0f ug]{ sfddf 7f]; ¿kn] k|blz{t x'g' kb{5 . gqeg]
ækxnsbdLÆ Pp6f lg:;f/ s'/f x'g]5 . t/, o:tf] kxnsbdL b]vfpg] s'/f
kf6L{–hLjgdf hgjfbsf] k|;f/dfly e/k5{ . kf6L{–hLjgdf rflx+bf] dfqfdf hgjfb
gePdf kxnsbdLsf] ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g . hgjfbsf] jftfj/0fdf dfq y'k|} ;Ifd
dflg;x¿nfO{ cl3 ;fg{ ;lsG5 . xfd|f] b]z Pp6f o:tf] b]z xf] hxf“ n3' :t/sf]
pTkfbg / lkt[;QfTds Joj:yfsf] /hfO“ rn]sf] 5, / l;¨f] b]zsf] s'/f ug]{ xf] eg]
b]zdf cem} klg hgjfbL hLjg 5}g, kl/0ffd:j¿k, of] s'/f xfd|f] kf6L{ hLjgdf
ckof{Kt hgjfbsf] ¿kdf k|ltlalDat ePsf] 5 . o; l:yltn] cfºgf] kxnsbdL
k"0f{ ¿kdf ljsl;t ug{df l;¨} kf6L{sf] lglDt afwf pTkGg u5{ . To;}u/L,
o;af6 ;+o'Qm df]rf{ / hgcfGbf]ngx¿df klg hgjfbsf] sdL x'g uPsf] 5 . log}
sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ kf6L{ ;b:ox¿n] hgjfbL hLjgsf] cy{ a'¤g ;s"g\ tyf hgjfb /
s]Gb|LotfaLrsf] ;DaGwsf] cy{ a'¤g hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotf k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf a'¤g
;s"g\ eGg] Wo]on] kf6L{leq hgjfb;DaGwL lzIff lbg' kb{5 . o;/L dfq}
xfdL kf6L{leq hgjfbL hLjg ;f“lRrs} lj:tf/ ug{ ;S5f}+ / To;sf] ;fy;fy}
cg'zf;gnfO{ gi6 ug]{ clt hgjfb / :j]R5frfl/tfaf6 hf]lug ;S5f}+ .
kf6L{
;b:ox¿df kxnsbdL hufpg / kN6gx¿sf] n8fs" Ifdtf a9fpg ;]gfsf xfd|f kf6L{
;+u7gx¿df klg cfjZos dfqfdf hgjfbsf] lj:tf/ ug'{ clt h¿/L 5 . t/, ;]gfsf
kf6L{ ;+u7gx¿df :yfgLo kf6L{ ;+u7gx¿df hlt hgjfb x'g ;Sb}g . ;]gf / :yfgLo
;+u7gx¿ b'a}df leqL kf6L{ hgjfbsf] p2]Zo cg'zf;gnfO{ bl/nf] kfg'{ / n8fs"
Ifdtf a9fpg' xf] t/ ltgnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg'{ xf]Og .
kf6L{leq
hgjfb lj:tf/ ug]{ sfdnfO{ kf6L{nfO{ ;'b[9 kfg]{ / ljsl;t ug]{ clt h?/L sbd /
kf6L{nfO{ dxfg\ ;+3if{df Hofb} ;lqmo agfpg ;Sg], cfºgf] cleef/f k"/f ug{
;Sg], tfhf zlQmsf] l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] / o'4sf sl7gfOx¿dfly ljho k|fKt ug{ ;Sg]
xltof/ 7fGg'kb{5 .
b'O{ df]rf{x¿sf ;+3if{åf/f xfd|f] kf6L{n]
cfkm"nfO{ ;'b[9 / alnof] agfPsf] 5
Jofks
b[li6n] eGg] xf] eg] xfd|f] kf6L{n] lat]sf ;q jif{df kf6L{leqsf unt ljrf/x¿sf
b'O{ df]rf{x¿ cyf{t blIf0fkGyL cj;/jfb / æjfdkGyLÆ cj;/jfblj/f]wL ;+3if{df
dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfbsf] ljrf/wf/fTds xltof/ k|of]u ug{ l;s]sf] 5 .
5}7f}+
s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] kf“rf}+ k"0f{ clwj]zgeGbf cl3@ xfd|f] kf6L{n] 5g\ t'
Zo"sf] blIf0fkGyL cj;/jfb / sd/]8 nL nL ;fgsf] æjfdkGyLÆ cj;/jfbsf] lj?4
;+3if{ u¥of] . oL b'O{ cGt/kf6L{ ;+3if{x¿df k|fKt u/]sf ljhox¿n] ubf{
kf6L{n] dxfg\ k|ult u¥of] . kf“rf}+ k"0f{ clwj]zgkl5 c¿ b'O{j6f
P]ltxfl;s cGt/kf6L{ ;+3if{x¿ eP, h:t}– r'gO{ a}7ssf] ;+3if{ / rfª Sjf]
yfcf]nfO{ kf6L{af6 lgisfzg ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ePsf] ;+3if{ .
r'gO{sf]
a}7sn] zq'sf] æ3]/f xfNg] / Wj:t kfg]{Æ kf“rf} cleofglj/f]wL ;+3if{df x'g uPsf
æjfdkGyLÆ cj;/jfbL :j¿ksf uDeL/ uNtLx¿ cyf{t\ ;}4flGts uNtLx¿nfO{ ;Rofof] /
kf6L{ tyf ;]gfnfO{ Pstfa4 u¥of] . o; a}7sn] kf6L{sf s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt / nfn
;]gfsf d'Vo ;}Go zlQmx¿nfO{ nfdf] nDsfO ;kmntf;fy k"/f ug{, hfkfgsf]
k|lt/f]w ug]{ l:ylt;Dd cl3 a9\g / hfkfglj/f]wL /fli6«o ;+o'Qm df]rf{sf] gf}nf]
gLlt nfu" ug{ ;Ifd agfof] . kfzLsf]# / o]gfgsf a}7s$ x¿ -rfª Sjf] yfcf]sf]
sfo{lbzflj/f]wL ;+3if{ kfzL a}7saf6 ;'¿ eP/ o]gfgsf] a}7sdf 6'¨of]_ rfª Sjf]
yfcf]sf] blIf0fkGyL cj;/jfb;“u ;+3if{ ub}{ ;a} nfn;]gfx¿nfO{ Ps ;fy ldnfpg /
hfkfglj/f]wL jL/tfk"0f{ ;+3if{sf] lglDt l;¨} kf6L{sf] PstfnfO{ bl/nf] kfg{
;kmn eP . oL b'j} vfnsf cj;/jfbL uNtLx¿ qmflGtsf/L u[xo'4sfndf b]vfk/] /
oL b'j}sf] ljz]iftf s] lyof] eg] oL uNtLx¿ o'4;“u ;DalGwt lyP .
oL
b'O{ cGt/kf6L{ ;+3if{x¿af6 l;lsPsf kf7x¿ s] s] x'g\ t < tL o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
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rLgsf] qmflGtsf/L o'4sf ljz]iftfx¿sf] c1fgtfaf6 zq'sf] 3]/f xfNg] / Wj:t kfg]{
kf“rf}+ cleofglj/f]wL ;+3if{df k|s6 ePsf] dgf]ut / j:t'ut b'a} kxn'x¿nfO{
pk]Iff ug]{ æjfdkGyLÆ pQfpnf]kgfsf] k|j[lQ qmflGtsf/L o'4sf] lglDt crfSnL
xflgsf/s lyof], / s'g} klg qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] lglDt of] xflgsf/s 5 .
of] uDeL/ ;}4flGts uNtLx¿dWo]s} Ps lyof] .
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rfª Sjf] yfcf]sf] cj;/jfb eg] qmflGtsf/L o'4df b]vfk/]sf] blIf0fkGyL cj;/jfb
lyof] / of] kl5 x6\g] sfo{lbzf, o'4kltjfb / kf6L{lj/f]wL ultljlw ldn]/ ag]sf]
lyof] . o; dfsf{sf] cj;/jfbdfly ljho k|fKt u/]kl5 dfq} Hofb} /fd|f–/fd|f
u'0f ePsf / jL/tfk"0f{ ;+3if{df klxn]b]lv nflu k/]sf nfn;]gfsf] rf}yf]
df]rf{ ;]gfsf y'k|} sf8/x¿ / kf6L{ ;b:ox¿ rfª Sjf] yfcf]sf] cj;/jfbL hfnaf6
d'Qm x'g / s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] ;xL sfo{lbzflt/ kms{g ;dy{ eP .
-#_
bz jif{sf] s[lif–qmflGtsf/L o'4sf] dxfg\ ;+u7gfTds sfo{df ;]gf lgdf{0f, ;/sf/L
sfdsfh, hgsfo{ / kf6L{ lgdf{0fsf] IF]qdf pNn]vgLo gtLhfx¿ xfl;n ul/P .
df]rf{sf] jL/tfk"0f{ ;+3if{nfO{ o:tf] ;+u7gfTds sfo{n] cf8–e/f];f glbPsf]
eP xfdL Rofª sfO{ z]slj/f]wL s7f]/ ;+3if{nfO{ hf/L /fVg ;Sg] lyPgf}+ . t/,
To; cjlwsf] kl5Nnf] efudf eg] kf6L{sf sf8/x¿ / ;+u7g;DaGwL gLltdf uDeL/
;}4flGts uNtLx¿ eP . oL uNtLx¿ ;+sL0f{tfjfbL dgf]j[lQ c“ufNg], ;hfo lbg] /
crfSnL xb;Dd ljrf/wf/fTds ;+3if{ rnfpg] gLltsf] ¿kdf k|s6 eP . oL uNtLx¿
nL nL ;fgsf] k'/fgf] sfo{lbzfsf cjz]ifx¿ lgd"{n kfg{ g;Sgfn] / To;avt
/fhg}lts dfldnfx¿df ePsf ;}4flGts uNtLx¿n] ubf{ x'g uPsf lyP . oL uNtLx¿
klg r'gO{sf] a}7sdf ;RrfOP / o;/L xfd|f] kf6L{ sf8/x¿;DaGwL ;xL gLlt / ;xL
;+u7gfTds l;4fGtx¿tkm{ kms{g ;Ifd eof] . rfª Sjf] yfcf]sf] ;+u7gfTds
sfo{lbzfn] eg] ;a} kf6L{ l;4fGtx¿ pn‹g u¥of], kf6L{sf] cg'zf;gnfO{ etfe'¨
kf¥of] / kf6L{, s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt / sDo'lgi6 cGt/f{li6«osf] lj/f]w ug]{ ;Ldf;Dd
k'u]/ km'6jfbL sfo{snfkx¿ rnfof] . s]Gb|Lo ;ldltn] rfª Sjf] yfcf]sf] ck/fwk"0f{
/ unt sfo{lbzfdfly ljho k|fKt ug{ / p;sf kf6L{lj/f]wL sfo{snfkx¿nfO{ lgikmn
t'Nofpg x/;Dej sf]l;; u¥of] . t/, p;n] cfºgf uNtLx¿ ;Rofpg x7k"j{s
OGsf/ u/]sf] / bf]xf]/f] rfn rNg] s'/fsf] ;xf/f lnPsf], / cem kl5 uP/ kf6L{k|lt
ljZjf;3ft ub}{ p;n] cfkm"nfO{ Sjf]ldGtfªsf] sfvdf ;'Dk]sf] x'gfn] kf6L{n]
bl/nf] sbd rfNb} p;nfO{ lgisfzg ug}{ k¥of] . cg'zf;gsf] o; sfjf{xLn] ;a}
kf6L{ ;b:ox¿sf] dfq xf]Og ls /fli6«o d'lQmsf] p2]Zok|lt jkmfbf/ /x]sf ;a}
dflg;x¿sf] ;d]t ;dy{g k|fKt u¥of] . sDo'lgi6 cGt/f{li6«on] klg o; lg0f{onfO{
cg'df]bg u¥of] / rfª Sjf] yfcf] Pp6f eu'jf / u2f/ xf] eg]/ p;sf] eT;{gf
u¥of] .
oL
kf7x¿ / pknlAwx¿n] l;¨f] kf6L{nfO{ Pstfa4 ug]{ o;sf] ljrf/wf/fTds, /fhg}lts /
;+u7gfTds PstfnfO{ bl/nf] kfg]{ / ;kmntf;fy k|lt/f]w o'4 rnfpg]
k"jf{wf/x¿åf/f xfdLnfO{ ;';lHht t'NofPsf 5g\ . oL b'O{ df]rf{x¿sf
;+3if{dfkm{t\ xfd|f] kf6L{n] cfkm"nfO{ ;'b[9 / bl/nf] agfPsf] 5 .
b'O{ df]rf{sf] jt{dfg ;+3if{
k|lt/f]w
o'4df ca pk|fGt blIf0fkGyL lg/fzfjfbsf] lj?4 /fhg}lts ;+3if{ rnfpg' clt
dxŒjk"0f{ 5, t}klg æjfdkGyLÆ pQfpnf]kgftkm{ klg xfdLn] Wofg lbg' cfjZos
5 . c¿ cg]sf}+ hfkfglj/f]wL kf6L{ / ;d"xx¿l;t ;/;xof]u :yflkt ug]{,
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{nfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ / hgcGbf]ngnfO{ km/flsnf] kfg]{ xf] eg] ;+o'Qm
df]rf{ / kf6L{ tyf hg;+u7gsf ;jfnx¿;DaGwdf xfdLn] æjfdkGyLÆ aGb 9f]sfjfbL
dgf]j[lQlj/f]wL ;+3if{nfO{ hf/L /fVg} k5{ . To;sf] ;fy;fy} lagf;t{
;/;xof]u ug]{ / lagf;t{ lj:tf/ ug]{ vfnsf] blIf0fkGyL cj;/jfbL dgf]j[lQsf]
lj/f]w ug]{ s'/ftkm{ klg Wofg lbg} k5{, gqeg] ;/;xof]u ug]{ / lj:tf/ ug]{ b'j}
s'/fdf afwf c8\rg k}bf x'g]5 / oL s'/f 3'“8f 6]s'jf ;/;xof]u / l;4fGtxLg
lj:tf/df km]l/g] 5g\ .
oL
b'O{ df]rf{sf ljrf/wf/fTds ;+3if{x¿ cf–cfºgf] If]qsf 7f]; kl/l:yltx¿ ;'xfp“bf]
x'g'k5{, / xfdLn] s'g} klg ;d:ofk|lt sbflk dgf]ut b[li6sf]0f ckgfpg' x'“b}g jf
dflg;x¿nfO{ ælaNnf nfOlbg]Æ k'/fgf] v/fa afgL hf/L /fVg lbg' x'“b}g .
e8\sfpx¿lj?4sf]
;+3if{df xfdLn] bf]xf]/f] rfn rNg] afgL–a]xf]/fsf] lj/f]w ug'{ kg]{ s'/fdf
ulx/f] u/L Wofg lbg' k5{ . rfª Sjf] yfcf]sf] cfr/0fn] k'li6 u/] em}+ o:tf]
afgL–a]xf]/faf6 x'g] ;aeGbf 7"nf] vt/f s] xf] eg] of] u'6jfbL sfo{snfkdf
ljsl;t x'g;S5 . ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf cfb]z kfng ug'{ t/ n's]/ To;sf] lj/f]w ug'{,
d'vn] ;xdlt hgfpg' t/ lbndf eg] c;xdt x'g', ;fDg]df dL7f–dL7f s'/f ug'{ t/
lk7\o'“k5fl8 rfnafhL ug'{ oL bf]xf]/f] rfnsf ljleGg ¿kx¿ x'g\ . o:tf]
bf]xf]/f] rfnsf] lj?4 sf8/x¿ / kf6L{ ;b:ox¿sf] ;ts{tfnfO{ a9fP/ dfq} xfdLn]
kf6L{ cg'zf;gnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ ;Sg]5f}+ .
cWoog
;fdfGotof,
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf cWoog ug{;Sg] ;b:ox¿n] dfS;{, P+u]N;, n]lgg / :6flngsf
l;4fGtx¿ cWoog ug'{ k5{, xfd|f] /fli6«o Oltxf;sf] cWoog ug'{ k5{ / jt{dfg
cfGbf]ngx¿sf k|j[lQx¿sf] cWoog ug'{ k5{ . o;afx]s, ltgn] yf]/} lzIff k|fKt
u/]sf ;b:ox¿nfO{ lzlIft t'Nofpg d2t ug'{ kb{5 . vf; u/]/ sf8/x¿n] oL
ljifox¿sf] /fd|/L cWoog ug'{ k5{ . ptf s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿ / pkNnf] txsf
sf8/x¿n] t oL ljifodf emg\ a9L Wofg lbg' k5{ . cfkm"l;t Pp6f
qmflGtsf/L l;4fGt geO{sg, Oltxf;sf] 1fg geO{sg / Jofjxfl/s cfGbf]ngnfO{ uxg
¿kn] ga'emLsg s'g} klg /fhg}lts kf6L{n] Pp6f dxfg\ qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngnfO{
ljho;Dd 8f]¥ofpg c;Dej 5 .
dfS;{, P+u]N;, n]lgg / :tflngsf] l;4fGt ljZjJofkL ¿kdf nfu" x'g;S5 . xfdLn] o; l;4fGtnfO{ h8;"q g7fgL sfo{sf] dfu{ bz{s 7fGg' kb{5 . o;sf] cWoog ug'{ eg]sf] vfln o;df ePsf zAbx¿ / jfSof+zx¿ s07 kfg'{ xf]Og t/ qmflGtsf] lj1fgsf] ¿kdf dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfbsf] cWoog ug'{ xf] . o;sf] cy{ dfS;{, P+u]N;, n]lgg / :6flngn] jf:tljs hLjgsf] Jofks cWoog / qmflGtsf/L cg'ejsf] cfwf/df k|:t't ug'{ ePsf ;fdfGo lgodx¿ a'¤g' dfq xf]Og, a¿ ;d:ofx¿sf] hf“ra'em / ;dfwfg ug]{ pxf“x¿sf]