kf6L{ / u}/kf6L{aLrsf] ;DaGw
Pp6}
dfq kf6L{ x'g' / s}of}+ kf6L{ x'g' s'g /fd|f] xf] < clxn] xfdLnfO{ s}of}+
kf6L{x¿ x'g' kf] /fd|f] xf] ls eGg] nfu]sf] 5 . ljut sfnsf] xsdf of] ;To
/x]sf] 5 / eljiosf] xsdf klg of] s'/f ;To x'g;S5 . o;sf] cy{ bL3{sfnLg ;xcl:tTj
/ cfk;L ;'kl/j]If0f g} xf] .
xfd|f]
b]zdf hfkfglj/f]wL k|lt/f]w / Rofª sfO{–z]slj/f]wL ;+3if{sf] sfndf d"ntM
/fli6«o k'“hLjfbLju{ / ;f] ju{sf a'l4hLjLx¿ /x]sf s}of}+ hgtflGqs kf6L{x¿sf]
pbo eof] / oL kf6L{x¿ cfh;Dd klg ;xcl:tTjsf] cj:yfdf /lxcfPsf 5g\ .
o;;DaGwdf rLg ;f]leot ;+3eGbf km/s 5 . xfdLn] hgtflGqs kf6L{x¿nfO{ ljrf/
cleJoQm ug]{ cj;/x¿ lbP/ ;f]2]Zo 9Ën] g} cl:tTjdf /xg lbPsf 5f}+ / pgLx¿k|lt
Pstf / ;+3if{ b'a} k|sf/sf] gLlt cjnDag u/]sf 5f}+ . xfdLnfO{
;bfzotfk"0f{ cfnf]rgfx¿ k|bfg ug]{ ;a} hgjfbL eb|enfb\dLx¿;“u xfdL Pstfa4
x'G5f}+ . xfdLn] b]zelQmsf] efjgf ePsf j]O{ nL–x\jfª, j]ª j]g–xfj h:tf
Sjf]ldGtfª ;]gf / ;/sf/cGtu{tsf dflg;x¿sf] pT;fxnfO{ lqmofzLn t'Nofpg] qmd hf/L
/fVg' kb{5 . xfdLn] t n'ª o'g, Nofª z'–ldªh:tf vfnsf lju|xsf/L dflg;x¿nfO{
;d]t klg xfdLdfly cf/f]kx¿sf] gbL jiff{pg lbg'k5{ / ;fy;fy} pgLx¿sf asaf;x¿sf]
v08g ug'{ / pgLx¿sf ufnLunf}hdf /x]sf s]xL ;fy{s s'/fx¿nfO{ :jLsf/
ug'{kb{5 . o;f] ug'{ kf6L{sf] nflu, hgtfsf] nflu / ;dfhjfbsf] nflu /fd|f]
x'G5 .
rLgdf
cem} ju{x¿sf] / ju{;+3if{sf] cl:tTj sfod} 5, To;sf/0f Ps g Ps :j¿kdf lj/f]w eO/xg' t cjZoDefjL g} 5 . ;a}
hgjfbL kf6L{x¿ / kf6L{df cfa4 gePsf hgjfbLx¿n] lrlgof“ sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf]
g]t[Tjk|lt cfÏgf] :jLs[lt k|s6 u/]sf ePtfklg pgLx¿dWo] sltkodf leGgleGg dfqfdf
;f“lRr g} lj/f]w /x]sf] 5 . æqmflGtnfO{ cflv/L;Dd hf/L /fVg]Æ s'/f,
cd]l/sL cltqmd0fsf] lj/f]w / sf]l/ofnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ cfGbf]ng tyf s[lif
;'wf/h:tf s'/fx¿df pgLx¿ xfd|f] lj/f]wdf lyP / xfd|f] lj/f]wdf lyPgg\
klg . k|ltqmflGtsf/Lx¿nfO{ bdg ug]{ ljifodf pgLx¿df cfh;Dd klg leGg dtx¿
/x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;dfhjfbL vfnsf] ;+ljwfg rfx]gg\, sf/0f ;femf sfo{qmd
g} uhk /fd|f] 5 eGg] pgLx¿sf] egfO lyof], t}klg d:of}bf ;+ljwfg cfPkl5 eg]
pgLx¿ ;a}n] o;sf] kIfdf xft p7fP . rLhx¿ k|foM ltgsf ljk/Lt tŒjdf
km]l/G5g\, / y'k|} ;jfnx¿sf ;DaGwdf hgjfbL kf6L{x¿sf] k|j[lQsf] xsdf klg of]
s'/f ;f“rf] x'g cfp“5 . pgLx¿ lj/f]wdf x'G5g\ / ;fy} lj/f]wdf x'“b}gg\
klg, k|foM pgLx¿ lj/f]wsf] cj:yfaf6 cl3 a9]/ ;dy{gsf] cj:yfdf k'Ub5g\ .
sDo'lgi6
kf6L{ / hgjfbL kf6L{x¿ ;a} g} Oltxf;sf pkh x'g\ . Oltxf;df h'g s'/fsf] pbo
x'G5, To;sf] ljnf]k klg x'G5 . To;sf/0f Ps lbg sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ lanfP/
hfg]5, / To;}u/L hgjfbL kf6L{x¿ klg lanfP/ hfg]5g\ . s] of] lanf]kg Tolt
cfgGbbfoL xf]nf < d]/f] ljrf/df of]
cf}wL cfgGbbfoL x'g]5 . dnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] Ps lbg xfdL sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ tyf
;j{xf/fju{sf] clwgfosTjnfO{ ;dfKt kfg{ ;dy{ x'g]5f}+ . xfd|f] cleef/f o;
ljnf]kgnfO{ b|"tt/ t'Nofpg' xf] . o; a'“bfaf/] xfdLn] lgs}rf]l6 s'/f
ul/;s]sf 5f}+ .
t/
xfn xfdL ;j{xf/fjfbL kf6L{ / ;j{xf/fju{sf] clwgfosTjlagf sfd rnfpg ;Sb}gf}+, / cem
To;eGbf a9L s'/f t s] eg] oL b'O{ rLhnfO{ cem a9L zlQmzfnL agfpg' ckl/xfo{
5 . cGoyf k|ltqmflGtsf/Lx¿nfO{ bdg ug{, ;fd|fHojfbLx¿sf] k|lt/f]w ug{ /
;dfhjfbsf] lgdf{0f ug{, cyjf lgdf{0f ul/;s]kl5 o;nfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg xfdL ;dy{
x'g]5}gf}+ . s]xL dflg;x¿n] kmQ'/ nufPem}+ ;j{xf/fjfbL kf6L{ /
;j{xf/fju{sf] clwgfostTj s'g} xfntdf klg æyf]lqPsf]Æ 5}g . ;j{xf/fju{sf]
clwgfostTj Psbd} s/sfksf/L t eOg}xfN5 . t}klg, xfdLn] gf]s/zfxLtGqsf] /
e2f ;+oGqsf] eg] lj/f]w ug}{k5{ . d s] k|:tfj cl3 ;fb{5' eg] s'g} klg
dflg;sf] Hofg ghfg] u/L / s'g} klg sfd 7Kk gx'g] u/L kf6L{ / ;/sf/sf
;+oGqx¿nfO{ Psbd} 5l/tf / k|efjsf/L t'NofO{ ltgdf ;+nUg b'O{–ltxfO{ hgzlQmnfO{
s6f}tL u/f}+ .
t/
kf6L{ / ;/sf/L ;+oGqx¿nfO{ 5l/tf] / k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg'sf] cy{ hgjfbL kf6L{x¿af6
5'6sf/f kfpg' eGg]rflx+ xf]Og / pgLx¿;“usf xfd|f ;DaGwx¿ ;'lw|g ;s"g\ /
;dfhjfbsf] Wo]osf] lgldQ pgLx¿sf] pT;fxnfO{ kl/rfng ug{ x/ ;Dej k|of; ug{
;lsof];\ eGg] x]t'n] xfd|f] ;+o'Qm df]rf{sf] sfddf Wofg lbg tkfO{++x¿nfO{ ;Nnfx
lbG5' .
kf6L{ PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 kf/ / kf6L{
k/Dk/fx¿nfO{ cl3 a9fpm*
-#) cu:t !(%^_
cfh
xfdL cf7f}+ /fli6«o dxflwj]zgsf] tof/L a}7s ;'? ug{ nfu]sf 5f}+ . of] a}7s
b'O{ ;ftf hlt rNg]5 / o;sf k|d'v sfo{ x'g\ M -!_ dxflwj]zgsf] nflu d:of}bf
b:tfa]hx¿sf] tof/L ug'{= -@_ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] k|f/lDes lgjf{rgsf] ;+rfng ug'{=
/ -#_ dxflwj]zgsf nflu efif0fx¿ tof/ kfg'{ .
d
oxf“ s]xL s'/fx¿af/] rrf{ ug{ rfxG5' .
klxnf]
s'/f, dxflwj]zgsf p2]Zox¿ / k|of]hgx¿af/] . o; dxflwj]zgn] xn ug'{kg]{
;d:ofx¿ s] x'g\ / o;sf p2]Zox¿ s] x'g\ < Ps zAbdf eGg] xf] eg], Tof] sfo{
eg]sf] ;ftf}+ dxflwj]zgb]lv otf cfh{g u/]sf] cg'ejsf] ;f/ lvRg', l;Ëf]
kf6L{nfO{ Pstfa4 t'Nofpg' / dxfg\ ;dfhjfbL rLgsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ ;+3if{df :jb]z /
ljb]zsf Pstfa4 x'g ;lsg] hlt ;a} zlQmx¿;“u Pstfa4 x'g' xf] .
cg'ejsf]
;f/ lvRg]af/] . xfdL;“u cg'ejsf] ;d[4 e08f/ 5 tfklg xfdLn] s]jn y'k|f]
tYox¿sf] 8Ë'/ u/fpg] sfd dfq gu/L oyfy{af6 cl3 a9\b} / dfS;{jfbL b[li6 c“ufNb}
cTofjZos s'/fx¿nfO{ u|x0f u/]/ cg'ejx¿sf] ;f/ lvRg] sfd ug'{ kb{5 .
o;k|sf/sf] ;f/ lvrfOn] xfd|f] l;Ëf] kf6L{df pdË ;~rf/ ub}{ xfdLnfO{ cfÏgf] sfd
cem /fd|/L ug{ ;dy{ t'Nofpg] 5 .
xfd|f]
kf6L{ Ps dxfg\, uf}/jzfnL / ;xL kf6L{ xf] . of] ;f/f ;+;f/n] :jLsf/ u/]sf]
tYo xf] . ljutdf xfdL ;f“Rr} s] ub}{5f}+ eGg];DaGwdf sltko ljb]zL
sd/]8x¿sf dgdf cfz+sfx¿ /x]sf lyP . lgs} hgf dflg;n] /fli6«o k'“hLkltju{k|ltsf]
xfd|f] gLlt a'em]gg\, g t pgLx¿ xfd|f] z'4Ls/0f cfGbf]ngaf/] g} :ki6 lyP .
cfh d s] eGg rfxG5' eg] a9L dflg;x¿n] ca s'/f a'em]sf 5g\ / w]/} h;f] dflg;df
o:tf] ;dembf/L xf]nf eGg ;lsG5 . lgZro g} sltko To:tf dflg;x¿ 5g\, h;df
o:tf] ;dembf/Lsf] ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5}g . b]zleq} / kf6L{leq} klg sltko To:tf
dflg;x¿ 5g\, h;n] of] s'/f a'em]sf 5}gg\ / ;ftf}+ dxflwj]zgb]lv xfdLn] cg';/0f
ul/cfPsf] sfo{lbzf Tolt ;xL 5}g eGg] pgLx¿sf] ;f]rfO 5 . t/ tYox¿ ;a}sf
cf“vf;fd' 5n{Ë 5g\, Tof] s] eg] xfdLn] b'O{j6f qmflGt ;DkGg u/]sf 5f}+– /fHo;Qf
sAhf ug]{ k'“hLjfbL–hgjfbL qmflGt / xfd|f] ;dfhjfbL ¿kfGt/0f sfo{nfO{ ;DkGg u/L
;dfhjfbL b]z lgdf{0f ug]{ ;j{xf/f ;dfhjfbL qmflGt . ;ftf}+ dxflwj]zgb]lv
otfsf P3f/ jif{df xfdLn] 7"N7"nf ;kmntfx¿ k|fKt u/]sf 5f}+, / l;+Ëf]
/fi6« / l;Ëf] ;+;f/n] o; s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . ljb]zsf
k'“hLkltju{nfO{ ;d]t klg of] s'/f :jLsf/ ug{ s/ nfu]sf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo
;ldltsf] ;ftf}+ dxflwj]zgb]lv otfsf] sfo{lbzf ;xL ePsf] s'/fnfO{ oL b'O{
qmflGtn] l;4 u/]sf 5g\ . cS6f]a/ qmflGtn] k'“hLkltju{sf] ;Qf kN6fOlbof],
h'g ljZjsf] Oltxf;df klxn] slxNo} g36]sf] k|yd 36gf xf] . ;f/f b]zsf
k'“hLkltju{n] o; qmflGtsf] lj?4 k|r08 ¿kaf6 lgGbf cleofg rnfP / o;;DaGwdf ltgsf
d'vaf6 slxNo} Pp6f;Dd klg k|z+;fsf] arg k|s6 ePg . ¿;sf] k'“hLjfbLju{
k|ltlqmofjfbL lyof], o;n] To;avt /fHok'“hLjfbnfO{ c:jLsf/ u¥of] / aGb'ssf]
;xf/f lnof] . To;nfO{ gfd]6 kfl/lbg'afx]s ¿;L ;j{xf/fju{;“u csf]{ s'g}
ljsNk /x]g . o; sfo{af6 cGo b]zsf k'“hLkltju{x¿ l/;n] cfuf] eP / ltgLx¿
k|r08 lgGbs ag] . otf rLgdfrflx+ xfd|f] /fli6«o k'“hLkltju{k|lt xfdLn]
;fk]If ¿kn] g/d gLlt c“ufn]sf 5f}+, To;}n] o; ju{n] cln r}gsf] cg'ej ug{ kfPsf]
5 / xfd|f gLltdf s]xL c;n a'“bf 5g\ eGg] o;nfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . cfOhgxfj/ /
8un;n] cd]l/sL kqsf/x¿nfO{ rLg cfpgdf /f]s nufP/ clxn] xfd|f] o; gLltdf s]xL
c;n s'/f 5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ ;f“RrL g} :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\ . oxf“sf] l:ylt
jf:tjd} eb|uf]n ePsf] ePb]lv kqsf/x¿nfO{ rLg cfpg] cg'dlt lbgfn] pgLx¿ 3[l0ft
n]vx¿sf] sf];]nL lnP/ cfpnfg\ eGg] s'/f a'em]/ pgLx¿nfO{ oxf“ cfpg lbGy] .
To:tf n]vx¿df lgGbf;"rs s'/fx¿ dfq g/xL 7fp“–7fp“df s]xL /fd|f s'/f klg
kg{ hfnfg\ / To;f] x'g' cfÏgfnflu a8f] ;s;sf] s'/f x'g hfnf eg]/ pgLx¿ ;aeGbf
a9L 8/fPsf lyP .
æhL0f{
;fd|fHoÆ, æk"j{sf] /f]uL dflg;Æ, ælk5l8Psf] cy{Joj:yf / lk5l8Psf] ;+:s[ltÆ
ePsf] b]z, æ;/;kmfO gePsf]Æ, æes'08f] / kf}8L v]nx¿df kl5 k/]sf]Æ, æ:jf:gL
dflg;x¿sf v'§f af“lwPsf]Æ, ænf]Ug] dflg;x¿n] 6'KkL kfNg] u/]sf]Æ / æcem;Dd klg
lxh8fx¿ km]nf kfg{ ;lsg]Æ, / ærGb|df ;d]t klg c¿ b]zx¿sf] eGbf t'R5 x'gfn]
cGoqem+} grlDsg] u/]sf] b]zÆ eg]/ a8f] ckdfgk"0f{ 9+un] rLgsf] j0f{g ug]{
ul/Psf] lyof] . ;+If]kdf, rLgdf v/fa s'/fx¿ g} w]/} lyP . t/ ^
jif{sf] ¿kfGt/0f sfo{kl5 xfdLn] rLgsf] cg'xf/ km]l/lbPsf 5f}+ . xfd|f
pknlAwx¿nfO{ s;}n] klg gsfg{ ;Sb}g .
xfd|f]
kf6L{ qmflGtsf/L Wo]onfO{ cl3lNt/ 8f]¥ofpg] ;+rfngsf/L dl:tis xf] .
cg'ejsf] ;f/ lvRg] qmddf o; dxflwj]zgn] ;j{k|yd kf6L{el/ g} cem a[xt\ Pstf
k|fKt ug]{ p2]Zo lng' kb{5 . h"g dlxgf;Dd kf6L{ ;b:otf
!,)&,#),))) lyof] . oL Ps s/f]8eGbf a9L kf6L{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ lzlIft
t'Nofpg, Ao'“emfpg / Pstfa4 kfg{sf nflu xfdLn] lgs} g} sfd ug'{ h?/L 5, h;n]
ubf{ pgLx¿n] hgtfsf] aLrdf cfÏgf] s]Gb|Lo e"ldsf cem /fd|f];“u v]Ng
;s"g\ . kf6L{ cfkm}df kof{Kt x'“b}g, of] t cu'jf dl:tis h:tf] dfq
xf], To;sf/0f o;nfO{ cfÏgf] kl5 nfUg] hg;d"xx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
pBf]u, s[lif, jfl0fHo, ;+:s[lt / lzIffnufot ;a} If]qx¿sf] () k|ltzt sfd kf6L{
;b:ox¿n] geO{ u}/kf6L{ ;b:ox¿n] g} ug]{ u5{g\ . To;sf/0f, hg;d"x;“u
Pstfa4 x'g, Pstfa4 x'g ;lsg] hlt ;f/f dflg;x¿;“u Pstfa4 eO{ ldn]/ sfd ug{
cToGt} s7f]/ k|of;x¿df y'k|} vf]6x¿ /x]sf 5g\ . dxflwj]zgsf] aLrdf / To;kl5
klg xfdLn] k|rf/ sfo{ / lzIff cfGbf]ng ;+rfng ug}{k5{, h;n] ubf{ o;;DaGwL
xfd|f] sfddf pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ x'g ;sf];\ .
cGt/f{li6«o
:t/df xfdLn] ;+;f/el/sf Pstfa4 x'g ;lsg] hlt zlQmx¿;“u, k|ydtM ;f]leot ;+3;“u,
aGw' kf6L{x¿;“u, aGw' b]zx¿ / Toxf“sf hgtf;“u / ;fy} ;a} zflGtk|]dL b]zx¿ /
hgtf;“u Pstfa4 x'g}k5{, / xfdLn] ;a} pkof]uL zlQmx¿sf] ;dy{gnfO{ ;"lra4
ug}{k5{ . krf;j6feGbf a9L b]zx¿sf sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf k|ltlglwx¿n] xfd|f]
dxflwj]zgdf efu lng]5g\ . of] ;fx|} /fd|f] s'/f xf] . ljut sfndf xfdLn]
;Qf bVvn u/]sf lyPgf}+ cyjf b'O{j6f qmflGtdf ljho k|fKt u/]sf lyPgf}+, To;sf/0f
xfdLn] lgdf{0faf/] s'/f ug]{ ;kmntf k|fKt u/]sf lyPgf}+ . clxn]sf] l:ylt
eg] laNs'n km/s 5 . xfd|f ljb]zL sd/]8x¿n] xfdLnfO{ lgs} pRr ;Ddfgsf ;fy
x]/]sf 5g\ .
kf6L{leqsf
/ kf6L{aflx/sf tyf :jb]zsf / ljb]zsf Pstfa4 ug{ ;lsg] hlt ;f/f zlQmx¿;“u Pstfa4
x'g'sf] xfd|f] p2]Zo s] xf] < Tof] p2]Zo eg]sf] dxfg\ ;dfhjfbL b]z lgdf{0f
ug'{ xf] . xfd|f] h:tf] b]znfO{ ædxfg\Æ eg]/ aofg ug{ ;lsG5 / To;/L aofg
ug}{k5{ . xfd|f] kf6L{ dxfg\ kf6L{ xf], xfd|f hgtf dxfg\ hgtf x'g\, xfd|f]
qmflGt dxfg\ qmflGt xf] / xfd|f] lgdf{0f klg dxfg\ g} xf] . o; k[YjLdf ^)
s/f]8 hg;+Vof ePsf] b]z Pp6} dfq 5, / Tof] b]z rLg g} xf] . ljutdf c¿
dflg;x¿n] xfdLnfO{ x]o b[li6n] x]gf{sf sf/0f lyP . sf/0f, xfd|f] of]ubfg
gu0o lyof], xfd|f] O:kftsf] pTkfbg k|ltjif{ To:t} s]xL nfv 6g dfq x'GYof], clg
ToxL klg hfkfgLx¿sf d'¶Ldf lyof] / afO; jif{;Dd l6s]sf] Rofª sfO{–z]ssf]
Sjf]ldGtfªsf] cTofrf/L zf;gcGtu{t O:kft pTkfbg k|ltjif{ ToxL s]xL bz xhf/ 6g
dfq lyof] . xfdL;“u cem} klg :kft pTkfbg plt w]/} 5}g, t}klg a9f]
kTofl/nf] yfngL eg] ePsf] 5 . o; jif{ o;sf] pTkfbg rfnL; nfv 6geGbf a9L
x'g]5, csf]{ ;fn o;n] krf; nfvsf] nIo k"/f ug]{5, bf];|f] k~rjifL{o
of]hgfkl5 Ps nfv s/f]8eGbf a9L x'g]5, clg t];|f] k~rjifL{o of]hgfkl5 rflx+ b'O{
s/f]8 6g k'Ug] ;Defjgf 5 . of] nIo k"/f ug{ xfdLn] ldlxg]t;fy sfd
ug}{k5{ . ljZjdf ;oj6f hlt b]zx¿ 5g\ t/ tLdWo] Psfwn] dfq k|ltjif{ b'O{
nfv 6g O:kft pTkfbg ub{5g\ . To;sf/0f, o;sf] lgdf{0f ePkl5 rLg Ps dxfg\
;dfhjfbL b]z aGg]5 / o;n] Ps ztfAbLeGbf a9L ;dob]lv /lxcfPsf] lk5l8Psf], x]nf
ul/Psf] / b'b{zfk"0f{ l:yltdf cfd"n kl/jt{g Nofpg]5 . cem
To;dfly, o;n] ljZjsf] ;aeGbf zlQmzfnL k'“hLjfbL b]z cyf{t\ ;+o'Qm /fHo
cd]l/sfnfO{ e]§fpg ;Sg]5 . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] hg;+vof !& s/f]8 dfq
5, t/ xfd|f] hg;+Vof Tof]eGbf s}of}+ u'0ff a9L ePsf]n] xfd|f] d'n's ;|f]tx¿sf]
xsdf klg p;} u/L cd]l/sfnfO{ e]§fpg ;Dej 5 . s] xfdLn] p;nfO{ e]§fpg'
kb}{g t < cjZo} k5{ . tkfO{+x¿sf] ^) s/f]8 dflg;x¿ s] ub}{5g\ <
plª/x]sf 5g\ < pª\g' / sfd ug'{ s'g /fd|f] s'/f xf] t < sfd ug'{ g}
/fd|f] xf] eGg] tkfO{+x¿sf] pQ/ x'g] xf] eg] pgLx¿n] !& s/f]8 hg;+Vofsf]
;xf/fn] !) s/f]8 6g pTkfbg ug{;Sbf tkfO{+x¿ cfÏgf ^) s/f]8 dflg;x¿sf] ;xf/fn]
lsg @) s/f]8 jf #) s/f]8 6g pTkfbg ug{ ;Sg'x'Gg t < pgLx¿nfO{ e]§fpg ;Sg'ePg
eg] tkfO{+x¿n] cfÏgf] cf}lrTo l;4 ug{ ;Sg'x'g] 5}g / tkfO{+x¿ plt uf}/jzfnL jf
dxfg\ aGg ;Sg'x'g] 5}g . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] Oltxf; Ps ;o c;L jif{sf]
dfq 5, clg ;f7L jif{cl3 o;n] klg rfnL;
nfv 6g dfq O:kft pTkfbg u/]sf] lyof] . o;k|sf/ xfdL ;f7L jif{kl5 k/]sf
5f}+ . csf]{ krf; jf ;f7L jif{df ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfnfO{ cjZo} pl5Gg'
kb{5 . of] t st{Joa4tfsf] s'/f g} xf] . tkfO{+x¿;“u olt ljzfn hg;+Vof
5, olt ljzfn e"v08 5, olt ;d[4 ;|f]tx¿ 5g\, / cem To;dfly tkfO{+x¿ t
;dfhjfbsf] lgdf{0fdf nfUg' ePsf] s'/f ul/G5, h'g s'/f >]i7 x'g' kb{5, krf;
jf ;f7L jif{ o; ;DaGwdf sfd u/]/ klg tkfO{+x¿n] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfnfO{ pl5Gg
;Sg' ePg eg] tkfO{+sf] cj:yf slt bogLo b]lvPnf < wtL{sf] cg'xf/af6
tkfO{+x¿n] d]l6P/ lanfpg' kg]{5 . To;sf/0f, ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfnfO{ pl5Gg
;Dej x'g] dfq xf]Og t/ o;f] ug'{ lgtfGt h?/L 5 / of] tkfO{+x¿sf] st{Joa4tf;d]t
klg xf] . olb xfdLn] pl5g]gf}+ eg] xfdL lrlgof“ hfltn] ljZjsf /fi6«x¿sf]
g"/ lu/fpg] 5f}+ / xfdLn] dfgjhfltsf] lgldQ Tolt w]/} of]ubfg ug]{
5}gf}+ .
bf];|f]
s'/f, kf6L{sf k/Dk/fx¿nfO{ cl3 a9fpg]af/] . o; dxflwj]zgn] ljrf/wf/f /
sfo{z}nL;DaGwL xfd|f] kf6L{sf /fd|f k/Dk/fx¿nfO{ cl3 a9fpg' kb{5 . o;n]
dgf]utjfb / ;+sL0f{tfjfblj?4 k|efjsf/L 9+un] h'Wg'kb{5 / ;fy} gf]s/zfxLsf] klg
lj/f]w ug'{ kb{5 . cfh d gf]s/zfxLaf/] rrf{ gu/L dgf]utjfb /
;+sL0f{tfjfbaf/] dfq rrf{ ug]{5' . dgf]utjfb / ;+sL0f{tfjfbn] Ps k6s k/f:t
ePkl5 km]l/ klg 6fpsf] p7fp“5g\ / ltgnfO{ km]l/ klg k/f:t ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
uNtL ug'{ eGgfsf] cy{ unt lrGtg–z}nL c“ufn]/ dgf]utjfbsf uNtLx¿ ug'{ eGg] g}
xf] . :tflngsf uNtLx¿sf] cfnf]rgf ul/Psf h]–hlt y'k|f] n]vx¿ xfdLn] k9\of}+,
ltgdf o;;DaGwdf ls t yf]/} dfq rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 cyjf slQ klg rrf{ ul/Psf]
5}g . :6flngn] lsg uNtLx¿ ug'{eof] t < lsgeg] y'k|} dfldnfx¿df pxf“sf]
dgf]utjfbL ;f]rfOn] j:t'ut oyfy{tf;“u d]n vfg ;s]g . To;k|sf/sf dfldnfx¿
cfh xfd|f] sfddf cem;Dd klg af/Daf/ 36\g] u/]sf 5g\ . dgf]utjfb eg]sf]
j:t'ut oyfy{sf cfwf/df / h] jf:tljs ¿kdf ;Dej 5, To; s'/fsf cfwf/df cl3 ga9L
dgf]ut OR5fx¿sf cfwf/df cl3 a9\g' xf] . xfd|f] dxflwj]zgsf b:tfj]hx¿df
k|:t't ul/g] / k|ltkfbg ul/g] s'/fx¿n] oyf;Dej lrlgof“ jf:tljstfx¿;“u d]n vfg'
jf df]6fdf]6L ¿kn] d]n vfg' kb{5 . To;sf] ;fy;fy} xfdLn] cg'ejx¿sf cfwf/df
jf:tljstfx¿lj?4 rNg] ljrf/x¿sf] cfnf]rgf ug'{ kb{5, dgf]utjfblj?4 ;+3if{ ug'{
kb{5 . of] t xfdLn] jiff}+b]lv lgwf{l/t u/]sf] cleef/f g} xf] . xfn
xfdL ;dfhjfbL qmflGt / ;dfhjfbL lgdf{0fdf km]nf kg]{ vfnsf] dgf]utjfblj?4
;+3if{ ul//x]sf 5f}+ . hgjfbL qmflGtsf] qmddf lgs} nfdf] ;do;Dd xfdLnfO{
dgf]utjfbsf] JofwLn] u|:t u/]sf] lyof] / xfdLn] o;sf] nflu lgs} 7"nf]
d"No r'sfpg' k¥of] cyf{t\ xfdLn] xfd|f ;f/f cfwf/Onfsfx¿ / xfd|f qmflGtsf/L
zlQmx¿sf] () k|ltzt efu ;f“RrL g} u'dfpg' k¥of], clg Toltv]/ dfq} xfd|f] r]t
kmSof]{ . o]gfgsf] z'4Ls/0f cfGbf]ng;Dd klg o; ;d:ofnfO{ /fd|/L kG5fpg
;lsPg, h'g cfGbf]ngn] hf“ra'em / cWoog tyf ofyfy{d"ns tl/sfdfly hf]8
lbof] . dfS;{jfbsf] ljZjJofkL ;TonfO{ lrlgof“ qmflGtsf] 7f]; Jojxf/;“u
PsLs[t u/fpg} k5{, cGoyf xfdL sxL+ klg k'Ug] 5}gf}+ . csf]{ zAbdf,
l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxf/;“u PsLs[t u/fpg} k5{ . l;4fGtnfO{ Jojxf/;“u PsLs[t
u/fpg] s'/f dfS;{jfbsf cfwf/e"t l;4fGtx¿dWo]s} Ps xf] . åGåfTds
ef}ltsjfbcg';f/, ljrf/df j:t'ut oyfy{ k|ltlalDat x'g}k5{ / To;nfO{ ;To
dfGg'eGbf cl3 j:t'ut Jojxf/df To;sf] k/LIff u/L To;nfO{ ¿h' u/]/ x]g'{k5{,
cGoyf To;nfO{ ;To dfGg ;lsb}g . ljut s]xL jif{otf xfdLn] /fd|f] sfd u/]sf
ePtf klg htftt} dgf]utjfb k|ToIf eO/x]sf] 5 . h;/L cfh dgf]utjfb k|s6
eO/x]5, To;}u/L eljiodf klg of] k|s6 x'g]5 . dgf]utjfb cfheGbf bz xhf/
jif{kl5 / cem bz s/f]8 jif{kl5 klg ;b}j /xg]5 / dfgjhfltsf] cl:tTj nf]k
gx'Gh]n;Dd of] /lx/xg] 5 . hxf“ dgf]utjfb x'G5, Toxf“ uNtLx¿ x'G5g\ .
clg
;+sL0f{tfjfb eGg] csf]{ 36gf–k|jfx 5 . s'g} 6f]nljz]ifsf] cfÏg} rf}tkmL{
lxt x'G5, /fi6«ljz]ifsf] csf]{ rf}tkmL{ lxt x'G5 / k[YjLsf] cem csf]{ rf}tkmL{
lxt x'G5 . clxn] d xfd|f] u|xeGbf aflx/sf s'/f p7fp“lbg lsgeg] k[YjLaflx/
hfg] ofqf–kyx¿ cem} v'ln;s]sf 5}gg\ . dËn jf z'qm u|xdf dfgjhflt kQf
nfu]sf] v08df pgLx¿;“u ;+o'Qm df]rf{ ug]{ ljifodf xfdL 5nkmn ug]{5f}+ .
xfnnfO{ xfdL kf6L{df, b]zdf / ljZjdf Pstf sfod ug]{ ljifodf g} ;Lldt
x'g]5f}+ . xfd|f] l;4fGtrflx+ ljZjzflGtsf] nflu / dfgjk|ultsf] Wo]osf]
nflu s]xL g s]xL c;n s'/f ug]{ Ifdtf ePsf dflg;x¿;“u Pstfa4 x'g' xf], rfx]
pgLx¿ ljb]zL sDo'lgi6x¿ xf]pmg\ jf ljb]zL u}/kf6L{ dflg;x¿ g} xf]pmg\ .
;j{k|yd xfdLn] y'k|} sDo'lgi6 kf6L{x¿;“u / ;f]leot ;+3;“u Pstfa4 x'g'
kb{5 . ;f]leot ;+3sf s]xL uNtLx¿ x'g uPsf] x'gfn] / tL uNtLx¿af/] oltljlw
s'/f / vf;vf;–v';v'; rln/x]sf] x'gfn] tL uNtLx¿ eofgs lyP xf]nfg\ eGg] nfUg
;S5 . o:tf] ljrf/ /fVg' unt xf] . s'g} klg /fi6« uNtLx¿af6 d'Qm x'g
;Sb}g, clg ;f]leot ;+3 ljZjd} klxnf] ;dfhjfbL b]z ePsf] x'gfn] / olt nfdf]
;dob]lv oltsf s'/fx¿ em]Nb} cfPsf] x'gfn] To;n] uNtL gug'{ t c;Dej g}
xf] . p;f]eP ;f]leot ;+3sf uNtLx¿nfO{, b[i6fGtsf] nflu :6flngsf uNtLx¿nfO{
s;/L cf“Sg] xf]nf t < tL uNtL cf+lzs / Ifl0fs k|s[ltsf 5g\ . x'g t
sltko s'/fx¿ aL; jif{b]lv eOcfPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/f xfd|f sfgdf k/]sf] 5, To;f]
x'“bfx'“b} klg tL Ifl0fs / cf+lzs uNtLx¿ x'g\ / ltgnfO{ 7Ls kfg{ ;lsG5 .
;f]leot ;+3sf] k|d'v wf/, k|wfg kIf, k|d'v c+z ;xL /x]sf] 5 . ¿;n]
n]lggjfb hGdfof] / cS6f]a/ qmflGtdfkm{t\ Tof] klxnf] ;dfhjfbL b]z aGof] .
To;n] ;dfhjfbsf] lgdf{0f u¥of], kmf;LjfbnfO{ k/f:t u¥of] / Tof] zlQmzfnL
cf}Bf]lus b]z aGg k'Uof] . ;f]leot ;+3df To:tf y'k|} s'/f 5g\, h;af6 xfdL
l;Sg ;S5f}+ . :jefjtM xfdLn] To;sf] lk5l8Psf] cg'ejaf6 geO{ To;sf] pGgt
cg'ejaf6 g} l;Sg' kb{5 . xfdLn] ;w}+ g} k'k{R5] ul/cfPsf] gf/f pGgt ;f]leot
cg'ejaf6 lzIff lng'k5{ eGg] g} xf] . To;sf lk5l8Psf cg'ejsf] gSsn ug{
tkfO{++nfO{ s;n] eg]sf] 5 < sltko dflg;x¿df ;xL / untsf] 5fglag ug]{
Ifdtfsf] slt ;fx|f] sdL 5 eg] pgLx¿ ¿;L kfw klg a8f] ;'uGwdo x'G5
eG7fG5g\ . Tof] klg ;+sL0f{tfjfb g} xf] . kfw uGxfp“5 eg]/ ¿;Lx¿ g}
eG5g\ lg . To;sf/0f xfdL ljZn]if0ffTds x'g' kb{5 . xfdLn] cGoq
eg]em}+ :6flngsf] n]vfhf]vf ubf{ &) k|ltzt pknlAw / #) k|ltzt uNtLsf]
lx;fan] x]g'{ kb{5 . ;f]leot ;+3sf] xsdf c;n / pkof]uL s'/faf6 To;sf]
cTofjZos / 7"nf] c+z ag]sf] 5 eg] uNtLrflx+ To;sf] ;fgf] c+z dfq
xf] . xfdLsxf“ klg sd;n s'/fx¿ 5g\, / c¿ b]zx¿nfO{ tL s'/fx¿sf] cg's/0f
ug{ lbg] t s'/} gu/f}+, a? ltgnfO{ t ldNsfOlbg' k5{ . Ps lsl;dn] v/fa
s'/fx¿ klg Ps k|sf/sf cg'ej g} x'g\ / ltgn] klg pkof]uL rLhsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{
;S5g\ . xfdLsxf“ 5g\ t'–:o", ln ln–;fg, jfª ldª, rfª Sjf]–yfcf],
sfcf] sfª / hfcf] z'–zLh:tf dflg;x¿ b]vfk/], h;n] xfd|f gsf/fTds u'?sf ¿kdf sfd
u/]sf 5g\ . o;sf] cltl/Qm, xfd|f c¿ u'?x¿ klg 5g\ . b]zleqsf tL
u'?x¿dWo] Rofª sfO{–z]s ;jf]{Qd u'? ePsf] 5 . h–h;nfO{ xfdLn] ljZj:t
t'Nofpg ;s]gf}+, Rofª sfO{–z]sn] cfP/ kf7 l;sfpgf;fy pgLx¿ ljZj:t eOxfn] .
x}g, Rofª sfO{–z]sn] pgLx¿nfO{ s;/L kf7 l;sfof] t < p;n] ldlzg ug, tf]k /
ljdfgx¿sf] ;xf/fn] kf7 l;sfof] . ;fd|fHojfb csf]{ u'? xf], h;n] xfd|f ^)
s/f]8 hgtfnfO{ lzIff lbPsf] 5 . xfdL Ps ztfAbL;Dd ljleGg ;fd|fHojfbL
zlQmx¿sf] pTkL8gsf] lzsf/ eof}+, / Tof] s'/f klg lzIff g} ePsf] 5 .
To;sf/0f, v/fa s'/fx¿ z}lIfs k|of]hgsf nflu sfdnfUbf x'g ;S5g\ / ltgn] xfd|f
cf“vf p3fl/lbg ;S5g\ . hxf“;Dd ;+sL0f{tfjfb lj?4 ;+3if{ ug]{ s'/f 5, oxf“
Pp6f vf; s'/f cf}+Nofpg} kb{5, Tof] s] xf] eg] tkfO{++x¿n] tL dflg;x¿;“u Pstfa4
x'g' kb{5, h;n] tkfO{++x¿sf lj?4 ;+3if{ rnfOcfPsf 5g\ . pgLx¿n]
tkfO{++dfly d'Ssf jiff{Psf 5g\, tkfO{++x¿nfO{ k5f/]sf 5g\, tkfO{++x¿nfO{ x}/fg
kf/]sf 5g\ / tkfO{++x¿sf] gfs sfl6lbPsf 5g\ / tkfO{++x¿nfO{ cj;/jfbL eGg]
æ;/sf/L ;DdfgÆ sf] ku/L u'yfOlbPsf 5g\, oBlk tkfO{++x¿ Toltljlw v/farflx+
x'g'x'Gy]g . Tof] d'Ssf cf}lrTok"0f{ lyof] eg]rflx+ To;n] tkfO{++nfO{
7Ls;“u d/Ddt u/]sf] xf] . tkfO{++ cj;/jfbL x'g'x'GYof] eg] tkfO{++nfO{ To;
d'Ssfsf] lgzfgf lsg agfpg] < d}n] oxf“ s'/f u/]sf] rflx“ cf}lrToxLg d'Ssfx¿
/ ;+3if{x¿sf] af/]df xf] . o;/L d'Ssf k|xf/ ug]{x¿n] cfÏgf] k|j[lQnfO{
kl/jt{g u/]/ tkfO{+dfly hfOnfUg' unt lyof] / tkfO{+nfO{ cj;/jfbL /fHosf] æ/fhfÆ
3f]lift ug'{ 7Ls s'/f lyPg egL :jLsf/ u/]gg\ eg] s] tkfO{++x¿ o;f] kv{g
;Sg'x'Gg / < dnfO{ nfU5, ;Sg'x'G5 . Pstf eGgfsf] xfd|f] cfzo tL
dflg;x¿;“usf] Pstf xf], h;sf tkfO{+x¿;“u dtleGgtfx¿ 5g\, h;n] tkfO{++x¿nfO{
lt/:sf/sf] b[li6n] x]5{g\ jf tkfO{+x¿k|lt ;fx|} sd cfb/efj /fV5g\, h;n]
tkfO{+x¿;“u slr+un u/]sf 5g\ jf tkfO{+x¿;“u ;+3if{ u/]sf 5g\ / h;sf xftaf6
tkfO{+x¿ ;tfOg' ePsf] 5 . hxf“;Dd tkfO{+x¿;“u x/ s'/fdf ;xdt x'g]
dlg;x¿sf] ;jfn 5, pgLx¿;“u t tkfO{+x¿ Pstfa4 eO;Sg' ePsf] 5 . t;y{, pgLx¿;“u
Pstf ug]{ s'/f p7\g] g} ePg . oxf“ t ;d:of tL dflg;x¿;“usf] xf], h;nfO{
Pstfa4 t'Nofpg af“sL g} 5 . xfd|f] tfTko{ tL dflg;x¿;“usf] Pstfsf] xf],
h;sf ljrf/x¿ tkfO{+x¿sf eGbf km/s 5g\ / h;sf uDeL/ vf]6x¿ 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu, xfd|f] kf6L{leq xfn ljrf/wf/fTds b[li6af6 geO{ ;+u7gfTds b[li6af6 dfq
kf6L{df ;fd]n ePsf dflg;x¿ y'k|} 5g\ . pgLx¿;“u tkfO{+x¿sf] d'Ssfd'SsL jf
t/jf/ xfgfxfg ePsf] gx'g;S5, t/ pgLx¿ ljrf/wf/fTds ¿kaf6 kf6L{df ;fd]n gePsf
x'gfn] pgLx¿n] h] h;f] u5{g\, Tof] cjZoDefjL ¿kaf6 plt ;Gtf]ifhgs x'“b}g jf
q'l6x¿af6 u|:t x'G5, clg pgLx¿n] s]xL g s]xL v/fa sfd–s'/f;d]t klg ug{
;S5g\ . o:tf dflg;x¿sf] xsdf, xfdLn] pgLx¿;“u Pstfa4 x'g}k5{ clg pgLx¿nfO{
lzlIft t'Nofp“b} hfg'k5{ / ;3fp k'¥ofpg} k5{ . d}n] klxn] g} s] elg;s]sf]
5' eg] vf]6x¿ ePsf jf uNtLx¿ u/]sf dflg;x¿;“u Jojxf/ ubf{ xfdLn] pgLx¿n] cfÏgf
cfgLafgLx¿ ;'wfb}{ 5g\ jf 5}gg\ eGg] s'/fsf] ko{j]If0f dfq gu/L pgLx¿nfO{ uNtL
;Rofpg d2t ug}{k5{ . csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] xfdLn] klxn] ko{j]If0f
ug}{k5{ clg To;kl5 pgLx¿nfO{ d2t lbg}k5{ . vfln ko{j]If0f dfq ug'{ eg]sf]
pgLx¿n] s] s;/L Jojxf/ unf{g\ eg]/ 6'n'6'n' x]g'{ xf] . pgLx¿n] /fd|f] u/]
eg] Tof] t hftL g} eof], t/ pgLx¿n] /fd|f] u/]gg\ eg] pgLx¿nfO{ kLl8t x'g
gb]pm . o;f] ug'{ eg]sf] ;sf/fTds k|j[lQ geP/ lgliqmo k|j[lQ xf] .
dfS;{jfbLx¿n] ;sf/fTds k|j[lQ c“ufNg' kb{5, cyf{t\ ko{j]If0f ugf{sf] ;fy;fy}
d2t klg ug'{k5{ .
t];|f]
s'/f, s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] lgjf{rgaf/] . sd/]8 t]ª :ofcf]–lkªn] ev{/} cf7f}+
s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf !%) b]lv !&) hgf ;b:o x'g]5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] rrf{
ug'{eof] . of] && hgf ;b:o ePsf] ;ftf}+ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿sf]
;+Vofsf] bf]Aa/eGbf cln w]/} xf] / zfob of] ;+Vof Psbd} pko'Qm 5 . s]Gb|Lo
;ldltnfO{ lgs} jif{;Dd, egf}+ g, kf“r jif{;Dd lj:tf/ gug'{ g} zfob a];
xf]nf . cfh pkof]uL sfd ul//x]sf y'k|} ;Ifd dflg;x¿ hfkfglj/f]wL k|lt/f]w
o'4sfndf k|lzlIft ePsf dflg;x¿ g} x'g\, clg pgLx¿ æ#*;] vfnsfÆ sf8/x¿ eg]/
lrlgG5g\ . cfh xfd|f] sfdsf] d]?b08 pgLx¿ g} x'g\, / pgLx¿a]u/ xfd|f] sfd
rNb}g . t/ pgLx¿sf] ;+Vof Psbd w]/} 5, / s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf pgLx¿nfO{ /fVg]
k|aGw ldnfpg] xf] eg] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿sf] ;+Vof a9fP/ cg]sf}+ ;o agfpg'
kg]{5 . To;sf/0f xfdL o;k6s To:tf] k|aGw ldnfpg] 5}gf}+ . sd/]8 t]ª
:ofcf]–lkªn] k|:tfljt ug'{ePsf] !%) b]lv !&) sf] ;+Vof pko'Qm 5–5}g, olb
5}g eg] sqf] cfsf/ pko'Qm xf]nf eGg] ljifodf ;f]rljrf/ ug]{ sfd xfdL oxf“
pkl:yt x'g' ePsf sd/]8x¿nfO{ 5fl8lbG5f}+ . jt{dfg s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿n]
/fd|f] sfd ug'{ePsf] / ;ftf}+ dxflwj]zgn] ;'Dk]sf] ljZjf;cg'¿k pxf“x¿ v/f]
plqg' ePsf] s'/fnfO{ cg'df]bg ug'{ kb{5 . ljut ;ft jif{df pxf“x¿n] uDeL/
uNtLx¿ gu/Lsg lrlgof“ hgjfbL qmflGt / ;dfhjfbL qmflGt tyf ;dfhjfbL lgdf{0f
sfo{sf] ;xL 9+un] g]t[Tj ug'{eof] clg ;a} vfnsf cj;/jfblj?4 / unt s'/fx¿sf]
lj?4 ;+3if{ ug'{eof] / o;k|sf/ qmflGt tyf lgdf{0fsf] lgldQ k|lts"n x'g]
vfnsf ;f/f kIfx¿nfO{ k/f:t ug'{eof] . klxn] s]xL uNtL ug'{ ePsf
sd/]8x¿nufot pxf“x¿n] /fd|f] ug'{ePsf] 5 . oxf“ d}n] ;du| s]Gb|Lo
;ldltaf/] s'/f ul//x]sf] x'“ . s]xL sd/]8x¿sf] xsdf eg] of] n]vfhf]vf ;xL
7xb}{g . ljz]ifu/]/ jfª ldªsf] xsdf . pgn] ;ftf}+ dxflwj]zgdf cfÏgf]
k|f0f wfGgsf lgldQ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] sfo{lbzf ;xL 5 eGg] s'/fsf] cg'df]bg ub}{,
pQm ;ldltn] ;ftf}+ dxflwj]zg;dIf k]z u/]sf] /fhgLlts k|ltj]bg :jLsf/ ub}{ /
dxflwj]zgsf lg0f{ox¿cg'¿k rNg cfkm" /fhLv'zL ePsf] s'/f ;+s]t ub}{ Pp6f
lnlvt jQmJo k]z u/] . t/ To;sf] s]xL ;dokl5 d}n] pgL;“u s'/f ubf{v]l/ eg]
pgn] cln lbgcl3 cfkm"n] n]v]sf s'/f e';'Ss lal;{b} kmgSs d'G6f]
a6f/] . To;kl5 pgn] o;;DaGwdf ;f]rljrf/ u/] / ef]lnkN6 cfk"mn] uNtLx¿
dx;'; ub}{ s]xL s'/f n]lv;]s]sf] 5 lg eg]/ eg] . To;f] ePklg tkfO{+ clxn]
cfÏgf uNtLx¿nfO{ gsfg{ rfxg' x'G5 eg] Tof] lnvt lkmtf{ lng ;Sg'x'G5 eg]/ d}n]
eg]+ . t/ pgn] To;f] u/]gg\ . kl5 bf];|f] k"0f{ clwj]zgdf pgn]
cfÏgf uNtLx¿af/] af]Nnfg\ egL xfdLn] cfzf k|s6 u¥of}+, t/ pgn] To;f] ug'{sf]
;§f s'/fnfO{ cs}{lt/ df]8]/ xfdLx¿dfly k|z+;fsf] af9L p/fn] . xfdLn] Tof]
s'/fnfO{ 5f]6\ofP/ cfkm"n] u/]sf uNtLx¿af/] af]Ng cfu|x u¥of}+, t/ pgn]
;'g]sf] g;'g]O{ u/] . pgn] clwj]zgkl5 cfTdcfnf]rgf n]Vg] s'/fsf] jfrf
u/] . t/ kl5 cfkm} lj/fdL ePsfn] dfgl;s sfo{ ug{ g;Sg] cj:yfdf ePsf] /
n]Vg yfNgf;fy} cfÏgf] Joyf aNem]sf] s'/f pgn] atfP . pgn] of] ;a} :jfª
kf/]sf] xf] ls s] xf] Tof] s'/f eGg ufx|f] 5 . pgnfO{ la;Grf] cg'ej
ePsf]n] pgn] dxflwj]zgdf efu lng klg g;Sg] ePsf 5g\ . s] xfdLn] pgnfO{
r'Gg] xf]nf t < clg sfd/]8 ln ln–;fgnfO{ klg < ln ln–;fgnfO{ dfkmL lbg
a9L sd/]8x¿ tof/ x'g'x'G5 eg] jfª ldªnfO{ dfkmL lbg rflx+ yf]/} sd/]8x¿ dfq
tof/ x'g'x'G5 . sd/]8 t]ª :ofcf]–lkmªn] eGg' ePem}+ xfdLn] pgLx¿nfO{
r'Gof}+ eg] o;sf] dxŒjrflx+ pgLx¿ ;ftf}+ dxflwj]zgdf r'lgg' ;/x g} x'g]5 .
pQm dxflwj]zgdf w]/} k|ltlglwx¿ pgLx¿nfO{ -jfª ldªnfO{ dfq geO{ c¿ lgs}hgf
sd/]8x¿nfO{ klg_ r'Gg clgR5's x'g'x'GYof] . o:tf] gLlt c“ufn]sf] v08df
xfdLx¿af6 uNtL x'g hfg]5 eg]/ To;avt xfdLn] eg]sf lyof}+ . tL uNtL u/]sf
dflg;x¿nfO{ xfdLn] gr'g]sf ePb]lv xfdLx¿af6 lsg uNtL x'ghfGYof] t < lsgeg]
o;sf] cy{ xfdLn] pgLx¿s} pbfx/0fsf] l;sf] u/]sf] x'ghfGYof] . pgLx¿sf]
sfo{ljlw cfkm"x¿n] Ps k6s cj;/jfbL eg]/ laNnf nufOlbPsf] hf];'s}nfO{ klg
c:jLsf/ ug]{ vfnsf] lyof], rfx] To:tf] dflg;n] ;f“Rr} g} uNtL u/]sf] xf];\ jf
gxf];\ . xfdLn] o; sfo{ljlwnfO{ cg';/0f u/]sf ePb]lv xfdL pgLx¿s} sfo{lbzfsf]
cyf{t\ jfª ldª / ln ln–;fgsf] sfo{lbzfsf], cg'z/0f ug{ k'UYof}+ . xfdLn]
To; vfnsf] s'g} klg s'/f u/]gf}+, s:t} kl/l:yltdf klg xfdLn] jfª ldª / ln
ln–;fgsf] sfo{lbzfsf] cg'z/0f u/]gf}+ . pgLx¿n] cGt/kf6L{ ;DaGwx¿sf] s:tf]
;+:sf/ a;fn]sf lyP eg] uNtL ug]{ ;a} dflg;nfO{ jf pgLx¿sf lj?4 ;+3if{ ug]{ jf
pgLx¿nfO{ cj;/jfbL egL lgGbf ug]{ dflg;x¿nfO{ lagfckjfb pgLx¿ c:jLsf/
ub{y] . pgLx¿ cfkm"nfO{ ztk|ltzt af]N;]lessf ¿kdf k|blz{t
ub{y] . csf]{lt/, Pstfsf pgLx¿n] æcj;/jfbLx¿Æ egL laNnf nufPsf xfdLx¿df g}
dfS;{jfbsf] s]xL g s]xL ks8 /x]sf] 5 .
oxf“lg/
s'/fsf] r'/f] s] xf] eg] pgLx¿ PlSnPsf PSnfbf]Snf dflg;x¿ xf]Ogg\, t/ pgLx¿n] t
lgDgk'“hLklt ju{sf] Ps 7f]; efusf] g} k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ . rLg ljzfn
lgDgk'“hLkltju{ ePsf] b]z xf] . lgDgk'“hLkltju{sf] lgs} 7"nf] efu
9'nd'n] :jefjsf] x'G5 . ;a}sf cf“vf cufl8 v'n:t /x]sf] s'/f s] xf] eg]
pbfx/0fsf] nflu, ;DkGg dWod ls;fgx¿ ;w}+ g} 9'nd'nfp“5g\ / pgLx¿ pT;flxt ePsf]
a]nfdf pGdfbsf] cj:yfdf k'U5g\ clg lg/fz ePsf] a]nfdf rflx+ xtf]T;fxsf ;fy
d'G6f] n'sfp“5g\, o;k|sf/ pgLx¿ b[9 eP/ qmflGtsf] kIfdf v8f x'“b}gg\ .
w]/}h;f] ;do h'g ;DklQsf ¿kdf pgLx¿;“u Psb'O{j6f s[lifhGo rf}kfofx¿, Pp6f uf8f
/ ToxL bz–afx| d'/L hldgafx]s c¿yf]s s]xL klg x'“b}g . gfkmf–gf]S;fgsf]
efjgfsf] azdf kg]{ x'gfn] oL dflg;x¿ cfÏgf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf oL rLhx¿ u'Dnfg\ ls
eg]/ cf}wL lk/f]lnG5g\ . u/La ls;fgx¿eGbf pgLx¿ km/s x'G5g\ . u/La
ls;fgx¿ pQ/L rLgdf u|fdL0f hg;+Vofsf] %) k|ltzt 5g\ / blIf0fdf rflx+ &)
k|ltzt 5g\ . juL{o agf]6sf] b[li6af6 xfd|f] kf6L{df d'VotM dhb'/x¿ / u/La
ls;fgx¿ cyf{t\ ;j{xf/fju{ / cw{;j{xf/fju{ /x]sf 5g\ . cw{;j{xf/fju{ klg
lgDgk'“hLkltju{ g} xf] t/ o; ju{sf dflg;x¿ dWod ls;fg ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿eGbf lgs}
g} a9L l:y/ x'G5g\ . xfd|f] kf6L{n] cfÏgf k+lQmx¿df lgs} a'l4hLjLx¿nfO{
klg etL{ u/]sf] 5, / xfd|f Ps s/f]8eGbf a9L ;b:ox¿dWo] pRr, dWod / lgDg :t/sf
a'l4hLjLx¿sf] s'n ;+Vof bz nfv hlt 5 . oL a'l4hLjLx¿n] ;fd|fHojfbsf]
k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ jf hldGbf/ ju{, gf]s/zfxL k'“hLjfbLju{ jf /fli6«o
k'“hLjfbLju{sf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ eGg' pko'Qm x'g]5}g . pgLx¿nfO{ t
lgDgk'“hLkltju{sf] ¿kdf juL{s[t ug'{ a9L pko'Qm x'g]5 . pgLx¿n] d'VotM
lgDgk'“hLkltju{sf] s'g efusf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5g\ < b[i6fGsf] ¿kdf eGg] xf]
eg] pgLx¿n] a9L pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿ ePsf zx/L / u|fdL0f lgDgk'“hLklt ju{, ;DkGg
dWod ls;fgx¿sf] k|ltlgwTj ub{5g\ . xfd|f kf6L{ ;b:ox¿dWo]sf a'l4hLjLx¿
æcufl8sf] b}To / k5fl8sf] af3b]lv 8/fp“5g\Æ, pgLx¿ lg/Gt/ ¿kn] 9'nd'nfO/xG5g\ /
dgf]utjfbsf] lgs} 7"nf] dfqfaf6 pgLx¿ u|:t x'G5g\ clg pgLx¿df ;+sL0f{tfsf]
dfqf klg sd x'“b}g . jfª ldª / ln ln–;fgsf sfo{lbzfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{
oL b'O{hgf dflg;nfO{ xfdLn] r'Ggfn] To;af6 s] s'/f emlNsG5 t < To;af6 s]
s'/f emlNsG5 eg] ljrf/wf/fTds uNtLx¿ u/]sf dflg;x¿k|lt xfdL k|ltqmflGtsf/Lx¿ /
km"6jfbLx¿ -5g t'–:o', rfª Sjf]–tfcf], sfcf] sfª / hfcf] z'–zLh:tf
dflg;x¿_ k|lteGbf a]Un} lsl;dn] Jojxf/ ub{5f}+ . jfª ldª / ln ln–;fgn]
cfÏgf] dgf]utjfb / ;+sL0f{tfjfbsf] v'n]cfd / a8f] t8se8ssf ;fy k|rf/ u/] /
cfÏgf /fhgLlts sfo{qmdåf/f dflg;x¿nfO{ uf“Hg vf]h] . jfª ldªsf] cfÏg}
/fhgLlts sfo{qmd t lyof] / To;} u/L ln ln–;fgsf] klg cfÏg} sfo{qmd lyof] .
lgZro g}, 5g\ t'–:o'sf] klg cfÏg} sfo{qmd t lyof] t/ pgn] rflx+ 6«f6:sLsf]
z}nLnfO{ c“ufn]/ kmf6f] kfg]{ lsl;daf6 sfd ub}{ aflx/af6 kf6L{lj/f]wL
sfo{snfkx¿ ;+rfng u/] . rfª Sjf]–tfcf] if8\oGq / km"6k/:t sfo{snfkdf
nfu]sf lyP / cflv/df pgL Sjf]ldGtfªtkm{ uP . To;sf/0f jfª ldª / ln ln–;fgsf]
;jfn eg]sf] b'O{hgf JolQmx¿sf] ;jfn dfq xf]Og, oxf“lg/ s] s'/f dxŒjk"0f{ 5
eg] o; ;jfndf cGtlg{lxt ;fdflhs sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . tL sf/0fx¿sf] xfd|f] kf6L{df
x'g cfpg] Pp6f cleJolQm s] xf] eg] gfh's df]8x¿df xfd|f] kf6L{sf lgs} ;b:ox¿
9'nd'nfpg] ub{5g\ . oL 9'nd'n] tŒjx¿ cj;/jfbLx¿ x'g\ . egfOsf] cy{ s]
xf] eg] oL dflg;x¿n] o;f] s]xL kfpg] 5f“6 b]lvof] eg] Pp6f s'/f u5{g\, clg
csf]{ s'/faf6 kmfObf x'g] b]lvof] eg] Tot}lt/ nfUb5g\ . pgLx¿;“u lglZrt
l;4fGtx¿ x'“b}gg\, cfr/0fsf lglZrt lgodx¿ x'“b}gg\ / pgLx¿sf] lglZrt lbzf x'“b}g,
To;}n] pgLx¿ cfh otflt/ nfU5g\ t ef]ln ptflt/ nfU5g\ . b[i6fGtsf] nflu jfª
ldª 7Ls oxL vfnsf dflg; x'g\ . klxn] pgL æjfdkGyLÆ cltjfbL lyP clg kl5 uP/
blIf0fkGyL cltjfbL aGg k'u] .
;ftf}+
dxflwj]zgdf y'k|} sd/]8x¿nfO{ ljZj:t t'NofP/ xfdLn] jfª ldª / ln ln–;fgnfO{
r'Gof}+ . To;sf] glthf:j¿k To;kl5sf P3f/ jif{df xfdLn] s'g} Iflt Joxf]g'{
k¥of] t < cx“, slQ klg k/]g . xfdL xfd|f] qmflGtdf ljkmn ePgf}+, g t
jfª ldª / ln ln–;fgnfO{ xfdLn] r'g]s} sf/0faf6 xfd|f] ljhodf g} Psfw dlxgfsf]
l9nfO eof] . s] pgLx¿nfO{ r'Ggfsf] cy{ uNtL u/]sf dflg;x¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt
ug'{ eGg] x'G5 < æclxn] uNtL u/]sf dflg;x¿ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf ePsf x'gfn] xfdL
;a}hgfn] uNtL u/f}+, clg xfdLn] klg r'lgg] df}sf kfpg] 5f}+ †Æ s] o;f] xf]nf t
< cx“, o;f] x'g] 5}g . x]gf]{;\, xfd|f] s]Gb||Lo ;ldltsf ;Q/Lhgf hlt
;b:ox¿dWo] Pshgfn] klg cfÏgf] af6f] la/fp“b} km]l/ r'lgg] x]t'n] Psfwj6f;Dd klg
uNtL u/]sf 5}gg\ . hxf“;Dd s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] ;b:o gePsf dflg;x¿sf] s'/f 5,
pgLx¿ rfx] !(#* sf] jif{cl3 jf ;f]xL jif{ jf To;kl5 qmflGtdf ;fd]n ePsf xf]pg\,
s] pgLx¿n] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf r'lggs} nflu jfª ldª / ln ln–;fgsf pbfx/0fx¿sf]
l;sf] ub}{ c¿ b'O{j6f sfo{lbzf;fy cl3 ;/]/ hDdf rf/j6f sfo{lbzfsf] eL8 nufpnfg\
t < cx“, pgLx¿n] To;f] ug]{ 5}gg\, s;}n] klg To;f] ug]{ 5}gg\ . a?
o;sf] ljk/Lt, pgLx¿sf uNtLx¿af6 kf7 l;Sb} xfd|f sd/]8x¿ cem a9L ljj]sjfg\ aGg]
5g\ .
csf]{
Pp6f s'/f 5 . ljutdf æqmflGtdf l56f] ;fd]n x'g'eGbf l9nf] ;fd]n x'g' hftL
xf], cyjf Tof]eGbf emg\ hftL s'/f t qmflGtdf ;fd]n x'“b} gx'g' xf]Æ, eg] h:tf]
s'/f ;'lgGYof] . clxn] cfP/ jfª ldª / ln ln–;fgnfO{ r'lgPsf] s'/fn]
kf6L{leq ;xL x'g'eGbf unt x'g' hftL xf], ;fgf uNtLx¿ ug'{eGbf 7"nf uNtLx¿
ug'{ hftL xf] eGg] vfnsf] 5fk kfnf{ t < kf6L{sf] sfo{lbzf ;DaGwdf uNtL ug]{
jfª ldª / ln ln–;fgnfO{ clxn] xfdLn] km]l/ klg s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf r'Gg] xf] eg]
cfkm" ;xL ePsf] s'/fnfO{ l;4 u/]sf sd/]8x¿n] jf ;–;fgf dfq uNtL u/]sf
sd/]8x¿n] pgLx¿sf nflu b'O{j6f ;L6 r9fpg' kg]{5 . s] o:tf] Joj:yf ug'{
eg]sf] ;+;f/el/sf] ;aeGbf cg'lrt Joj:yf ug'{ xf]Og / < To; ;Gbe{df lgofNbf
of] ;f“Rr} g} cg'lrt Joj:yf xf] . a'‰g' ef], h;n] cfkm" ;xL ePsf]
s'/f l;4 u/]sf 5g\ jf h;n] ;fgf uNtLx¿ dfq u/]sf 5g\, pgLx¿n] 7"nf uNtL
u/]sf dflg;x¿nfO{ 7fp“ vfnL ul/lbg' k]/]sf] 5 . of] t Psbd} cg'lrt s'/f
xf], o;df cf}lrTosf] c+z Ps /QL klg 5}g . o; lsl;dn] t'ngf ug]{ xf] eg] s]
s'/f :jLsf/ ug}{k5{ eg] ;xL x'g'eGbf unt x'g' hftL xf], ;fgf uNtLx¿ ug'{eGbf
7"nf uNtLx¿ ug'{ hftL xf] . t/ csf]{ sf]0faf6 x]g]{ xf] eg] dfldnf
km/s x'g cfp“5 . kf6L{sf] sfo{lbzf;DaGwL pgLx¿sf uNtLx¿ b]zel/ / ljZjel/
g} lrlgPsf 5g\, / pgLx¿ ;'kl/lrt x'g' g} pgLx¿nfO{ r'Ggfsf] uf“7L sf/0f
xf] . o;ljifodf tkfO{+ v} s] ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 / < pgLx¿ ;'kl/lrt 5g\ t/
tkfO{+x¿, h;n] uNtLx¿ ug'{ ePsf] 5}g jf ;fgf uNtLx¿ dfq ug'{ ePsf] 5,
tkfO{+x¿sf] k|lti7f pgLx¿sf] hlt 7"nf] 5}g . Hofb} 7"nf]
lgDgk'“hLkltju{ ePsf] xfd|f] h:tf] b]zdf pgLx¿ t Wjhf g} x'g\ . xfdLn]
pgLx¿nfO{ r'Gof}+ eg] w]/} dflg;x¿n] o;f] eGg]5g\, æsDo'lgi6 kf6L{ pgLx¿k|lt
w}o{jfg\ /lx/x]sf] 5 / pgLx¿n] cfÏgf cfgLafgL ;'wfnf{g\ eGg] cfzfn] pgLx¿sf]
nflu b'O{j6f ;L6 TofUg /fhL 5 .Æ o; dfldnfdf oL b'O{hgf dflg; dfq uf“l;Psf
x'gfn] pgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ ;'wfnf{g\ ls g;'wfnf{g\ eGg] s'/f dxŒjk"0f{
xf]Og . d'Vo s'/f t s] xf] eg] xfd|f] ;dfhdf lgDgk'“hLklt ju{sf] ;+Vof
w]/} 7"nf] 5, xfd|f] kf6L{df lgDgk'“hLjfbL ;|f]taf6 cfPsf 9'nd'n] tŒjx¿
y'k|} 5g\ / a'l4hLjLx¿dfem klg o:tf 9'nd'n] tŒjx¿ y'k|} 5g\ . oL k/LIffdf
xf]ldPsf dfldnfx¿sf] glthf s] xf]nf egL pgLx¿ ;a}hgf x]g{ rfxG5g\ . oL
b'O{j6f Wjhfx¿ cem} klg ToxL+ /lx/x]sf b]v]/ pgLx¿n] r}gsf] cg'ej ug]{5g\,
pgLx¿ /fd|f];“u lgbfpg] 5g\ / k|;Gg x'g]5g\ . tkfO{+x¿n] oL b'O{j6f Wjhfx¿nfO{
lu/fOlbg' eof] eg] pgLx¿ 8/n] y/x/L x'g ;Sg]5g\ . To;sf/0f of] jfª ldª /
ln ln–;fgn] cfÏgf cfgLafgL ;'wfnf{g\ ls g;'wfnf{g\ eGg] ;jfn xf]Og, Tof] Tolt
dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f xf]Og . dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f t s] xf] eg] 9'nd'n] :jefj
ePsf bzf}+ nfv lgDgk'“hLjfbL ;|f]tsf kf6L{ ;b:ox¿, / vf; u/]/ a'l4hLjLx¿ jfª
ldª / ln ln–;fgk|lt xfdLn] s] s:tf] k|j[lQ c“ufnf}+nf eg]/ ulx/f] u/L x]l//x]sf
5g\ . of] t s[lif;'wf/ cfGbf]ngdf xfdLn] wgL ls;fgx¿;“u ug]{ Jojxf/h:t}
s'/f xf] . xfdLn] wgL ls;fgx¿nfO{ g5f]O{sg TolQs} 5fl8lb+bf dWod ls;fgx¿n]
r}gsf] ;f; km]/] . xfdLn] o; cf7f}+ dxflwj]zgdf oL b'O{hgf dflg;k|lt
;ftf}+ dxflwj]zgdf c“ufn] h:t} b[li6sf]0f c“ufNof}+ eg] xfd|f] kf6L{n] s]xL g
s]xL nfe k|fKt ug]{5, cyf{t\ Tof] nfe s] xf] eg] b]zel/sf lgDgk'“hLjfbL
hg;d"xnfO{ k'gM ;:sf/ ug]{ sfo{ ;lhnf] x'g cfpg] 5 . ljZjdf klg o;
s'/fsf] k|efj kg]{5 . uNtL u/]sf dflg;x¿k|lt xfdL h] h:tf] b[li6sf]0f
c“ufN5f}+, To:tf] b[li6sf]0f t yf]/} dfq b]zx¿n] c“ufNb5g\ jf s'g}n] klg
c“ufNb}–c“ufNb}gg\ eg] klg x'G5 .
tof/L
a}7s cfhb]lv rfn' /x]/ ToxL b'O{ ;ftfhlt dfq rNg]5, t/ pko'Qm Joj:yfx¿
ldnfOPsf] v08df tof/L ;DaGwdf /fd|f] sfd ug{ Psbd} ;Dej 5 . dxflwj]zg ;kmn
x'g]5 / k|ltlglwx¿n] cfÏgf] /fhgLlts :t/åf/f o;sf] ;kmntfnfO{ ;'lglZrt t'Nofpg]
5g\ eGg] s'/fdf xfdL 9'Ss 5f}+ . t/ xfdL ;a}n] lbnf]Hofgn] EofP;Dd sf]l;;
ug}{ k5{ .
æ;of}+ km"nx¿nfO{ km'Ng
b]pm, ljrf/sf ;of}+ wf/x¿nfO{ k|lt:kwf{ ug{ b]pmÆ tyf æbL3{sfnLg ;x–cl:tTj /
cfk;L ;'kl/j]If0fÆ af/]
æ;of}+
km"nx¿nfO{ km"Ng b]pm, ljrf/sf ;of}+ wf/x¿nfO{ k|lt:kwf{ ug{ b]pmÆ
tyf æbL3{sfnLg ;x–cl:tTj / cfk;L ;'kl/j]If0fÆ eGg] gf/fx¿ s;/L cl3 ;fl/Psf x'g\
< rLgsf] 7f]; kl/l:yltdf ;dfhjfbL ;dfhdf ljleGg k|sf/sf cGtlj{/f]wx¿sf]
cl:tTj hf/L /xg] s'/fnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ / b]zsf] cfly{s tyf ;f“:s[lts ljsf;nfO{
tLj|t/ t'Nofpg] tfTsflns cfjZostfnfO{ x]/L oL gf/fx¿ cl3 ;fl/Psf x'g\ .
;of}+ km"nx¿nfO{ km'Ng lbg] / ljrf/sf ;of}+ wf/x¿nfO{ k|lt:kwf{ ug{ lbg]
gLlt eg]sf] snf / lj1fgx¿sf IF]qsf] k|ultnfO{ k|a4{g ug]{ / xfd|f] b]zdf
;dfhjfbL ;“:s[ltnfO{ km:6fpg lbg] gLlt xf] . snfdf ljleGg ¿k / z}nLx¿n]
:jtGq ¿kn] ljsl;t x'g kfpg' kb{5 / lj1fgsf ljleGg wf/x¿n] :jtGqtfk"j{s
k|lt:kwf{ ug{ kfpg' kb{5 . snfsf] z}nL ljz]ifdfly jf ljrf/sf] vf; wf/dfly
k|zf;lgs pkfox¿ yf]kg]{ ul/of] jf cGo z}nL jf wf/dfly k|ltaGw nufpg] ul/of] eg]
of] s'/f snf / lj1fgsf] ljsf;sf] lglDt xflgsf/s x'g]5 eGg] xfdLnfO{ nfU5 .
snf / lj1fgx¿sf IF]qsf ;xL / unt;DaGwL k|Zgx¿nfO{ snf / lj1fgd08nLx¿aLrsf :jtGq
5nkmnåf/f / log} IF]qx¿sf Jofjxfl/s sfo{åf/f xn ul/g' kb{5 . clt ;/nLs[t
9Ëaf6 ltgsf] xn ug]{ ug'{ x'“b}g . s'g} s'/f ;xL xf] ls unt xf] eGg] s'/fsf]
lgwf{/0f ug{ k|foM k/LIF0fsf] cjlw cfjZos x'G5 . Oltxf;el/ g} gof“ / ;xL
s'/fx¿n] ;'?df k|foM ax';+Vos hgtfsf] :jLs[lt kfpg ;s]sf 5}gg\, To;sf/0f ltgn]
3'dfp/f af6fx¿ l5rf]Nb} ljsl;t x'g' k/]sf] 5 . k|foM ;xL / c;n s'/fx¿nfO{
klxNo} ;'ulGwt km"n g7fgL ljiffn' emf/ 7flgPsf] 5 . ;f}o{
k|0ffnL;DaGwL sklg{s;sf] l;4fGt / 8flj{gsf] ljsf;jfb;DaGwL l;4fGtnfO{ Pstfs unt
eg]/ kG5fOof] / s7f]/ lj/f]wsf] aLraf6} ltgn] ljho k|fKt ug'{k¥of] .
rLgsf] Oltxf;df klg o:tf y'k|} pbfx/0fx¿ km]nf kb{5g\ . ;dfhjfbL ;dfhdf
eg] gof“ rLh ljsl;t x'g] kl/l:ylt k'/fgf] ;dfhsf] kl/l:ylteGbf cfd"n ¿kn]
leGg / stf xf] stf >]i7 x'G5 . tyflk, k|foM s] x'g] u5{ eg] gof“ /
pbLodfg zlQmx¿nfO{ kl5lNt/ ws]lnG5 / ;xL ljrf/x¿sf] unf] lgdf]l7G5 .
To;afx]s, ltgLx¿dfly hfgfhfg bdg gubf{ gub}{ klg 5\ofg–ljrf/ ug]{ s'/fsf] sdL
dfq x'ghf“bf klg gof“ s'/fx¿sf] ljsf;df afwf kg{;S5 . To;sf/0f, snf /
lj1fgx¿sf IF]qsf ;xL / unt;DaGwL k|Zgx¿af/] ;fjwfg /xg', :jtGq 5nkmnnfO{
k|f]T;flxt ug'{ / em6k6 lgrf]8 lgsfNg] s'/faf6 hf]lug' cfjZos 5 . o;k|sf/sf]
b[li6sf]0fn] snf / lj1fgx¿sf] ;fk]If ¿kn] ;'ud ljsf;nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ d2t unf{
eGg] xfd|f] ljZjf; 5 .
dfS;{jfb
klg ;+3if{sf] aLraf6} ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . ;'?df dfS;{jfbnfO{ ;a} k|sf/sf
k|xf/x¿sf] lgzfgf agfOof] / o;nfO{ ljiffn' emf/ 7flgof] . ljZjsf w]/}
efux¿df cem} klg l:ylt o:t} 5 . ;dfhjfbL b]zx¿df eg] o;sf] :yfg a]Un}
5 . t/ klg oL b]zx¿df u}/dfS;{jfbL, cem dfS;{jfblj/f]wL ljrf/x¿;d]t klg
ljBdfg 5g\ . rLgdf :jfldTj k|0ffnLsf] xsdf ;dfhjfbL ¿kfGt/0f d"ntM
k"/f ePsf] eP tfklg, / qmflGtsfnLg ljz]iftfsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] hg;d"xsf]
a[xt\ :t/sf, k|r08 ju{;+3if{x¿ d"ntM ;dfKt ePsf eP tfklg oxf“ ;QfRo"t
ul/Psf hldgbf/ / bnfn k'“hLkltju{sf cjz]ifx¿ cem} af“sL 5g\, k'“hLkltju{ cem}
ljBdfg 5 / lgDgk'“hLkltju{sf] k'gM;+sf/ ug]{ sfo{ ev{/} dfq ;'? ePsf] 5 .
ju{;+3if{ s'g} xfntdf klg ;dfKt ePsf] 5}g . ;j{xf/fju{ / k'“hLkltju{aLrsf]
ju{;+3if{, ljleGg /fhgLlts zlQmx¿ aLrsf] ju{;+3if{ clg ;j{xf/f ju{ /
k'“hLkltju{aLrsf] ljrf/wf/fTds IF]qsf] ju{;+3if{ cem klg bL3{sfnLg x'g]5g\ / tL
af¨f]l6Ëf] af6f] eO{ cleJoQm x'g]5g\ . ;j{xf/fju{n] ljZjnfO{ cfÏg}
ljZjb[li6sf]0fcg';f/ ¿kfGt/0f ug{ vf]H5, / k'“hLkltju{n] klg To;} ug{
vf]H5 . o;;Gbe{df, ;dfhjfb / k'“hLjfbdWo] s;n] lhTg] xf] eGg] s'/f cem}
;f“RrL g} xn eO;s]sf] 5}g . dfS;{jfbLx¿ ;d:t hgtfsf] aLrdf / a'l4hLjLx¿sf]
aLrdf cNk;+Vofdf /x]sf 5g\ . To;sf/0f, dfS;{jfb ;+3if{dfkm{t\ ljsl;t x'“b}
hfg' clgjfo{ 5 . dfS;{jfb ;+3if{åf/f dfq ljsl;t x'g;S5, / of] s'/f ljutsf]
xsdf dfq geO{ jt{dfgsf] xsdf / eljiosf] xsdf klg TolQs} ;f“rf] xf] . h]
s'/f ;xL 5 Tof] ;w}+ g} unt s'/f;“usf] ;+3if{af6} ljsl;t x'G5 . ;To, lzj /
;'Gb/ ;w}+ g} c;To, clzj / s'¿ksf] lj/f]wdf ljBdfg x'G5g\ / ltgLx¿;“usf]
;+3if{af6} ljsl;t x'G5g\ . dfgjhfltn] s'g} unt s'/fnfO{ c:jLsf/ u/]/ s'g}
;Toljz]ifnfO{ :jLsf/ ugf{;fy gof“ ;Tox¿ gof“ c;Tox¿;“u ;+3if{ ug{ yflnxfN5g\ .
o:tf] ;+3if{ slxNo} 6'lËg] 5}g . of] ;Tosf] ljsf; :jefjtM dfS;{jfbsf] lgod
g} xf] .
xfd|f]
b]zdf ;dfhjfb / k'“hLjfbaLrsf] ljrf/wf/fTds ;+3if{sf] ;jfnsf] 6'Ëf] nfUg lgs}
nfdf] ;do nfUg] 5 . o;f] x'gfsf] sf/0f s] xf] eg] k'“hLjfbLju{sf] k|efj /
cfÏgf] ju{sf] ljrf/wf/fsf] k|efjsf] d]?b08sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] k'/fgf] ;dfhsf
a'l4hLjLx¿sf] k|efj xfd|f] b]zdf a8f] x7k"j{s lgs} ;do;Dd /lx/xg] 5 .
o; s'/fnfO{ k6Ss} a'lemPg eg] jf ckof{Kt dfqfdf a'lemof] eg] cToGt} uDeL/
uNtLx¿ x'g]5g\ / ljrf/wf/fTds If]qdf ;+3if{ rnfpg' kg]{ cfjZostfnfO{ pk]Iff
ul/g] 5 . ;+3if{sf cGo ¿kx¿eGbf ljrf/wf/fTds ;+3if{ leGg x'G5, To;sf/0f o;
IF]qdf k|of]u ug'{kg]{ Ps dfq k4lt 7f8f] s/sfk geO{ si6;fWo ts{ljts{ g}
xf] . cfh ljrf/wf/fTds ;+3if{df ;dfhjfb cgs"n l:yltdf 5 .
/fHosf] cfwf/e"t zlQm ;j{xf/fju{n] g]t[Tj u/]sf >lds hgtfsf xftdf
5 . sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ bl/nf] 5 / o;sf] k|lti7f pRr 5 . xfd|f] sfddf
vf]6x¿ / uNtLx¿ ePtf klg x/]s ;b\ljj]sL dflg;n] s] s'/f b]Vg ;S5 eg] xfdL
hgtfk|lt akmfbf/ 5f}+, xfdL pgLx¿;“u ldn]/ xfd|f] dft[e"ldsf] lgdf{0f ug{
sl6a4 / ;Ifd 5f}+, clg xfdLn] dxfg\ ;kmntfx¿ k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5f}+ / cem dxfg\
;kmntfx¿ k|fKt ug]{5f}+ . k'“hLjfbLju{sf / k'/fgf] ;dfhaf6 cfPsf a'l4hLjLx¿sf] ljzfn ax';+Vofdf
b]zelQmsf] efjgf 5 / pgLx¿ cfÏgf] km:6fp“bf] ;dfhjfbL dft[e"ldsf] ;]jf ug{
tTk/ 5g\, cfk"mn] kl5 kg'{ kg]{ s'g} sf/0f x'g] 5}g / ;dfhjfbL Wo]oaf6 /
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] dhb'/ju{af6 klG5gfn] ;DejtM cfÏgf] eljio
pHofnf] gx'g] s'/f pgLx¿nfO{ yfxf 5 .
dfS;{jfbnfO{
xfd|f] b]zsf ax';+Vos hgtfn] cfÏgf] dfu{bz{s ljrf/wf/fsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf x'gfn]
ca o;sf] cfnf]rgf ug{ ;lsPnf / egL sltko dflg;x¿ ;f]Wg] u5{g\ . cjZo}
;lsG5 . dfS;{jfb j}1flgs ;To xf] / of] cfnf]rgfb]lv 8/fp“b}g . 8/fpg]
eP / cfnf]rgfåf/f o;nfO{ ;QfRo"t ug{ ;lsg] eP of] d"NoxLg
x'GYof] . jf:tjdf cfbz{jfbLx¿ x/]s lbg / x/t/xn] dfS;{jfbsf] cfnf]rgf
ul//x]sf 5}gg\ / < dfS;{jfbLx¿n] s'g} klg If]qaf6 ul/g]] cfnf]rgfb]lv 8/fpg'
x'“b}g . o;sf] ljk/Lt, pgLx¿n] t cfnf]rgf;fd' / ;+3if{sf] cf“wLa]x/L /
rfkaf6 cfkm"nfO{ vfb}{ / ljsl;t t'Nofp“b} gof“–gof“ df]rf{df ljho k|fKt ub}{
hfg'k5{ . unt ljrf/x¿;“u le8\g' eg]sf] t vf]k lng' h:t} xf] . vf]k lnPkl5
dflg;n] /f]u;“u n8\g] a9L k|lt/f]wL Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ub{5 . lzzfsf] 3/df
x'sf{OPsf lj?jfx¿ bl/nf gx'g ;S5g\ . ;of}+ km"nx¿nfO{ km'Ng b]pm /
ljrf/sf ;of}+ wf/x¿nfO{ k|lt:kwf{ ug{ b]pm eGg] gLlt nfu" ugf{n]
ljrf/wf/fTds If]qdf dfS;{jfbsf] g]t[TjbfoL l:ylt sdhf]/ geO{ bl/nf] g}
x'g]5 .
u}/dfS;{jfbL
ljrf/x¿k|lt xfd|f] gLlt s:tf] x'g'knf{ < vf“§L k|ltqmflGtsf/L / ;dfhjfbL
Wo]onfO{ cGtWj{+z ug]{x¿sf] xsdf s'/f ;lhnf] 5, Tof] s] xf] eg] xfdL pgLx¿nfO{
jfs\ :jtGqtfaf6 al~rt u5f}{+ . t/, hgtfaLrsf unt ljrf/x¿sf] s'/f eg] Psbd
leGg ljifo xf] . s] o:tf ljrf/x¿dfly k|ltaGw nufP/ / ltgnfO{ cleJolQmsf]
cj;/ glbP/ sfd rNnf / < cjZo} rNb}g . hgtfaLrsf ljrf/wf/fTds k|Zgx¿ /
dflg;sf] dfgl;s hut\;DaGwL k|Zgx¿sf] d'sflanf ubf{ o:tf sf]/f k4ltx¿ k|of]u
ug'{ lg/y{s dfq geO{ xflgsf/s klg x'G5 . tkfO{+ unt ljrf/x¿sf]
cleJolQmdfly k|ltaGw nufpg t ;Sg' xf]nf t/ tL ljrf/x¿ t /xL g} /xG5g\ .
csf]{lt/, ;xL ljrf/x¿nfO{ lzzfsf 3/x¿leq k'Nk'NofP/ /flvof] / ltgnfO{ slxNo}
aflx/L jftf/0fsf] ;Dks{df cfpg lbOPg tyf /f]ulj?4 vf]k lbOPg eg] unt
ljrf/x¿lj?4 ltgn] ljho k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] 5}gg\ . To;sf/0f, 5nkmn, cfnf]rgf /
ts{ljts{sf] k4lt k|of]u u/]/ dfq} xfdL ;xL ljrf/x¿nfO{ ;f“RrL g} x'sf{pg / unt
ljrf/x¿nfO{ k/f:t ug{ ;S5f}+, / ;d:ofx¿nfO{ ;f“RrL g} km:of]{6 ug{
;S5f}+ .
k'“hLkltju{
/ lgDgk'“hLkltju{n] cfÏgf ljrf/wf/fx¿nfO{ cjZoDefjL ¿kn] cleJoQm ug]{5g\ .
pgLx¿n] x/;Dej pkfox¿af6 /fhgLlts / ljrf/wf/fTds k|Zgx¿af/] cfÏgf ljrf/x¿
x7k"j{s / cjZoDefjL ¿kn] cl3 ;fg]{5g\ . pgLx¿n] To;f] gunf{g\ eGg]
s'/f glrtfP x'G5 . xfdLn] bdgsf] k4lt k|of]u u/L pgLx¿nfO{ ljrf/ k|s6
ug{af6 /f]Sg' x'“b}g, t/ pgLx¿nfO{ To;f] ug{ lbg''k5{ / ;fy;fy} pgLx¿;“u
jfbljjfb ug'{k5{ / 7f8} pgLx¿sf] cfnf]rgf ug'{k5{ . x/k|sf/sf unt
ljrf/x¿sf] xfdLn] lg;Gb]x cfnf]rgf ug}{k5{ . cfnf]rgf ug{af6 klG5g', unt
ljrf/x¿ a]/f]s6f]s km}ln/x]sf] a]nfdf xft af“w]/ 6'n'6'n' x]g'{ / To:tf
ljrf/x¿nfO{ d}bfgdf k|e'Tj hdfpg lbg' cjZo} 7Ls x'g]5}g . uNtLx¿sf]
cfnf]rgf ug}{k5{ / ljiffn' emf/x¿;“u ;+3if{ ug}{k5{, rfx] tL hxf“;'s} lsg b]vf
gk¿g\ . t/ o:tf] cfnf]rgf h8;"qjfbL x'g' x'“b}g / oxf“
clwe"tjfbL k4ltsf] k|of]u ug'{ x'“b}g, t/ ltgsf] ;§f åGåjfbL k4lt
nfu" ug]{ k|of; ug'{ kb{5 . cfjZos s'/f t j}1flgs ljZn]if0f /
lrQa'¤bf] ax; g} xf] . h8;"qjfbL cfnf]rgfn] s'g} klg s'/fsf]
l5gf]kmfgf] ub}{g . xfdL x/k|sf/sf ljiffn' emf/x¿sf] lj?4 5f}+, t/ s'g rLh
;f“RrL g} ljiffn' xf] / s'grflx+ ;'ulGwt km"n xf] eGg] s'/f xfdLn] a8f]
xf]lzof/L;fy 5'6\ofpg / ljiffn' emf/x¿;“u n8\g] ;xL k4ltx¿sf] k|of]u ug{
l;Sg}k5{ .
h8;"qjfbsf]
cfnf]rgf ug'{sf] ;fy;fy} ;+zf]wgjfbsf] cfnf]rgf ug]{ s'/ftkm{ klg xfdLn] Wofg
lbg}k5{ . ;+zf]wgjfb blIf0fkGyL cj;/jfbL ljrf/sf] k'“hLjfbL wf/ xf], h'g
wf/ h8;"qjfbeGbf klg a9L vt/gfs x'G5 . ;+zf]wgjfbLx¿n], blIf0fkGyL
cj;/jfbLx¿n] dfS;{jfbk|lt cf]7]elQm b]vfp“5g\ . pgLx¿n] æh8;"qjfbÆ dfly
k|xf/ klg u5{g\ . t/ pgLx¿n] k|xf/ ug]{ rLh t ;f“RrL g} dfS;{jfbsf] ;f/tŒj
g} xf] . pgLx¿n] ef}ltsjfb / åGåjfbsf] lj/f]w u5{g\ / ltgnfO{ ljs[t
kf5{g\, hgtfsf] hgjfbL clwgfosTj / sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] g]t[TjbfoL e"ldsfsf]
lj/f]w u/L ltgnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg{ vf]H5g\ . xfd|f] ;dfhjfbL qmflGtn]
cfwf/e"t ¿kdf ljho k|fKt ul/;s]kl5 klg xfd|f] ;dfhdf cem} To:tf s]xL dflg;
x'g]5g\, h;n] k'“hLjfbL k|0ffnLnfO{ k'g:yf{lkt ug]{ Joy{sf] cfzf ub}{
dhb'/ju{;“u ljrf/wf/fTds df]rf{nufot x/df]rf{df ;+3if{ rnfpg] s'/f lglZrt
5 . clg ;+zf]wgjfbLx¿rflx+ o; ;+3if{df pgLx¿sf bflxg] xft g} x'g\ .
æ;of}+
km"nx¿nfO{ km'Ng b]pm / ljrf/sf ;of}+ wf/x¿nfO{ k|lt:kwf{ ug{ b]pmÆ eGg]
b'O{ gf/fsf] ;f“RrL g} ju{ rl/q 5}g . ltgaf6 ;j{xf/fju{n] kmfObf p7fpg ;S5 /
To;}u/L k'“hLjfbL ju{n] jf c¿x¿n] klg kmfObf p7fpg ;S5g\ . s] ;'ulGwt
km"n x'g\ / s] ljiffn' emf/ x'g\ eGg] ljifodf leGgleGg ju{, tKsf / ;fdflhs
;d"xx¿sf cf–cfÏg} ljrf/x¿ x'G5g\ . p;f]eP cfh hg;d"xsf] b[li6af6
x]bf{ ;'ulGwt km"nx¿nfO{ ljiffn' emf/x¿af6 5'6\ofpg] s;L s] x'g'k5{ <
dflg;x¿sf arg / sd{x¿ ;xL jf unt s] x'g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ pgLx¿sf /fhgLlts
sfo{snfkx¿sf] qmddf xfd|f hgtfn] s] cfwf/df 7x/ ug]{ t < xfd|f] ;+ljwfgsf
l;4fGtx¿sf] cfwf/df, hgtfsf] cTolws ax';+Vofsf] OR5f / xfd|f /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿n]
ljleGg cj;/x¿df 3f]if0ff u/]sf ;femf /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0fsf cfwf/df .
xfdLnfO{ s] nfU5 eg] Jofks cy{df of] s;L lgDgfg';f/ x'g'k5{ M
!=
arg / sd{x¿n] xfd|f ;a} hfltsf hgtfnfO{
ljeflht x'g geO{ Pstfa4 x'g ;3fp k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .
@= tL s'/f ;dfhjfbL ¿kfGt/0f / ;dfhjfbL
lgdf{0fsf] nflu xflgsf/s geO{ kmfObfhgs x'g'k5{ .
#=
tL s'/fn] hgtfsf] hgjfbL clwgfosTjsf h/f
plwGg] jf o;nfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{ sfd gu/L o;nfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ d2t ug'{k5{ .
$=
tL s'/fn] hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf h/f plwGg]
jf o;nfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{ sfd gu/L o;nfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ d2t ug'{k5{ .
%=
tL s'/fn] sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjsf h/f
vNaNofpg] jf o;nfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{ sfd gu/L o;nfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ d2t ug'{k5{ .
^=
tL s'/f cGt/f{li6«o ;dfhjfbL Pstf /
ljZjsf zflGt–k|]dL hgtfsf] Pstfsf nflu xflgsf/s geO{ kmfObfhgs x'g'k5{ .
oL
^ j6f s;Lx¿dWo] ;dfhjfbL af6f] / kf6L{sf] g]t[Tj;DaGwL b'O{j6f s;L ;aeGbf
dxŒjk"0f{ x'g\ . oL s;Lx¿ hgtfaLrsf ;jfnx¿af/]sf] :jtGq 5nkmn ug]{
sfo{df afwf kfg{sf] nflu geO{ To;nfO{ a9fjf lbgsf] nflu g} cl3 ;fl/Psf
x'g\ . oL s;Lx¿nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug]{x¿n] ;d]t klg cfÏgf ljrf/x¿ k|s6 u/L
cfÏgf] ts{sf] kIfdf ax; ug{ ;S5g\ . t/ ax';+Vos hgtf;“u kfngf ug'{kg]{
:ki6 s;Lx¿ x'Gh]n;Dd ;xL 9+un] cfnf]rgf / cfTdcfnf]rgfnfO{ ;+rfng ug{ ;lsg] 5 /
dflg;x¿sf arg / sd{x¿ ;xL 5g\ jf unt 5g\, tL ;'ulGwt km"n x'g\ jf ljiffn'
emf/ x'g\ eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf] ug{ oL s;Lx¿ nfu" ug{ ;lsg] 5 . oL
/fhgLlts s;Lx¿ x'g\ . j}1flgs l;4fGtx¿sf] ;Totfsf] hf“rk/v ug{ jf
snfs[ltx¿sf] ;f}Gbo{d"Nosf] n]vfhf]vf ug{sf] lgldQ :jefjtM c¿ ;fGble{s
s;Lx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . t/ oL ^ j6f /fhgLlts s;Lx¿ eg] snf / lj1fgx¿sf
;a} sfo{snfkx¿df nfu" x'G5g\ . xfd|f]h:tf] ;dfhjfbL b]zdf oL /fhgLlts
s;Lx¿sf] lj?4 rNg] s'g} klg j}1flgs jf snfTds sfo{snfk pkof]uL x'g;Snf / <
dfly
k|:t't ul/Psf ljrf/x¿ rLgsf] ljlzi6 P]ltxfl;s kl/l:yltdf cfwfl/t 5g\ .
leGg–leGg ;dfhjfbL b]zx¿sf leGg–leGg sDo'lgi6 kf6L{x¿sf kl/l:yltx¿ leGg–leGg
x'G5g\ . To;sf/0f, pgLx¿n] lrlgof“ tl/sf g} ckgfpg' k5{ eGg] xfd|f] dfGotf
5}g .
æbL3{sfnLg
;xcl:tTj / cfk;L ;'kl/j]If0fÆ eGg] gf/f klg rLgsf] ljlzi6 P]ltxfl;s kl/l:yltsf]
pkh xf] . of] gf/f crfgs cl3 ;fl/Psf] geO{ o;sf] lgdf{0f x'g cg]sf}+ jif{
nfu]sf] lyof] . bL3{sfnLg ;x–cl:tTj;DaGwL ljrf/ lgs} ;dob]lv /lxcfPsf]
xf] . ut jif{ ;dfhjfbL k|0ffnL d"ntM :yflkt ePkl5 :ki6 zAbdf o;
gf/fsf] th'{df ul/of] . x}g, k'“hLjfbL / lgDgk'“hLjfbL hgjfbL kf6L{x¿nfO{
lgs} nfdf] cjlw;Dd dhb'/ ju{sf] kf6L{ ;“u;“u} cl:tTjdf /xg lsg lbg' k¥of] t
< lsgeg] ;dfhjfbsf] Wo]osf] lgldQ hgtfl;t Pstfa4 x'g] cleef/fk|lt ;f“RrL g}
;dlk{t /xg] / hgtfsf] ljZjf; k|fKt ug]{ hlt ;a} /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿k|lt xfdLn]
bL3{sfnLg ;x–cl:tTjsf] gLlt gc“ufNg] s'g} sf/0f g} 5}g . /fhgLlts
k/fdz{bft[ ;Dd]ngsf] klxnf] /fli6«o ;ldltsf] bf];|f] clwj]zgdf !(%) sf]
h"g dlxgfdf g} d}n] o; ljifonfO{ o;/L /fv]sf] lyP“ M
s'g}
klg dflg; hgtfsf] ;]jf ug{ ;f“RrL g} tTk/ ePsf] v08df / hgtfn] sl7gfOx¿sf]
;fdgf ug'{ k/]sf] avtdf p;n] ;f“RrL g} pgLx¿nfO{ d2t u/L c;n sfo{ u/]sf] ePdf /
p;n] cfwf af6fdf xftv'§f g5f8L c;n sfd ub}{ uPsf] v08df hgtfn] / ltgsf] ;/sf/n]
To:tf] dflg;nfO{ c:jLsf/ ug'{kg]{ jf p;nfO{ hLljsf]kfh{g ug]{ / b]zsf] ;]jf
ug]{ df}sf lbg' gx'g] s'g} sf/0f 5}g .
oxf“
d ljleGg kf6L{x¿sf] bL3{sfnLg ;x–cl:tTjsf] /fhgLlts cfwf/sf] rrf{ ub}{
lyP“ . cfp“bf] lgs} nfdf] ;do;Dd hgjfbL kf6L{x¿;“u ;fy;fy} /xg' sDo'lgi6
kf6L{sf] OR5fsf] ;fy;fy} gLlt klg xf] . t/ hgjfbL kf6L{x¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd
cl:tTjdf /xg ;Sg] jf g;Sg] s'/frflx+ sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] OR5fdfly geO{ pgLx¿n]
cfkm"nfO{ slQsf] /fd|f];“u bf]ifd'Qm kfb{5g\ / slQsf] hgljZjf; k|fKt
ub{5g\ eGg] s'/fdf g} e/ kb{5 . ljleGg kf6L{x¿aLrsf] cfk;L ;'kl/j]If0f
PstkmL{ x'“b}g eGg] s'/f :jtM :ki6 5 . o;sf] cy{ s] xf] eg] sDo'lgi6
kf6L{n] hgjfbL kf6L{x¿sf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug{;S5 / To;}u/L hgjfbL kf6L{x¿n]
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] ;'kl/j]If0f ug{ lsg lbg] t < lsgeg] JolQmnfO{ cfÏgfeGbf
leGg ljrf/ ;'Gg'kg]{ s'/fsf] hlt 7"nf] cfjZostf x'G5, kf6L{nfO{ klg Tolt
g} 7"nf] cfjZostf x'G5 . sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] ;'kl/j]If0f d"ntM
>lds hgtfn] / kf6L{ ;b:ox¿n] g} ub{5g\ eGg] s'/f xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 .
t/ hgjfbL kf6L{x¿af6 klg ;'kl/j]If0f u/fp“bf To;af6 xfdLnfO{ x'g] kmfObfx¿ cem
a9\b5g\ . lgZro g} sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ / hgjfbL kf6L{x¿aLr x'g] ;/;Nnfx /
cfnf]rgfsf] cfbfg–k|bfgn] ta dfq ;sf/fTds ;'kl/j]If0fsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5,
ha oL s'/fx¿ dfly lbOPsf ^ j6f /fhgLlts s;Lx¿ cg'¿k x'G5g\ . o;k|sf/, gof“
;dfhsf] cfjZostfcg'¿k cfkm"nfO{ 9fNgsf] lgldQ hgjfbL kf6L{x¿n]
ljrf/wf/fTds k'gM ;“:sf/ ug]{ s'/fdf Wofg b]nfg\ / sDo'lgi6 kf6L{;“u bL3{sfnLg
;x–cl:tTj / cfk;L ;'kl/j]If0f ug]{ s'/fsf] lgldQ elu/y k|of; unf{g\ eGg] xfd|f]
cfzf 5 .
;fbf hLjg / s7f]/ ;+3if{df
b[9 /xf}+ / hg;d"x;“u
3lgi7 ;DaGw sfod /fvf}+*
-dfr{ !(%&_
!
xfd|f]
kf6L{n] z'4Ls/0f cfGbf]ngsf] 9f]sf vf]Ng nfu]sf] 5 . of] kf6L{leq cfnf]rgf
/ cfTdcfnf]rgfdfkm{t\ cGtlj{/f]wx¿nfO{ xn ug]{ tl/sf xf] / ;fy} kf6L{ /
hgtfaLrsf cGtlj{/f]wx¿ xn ug]{ tl/sf klg xf] . o;k6s o; cfGbf]ngsf] lgzfgf
gf]s/zfxL, ;+sL0f{tfjfb / dgf]utjfbh:tf tLgj6f v/fa z}nLx¿ x'g]5g\ .
xfdLn] z'4Ls/0fdfkm{t\ ;fbf hLjg / s7f]/ ;+3if{sf] xfd|f] kf6L{ k/Dk/fnfO{ cl3
a9fpg] elu/y k|of; ug}{k5{ . xfdLn] qmflGtdf ljho k|fKt u/]b]lv otf xfd|f
sltko sd/]8x¿sf] qmflGtsf/L ;+sNk cf]Onfp“b} cfPsf] 5, ltgsf] qmflGtsf/L pT;fx
db}{ cfPsf] 5, lbnf]Hofgn] hgtfsf] ;]jf ug]{ ltgsf] efjgfdf ;':tL cfO/x]sf] 5,
/ To;}u/L zq'lj?4sf] n8fO“df d[To'nfO{ xf“s lbg ltgn] k|bz{g u/]sf] efjgfdf klg
;':tL cfO/x]sf] 5 . To;sf] ;fy;fy} pgLx¿ kb / rrf{sf lgldQ dl/d]6\g yfn]sf 5g\,
cfÏgf] nufO– vjfOdf ljz]if aGg yfn]sf 5g\, tnasf] lgldQ xf]8afhL ug{ / Voflt
tyf nfesf] lgldQ x'?Ss x'g yfn]sf 5g\– oL ;f/f dgf]j[lQx¿ x'ls{/x]sf 5g\ .
ut jif{ sf8/x¿sf] :t/ a[l4 ug]{ qmddf sltko sf8/x¿ 8f“sf] 5f8]/ /f]P / ltgn]
cb\e"t ufO{hfqf b]vfP /] eGg] d}n] ;'g]sf] 5' . dflg;x¿sf b'O{j6f
cf“vf 5g\, 5}gg\ / < tL cf“vfdf pln{P/ cfpg] kfgLnfO{ cf“;' eGg]
ul/G5 . ltgn] lrtfP h:tf] u/L :t/ a[l4 gePkl5 ltgsf ufnfaf6 cf“;'sf wf/f
aUg yfN5g\ . Rofª sfO{–z]slj/f]wL o'4sfndf, cd]l/sL cltqmd0fsf] k|lt/f]w
ug]{ / sf]l/ofnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ o'4sfndf, s[lif;'wf/ / k|ltqmflGtsf/Lx¿sf] bdgsfndf
ltgn] slxNo} Ps yf]kf] cf“;' klg emf/]gg\, g t ;dfhjfbsf] lgdf{0fsfndf g} ltgn]
cf“;' emf/], t/ ltgsf lghL lxtx¿dfly c;/ kgf{;fy} ltgsf cf“vfaf6 cf“;'sf gbL g}
aUgyfn] . s;}n] t tLg lbg;Dd vfgf vfg} dfg]gg\ /] eGg] s'/f ;d]t klg d}n]
;'g]sf] 5' . d t s] eG5' eg] sf]xL Pshgfn] tLg lbg;Dd vfg dfg]g eg] Tof]
s]xL s'/f xf]Og, t/ Tof] qmd Ps xKtf;Dd rNof] eg]rflx“ a8f] vt/gfs x'G5 .
5f]6s/Ldf eGg] xf] eg], Voflt / kbsf] lglDt k|lt:kwf{ ug]{, tna, vfGsL, n'uf /
;f]v;on bf“h]/ x]g]{ dgf]j[lQ k}bf ePsf] 5 . cfÏgf lghL lxtx¿sf] lgldQ
ef]s x8\tfn ug]{ / cf“;' emfg]{ s'/fnfO{ hgtfaLrsf] Ps k|sf/sf] cGtlj{/f]w dfGg
;lsG5 . lng r'ªn] /flt ;'Os'Rrf 7f]S5! eGg] ck]/fsf] Pp6f b[Zosf] Ps k+lQm o:tf] 5M æd'6' lr/f
gk/L nf]Ug]dflg;n] ;lhn} cf“;' emfb}{g .Æ xfd|f s]xL sd/]8x¿ nf]Ug]dflg;
5g\ -;s] :jf:gL dflg; klg xf]nfg\_, h;sf] af/]df s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] :t/ a[l4sf]
s'/f gcfOnfu'~h]n;Dd pgLx¿n] ;lhn} cf“;' emfb}{gg\ . o:tf] Jojxf/nfO{ klg
;'wfg}{ k5{, kb}{g t < ;lhn} cf“;' gemfg'{ 7Ls s'/f xf], t/ d'6' lr/f kg]{rflx“
slxn] xf] lg < Tof] a]nf ha dhb'/ ju{ / >lds hg;d"xsf] efUo vt/fdf
k5{ . To:tf] a]nfdf dflg;n] s]xL yf]kf cf“;' emf/] x'G5 . tkfO{+nfO{
h:tf];'s} bhf{ lbOP klg / tkfO{+sf] :t/ lgwf{/0f u/fO unt} eP klg tkfO{+n] Tof]
bhf{ :jLsf/ ug}{k5{ / tkfO{+n] cfÏgf cf“;'nfO{ emg{ glbO{ leq} /fVg'k5{ .
o; ;+;f/df kIfkftk"0f{ s'/f w]/} 5g\ / tkfO{+sf] :t/ lgwf{/0f cg'lrt ePsf]
klg x'g ;S5, t/ To;f] eP5 g} eg] klg To;af/]df xNnfvNnf dRrfpg' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f
5}g lsgeg] To;f] ug'{ a]sf/ 5 / k]6el/ vfg kfpGh]n;Dd tkfO{+n] lrQ a'emfP/
a:g'k5{ . h] eP klg xfd|f] kf6L{ Ps qmflGtsf/L kf6L{ xf], To;sf/0f s;}nfO{
klg ef]s} dg{ glbg] s'/fnfO{ xfdLn] cfÏgf] l;4fGtsf] ¿kdf c“ufNg' kb{5 .
ef]sn] gd?Gh]n;Dd hf] sf]xLn] klg qmflGtsf/L sfd ug'{kb{5 / bQlrQ eP/ ug'{
kb{5 . cfheGbf bz xhf/ jif{kl5 klg dflg;x¿n] ldx]gt;fy sfd ug}{ k5{ .
sDo'lgi6n] t cfwf lrQn] jf b'O{ ltxfO{ lrQn] geO{ k"/fk"/ bQlrQ eO{
ldx]gt;fy sfd u/]/ hgtfsf] ;]jf ug'{ kb{5 . h;sf] qmflGtsf/L ;+sNk
cf]Onfp“b} uPsf] 5, pgLx¿sf] efjgfnfO{ z'4Ls/0fåf/f k'ghL{ljt t'Nofpg}
k5{ .
@
xfdLn]
qmflGtsf/L o'4x¿sf jif{x¿df b]vfPsf]h:t} tfut, To:t} lsl;dsf] qmflGtsf/L pT;fx
/ d[To'nfO{ xf“s lbg] To:t} lsl;dsf] efjgf sfdo /fVg'k5{ / qmflGtsf/L sfd
cflv/L;Dd rnfpg' k5{ . d[To'nfO{ xf“s lbg] eg]sf] s]
xf] < …hn lsgf/fÚ eGg] pkGof;df d[To'nfO{ xf“s lbg] ;fO“nf] efO zL :o' eGg]
Pp6f kfq 5, oxf“ xfdLn] 7\ofSs} p;}sf]h:tf] efjgfnfO{ dgdf /fv]sf 5f}+ .
xfdLn] oxL efjgfsf] ;xf/fn] ljut sfndf qmflGt ug{ ;s]sf xf}+ . dflg;n] Ps
af/sf] h'gL dfq kfp“5 / o; h'gLdf pm To:t} ;f7L, ;Q/L, c;L jf gAa] jif{;Dd
af“Rg;S5, of] s'/f x]/L–x]/L x'G5 . cfkm"n] ;s'Gh]n;Dd tkfO{+n] s]xL
g s]xL sfd ug'{k5{ . clg tkfO{+n] of] sfd pT;fx / d[To'nfO{ xf“s lbg]
efjgfsf ;fy ug'{kb{5 . s]xL sd/]8x¿df o:tf] pT;fx / efjgfsf sdL x'“b}
uPsf] 5 / pgLx¿n] k|ult ug{ 5f8]sf 5g\ . of] :j:y lsl;dsf] 36gf–k|jfx
xf]Og, To;sf/0f pgLx¿nfO{ lzIff lbg] sfo{ ;+rfng ug'{kb{5 .
l;Ëf]
kf6L{n] /fhgLlts / ljrf/wf/fTds sfdnfO{ ;'b[9 t'Nofpg' kb{5 . cfhsf]
;Dd]ngdf pkl:yt y'k|} sd/]8x¿ ;]gfdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . x}g, ;]gf kmf“6sf]
l:ylt s] s:tf] 5 lg < s] zflGtsfnsf] /fhgLlts sfd / o'4sfnsf] /fhgLlts
sfdsf] aLrdf s]xL g s]xL leGgtf 5}g / < o'4sfndf hg;d"xx¿;“u 3lgi7
;DaGw /fVg}k5{, clkm;/x¿n] hjfgx¿;“u / ;]gfn] rflx“ hgtf;“u PsLs[t
x'g}k5{ . o:tf] avtdf xfdLdf s]xL sdhf]/Lx¿ eP klg hgtfn] xfdLnfO{ dfkmL lbG5g\ .
clxn] t zflGtsfn xf], clxn] xfdLn] o'4 n8\g' k/]sf] 5}g / xfdLn] ug'{ kg]{ hDdf
sfd} tfnLd lng' g} xf], hg;d"xx¿;“u 3lgi7 ;DaGw sfod /fVg] s'/fdf xfdL
b[9tf ;fy nflu k/]gf}+ eg] xfd|f sdhf]/Lx¿nfO{ dfkmL lbg pgLx¿nfO{ :jefjtM
ufx|f] kg]{5 . ;}lgs bhf{x¿sf] k|0ffnL@ / cGo k|0ffnLx¿sf] lgdf{0f ul/Psf] ePtf klg pRr bhf{sf
;}lgsx¿n] cfÏgf] dftxtdf /x]sf ;}lgsx¿;“u / sf8/x¿n] l;kfxLx¿;“u gªdf;' ;/x Ps
x'g}k5{, clg dftxtsf ;}lgsx¿nfO{ pkNnf bhf{sf ;}lgsx¿sf] cfnf]rgf ug{ /
l;kfxLx¿nfO{ sf8/x¿sf] cfnf]rgf ug{ lbO/xg' k5{ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu,
cfnf]rgf ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg ug{ kf6L{ ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf ug{ ;lsG5 . ætLg
v/faLx¿Æ lj?4sf] cfGbf]ngtfsf sd/]8 r]g O{n] of] s'/f Psbd ;xL 9Ën] o;/L
eGg'ePsf] lyof], æoltsf jif{ xfdLn] cfb]z hf/L ubf{ 7Ls} eof], ca xfd|f] dftxtsf
;}lgsx¿nfO{ s]xL ;do;Dd, egf}+ g, Ps xKtf;Dd xfd|f] cfnf]rgf ug{ lbg' 7Ls
gxf]nf / <Æ o;f] ug'{ 7Ls xf] eGg] pxf“sf] cfzo lyof] . pxf“;“u d]/f]
;xdlt 5, xfd|f] dftxtdf /x]sf dflg;x¿n] Ps xKtf;Dd xfd|f] cfnf]rgf u¿g\ .
o:tf cfnf]rgf ;'? x'g'eGbf cl3 s]xL tof/L ugf]{;\, To;kl5 s'g} g s'g} k|sf/sf]
k|ltj]bg k|:t't ugf]{;\ / tkfO{+sf cfÏg} sdhf]/Lx¿af/] o;f] s]xL s'/f eGgf];\,
To;df ;DejtM Ps, b'O{, tLg jf rf/ a'“bfeGbf a9L x'g] 5}gg\ . To;kl5
sd/]8x¿nfO{ af]Ng, s]xL a'“bf ykyfk kfg{ / cfnf]rgf ug{ lbgf];\ .
hg;d"xx¿df lg:kIf efjgf x'G5, pgLx¿n] xfd|f] clen]vnfO{ pk]Iff ug]{
5}gg\ . sDkgL / Knf6"g sdf08/x¿n] klg cfkm" dftxtsf ;}lgs
hjfgx¿nfO{ cfnf]rgfx¿ ug{ lbg' k5{ / jif{sf] Ps k6s lgs} lbg;Dd nuftf/ rNg] u/L
cfnf]rgf–a}7sx¿sf] cfof]hgf ug'{ ;aeGbf /fd|f] x'g]5 . ljutdf xfdLn]
;]gfdf o; k|sf/sf] hgjfbsf] cEof; u/]sf lyof}+ / To;af6 ;'kl/0ffdx¿ lg:s]sf
lyP . ;}lgs bhf{x¿sf] k|0ffnL / cGo k|0ffnLx¿ c“ufNgfsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k
dflyNnf / tNnf txaLrsf, clkm;/x¿ / hjfgx¿aLrsf, ;]gf / hgtfaLrsf tyf ;}Go zlQmx¿
/ :yfgLo clwsf/Lx¿aLrsf 3lgi7 ;DaGwx¿df Iflt k'Ug glbg';\ . s] s'/f
elg/xg' gknf{ eg] dflyNnf txx¿n] tNnf txx¿;“u 3lgi7 ;DaGw sfod /fVg' k5{ / of]
;DaGw sd/]8L vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . sf8/x¿n] l;kfxLx¿;“u 3lgi7 ;DaGwsf] ljsf;
u/L pgLx¿;“u PsLs[t x'g'k5{ . To;}u/L ;z:q ;]gfx¿n] hgtf;“u / :yfgLo kf6L{
/ ;/sf/L ;+u7gx¿;“u 3lgi7 ;DaGw sfod /fVg'kb{5 .
xfd|f
sd/]8x¿n] o; s'/fnfO{ dgdf /fVg'k5{ M cfÏgf] sfof{nosf] zlQm, cfÏgf] pRr bhf{
jf jl/i7tfsf] ;xf/fn] u'hf/f rnfpg] gugf]{;\ . jl/i7tfsf] ;Gbe{df, xfdL
lgs} jif{b]lv sfd ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+, / xfd|f] o; clen]vgsf] dxŒj t /xG5 g}, t}klg
xfdLn] o;}sf] ;xf/fn] u'hf/f rnfpg] ug'{ eg] x'“b}g . s] s'/f ;f“rf] xf]
eg] tkfO{+x¿ cg]sf}+ bzsb]lv sfd ul/cfpg' ePsf 7"nf sfo{stf{x¿
x'g'x'G5 . of] ;a x'“bfx'“b} klg tkfO{+x¿n] s'g} pNn" sfd jf jflxoft
s'/f ug'{ eof] eg] hgtfn] dfkmL lbg] 5}gg\ . ljutdf tkfO{+n] hlt;'s}
;'sd{x¿ u/]sf eP klg / tkfO{+sf] kb hlt;'s} pkNnf] eP klg cfh tkfO{+ /fd|/L sfd
ul//xg' ePsf] 5}g, ;xL 9Ën] ;d:ofx¿sf] xn ul//xg' ePsf] 5}g / o;k|sf/ hglxtnfO{
gf]S;fg k'¥ofO/xg' ePsf] 5 eg] hgtfn] tkfO{+nfO{ dfkmL lbg] 5}gg\ .
To;sf/0f xfd|f sd/]8x¿n] cfÏgf] jl/i7tfdfly geO{ ;xL 9Ën] ;d:ofx¿ xn ug]{
cfÏgf] Ifdtfdfly e/ kg'{ kb{5 . oxf“lg/ dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f jl/i7tf geP/
;xLkgf g} xf] . cfÏgf] jl/i7tfdfly lge{/ /xg g;Sg] ePsf]n] o;af/] tkfO{+n]
lal;{lbP klg x'G5 . dfgf}+ tkfO{+ slxNo} clkm;/ x'g'ePs} xf]Og, egfOsf] tfTko{
s] xf] eg] 7fn" jf gf]s/zfxsf] wfs–/jfkm b]vfpg 5f8\g} k5{, cfÏgf]
wfs–/jfkmnfO{ Psflt/ kG5fP/ tkfO{+n] hgtfsf] aLrdf tyf tkfO{+sf ;xfosx¿sf]
aLrdf hfg}k5{ . of] xfd|f sf8/x¿n] / vf; u/]/ xfd|f kfsf sf8/x¿n] dgdf
/fVg}kg]{ s'/f xf] . ;fwf/0ftof gof“ sf8/x¿dfly plt 7"nf] af]em
/x“b}g, pgLx¿sf] af]em cln xn'Ëf] x'G5 . kfsf sf8/x¿n] gof“ sf8/x¿;“u ;dfg
x}l;otaf6 Jojxf/ ug'{k5{ . kfsf sf8/x¿ lgs} s'/fdf gof“ sf8/x¿ hlt c;n
x'“b}gg\, To;sf/0f ltgn] pgLx¿af6 l;Sg' kb{5 .
l6Kk0fLx¿
!=
…lng r'ªn] /flt ;'Os'Rrf 7f]S5Ú eGg] b[Zo ldª /fhj+zsf] kfnfdf /lrPsf] t/jf/sf]
syf eGg] s'g r' ck]/fsf] xf] . s'g r' ck]/fsf] yfngL Sofª\;'sf] s'gzfgdf
ePsf] xf] .
@=
;}lgs bhf{ k|0ffnL !(%% sf] ;]K6]Da/ dlxgfdf nfu" ul/Psf] lyof] / !(^% df
o;nfO{ pGd"ng ul/of] .
cGt/kf6L{ Pstf;DaGwL åGåfTds
tl/sf*
-!* gf]e]Da/, !(%&_
cGt/kf6L{
Pstfsf] k|Zg;DaGwL åGåfTds tl/sfaf/] d s]xL s'/f eGg rfxG5' . d]/f]
ljrf/df, pm zq' tŒj jf cGtWj{+zsf/L xf]Og eg] x/]s sd/]8k|ltsf] xfd|f] k|j[lQ
Pstfsf] k|j[lQ x'g'k5{, rfx] pm hf];'s} lsg gxf];\ . xfdLn] p;k|lt
clwe"tjfbL tl/sf gc“ufnL åGåfTds tl/sf c“ufNg' k5{ . åGåfTds tl/sf
eg]sf] s] xf] < x/]s s'/fnfO{ ljZn]if0ffTds b[li6n] x]g'{, ;a} dflg;n] uNtL
u5{g\ eGg] s'/f :jLsf/ ug'{ / uNtL u¥of] eGb}df dflg;nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kn]
gsfg]{ sfd gug'{ g} åGåfTds tl/sf xf] . uNtL gug]{ dflg; o; ;+;f/df Pshgf
klg x'“b}g eg]/ n]lggn] Ps k6s eGg' ePsf] lyof]– x/]s dflg;nfO{ ;x/f
rflxG5 . Pshgf ;dy{jfg\ dflg;nfO{ c¿ tLghgfsf] d2t rflxG5, af/nfO{ tLgj6f
3f]rfsf] ;xf/f rflxG5 . cfkm"df Toltsf] ;f}Gbo{ eP/ klg sdnsf]
km"nnfO{ ljnIf0f b]lvg xl/of kftx¿ rflxG5 . oL lrlgof“ pvfgx¿
x'g\ . cem csf]{ lrlgof“ pvfg s] 5 eg] tLghgf ;fsL{sf] a'l4dQfnfO{ Ps;fy
ldnfPkl5 Tof] a'l4dQf ljZjsdf{ r's] Nofªsf] ;/x x'G5 . r's] Nofª PSn}
sbflk kl/k"0f{ x'g ;Sb}g, p;sf klg cfÏg} ;Ldfx¿ 5g\ . xfd|f afx|
b]zsf] of] 3f]if0ffkqnfO{ g} x]/f}+ g . xfdLn] o;sf] klxnf], bf];|f],
t];|f] / rf}yf] d:of}bf tof/ kfl/;Sof}+, t}klg o;sf] clGtd kl/isf/ x'g af“sL g}
5 . s;}n] klg cfkm" O{Zj/ em}+ ;j{1 / ;j{zlQmdfg\ ePsf] bfaL ug'{
cx+sf/k"0f{ s'/f xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . p;f]eP uNtL u/]sf] sd/]8k|lt
xfdLn] s:tf] k|j[lQ c“ufNg' kg]{ xf] t < xfdLn] ljZn]if0ffTds b[li6sf]0f
lnO{ åGåfTds tl/sf c“ufNg' k5{, clwe"tjfbL tl/sf xf]Og . Ps k6s
xfd|f] kf6L{ clwe"tjfb, h8;"qjfbsf] e8\vf/f]df hflsg k'Uof], h;n]
cfkm"nfO{ dg gkg]{ hlt ;a}nfO{ k"/fk"/ Wj:t kf¥of] . kl5
uP/ xfdLn] h8;"qjfbnfO{ kl/Tofu u¥of}+ / cln a9L åGåjfb l;Sof}+ .
ljk/Lt tŒjx¿sf] Pstf åGåjfbsf] d"ne"t wf/0ff xf] . o;
wf/0ffcg';f/ uNtL u/]sf] sd/]8nfO{ xfdLn] s] ug]{ xf] t < klxnf] s'/f,
p;nfO{ unt ljrf/x¿af6 d'Qm ug{sf] nflu xfdLn] pm;“u ;+3if{ ug'{k5{ .
bf];|f] s'/f, xfdLn] p;nfO{ d2t klg ug'{k5{ . klxnf] s'/f– ;+3if{, bf];|f]
s'/f – d2t . p;sf uNtL ;Rofpg] c;n dgzfosf ;fy xfdLn] cl3 a9\g' k5{, h;n]
ubf{ p;n] af6f] kfpg ;sf];\ .
t/
csf]{ k|sf/sf dflg;x¿;“u Jojxf/ ug{ eg] ufx|f] 5 . 6«f6:sLh:tf / rLgsf 5g\
t'–:o", rfª Sjf]–tfcf] / sfcf] sfªh:tf dflg;x¿k|lt ;xof]uk"0f{ k|j[lQ
c“ufNg c;Dej lyof] lsgeg] pgLx¿ ;Rofpg} g;lsg] vfnsf lyP . clg lx6n/, Rofª
sfO{–z]s / hf/h:tf dflg;x¿ klg ;Rofpg} g;lsg] vfnsf lyP / pgLx¿sf] tVtf
kN6fOlbg} k¥of] lsgeg] xfdL / pgLx¿aLrsf] ;DaGw Psbd} k/:k/ lgif]wsf/L
lyof] . o; cy{df pgLx¿sf] :jefjsf] Pp6f dfq kIf 5, b'O{j6f xf]Og .
clGtd ljZn]if0fdf, ;fd|fHojfbL / k'“hLjfbL k|0ffnLx¿sf xsdf klg oxL s'/f ;f“rf]
xf], h'g k|0ffnLx¿nfO{ cGttM ;dfhjfbL k|0ffnLåf/f lj:yflkt ug'{ clgjfo{
5 . ljrf/wf/fsf] If]qdf klg oxL s'/f nfu" x'G5 – cfbz{jfbnfO{
ef}ltsjfbåf/f / cfl:tstfjfbnfO{ gfl:tstfjfbåf/f lj:yflkt ul/g] 5 . oxf“
xfdL /0fgLlts p2]Zoaf/] s'/f ul//x]sf 5f}+ . t/ sfo{gLlts r/0fx¿sf] xsdf
rflx+ s'/f km/s x'G5, hxf“ ;Demf}tfx¿ ug{ ;lsg]5 . sf]l/ofdf #*cf}+
;dfgfGt/df xfdLn] cd]l/sLx¿;“u ;Demf}tf u/]gf}+ / < leotgfddf k|mfG;]nLx¿;“u
;Demf}tf ePg / <
k|To]s
sfo{gLlts r/0fdf ;Demf}tfx¿ tyf ;+3if{x¿ ug{ l;kfn' x'g' h?/L 5 . ca xfdL
sd/]8x¿;“usf] ;DaGwlt/ kmsf}{+ . sd/]8x¿sf aLrdf s'g} c;dembf/L x'g hf“bf
jftf{ ul/pmg\ egL d ;'emfj /fV5' . sltko dflg;x¿n] s:tf] ;f]rfO /fv]h:tf]
nfU5 eg] sDo'lgi6 kf6L{df lelqO;s]kl5 ;a} dflg; dtleGgtf jf c;dembf/Lx¿ s]xL
gePsf ;Gt aGb5g\, clg kf6L{sf] ljZn]if0f ul//xg' kb}{g cyf{t\ kf6L{ Psdgf /
Ps¿k vfnsf] x'G5, t;y{ jftf{ ug'{ h?/L x'“b}g . o:tf] nfU5 dfgf}+ kf6L{df
lelqPkl5 dflg;x¿n] zt k|ltzt dfS;{jfbL aGg' kb{5 . jf:tjdf dflg;x¿ ljleGg
dfqfdf dfS;{jfbL x'g] u5{g\ . sf]xL !)) k|ltzt, sf]xL (), *), &), ^)
jf %) k|ltzt dfS;{jfbL x'G5g\ eg] sf]xL rflx+ !) jf @) k|ltzt dfq dfS;{jfbL
x'G5g\ . s] Pp6f ;fgf] sf]7fdf a;]/ xfdLdWo]sf b'O{–tLghgf dflg;sf]
s'/fsfgL x'g ;Sb}g / < s] xfdL Pstf ug]{ OR5faf6 ;'? u/L Ps–csf{nfO{ d2t
ug{] efjgfsf ;fy s'/fsfgL ug{ ;Sb}gf}+ / < oxf“ d lgZro g} sDo'lgi6
k+lQmx¿leq} jftf{ ug]{af/] s'/f ul//x]sf] 5', ;fd|fHojfbLx¿;“u jftf{ ug]{
ljifodf s'/f ul//x]sf] 5}g -oBlk ;fd|fHojfbLx¿;“u klg xfdL jftf{ ug]{ u5f}{+_ .
d Pp6f pbfx/0f lbp“m . s] xfd|f afx| b]zx¿ jt{dfg ;d:ofaf/] jftf{ ul//x]sf
5}gg\ / < s] ^ j6feGbf a9L kf6L{x¿n] klg jftf{ ul//x]sf 5}gg\ / < jf:tjdf
ltgLx¿ jftf{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfbsf]
l;4fGtdf s'g} klg xflggf]S;fgL gk'Ug] ePdf xfdL c¿ dflg;x¿sf sltko :jLsf/of]Uo
ljrf/x¿nfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5f}+ / TofUg ldNg] vfnsf xfd|f / sltko ljrf/x¿nfO{
ToflulbG5f}+ . o;k|sf/ uNtL ug]{ sfd/]8;“u Jojxf/df ug{nfO{ xfd|f ;fydf
b'O{j6f xft 5g\, Pp6f pm;“u ;+3if{ ug]{ xft / csf]{ pm;“u Pstf ug{] xft .
Pstfsf] p2]Zorflx+ p;nfO{ af6f] lbg' xf], pm;“u ;Demf}tf ug'{ xf], h;sf] cy{
nlrnf] x'g' xf] . l;4fGt / nlrnf]kgfsf] Pstf Ps dfS;{jfbL l;4fGt xf], /
of] ljk/Lt tŒjx¿sf] Pstf xf] .
s'g}
klg k|sf/sf] ;+;f/, / vf; u/]/ ju{;dfh, cGtlj{/f]wx¿n] el/k"0f{
x'G5 . s]xL dflg;x¿ ;dfhjfbL ;dfhdf cGtlj{/f]wx¿ ækm]nf kb{5g\Æ eg]/
eG5g\, t/ of] ;d:ofnfO{ cl3 ;fg]{ unt tl/sf xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfU5 . uf“7L
s'/f] t cGtlj{/f]wx¿ km]nf kb{5g\ eGg] xf]Og, s'/f] s] xf] eg] ;dfhjfb
cGtlj{/f]wx¿n] el/k"0f{ x'G5 . cGtlj{/f]wx¿ gePsf] s'g} 7fp“ g}
x'“b}g, g t ljZn]if0f ug{ gldNg] s'g} dflg; g} x'G5 . s;}sf] ljZn]if0f ug{
ldNb}g eGg'sf] cy{ clwe"tjfbL aGg' xf] . x]gf]{;\ g, k/df0f' -P6d_
eg]sf] ljk/Lt tŒjx¿sf] Pstfsf] hl6ntf xf] . o;df Go"lSno; / Pn]S6«f]g eGg]
b'O{ ljk/Lt tŒjx¿sf] Pstf x'G5 . km]l/ Go"lgSno;df rflx+ k|f]6f]g /
Go"6«f]g eGg] ljk/Lt tTjx¿sf] Pstf x'G5 . k|f]6f]gaf/] s'/f ug]{ xf]
eg] o;df k|f]6f]g / lj/f]wLk|f]6f]g
-Pl06k|f]6f]g_ x'G5g\, clg Go"6«f]gaf/] s'/f ug]{xf] eg] o;df
Go"6«f]g / lj/f]wLGo"6«f]g -PlG6Go"6«f]g_ x'G5g\ .
5f]6s/Ldf, ljk/Lt tŒjx¿sf] Pstf ;j{q ljBdfg x'G5 . ljk/Lt tŒjx¿sf] Pstfsf]
wf/0ffnfO{ cyf{t\ åGåjfbnfO{ Jofks ¿kn] k|rf/ ug}{k5{ . d t s] eG5' eg]
åGåjfbnfO{ bfz{lgsx¿sf] ;f“3'/f] 3]/faf6 Jofks hg;d"xx¿lt/ ;fg'{ kb{5 .
o; k|Zgaf/] ljleGg kf6L{x¿sf /fhgLlts kl/ifb\sf a}7sx¿df, k"0f{
clwj]zgx¿df / ;fy;fy} pQm kf6L{x¿sf ljleGg txsf kf6L{ ;ldltx¿sf a}7sx¿df 5nkmn
ul/of];\ eGg] d]/f] ;'emfj 5 . ;f“Rr} eGg] xf] eg] xfd|f kf6L{ zfvfsf
;lrjx¿n] åGåjfb a'em]sf 5g\, sf/0f zfvfsf a}7sx¿sf lgldQ k|ltj]bgx¿ tof/ kfbf{
pgLx¿n] k|foM cfÏgf gf]6 a'sdf b'O{j6f s'/f l6kf]6 ug]{ u5{g\– klxnf] s'/f,
pknlAwx¿ / bf]>f] s'/f, sdhf]/Lx¿ . Ps b'O{df ljeflht x'G5 – of]
ljZjJofks 36gf–k|jfx xf], / åGåjfb eg]sf] oxL xf] .
dxfg\ ;j{xf/f
;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf ;f]x|a'“b] lg0f{o
!= ;dfhjfbL qmflGtdf Ps gof“ r/0f
dxfg\
;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGt h'g clxn] cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5– Pp6f dxfg\ qmflGt xf],
o;n] hgtfsf] ;Dk"0f{ cGt/cfTdfnfO{ k|efljt kfb{5 / xfd|f] b]zsf] ;dfhjfbL
qmflGtsf ljsf;sf] gof“ r/0fsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5, h'g r/0f cltJofks / uxg vfnsf]
5 .
kf6L{sf]
cf7f}+ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] bzf}+ k"0f{ a}7sdf sd/]8 dfcf]T;]t'ªn] eGg' ePsf]
5– s'g} klg /fhg}lts ;QfnfO{ pv]n]/ ldNsfpgsf] nflu hgdt tof/ ug{' /
ljrf/wf/fTds If]qdf sfd ug{' ;aeGbf klxnf] cfjZostf x'G5 . of] qmflGtsf/L
ju{ / k|ltqmflGtsf/L ju{ b'j}sf] nflu plQs} ;To xf] . sd/]8 dfcf]T;]t'ªsf]
of] l;4fGt Jojxf/df laNs'n} ;xL ;flat ePsf] 5 .
oBlk
a'h{'jf ju{ ;Qfaf6 ldlNs;s]sf] 5, tfklg zf]ifsju{n] cem} cfºgf k'/fgf ljrf/,
;+:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh, rfnrng / cfbtx¿sf] k|of]u u/L hgtfnfO{ e|ldt kfg{],
pgLx¿sf] dg–dl:tisnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{] / ;QfnfO{ xTofO{ k'/fg} cj:yfdf kmsf{pg] x/
k|of; ul//x]sf] 5 . To;}n] ;j{xf/fju{n] o;sf] 7Ls pN6f] ug{'kb{5 .
a'h{'jfx¿af6 j}rfl/s If]qdf cfOkg{] x/]s r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;j{xf/fju{n] 86]/
k|ltjfb ug{'kb{5 / ;fy} ;j{xf/fju{sf] gof“ ljrf/, ;+:s[lt, gof“ rfnrng /
cfbtx¿sf] k|of]u u/]/ l;+uf] ;dfhsf] dfgl;s b[li6sf]0f abNg' kb{5 . jt{dfg
;dodf xfd|f] nIo tL clwsf/ ;DkGg JolQmx¿ hf] k'“hLjfbL af6f] ;dflt/x]sf 5g\–
pgLx¿sf] lj?4 ;+3if{ ug{', pgLx¿nfO{ ;QfRo"t ug{', lt/:sf/ ug{' / ;dfhjfbL
cfly{s cfwf/;“u d]n gvfg] lzIff, ;flxTo / snf tyf pk/L;+/rgfsf cGo c+ux¿nfO{
kl/jt{g ul/lbg' xf], tfls ;dfhjfbL Joj:yfsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f Pj+ ljsf;df ;xof]u
k'uf];\ .
@= d'Vowf/ / af+ufl6+uf 3'DtLx¿
dhb'/,
ls;fg, l;kfxL, qmflGtsf/L, a'l4hLjL / qmflGtsf/L sfo{stf{x¿sf] ;d'bfo dxfg\
;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf d'Vo zlQm x'g\ . klxn] c1ft /x]sf qmflGtsf/L
o'jfx¿sf] 7"nf] ;+Vofn] xf};nf Pj+ ;fx;sf ;fy cu|b:tfsf ¿kdf sfd u/]sf
5g\ . ltgLx¿ sfddf t]h / a'l4dfg\ 5g\ . 7"nf–7"nf cIf/sf
leQ] kf]i6/x¿ / 7"nf–7"nf ljjfbsf dfWodåf/f qmflGtsf/L o'jfx¿n] ax;x¿
rnfpg], e08fkmf]/ ug{], tLvf] cfnf]rgf ug{'sf ;fy} a'h{'jf ju{sf v'Nnf / u'Kt
k|ltlglwx¿dfly b[9tfsf ;fy s8f cfqmd0f ug{] ub{5g\ . o:tf] dxfg\
qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] ;dodf Ps jf csf{] lsl;dn] pgLx¿df sdhf]/Lx¿ b]vf kg{'
:jfefljs eP klg pgLx¿sf] d'Vo qmflGtsf/L b[li6sf]0f ;'?b]lv g} ;xL 5 . of]
dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] d'Vowf/ xf] . of] g} cfd lbzf xf], h;sf]
;fy of] qmflGt lg/Gt/ cufl8 a9\5 .
;f+:s[lts
qmflGt :jo+ Ps qmflGt ePsf]n] o;n] clgjfo{ ¿kdf k|lt/f]wx¿sf] ;fdgf
ug{'kb{5 . o; lsl;dsf k|lt/f]wx¿ d'Vo u/]/ kf6L{df 3':g ;kmn ePsf /
k'“hLjfbL af6f] ;dflt/x]sf pRr cf]xbfdf /x]sfx¿af6 g} cfp“5g\ ;fy} k'/fgf] ;dfh
5f]8\g g;Sg] cfbtx¿af6 klg tL cj/f]wx¿ cfp“5g\ . jt{dfg ;dodf of] k|lt/f]w
cem} lgs} alnof] / hAa/ 5 . t/ olt x'“bfx'“b} klg cflv/ dxfg\ ;j{xf/f
;f+:s[lts qmflGt Ps ckl/xfo{ cfd k|j[lQ xf] . k|z:t cfwf/ 5 ls ha hg;d'bfo
Psk6s k"0f{ ¿kdf hfu[t x'g] 5g\, To;k|sf/sf] k|lt/f]w l5§} vtd
x'g]5 .
k|lt/f]w
lgs} alnof] ePsf]n] o;df kl/jt{g x'g'kg{] g} x'G5 . o;n] ;j{xf/fju{ / cGo
>lds ju{ ljz]iftM o'jf lk+9LnfO{ :kfltnf] agfp“5, pgLx¿nfO{ kf7 l;sfp“5,
cg'ej k|bfg ub{5 / pgLx¿nfO{ a'‰g d2t ub{5 ls qmflGtsf] af6f] af+uf]l6+uf] x'G5
/ Tof] ;/n ¿kdf cufl8 a9\b}g .
#= ;fx;nfO{ ;jf{]k/L /fv / lxDdt;fy hg;d'bfonfO{
hfu[t u/
o;
dxfg\ ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] kl/0ffd kf6L{ g]t[Tjn] lxDdtsf ;fy hg;d'bfonfO{ hfu[t
u/fpg ;fx; u5{ ls ub{}g eGg] s'/fn] lgwf{/0f ug{]5 .
o;
;dodf cnu–cnu :t/sf kf6L{ ;+u7gåf/f ;f+:s[lts cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj ug{] ;DaGwdf
rf/ km/s–km/s kl/l:ylt ljBdfg /x]sf 5g\ .
-s_
Pp6f o:tf] kl/l:ylt 5– kf6L{ ;+u7gsf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿ cfGbf]ngsf] cu|efudf
/x]sf 5g\ / pgLx¿ ;fx; / lxDdtsf ;fy hg;d'bfonfO{ hfu[t u/fpg] sfddf nfu]sf
5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;fx;nfO{ ;jf{]k/L /fv]sf 5g\, pgLx¿ lgle{s sDo'lgi6 n8fsf
x'g\ / cWoIf dfcf]sf c;n lziox¿ x'g\ . pgLx¿ 7"nf cIf/sf] leQ] kf]i6/
/ dxfg\ ax;sf] k|rf/ ub{5g\ . pgLx¿ hgtfnfO{ x/]s lsl;dsf e"t /
/fIf;x¿sf] e08fkmf]/ ug{ pT;flxt ub{5g\ / sfdsf] bf}/fgdf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿af6
ePsf uNtL–sdhf]/Lx¿sf] cfnf]rgf ug{ klg k|f]T;flxt ub{5g\ . o; lsl;dsf]
;xL g]t[Tj sfod x'g' ;j{xf/fju{sf] /fhgLltnfO{ ;jf{]k/L /fVg' / dfcf]T;]t'ªsf]
ljrf/nfO{ kyk|bz{s dfGg'sf] kl/0ffd xf] .
-v_
w]/} OsfOx¿sf lhDd]jf/ dflg;x¿sf] o; dxfg\ ;+3if{df g]t[Tjsf] sfd;DaGwL a'emfO
Psbd sd 5 . pgLx¿sf] g]t[Tj u/fO ;r]t / k|efjsf/L x'g'b]lv w]/} 6f9f 5,
pgLx¿ cfkm"n] cfkm}nfO{ w]/} sdhf]/ / c;Ifd ePsf] kfp“5g\ . ltgLx¿
;w}+ c¿nfO{ ;jf{]k/L /fV5g\, k'/fg} tl/sf, lgod / rfnrngdf 6f“l;O/xG5g\ / pgLx¿
k/Dk/fut Jojxf/x¿nfO{ tf]8]/ cufl8 a9\g clgR5's x'G5g\ . pgLx¿ gof“
kl/l:yltb]lv / hg;d'bfosf] qmflGtsf/L l:yltb]lv laNs'n} cgle1 5g\, h;sf]
kl/0ffd of] x'G5 ls pgLx¿sf] g]t[Tj kl/l:ylteGbf k5fl8 x'G5 / hg;d'bfoeGbf
k5fl8 x'G5 .
-u_
s]xL OsfOx¿sf lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿ h;n] ljutdf Ps jf csf{] lsl;dn] uNtL u/]sf 5g\,
pgLx¿ hgtfn] cfºgf] uNtL km]nf kf5{g\ ls eg]/ eolet x'G5g\ / 8/nfO{ ;jf{]k/L
/fVg a9L pBt x'G5g\ . jf:tjdf olb pgLx¿n] cfTdfnf]rgf ub{5g\ / hgtfsf]
cfnf]rgfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub{5g\ eg] kf6L{ / hgtfn] pgLx¿sf] uNtLnfO{ Ifdf
lbg]5g\ . t/ olb tL lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿n] To;f] ub{}gg\ eg] ltgLx¿n] nuftf/
uNtL ul//xg] 5g\ / cfGbf]ngsf] af6f]df afws dfq aGg]5g\ .
-3_
s]xL OsfOx¿ kf6L{df 3';]sf / k'“hLjfbL af6f] ;dflt/x]sf JolQmx¿åf/f lgolGqt
5g\ . g]t[Tjdf /x]sf To:tf JolQmx¿ hgtfaf6 gf+u]emf/ xf]OG5 ls eg]/
laNs'n} eolet 5g\ / To;n] s'g} g s'g} axfgfdf ;Dej eP;Dd hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ bafpg
rfxG5g\ . cfkm"dflysf] cfqmd0fsf] lgzfgfnfO{ 5Ng sfnf]nfO{ ;]tf]df
abNg] rfnafhL ub{} cfGbf]ngnfO{ unt lbzflt/ e8\sfpg] sf]l;; ub{5g\ . ha
pgLx¿n] cfkm"nfO{ Psbd} PlSnPsf] kfp“5g\ / ca nfdf] ;do;Dd o;/L /xg ;lsb}g
eGg] s'/f dx;'; ub{5g\, ltgLx¿ cem} eo+s/ if8\oGqx¿ ub{5g\, hgtfsf]
lk7\o"df 5'/f xfG5g\, ckmjfxx¿ km}nfp“5g\, hlt;Sbf] qmflGt / k|ltqmflGtsf]
km/snfO{ c:ki6 agfpg x/ k|oTg ub{5g\ . cflv/ pgLx¿sf] ;f/f p2]Zo qmflGtsf/Lx¿nfO{
cfqmd0f ug{' xf] .
kf6L{
s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;a} txsf kf6L{ ;ldltx¿;“u s] dfu ub{5 eg] ltgLx¿n] /fd|f];“u
g]t[Tj k|bfg u¿g\, ;fx;nfO{ ;jf{]k/L /fv"g\, lxDdt;fy hg;d'bfonfO{ hfu[t
u¿g\, hxf“ sdhf]/L / c;Ifdtf /x]sf] 5, To;nfO{ abn"g\, To:tf sd/]8x¿ h;n]
uNtL u/]sf 5g\, t/ To;nfO{ ;Rofpg dfgl;s kL8faf6 5'6sf/f kfpg ;+3if{df ;fd]n
x'g OR5's 5g\, pgLx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt u¿g\ / tL pRr kb:yx¿, h;n] k'“hLjfbL af6f]
;dflt/x]sf 5g\, pgLx¿nfO{ ltgLx¿sf kbx¿af6 avf{:t ug{ / ;j{xf/fjuL{o
qmflGtsf/Lsf nflu g]t[Tj k'gM k|fKt ug{ ;Dej agfpmg\ .
$= hg;d'bfonfO{ cfGbf]ngdf cfkm} k|lzlIft x'g b]pm
o;
dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtdf Pp6} dfq ljlw of] xf] ls hg;d'bfon] cfºgf]
d'lQm :jo+ cfkm"n] g} ug{'k5{ / pgLx¿sf] lglDt sfd ul/lbg] s'g} klg tl/sf
ckgfOg' x'Gg .
hg;d'bfodf
ljZjf; u/, pgLx¿dfly e/ u/, pgLx¿sf] kxnsf] sb/ u/ . lgle{s ag,
;d:ofx¿b]lv g8/fpm . cWoIf dfcf]n] af/Daf/ xfdLnfO{ eGg'ePsf] 5 ls qmflGt
To:tf] Hofb} ljz'4, eb|, ;+oldt, bofn', gd|, lgolGqt / pbf/ x'g ;Sb}g .
cfd hg;d'bfonfO{ o; dxfg\ qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngdf cfkm} k|lzlIft x'g b]pm / 7Ls /
a]7Ls s'/f tyf ;xL / unt sfo{z}nLaLr km/s 5'6\ofpg b]pm .
v'nf
5nkmnsf nflu 7"nf–7"nf cIf/sf kf]i6/x¿ / 7"nf ax;x¿sf]
k"/fk"/ pkof]u u/ tfls cfd hg;d'bfon] ;xL ljrf/nfO{ :ki6 ug{
;s"g\ / unt ljrf/sf] cfnf]rgf ug{'sf ;fy} ;a} e"t / /fIf;x¿sf]
e08fkmf]/ ug{ ;s"g\ . o;k|sf/ cfd hg;d'bfon] ;+3if{sf] bf}/fgdf
cfºgf] /fhg}lts r]tgf p7fpg ;Sg] 5g\, ;xL rLhnfO{ v/faaf6 5'6\ofpg ;Sg]5g\ /
xfdL / b'ZdgaLr :ki6 /]vf+sg ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
%= kf6L{sf] juL{o sfo{lbzfnfO{ b[9tfk"j{s
nfu" u/
xfd|f
zq' sf] x'g\ < xfd|f ldq sf] x'g\ < qmflGtsf] nflu of] ;jf{lws dxŒjsf]
;jfn xf] / To:t} o; dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] nflu klg of] ;jfn ;jf{lws
dxŒjsf] 5 .
kf6L{
g]t[Tj jfdkGyLx¿ kQf nufpg / pgLx¿sf] k+lQmnfO{ ljsl;t / ;'b[9 agfpg l;kfn'
x'g'kb{5 / ;fy} qmflGtsf/L jfdkGyLx¿dfly k"0f{¿kdf lge{/ /xg'kb{5 .
cfGbf]ngsf] bf}/fgdf r/d k|ltlqmofjfbL blIf0fkGyLx¿nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf
PSNofpg], dWodfuL{x¿nfO{ cfºgf] kIfdf tfGg] / hg;d'bfosf] 7"nf] lx:;f;“u
Pstf sfod ug{] Ps dfq To:tf] tl/sf xf], h;sf] dfWodn] cfGbf]ngsf] cGt;Dddf
xfdLn] (% k|ltzteGbf a9L sfo{stf{ / (% k|ltzteGbf a9L hg;d'bfosf] aLr Pstf
k|fKt ug{]5f}+ .
d'¶Le/
r/d k|ltlqmofjfbL k'“hLjfbL blIf0fkGyLx¿ Pj+ k|ltqmflGtsf/L ;+zf]wgjfbLx¿nfO{
k|xf/ ug{ k"/f zlQm s]lGb|t u/ tyf kf6L{sf] lj?4, ;dfhjfblj?4, dfcf]T;]t'ªsf]
ljrf/lj?4 pgLx¿n] u/]sf] ck/fwsf] clwstd e08fkmf]/ / cfnf]rgf u/ tfls pgLx¿nfO{
k"0f{¿kdf cnufjdf kfg{ ;lsof];\ .
jt{dfg
cfGbf]ngsf] k|d'v lgzfgf kf6L{leqsf tL JolQmx¿ x'g\ hf] kf6L{sf lhDd]jf/
lgsfox¿df 5g\ / k'“hLjfbL af6f] ;dflt/x]sf 5g\ .
kf6L{lj/f]wL,
;dfhjfblj/f]wL blIf0fkGyLx¿ / cGo s]xL To:tf dfG5]x¿, hf] kf6L{ / ;dfhjfbsf]
;dy{g t u5{g\ t/ kf6L{ / ;dfhjfbnfO{ 3f6f k'Ug] s]xL unt s'/fx¿ af]Ng] jf ug{]
u/]sf 5g\ / s]xL g/fd|f n]vx¿ n]v]sf 5g\ jf To:t} cGo s]xL sfo{x¿ u/]sf 5g\,
sf] aLr km/s 5'6\ofpg Psbd} xf]z k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .
k|ltlqmofjfbL
a'h{'jf af}l4s tfgfzfxx¿ tyf clwsf/L ju{ Psflt/ / ;fdfGo a'h{'jf af}l4s lrGtg
/fVg] dfG5]x¿ csf{]lt/, aLrdf km/s 5'6\ofpg Psbd xf]lzof/ x'g'kb{5 .
^= hgtfsfaLrsf] cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ ;xL 9+un] xn u/
hgtfsfaLrsf
cGtlj{/f]wx¿ / xfd|f] tyf zq'x¿aLrsf cGtlj{/f]wx¿ h:tf b'O{ leGg} k|s[ltsf
cGtlj{/f]wx¿sf aLrdf :ki6 ¿kdf km/s 5'6\ofpg' kb{5 . hgtfsfaLrsf]
cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ xfd|f] / zq'aLrsf] cGtlj{/f]wh:t} ¿kdf lng' x'Gg / To:t} xfd|f]
/ zq'aLrsf] cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ klg hgtfsfaLrsf cGtlj{/f]wx¿ h:t} agfpg' x'Gg .
hgtfdf
ljleGg ljrf/x¿ x'g' :jfefljs} x'G5 . ljleGg ljrf/x¿aLr k|lt:kwf{ x'g'
clgjfo{, cfjZos / nfebfos g} x'G5 . :jfefljs / v'Nnf ax;sf] dfWodaf6
hg;d'bfon] h'g s'/f ;xL xf] To;nfO{ :jLsfg{] 5g\, h'g unt xf] To;nfO{ ;Rofpg]
5g\ / la:tf/}–la:tf/} ;xdltdf k'Ug]5g\ .
ax;df
k|of]u ul/g] tl/sf tYox¿ k]; ug{], ts{ ug{] / ts{x¿åf/f c¿nfO{ dgfpg]
x'g'kb{5 . leGg dt /fVg] cNkdt kIfnfO{ ank|of]uåf/f cfTd;dk{0f u/fpg]
tl/sfnfO{ 5"6 lbg ;lsGg . cNkdtnfO{ ;+/If0f ul/g' kb{5 . lsgeg],
slxn]sfxL+ ;To s'/f cNkdtdf /x]sf] x'G5 . oBlk cNkdt unt g} lsg gxf];\,
pgLx¿nfO{ cfºgf ts{ k]; ug{] / cfºgf] ljrf/nfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg] cj;/ lbg'
kb{5 .
ha
s'g} ax; rN5, To;nfO{ ts{x¿åf/f ;+rfng ul/g' kb{5, hah{:tL ug{] jf an k|of]u
ug{] tl/sfn] x}g .
ax;sf]
qmddf x/]s qmflGtsf/Lx¿ cfºgf] lglDt cfkm}n] ;f]Rg lgk"0f{ x'g' kb{5 /
lgle{stfk"j{s ;f]Rg], lgle{stfk"j{s af]Ng] / lgle{stfk"j{s sfd
ug{] sDo'lgi6 efjgfsf] ljsf; ug{'kb{5 . qmflGtsf/L sd/]8x¿sf] cfd lbzf
Pp6} ePsf]n] qmflGtsf/L PstfnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{sf] nflu uf}0f kIfnfO{ lnP/ cGtxLg
ljjfbdf km:g' x'Gg .
&= qmflGtsf/L hg;d'bfonfO{ k|ltqmflGtsf/L eg]/
abgfd u/fpg]x¿sf] lj?4 n8
;f+:s[lts
qmflGtsf s]xL :s"nx¿, OsfOx¿ / sfo{bnx¿df s]xL lhDd]jf/ JolQmx¿n]
7"nf–7"nf cIf/sf leQ] kf]i6/ 6f“;]/ pgLx¿sf] cfnf]rgf ug{]
hg;d'bfosf] lj?4 k|Tofqmd0f ug{] u/]sf 5g\ . tL JolQmx¿n] o:tf gf/fx¿;Dd
klg cl3 ;f/]sf 5g\ ls OsfO jf sfo{bnsf g]tfx¿sf lj?4df hfg'sf] cy{ x'G5
kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] lj?4df hfg', kf6L{ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] lj?4df hfg'sf] cy{
x'G5 kf6L{ / ;dfhjfbsf] lj?4df pleg' / cGttM o;sf] cy{ x'G5 k|ltqmflGtsf/L
x'g' . o; tl/sfaf6 of] clgjfo{ x'G5 ls ltgLx¿sf] d'Ssf s]xL ;Rrf
qmflGtsf/L sfo{stf{x¿dfly ah|g k'Ug]5, of] b[li6sf]0f;DaGwL uNtL xf] / o;nfO{
5"6 lbg laNs'n} ;lsGg .
s]xL
dflg;x¿ uDeL/ ljrf/wf/fTds uNtLx¿af6 u|l;t 5g\, To:tf dflg;x¿ vf; u/Lsg
kf6L{lj/f]wL tyf ;dfhjfblj/f]wL blIf0fkGyLx¿ x'g\ . pgLx¿ hgcfGbf]ngsf]
qmddf ePsf ;fdfGo sdLsdhf]/LnfO{ l6k]/ To;sf] kmfObf p7fp“b} ckmjfx / kmf];|f]
s'/f km}nfpg] / c;Gt'li6 l;h{gf ug{] sfddf h'Wb}5g\, clg hfgLa'emLsg s]xL
hg;d'bfonfO{ k|ltqmflGtsf/Lsf] ¿kdf sn+lst ug{ sf]l;; ul//x]sf 5g\ . o:tf
ks]6df/fx¿b]lv Psbd} xf]lzof/ /xg / pgLx¿sf s/t'tx¿sf] 7Ls ;dodf g} e08fkmf]/
ug{ lgtfGt cfjZos 5 .
cfGbf]ngsf]
bf}/fgdf s]xL ck/fwx¿, h:tf]– xTof, cfuhgL, ljiffbLsf] k|of]u, tf]8kmf]8 tyf
/fHosf] uf]Ko ;"rgfsf] rf]/L cflbsf :ki6 k|df0fx¿ ePsf ;lqmo
k|ltqmflGtsf/Lx¿sf] xsdfafx]s, h;nfO{ sfg'gcg';f/ sfjf{xL rnfpg' kg{] x'G5,
cfGbf]ngdf p7]sf ;d:ofsf sf/0fn] ljZjljBfno, dxfljBfno, lgDgdfWolds ljBfno /
k|fylds ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x¿sf lvnfkm s'g} sfjf{xL ul/g' x'Gg . cfGbf]ngnfO{
d'Vo nIoaf6 ju{]lngb]lv arfpg hg;d'bfo tyf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ s'g} g s'g} axfgfdf Ps
cfk;df le8Gt ug{ pS;fpg] k|j[lQsf] k"0f{ lgif]w ul/g' k5{ . k|dfl0ft
eO;s]sf blIf0fkGyLx¿nfO{ klg pgLx¿ k|To]ssf] d'2fsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ cfGbf]ngsf]
kl5Nnf] r/0fdf g} sfjf{xL ul/g' kb{5 .
*= sfo{stf{x¿sf] ;jfn
df]6fdf]6L
¿kdf sfo{stf{x¿nfO{ rf/ ;d"xdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
-s_ c;n
-v_ t'ngfTds ¿kn] c;n
-u_ uDeL/ uNtL u/]sf t/ kf6L{lj/f]wL tyf
;dfhjfblj/f]wL blIf0fkGyL eOg;s]sf,
-3_ ;fgf] ;+Vofdf /x]sf] kf6L{lj/f]wL tyf
;dfhjfblj/f]wL blIf0fkGyLx¿ ;fdfGot kl/l:yltdf cl3Nnf b'O{ ;d"xx¿ -c;n tyf
t'ngfTds c;n_ cTolws ;+Vofdf x'G5g\ .
kf6L{lj/f]wL
tyf ;dfhjfblj/f]wL blIf0fkGyLx¿nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf g+UofOg' k5{, v08g
ul/g'k5{, ;QfRo"t ul/g' k5{ / pgLx¿nfO{ k"/} abgfd u/]/ pgLx¿sf]
k|efjnfO{ ;dfKt kfl/g' k5{, t/ ;fy;fy} pgLx¿nfO{ ;'w|g] df}sf lbOg' kb{5 .
(= ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf/L ;d"xx¿, ;ldltx¿ /
k|ltlglw;efx¿
dxfg\
;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtdf w]/} gof“ rLhx¿ b]vf kg{ ;'? eO;s]sf 5g\ .
hg;d'bfoaf6 w]/}eGbf w]/} :s"nx¿ / OsfOx¿df ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf/L
;d"xx¿, qmflGtsf/L ;ldltx¿ / o:t} cGo ;f+u7lgs :j¿kx¿sf] lgdf{0f ug{' lgs}
gf}nf] / Hofb} P]ltxfl;s dxŒjsf] s'/fx¿ x'g\ .
oL
;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf/L ;d"xx¿, ;ldltx¿ / ;efx¿ ;+u7gsf pQd / gof“ ;+/rgfx¿
x'g\, h;sf] dfWodaf6 sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf hg;d'bfo :jo+n] g}
cfkm"nfO{ k|lzlIft ub{5g\ . ltgLx¿ kf6L{nfO{ hgtf;“u glhssf] ;DaGw
sfod ug{ /fd|f k'n ;flat ePsf 5g\ . ltgLx¿ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf
;Qfsf c+ux¿ x'g\ .
zf]ifs
ju{n] 5f]8]/ uPsf xhf/f}+ jif{ k'/fgf ljrf/x¿, ;+s'lrt rfnrng tyf cfbtx¿sf]
lj?4 ;j{xf/fju{n] rnfPsf] ;+3if{n] lglZrt ¿kdf lgs} nfdf] ;do lng]5 .
To;}n] oL ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf/L ;d"xx¿, ;ldltx¿, k|ltlglw;efx¿ c:yfoL
;+u7gsf] ¿kdf x'g' x'“b}g t/ bL3{sfnLg, hg;+u7gx¿sf] ¿kdf /xg' kb{5 .
ltgLx¿ s]jn sn]hx¿ :s"nx¿, ;/sf/L lgsfox¿ / o:t} cGo ;+u7gx¿sf nflu dfq
xf]Ogg\ ls cfd ¿kdf pBf]ux¿, vfgLx¿ cGo ;+:yfgx¿, zx/L Onfsfx¿ / ufp“x¿sf] nflu
klg plQs} pkof]uL 5g\ .
;f+:s[lts
qmflGtsf/L ;d"xx¿ / ;ldltx¿sf ;b:ox¿ / ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf/L k|ltlglw;efsf
k|ltlglwx¿ r'Ggsf nflu k]l/; sDo'gsf] h:t} cfdr'gfj k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ul/g'
cfjZos 5 . pd]bjf/x¿sf] gfdfjnL qmflGtsf/L hg;d'bfon] k"/fk"/
5nkmn u/]kl5 dfq} k]; ul/g' k5{ / hg;d'bfon] k|:tfljt gfdfjnL pk/ k6s–k6s 5nkmn
u/]kl5 dfq r'gfj ul/g' k5{ .
s'g}
klg ;dodf ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf/L ;d"x / ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿sf] / ;f+:s[lts
qmflGtsf/L k|ltlglw;efsf nflu r'lgPsf k|ltlglwx¿sf] cfnf]rgf ug{] clwsf/
hg;d'bfonfO{ x'G5 . olb sf]xL ;b:ox¿ jf k|ltlglwx¿ cof]Uo ;flat ePdf
ltgLx¿ r'gfjåf/f k|lt:yflkt x'g ;S5g\ cyjf hg;d'bfon] 5nkmnkZrft\ lkmtf{
af]nfpg ;S5g\ .
sn]hx¿
/ :s"nx¿sf ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf/L ;d"xx¿, ;ldltx¿ / k|ltlglw;efx¿df
d'VotM qmflGtsf/L ljBfyL{x¿sf k|ltlglwx¿ /flvg' k5{, o;sf ;fy;fy} pQm k|sf/sf
;d"x, ;ldlt / ;efx¿df s]xL lglZrt\ ;+Vofdf qmflGtsf/L lzIfsx¿, k|zf;lgs
sd{rf/Lx¿ / sfdbf/x¿sf k|ltlglwx¿ klg ;dfj]z ug{'kb{5 .
!) z}lIfs
;'wf/
o; dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] clt
dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{ k'/fgf] z}lIfs k|0ffnL tyf k9fOsf k'/fgf l;4fGt / tl/sfx¿nfO{
abNg' xf] .
xfd|f :s"nx¿df a'h{'jf
a'l4hLjLx¿sf] cflwkTo /xg] k|lqmofnfO{ o; dxfg\ ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] ;dodf
cfd"n ¿kdf kl/jt{g ul/g' kb{5 .
x/]s lsl;dsf :s"ndf xfdLn] sd/]8
dfcf] T;] t'ªåf/f k|ltkflbt ul/Psf] gLlt–lzIffn] ;j{xf/fju{sf] /fhgLltnfO{ ;]jf
ug{'kg{] tyf lzIff pTkfbgd"ns >d;“u hf]l8g'kg{]nfO{ s8fOk"j{s
nfu" ug{'kb{5 tfls s'g} klg dflg; lzIff k|fKt u/]kl5 g}lts, af}l4s /
zf/Ll/s ljsf; ug{ ;Ifd agf];\ / o;sf ;fy;fy} ;j{xf/f r]tgf / ;+:s[ltn] n};
ePsf] >lds aGg ;sf];\ .
:s"nsf] lzIf0f cjlw sd ul/g'
k5{ . kf7\oj:t'x¿ yf]/} t/ /fd|f] agfOg' k5{ . kf7\o;fdu|Lx¿
k"/} abNg' k5{ . s]xL ;jfnx¿df hl6n ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;/n agfP/ ;'? ul/g'
k5{ . oBlk ljBfyL{x¿sf] d'Vo sfd cWoog ug{' xf] tfklg pgLx¿n] cGo s'/fx¿
klg l;Sg' kb{5 . cfºgf] k9fOsf] cnfjf pgLx¿n] cf}Bf]lus sfo{, v]tLkftLsf]
sfo{ tyf kmf}hL dfdnf;DaGwL s'/fx¿ klg l;Sg' kb{5 / ha ;f+:s[lts qmflGt h:tf
;+3if{sf pef/x¿ b]vfkb{5g\ . a''h{'jfx¿nfO{ cfnf]rgf ug{ To:tf ;+3if{x¿df
efu lng] ug{'kb{5 .
!!=
5fkfdf/x¿df gfd ls6]/ cfnf]rgf ug{] ;jfn
;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf]
bf}/fgdf a'h{'jf Pj+ ;fdGtL ljrf/wf/fsf] tLa| cfnf]rgf ug{'sf] ;fy;fy} ;j{xf/f
ljZjb[li6sf]0f Pj+ dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf] T;] t'ªsf ljrf/sf] Jofks
k|rf/–k|;f/df /fd|f] tfnd]n ldnfpg' kb{5 .
kf6L{leq 3';]sf vf; vf“6L a'h{'jf k|ltlglwx¿
/ s]xL ljlzi6 vfnsf k|ltlqmofjfbL a'h{'jf ljåfg\ clwsf/Lju{sf] Jojl:yt cfnf]rgf
ul/g' kb{5 . To;cGtu{t bz{g, Oltxf;, /fhgLlts cy{zf:q, lzIff, ;flxTo /
snfsf l;h{gf Pj+ l;4fGtx¿, k|fs[lts lj1fgsf l;4fGtx¿ / To:t} cGo s}of}+
If]qx¿df df}h'b /x]sf ljleGg lsl;dsf k|ltlqmofjfbL b[li6sf]0fx¿sf] cfnf]rgf
ul/g' kb{5 .
5fkfx¿df s;}sf] gfd ls6]/ cfnf]rgf ug{]
;jfndf ;aeGbf klxnf cfnf]lrt x'g] JolQm s'g :t/sf] xf], ToxL :t/sf] kf6L{
;ldltdf Jofks 5nkmnkl5 dfq lg0f{o ul/g' k5{ . s'g}–s'g}sf] ;Gbe{df
cg'df]bgsf] nflu dflyNnf] ;ldltdf k]; ul/g' k5{ .
!@=
j}1flgsx¿, k|fljlwsx¿ / sfdbf/ sd{rf/Lx¿sf ;fwf/0f ;b:ok|lt ckgfpg] gLlt
j}1flgsx¿, k|fljlwsx¿ / sfdbf/
sd{rf/Lx¿sf ;fwf/0f ;b:ox¿sf] ;DaGwdf ha;Dd pgLx¿ b]zeQm /xG5g\, pT;flxt eP/
sfd ul//xG5g\, kf6L{ / ;dfhjfbsf] lj?4 pleb}gg\, cj}w lsl;dn] aflx/L b]zx¿;“u
;DaGw /fVb}gg\, To:tf] cj:yf;Dd xfdLn] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf Pstf–cfnf]rgf–Pstfsf] gLlt
cjnDag ul//xg' kb{5 . cfºgf] sfo{If]qdf ljz]if of]ubfg k'¥ofO/fv]sf
j}1flgs Pj+ k|fljlwsx¿pk/ ljz]if Vofn /flvg' kb{5 . pgLx¿sf] ljZjb[li6sf]0f
Pj+ sfd ug{] tf}/tl/sf la:tf/}–la:tf/} abNg pgLx¿nfO{ d2t ug{ sf]l;;
ug{'kb{5 .