hgljb|f]x ;fKtflxs
jif{ ! c+s @! @)^!
sflt{s !% ut] cfOtjf/ ut]
d'Vo ;dfrf/
d]rL–sf]zLdf
‘hg;}Go k|lt/f]w cleofg’ z'?
lj:tf/jfb
lj/f]wL o'4sf] tof/L, k|Tofqmd0f 3lge"t x'g]
O6x/L÷k|Tofqmd0fsf] klxnf] of]hgf ;kmn
kf/f}+ ¤ j}b]lzs x:tIf]ksf] lj?4 Jofks tof/L u/f}+ ¤ eGg] k|Tofqmd0fsf] klxnf]
r/0fsf] of]hgf cGtu{tsf] s]Gb|Lo gf/fsf] ;fydf of]hgf to ub}{ ;DkGg
dfcf]jfbLsf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7s kZrft\ b]zleq tdfd qmflGtsf/L / cfd hgtfdf
Pp6f t/+u k}bf ePsf] 5 eg] b'Zdgsf] SofDkdf eofjx l:yltsf] ;[hgf ePsf] 5 .
kf6L{sf] pQm of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ljleGg tof/Lx? eO/x]sf 5g\ . o;} qmddf
pQm s]Gb|Lo of]hgf d'tfljs g} ‘d]rL–sf]zL hg;}Go k|lt/f]w cleofg’ z'? ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL
hgo'4nfO{ ;kmntfdf k'¥ofpgsf] lgldQ /0fgLlts k|Tofqmd0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] o'4nfO{
cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb / ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf] ldn]dtf]df g]kfnL cfTd;dk{0fjfbL
;fdGtL ;Qfsf dflnsx?sf] cfu|x adf]lhd lj:tf/jfbL x:tIf]k lgs6 eO/x]sf]
ljZn]if0f ;lxt To;sf] lj?4 n8\g Jofks tof/L ug]{ P]ltxfl;s lg0f{o
g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sn] ul/;s]sf] 5 . pQm lg0f{o /
of]hgfnfO{ ;kmntfdf k'¥ofpgsf] lgldQ d]rL–sf]zL If]lqo
Jo"/f] / hgd'lQm ;]gf g]kfn ;ftf}+ la|u]8sf] ;+o"Qm cfof]hgfdf
d]rL–sf]zL hg;}Go k|lt/f]w cleofgsf] z'?jft ePsf] xf] . pQm cleofgsf] pb\3f6g
**cf}+ ;f]leot cS6f]j/ qmflGt lbj; -)^! sflt{s % ut]_ sf] cj;/df ljleGg
ljs]Gb|Lt sfo{qmdx?åf/f ePsf]
d]rL–sf]zL If]lqo ;+of]hg ;ldltn] atfPsf] 5 .
g]kfnL qmflGtsf/Lx? cj b]zLo ;fdGtjfb;+u;+u} ef/tLo
lj:tf/jfbnfO{ k/f:t ug{ clGtd tof/Ldf h'6]sf 5g\ . g]kfnL hgo'4sf] Pskl5 csf]{
;kmntf b]v]/ cfkm"nfO{ ljZjsf] Psdfq clt dxfzlQmsf]
?kdf lrgfpg rfxg] cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb, ef/tLo lj:tf/jfb ;a}sf] SofDkdf
v}nfj}nf dlRrPsf] 5 . ;fd|fHojfbL pTkL8gsf] lj?4df ljZjsf ljleGg efux?df g]kfnL
hgo'4sf]
k|]/0ffsf ;fydf sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/Lx? PsLs[t eO/x]sf 5g\ . ljZjaf6 sDo'lgHdsf]
;dfKtL eof] eg]/ ljho pT;j dgfpg] ;fd|fHojfbLx?nfO{ r'gf}lt lb+b} ljZj ;j{xf/f
ju{sf] ;Dd'Ggt ;+;f/ ;lGgs6 eO/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf To;nfO{ bdg ug{sf] lgldQ
;fd|fHojfbL / lj:tf/jfbLx? cfÇgf] an a'tfn] EofP';Dd clGtd k|oTg ul//x]sf 5g\ .
t/ pgLx?sf] ktg lglZrt\ 5 . ljZjsf >dhLjL qmflGtsf/Lx?n] pgLx?sf] lrxfg vlg;s]sf 5g\ . o;} s'/fnfO{
g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltn] cToGt} j:t'jfbL / ;do;fk]If ?kdf
;Zn]if0f u/]sf] 5 . o;} s'/fnfO{ k"jL sdf08sf] d]rL–sf]zLsf] If]lqo
Jo"/f]n] klg b[9tfsf ;fy nfu" ug]{ ePsf] 5 . k|Tofqmd0fsf] klxnf]
of]hgfnfO{ sf]zL–d]rLn] of]hgfj4 / ;zQm 9+un] ;kmn kfg{s} lgldQ pQm cleofg
klxnf] k6s ;~rfng u/]sf] s'/f k|fKt ;dfrf/df hgfOPsf] 5 .
cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] ldn]dtf]df ef/tLo lj:tf/jfb gf·f]
x:tIf]kåf/f g]kfn k|j]z ug]{ tof/Lsf ;fy ;}Go k|e'Tj g]kfnleq hdfpg vf]lh/x]sf]
cj:yfdf To;nfO k/f:t u/L /0fgLlts k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgfnfO{ ;kmn agfpgsf] lgldQ
/fhgLlts, j}rfl/s, ;f+u7lgs, kmf}hL / cfly{s ?kdf d]rL–sf]zLnfO{ ;+d[4 kfg]{
cleofgsf] nIo /x]sf] 5 . of] cleofgn] d]rL–sf]zLsf ljutfsf tdfd ;d:ofnfO{ xn
ub}{ k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgfdf cfÇgf] e"ldsfnfO{ 7Ls 9+un] k"/f ug{ ;Sg]
ck]Iff If]lqo Jo"/f]n] u/]sf] 5 . of] cleofgn] ;'b"/k"j{sf]
hgo'4nfO{ /fhg}lts, ;f+u7lgs, kmf}hL lx;fjn] klZrd g]kfn;“u hf]8g]
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ ck]Iff kf6L{sf] 5 .
cleofgn] ef/tLo
lj:tf/jfb lj?4 cfd g]kfnL hgtfx?nfO{{ ;z:q agfpg], af?bL ;'?· nufotsf ljwLåf/f
lj:tf/jfbL x:tIf]ksf] k|lt/f]w ug]{ /
ef/tLo bnfnnfO{ ;d]t k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgfleq} ;dfKt kfg{ tof/L ug]{ b[9tf u/]sf] ;dfrf/ 5 . æqmflGtsf/L
?kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ gofF prfO{+df p7fp“b} /0fgLlts k|Tofqmd0fsf]
r/0fdf k|j]z u/f}+ ¤Æ eGg] s]Gb|Lo d"n gf/fsf] :k|L6nfO{ ks8\b} cleofgn]
/fhg}lts ?kdf j[xQ/ cfwf/ Onfsfsf] ?kdf :jzfl;t ;/sf/x?nfO{ ;'b[9 ub}{ k'/fgf]
;Qfsf] s]Gb|dfly /fhg}lts x:tIf]k a9fpg], cu|ufdL /fhgLlts lgsf; / /fHo;Qfsf]
Jofks k"g;{+/rgf ljgf slyt ;+;bLo lgjf{rg u/fpg] k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] if8oGqnfO{
rsgfr'/ kfg]{, j}b]lzs x:tIf]k d'Vot
lj:tf/jfbL ef/tLo ;}Go x:tIf]ksf] vt/f Pj+ /fli6«o cfTd;dk{0fjfbL k'/fgf] ;Qfsf
lj?4 cfd b]zeQm g]kfnnfO{ Pstfj4 / cfGbf]lnt ug{ hf]8 nufpg], ;fdGtL k|ltudg /
;fd|fHojffbL, lj:tf/jfbL x:tIf]ksf cufl8 cfTd;dk{0f ug]{ blIf0fkGyL
;+zf]wgjfbsf] Jofks e08fkmf]/ ug]{, hg;d'bfo;+usf] ;DjGwnfO{ cem xflb{s / ;hLj
t'Nofp“b} kf6L{sf] hglbzf /
;j{xf/f rl/qnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{ ljz]if hf]8 ug]{, g]kfnL qmflGtsf kIffdf hgdt j[4
ug{ / cfGbf]ng ;+ul7t ug{ cGt/f{li6«o ;DjGw, k|rf/ / cGo lqmofsnfknfO{ Jojl:yt
?kn] cufl8 a9fpg hf]8 ug]{ tufotsf nIox? lnPsf] 5 .
To:t} kmf}hL of]hgf cGtu{t /fli6«o cfTd;dk{0fjfbL k'/fgf] ;Qfsf Jof/]sx? lgoGq0f ug]{, b]zelQmk"0f{ k|Tofqmd0fsf] s]Gb|Lo of]hgf ;kmn kfg{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{, hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] ;+VofTds / u'0ffTds ljsf;df hf]8 lbg] nufotsf 5g\ eg] ;f+u7flgs ?kdf :yfgLo kf6L{ ;+u7gx?nfO{ ;zQm / lqmofzLn agfpg], lj:tf/jfbL x:tIf]ksf] lj?4 ;Dk"0f{ b]zeQm, hgtflGqs hg;d'bfonfO{ ;+ul7t ug]{ hftLo df]rf{ / hgjuL{o ;+u7gx?sf] of]hgfj4 kl/rfngaf6 b'O{ nfv ;+ul7t hgldlnl;of lgdf{0f u/L ;}Go nufot cGo k|fljlws tflnd lbnfpg] nIo /x]sf] s'/f yfxf x'g cfPsf] 5 .
cleofgs} cjlwdf cfly{s sfddf bL3{sflng / cNksflng of]hgf agfO
cfTdlge{/ aGg], ;f+:s[lt ?kdf ;fd|fHojfbsf] r/d ?k pQ/cfw'lgstfjfbsf] e08fkmf]/
ub}{ cfÎgf lrGtg, k|j[lt / sfo{z}nLx?df ;j{xf/s[t u/L /fli6«o hg;+:s[lt lgdf{0f
ug]{ nIo klg cleofgn] lnPsf] 5 . cleofgsf] ;kmntfsf] nflu j}rfl/s /fhgLlt,
kmf}hL / ;+u7gsf x/]s If]qdf kf6L{sf] PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t g]t[TjnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{,
;+sNkut Pstf ;lxt s7f]/ kl/>0fdf h'6\g], To;sf lglDt cfjZos j}rfl/s
;'4Ls/0f, ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf / sfo{z}nLdf
;'4Ls/0f tyf kf6L{, ;]gf, ;Qf, h=j=;=, ljefu nufotsf sfdx?nfO{ lgwf{l/t
nIfdf cufl8 a9fpg] s'/f If]lqo Jo"/f] ;+of]hg ;ldltn] xfd|f ;DjfbfbftfnfO{
atfPsf]
5 .
g]kfnL hgo'4nfO{ bjfpg ef/tLo lj:tf/jfb / cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb
g]kfnL bnfnsf] sf“w 6]s]/ cufl8 a9g tof/ b]lvG5 . oBlk gofF g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgfsf
;fy cufl8 a9]sf] hgo'4 xfn blIf0f Plzof / ljZjsf k|fo d'n's e/L k|rfl/t
e};s]sf] 5 . t;y{ ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;'/Iff kl/ifbdf le6f] k|fKt /fi6« ;d]t
;fd|fHojfbL d'n'ssf] efn] elgg] cd]l/sf;“u 6s/fjsf] l:yltdf 5g\ .
h;/L cd]l/sf pTkLl8t /fi6« / hgd'lQm cfGbf]ngsf lj?4 gf·f] tl/sfn] cfpg] uYof]{
cj ;fob o:tf] t/Lsf gckgfpg] b]lvG5 . lsgsL ljZj hgdt p;n] eg] h:tf] geP/
;fd|fHojfbsf] lj?4 PsLs[t eO/x]sf] 5 . ev{/} ef/tLo sDo'lgi6 kf6L{
-dfcf]jfbL_sf] lgdf{0fn] klg ;f]xL s'/fnfO{ :ki6 u/sf] 5 . To;}n] cj ljz]if
u/]/ blIf0f PlzofnL lj:tf/jfbL ef/t dfkm{t cfÇgf] ;}Go k|e'Tj hdfpg] k|oTg
ub}{5 . t/ of] p;sf] k|oTgnfO{ ljZj e/L
al9/x]sf] qmflGtsf/L hgd'lQm cfGbf]ngsf] nx/ / ljhosf] ;lGgs6 k'usf] g]kfnL
hgo'4n] lrxfg k'¥ofP/ bfx ;+:sf/
ul/lbg] lglZrt 5 .
cGo ;dfrf/x?
lvr8L ;/sf/sf] x}l;ot b]lvof]
O6x/L÷xfn} dfq ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] dfcf]jfbL g]tfåo dft[sf k|;fb ofbj
/ ;'/]z cfn]du/nfO{ lsg / sxfF nfdf] ;do;Dd gh/aGbdf /flvPsf]
xf] < sf/0f b]vfpg] cfb]z lbbf pgLx? slxF st} ;/sf/sf] lgoGq0f cyjf
lx/f;tdf gePsf] hjfkm of] ;/sf/n] lbPsf] 5 . cfkm"nfO{ k|hftGqjfbL, /fhsLo
;Qf ;DkGg / ;+j}wflgs ePsf] bfjL ug]{ b]pjf
;/sf/ slt;Dd lgsDdf, gsRr/f], clwsf/
ljxLg / lg/Lx 5 eGg] s'/f of] Pp6} 36gfn] ;d]t k|:6 kf/]sf] 5 . cfkm"nfO{
sDo'lgi6 eGg] Pdfn] ;d]t ;fd]n of] ;/sf/n] p;}sf] dftxtdf /x]sf] GofokflnsfnfO{
;d]t lbgnfO{ /ft kfg]{ u/L s;/L 9f+6\bf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f of] Pp6} 36gf sfkmL
x'G5 . ;a}nfO{ yfxf ePsf] s'/f xf], g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_sf kL=jL=Pd=tyf dw]zL
:jfoQ hg;/sf/ k|d'v dft[sfk|;fb ofbj / s]Gb|Lo ;b:o ;'/]z cfn] du/nfO{ ef/tsf]
nvgpaf6 ef/tLo ;/sf/n] kqmfp u/L g]kfnL zf;snfO{ a'emfPsf] lyof] . k~rfotL
d08n] ;"o{axfb'/ yfkfsf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] ;/sf/n] Tolt a]nf g} b'j} hgf
g]tfx? cfÇgf] lgoGq0fdf lx/f;tdf /x]sf] atfPsf] lyof] . t/ of] ;/sf/sf] hjfkmn]
k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] if8oGq, hglj/f]wL rl/q / dfgjclwsf/k|ltsf] slyt k|ltj4tfnfO{
k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 .
lgoGq0fdf /x]sf eg]/ elg;s]sf dflg;x?
5}gg\ eGg] of] b/jf/sf] uf]7fnf] ;/sf/n] cGo gful/sx?nfO{ s;/L a]kQf kfbf]{
xf]nf < ;xh} k|:6 x'G5 . xhf/f}+ gful/snfO{ ef/tLo 8fs' lj/Kkgsf] z}nLdf
ckx/0f u/L a]kQf kf/]/ kqmfp g} gu/]sf] hjfkm lbg] of]
;/sf/sf] jftf{sf] xNnf lj:tf/jfb / ;fd|fHojfbsf] cufl8 cfTd;dk{0f u/L hgo'4sf]
lj?4 eLif0f bdg ug]{ ;fdGtL efOdf/f 1fg]Gb|sf] u'? of]hgf dfq xf] . Pslt/
jftf{k]|dL, cu|ufdL, clwsf/ ;DkGg / k|hftGqjfbL atfpg] of] ;/sf/ jf:tjdf lbNnL,
jflz+6g / 5fpgLaf6 ;~rflnt
5 . of] ;/s/sf] k|d'v ;~rfns Kof/h+u yfkf 5g\ . bz}+df ;/sf/n] cfqmfds sfjf{xL
gug]{ lg0f{o ubf{ sfjf{xL ul//xg] 3f]if0ff Kof/h+un] u/]af6 klg ;/sf/sf] x}l;ot
5n{· x'G5 .
ljutdf dfcf]jfbLsf hgjuL{o ;+u7gx? ljBfyL{ /
dhb"/;+u ePsf jftf{sf ;xdltx? sfof{Gjog gx'g'n] klg o;sf] x}l;ot k|:6
kf/]sf] 5 . ljBfyL{sf] cfd z}lIfs x8tfnkl5 a]kQf kfl/Psf ljBfyL{sf k"j{
dxf;lrj k"0f{ kf}8]n, jt{dfg dxf;lrj lxdfn zdf{ nufotsf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{nfO{
;fj{hlgs ug]{, ljBfyL{ dflysf] cft+ssf/L ljNnf x6fpg], z}lIfs ;+:yf dflysf]
zfxL ;}Go x:tIf]k aGb ug]{, ljBfyL{x?sf z}lIfs dfux? k"/f ug]{, bz sIff;Dd
lgMz"Ns lzIff k|bfg ug]{ nufotsf ;xdltx? ljleGg dfgjclwsf/jfbLx?sf]
dWo:ytfdf ePkl5 ljBfyL{ ;+u7gn] clglZrt\sfnLg z}lIfs x8tfn lkmtf{ lnPsf] lyof]
. t/ cfh dlxgf} laTbf klg a]kQf kfl/Psf ljBfyL{ ;fj{hlgs x'g' t stf xf] stf
s]Gb|Lo ;b:o a}s'07 kf]v/]n nufot bh{gf}+ ljBfyL{x?sf] kqmfpkl5 xTof eO;s]sf] 5
eg] bh{gf}+nfO{ a]kQf kfl//x]sf] 5 .
ptf
dhb"/ ;+u7gn] pBf]u aGb ubf{ lgbx/fd ePsf] ;/sf/;+u dfgjclwsf/x?sf]
dWo:ytfdf jftf{ x'“bf dhb"/sf] xs lxtsf] Uof/]06L ub}{ a]kQf
dhb"/x?nfO{ Ps dlxgfleq ;fj{hlgs ug]{, cft+ssf/Lsf] cf/f]k lkmtf{ ug]{
nufotsf ;xdlt ePsf]df cfh b'O{ dlxgf k'Ug nfUbf klg ;f] sfof{Gjog gePkl5
;/sf/sf] lgot / jf:tljs x}l;ot km]l/ 5n{· ePsf] 5 . of] ;/sf/ lxhf]sf yfkf /
rGbeGbf s'g} cy{df klg km/s 5}g . o;n] hgtfsf] kIfdf sfd ug'{ t k/} hfcf];\
a8f] km"lt{;fy rlr{t e|i6frf/L dGqL O{Zj/ kf]v/]nn], k]6«f]lnod kbfy{sf]
rsf]{ d"No a[l4 u/]/ cfkm" clwsf/ ;DkGg ePsf] k|dfl0ft u/]sf 5g\ .
;/sf/sf oL
lqmofsnfkn] dfcf]jfbL cWoIf s=k|r08n] ;f]w]sf ^ k|Zgx? cToGt ;fGb{les ePsf]
Psflt/ k|:6 ePsf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ of] ;/sf/ jftf{sf] nflu x}l;ot /fVb}g / of]
;fdGtL ;Qf lj:tf/jfb / ;fd|fHojfbsf] cf8df jftf{ rfx“b}g . oxL s'/fsf] k|df0f
pgLx?sf oL lqmofsnfdx? x'g . To; sf/0f cj o;sf lj?4 g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_kf6L{n]
k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgf ;lxt lj:tf/jfb lj?4 n8\g] lg0f{o cGoGt plrt ;dodf u/]sf]
cfd hgtf tyf a'l4hLjLx?n] atfO/x]sf 5g\ / of] of]hgfnfO{ ;kmn kfg{, of]
b]zelQmk"0f{ o'4df ;Dk"0f{ tx / tKsfsf hg;d'bfox?sf] ;/;xof]u /
;xefuLtf x'g' kg]{ pgLx?sf] dt 5 .
k6gfdf l/xf eP nuQ} k'gM lu/km\tf/
k6gf÷cfkm"nfO{
ljZjs} 7"nf] k|hftflGqs b]z ePsf] bfjL ug{] ef/tsf] k|hftGq slt gSsnL /
kmf;LjfbL /x]5 eGg] s'/f g]kfndf k"0f{ k|hftGq :yfkgfsf] n8fO“ nl8/x]sf
dfcf]jfbL qmflGtsf/Lx? lj?4 u}/sfg'gL 9ª\un]
rnfOPsf] lu/Çtf/L, ;'k'buL{ / em'7\7f d'2f nufO{ aGbL agfpg] sfdn] k|i6
kf/]sf] 5 .
g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ k"jL{ s]Gb|Lo sdf08 sfof{noaf6 k|fKt va/
cg';f/ ut c;f]h !# ut] ;f“em & jh] k6gf cbfntn] hdfgtdf l/xf u/]sf
dfcf]jfbL sfo{stf{ /f]zg yfkf / pgsf] hdfgt a:g] # hgf ef/tLo gful/sx?nfO{
h]ns} u]6jf6 k'gM kqmfp ul/ em'6\7f d'4f nufO{ h]n rnfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;f9] Psjif{
em'6\7f d'2fdf h]n hLjg latfO cbfntsf] cfb]zdf l/xf ePsf /f]zg / pgsf] hdfgt
a:g]x?sf] of] lu/Çtf/Ln] ef/tsf] slyt k|hftGqsf] wHhL p8]sf] 5 . cbfntsf] cfb]z
/ cfÇg} sfg'g ;d]t ldRg] ef/tLo kmf;LjfbL zf;sx?n] cfkm"nfO{ k|hftflGqs
eGg' cfkm}nfO{ ;d]t nfhdbf]{ s'/f ePsf] s'/f /fhg}lts ljZn]ifsx?sf] 7x/ 5 .
h]nsf] u]6af6} kqmfp k/]sf /f]zg yfkfsf] hdfgtdf a:g] ef/tLo gful/sx?df
;f/0f lhNnf 3/ ePsf pk]Gb| k|;fb, ljsf; / /fh]Gb| s'df/ /x]sf] yfxf ePsf] 5 .
ef/tLo k|x/Ln] k'gM kqmfp u/]sf / hdfgt a;]sfx?nfO{ ;d]t h]nsf] u]6af6} kqmfp
u/L ‘k6gfdf k'gM % hgf dfcf]jfbL kqmfp’ ul/Psf] eGb} k|rf/ u/]sf] / $ lbg k|x/L
lx/f;tdf /fvL s8f oftgfkZrft\ em'6\7f d'2f nufO{ km]l/ h]n k7fPsf] ;dfrf/ 5 .
l/xf ul/Psf JolQmnfO{ k'gM kqmfp u/L lsg h]n k7fOof] eg]/ hgljb|f]x ;+jfbbftfn]
k6gf l:yt ;'/Iff;|f]t;“u k|Zg /fVbf lbNnL ;/sf/n] l/xf gug{ eGg] cfb]z lbPsf]
atfOof] .
o;} aLr cflZjg !& ut]
ef/tLo k|x/Ln] k6gfdf bz dfcf]jfbL kqmfp eGb} g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljleGg ;+rf/
dfWodx?n] a9fOr9fO{ ;dfrf/ ;Dk|]if0f u/]sf]df dfcf]jfbLn] kqmfp k/]sf elgPsfx?
cfkm\gf] kf6L{df slx+st} ;+nUg gePsf] k|i6 kf/]sf] 5 . To:t} ut xKtf ef/tsf]
rDkf/0fdf ef/tLo k|x/Ldfly g]kfnL dfcf]jfbLn] cfqmd0f u/]sf] eGb} k|;fl/t
;dfrf/ klg k"0f{ c;To, lgof]lht /x]sf] s'/f dfcf]jfbL k"jL{ sdf08
sfof{non] hgfPsf] 5 . sdf08 sfof{nosf cg';f/ ef/tLo e"lddf cfqmd0f ug]{
kf6L{sf] s'g} gLlt ;d]t 5}g . To;} u/L pQm cfqmd0fdf kf6L{sf s'g} klg
sfo{stf{x? ;+nUg gePsf] hgfp“b} hfr k8tfn lagf g} xr'jfsf e/df o:tf unt k|rf/
gug{ sfof{non] ;j}df cfu|x
u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} sfof{non] ef/tLo x:tIf]k g]kfnleq ePdf To;sf] ;zQm ug]{ klg
hgfPsf] 5 . ef/tLo k|x/Ln] if8oGqd'ns 9+un] u/]sf] pQm k|rf/nfO{ dxTj lbb} s]xL
g]kfnsf ;+rf/ dfWodx?n] pQm 36gfsf] a9fO{ r9fO{ k|rf/ ul/ ;fdGtL ;Qf /
lj:tf/jfbLx?sf] c;nL rfs/sf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf lyP .
g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtf lj?4
ljutb]lv g} lj:tf/jfbL lyrf]ldrf] / x:tIf]k ub}{ cfPsf] ef/tLo zfifsx?n]
g]kfndf b]z / hgtfsf] d'lQmsf] lglDt ;+3if{ ul//x]sf] qmflGtsf/L kf6L{ g]=s=kf=
-dfcf]jfbL_ sf jl/i7 g]tf df]xg j}B, ;LkL uh'/]n, s'nk|;fb s]=;L=, nf]s]Gb|
lji6 ;lxt Ps bh{g eGbf a9LnfO{ em'6\7f d'2f nufO{ h]ndf /fv]sf] 5 . *) eGbf
a9LnfO{ g]kfnsf] xTof/f] zfxL ;QfnfO{
;'k'buL{ u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ;fdGtL /fhtGqsf] cGTo / nf]stGqsf] :yfkgfy{
;ª\3if{/t qmflGtsf/Lx? lj?4 ef/tn]
u/]sf] kqmfp, ;'k'buL{ / h]n rnfg Pj+ HofbtLsf lj?4 ef/tLo sDo'lgi6 kf6L{
dfcf]jfbLn] 3f]/ eT;{gf u/]sf] 5 eg]
ef/t / g]kfnsf] zf;sx?sf] ;+o'Qm if8oGqdf eO/x]sf o:tf lqmofsnfkx?sf] lj?4
Gofok|]dL ef/tLo hgtfx? klg cfGbf]ngdf pqg h?/L b]lvG5 .
hg;/sf/ aGof], ;]gf efUof]
lkmlbd÷kmf;LjfbL ;Qfsf] hgxTof/f] cft+ssf/L hTyf zfxL ;]gf
kf“ry/sf] df]8]n Pl/ofdf efb|–* ut] sflnWjh u0faf6 slyt 3'DtL lzlj/sf] gfdn]
aGb'ssf] df]xf]/Ldf cf}ifwL tyf eQf /fv]/ af“8g] nfnr b]vfp“b} 3';]/ !! ut]
df]8]n Pl/ofdf k'u]sf] lyof] . xfd|f kf“ry/ l:yt ;Djfbbftf clhtsf cg';f/ ;f]
hTyfn] j]; SofDk a:gsf] lglDt Pp6f ljBfnodf sf“8] tf/n] af/L !! b]lv @^ ;Dd
/x]sf] lyof] . ;f]xL cjlwdf k|fªj'·–# lgjf;L yfD;'xf·sf] g]t[Tjdf Ps uf]Ko
dfcf]jfbL k|ltsf/ ;ldlt lgdf{0f u/L hgdfg;df ljljw nf]e nfnr b]vfP/ km;fO
;'/Iff kmf}hsf] j]; SofDk /fVg dfu u/fpgsf lglDt x:tfIf/ u/fpg] / gdfg]df hj/h:t
wDsfP/ eP klg x:tfIf/ u/fpg] gLlt lnbf klg hgtfn] ;fy glbPkl5 @^ ut]
cfkm"n] afl//fv]sf] sf“8] tf/ ;d]t p7fP/ s]xL ;dokl5 j]; SofDk a:g] wDsL
lb+b} ;b/d'sfdlt/ efu]sf] lyof] .
kf“ry/af6 ;Djfbbftf bofn] k|]lift u/]sf]
;dfrf/ cg';f/ /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fnfO{ ;xof]u k'Ug] u/L blnt d'lQm df]rf{sf
kf“ry/ lhNnf cWoIf xs{dfg ;]Gr"/Lsf] pkl:yltdf & b]lv !) g+=
Pl/of;Dd st} e]nf t st} ;Dd]ngx? ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ .
ptf ;+v'jf;efaf6 ;+jfbbftf lgª\jfn]
k|]lift u/]sf] ;dfrf/ cg';f/ efb| !^ ut] lhNnfsf] $ g+= Pl/ofdf ljzfn hg;d'xsf]
pkl:yltdf ls/ft :jfoQ uf=h=;=sf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] 5 .
tfKn]h'·af6
lzlz/n] k|]lift u/]sf] ;dfrf/ cg';f/ lhNnfsf] b'O{ g+= Pl/ofdf ;+rflnt ‘a;Gt
axfb'/ :d[lt hgk|lt/f]w cleofg’ cGtu{t efb| !* ut] t]ª\uk / ldl/·lbgdf efb| @!
ut] ‘Oltxf;sf] cg'ej / jt{dfg kl/l:yltdf cu|ufdL /fhgLlts lgsf;’ ljifos
/fhgLlts cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] lyof] . oxL cleofg cGt/ut ;f] Pl/ofdf
ljleGg hg;/s/x? ;d]t 3f]if0ff ePsf 5g\ . efb| !) ut] axfb'/ df=lj= xfªkfª\df
tfKn]h'· lhNnf hg;/sf/ pkk|d'v v]nk|;fb a'9fyf]sLsf] k|d'v cfltYodf z'qm/fh
xf·jf· k|d'v / xl/ /xkfn pkk|d'v /xg] u/L !% ;b:oLo xfª\kfª uf=h=;=sf] u7g tyf
3f]if0ff ePsf] 5 . To;} u/L # g+= Pl/ofdf efb| !$ gf/fo0f df=lj=;f“3'df
g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ tfKn]h'·sf sfo{jfxs lhNnf ;]qm]6/L s=/fdsf] k|d'v cfltYodf
xs{ ;]lnª\ k|d'v / t]lGh· z]kf{ pkk|d'v /xg] u/L !& ;b:oLo # g+= Onfsf
hg;/sf/sf] 3f]if0ff ePsf] 5 . km]l/ efb| @* ut] !(cf}+ a6flnog ‘P’ sDkgL sld;f/
s=lzv/sf] k|d'v cfltYodf ls;'g–e/t df=lj=df 3f]if0ff ePsf] !% ;b:oLo uf=h=;=sf
k|d'v afnf/fd sfsL{ / pkk|d'v kljGb| y]j] /xg' ePsf] 5 . sfo{qmdn] ;+ul7t
ljb|f]xsf] lglDt lgs} ;sf/fTds k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .
em'6\7f] k|rf/sf] cy{ s] <
sf7df08f}÷uf]ojN; z}nLdf k|rf/ o'4df nfu]sf] ljZj ;fd|fHojfbsf]
gfOs] cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] cf8
e/f];f / gLlt lgb]{zgdf l6s]sf] zfxL kmf;LjfbL k'/fgf] ;Qf k|rf/ o'4sf] gfddf
slt tn;Dd lug{ ;Sbf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f ut c;f]h !(ut]sf] 36gfn] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 .
;f] lbg s]xL Pkm=Pd=/]l8of]x? / sf7df08f}+ k|sflzt x'g] ;GWofsfnLg klqsfn]
;d;fdlos ljifox?nfO{ p6\k6\ofª 9+un] k|:t't ub}{ gSsnL Kof8 / 5fkdf ‘k|r08sf]
lj1lKt’ egL ‘jftf{sf] nflu g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ uDeL/ ?kdf k|:t't x'g]’ eGg]
lzif{s /fvL k|;f/ u/]sf lyP . pQm gSsnL lj1lKtåf/f k'/fgf] ;Qfn] hgtfdf e|d 5/L
b'Mv lbg] / if8oGqk"0f{ 9+un] ‘km'6fp / /fh u/’sf] gLlt cGtu{t k|rf/ o'4sf]
tL/ rnfPsf] b]lvG5 .
36gfsf] nuQ} ;f]xL lbg g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_sf s]Gb|Lo k|jQmf
s[i0faxfb'/ dx/fn] Ps lj1lKt k|sflzt u/L ;f] kmhL{ lj1lKt kf6L{sf] cflwsfl/s
gePsf] / To;sf] e|ddf gkg{ ;DjlGwt ;a}df cfu|x ug'{sf ;fy} kmhL{ lj1lKt hf/L
ug]{ lu/f]xsf] vf]hljg u/L kf6L{n] plrt sfjf{xL ug]{ hfgsf/L u/fp“b}, lj1lKtsf]
k"0f{ kf7df elgPsf] 5,æxfd|f] kf6L{ g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_sf
cWoIf sd/]8 k|r08sf] gfd /fv]/ ‘jftf{sf] nflu g]skf dfcf]jfbL ulDe/ ?kdf k|:t't
x'g]’ lzi{fsdf ljtl/t slyt jQmJok|lt xfd|f] kf6L{sf] uDeL/ ?kn] Wofgfsif{0f
ePsf] 5 . cfh /fhwfgLsf s]xL Pkm=Pd= /]l8of] / ;GWofsfnLg klqsfjf6 ;fj{hlgs
ePsf] pQm jQmJo k"/} gSsnL / kmhL{ ePsf] ;d]t o;} jQmJo dfkm{t :ki6 ug{
rfxG5f}+ .
xfd|f] kf6L{n] jftf{sf] lglDt x}l;ot bfjL ug]{ b]pjf
;/sf/nfO{ ;f]w]sf ljleGg k|Zgx?jf6} ltlNdnfPsf] k'/fgf] ;Qfn] g}
if8oGqk"0f{ 9+un] o; lsl;dsf] kmhL{ jQmJo hf/L u/]/ e|d kfg]{ s;/t
u/]sf]k|lt ;dod} ;ts{ /xg xfdL ;j} ;+rf/sdL{, /fhg}lts zlQm Pj+ gful/s ;dfhdf
xflb{s cfu|x ub{5f} .
xfd|f]
kf6L{sf] gfddf k'/fgf]] ;Qfn] if8oGq / ;+s6sf] dfgl;stfjf6} o; lsl;dsf] em'7\7f
/ kmhL{ jQmJo hf/L u/]sf]df s'g]{ z+sf 5}g . o:tf] gSsnL jQmJo hf/L ug{ ;+nUg
ck/fwL tTjx?sf] xfd|f] kf6L{n] 5fgljg ul//x]sf] / tL tTjx?nfO{ plrt sf/jfxL
ul/g] klg hfgsf/L u/fpg rfxfG5f}+ .Æ
;'/fsLsf] ;kmfof, km6fxfnfO{ sfjf{xL
O6x/L÷hgtfsf]
xTof / bdgsf] lgldQ ljgf jlb{df ufp“–ufp“df kl/rflnt zfxL cft+ssf/Lsf
;L=cfO{=8L=, ;'/fsLx?nfO{ hgd'lQm ;]gfn] ;kmfof
ul/lbPsf] ;dfrf/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . ;dfrf/df hgfOP cg';f/ k"jf{~rn If]qLo
k|x/L tflnd s]Gb| /fgL, df]/ªdf sfo{/t k|x/L hjfg s]zj /fO{nfO{ sflt{s @ ut]
lbp“;f] @ ah] wgs'6fsf] 8f“8fahf/df hgd'lQm ;]gfn] ;kmfof ul/lbPsf 5g\ . /fgLdf
sfo{/t /fO{ wgs'6f cfxfn]sf :yfgLo afl;Gbf ePsf] / ;z:q k|x/L an k"jf{~rn
tflnd s]Gb| ksnLsf] k|j]z kq Pj+ ;f]xL :t/sf] hgky k|x/L sfo{no /fgLsf]
kl/ro kq ;lxt hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] sAhfdf k/]sf lyP . wgs'6f 3/ ePsfn] ;f] 7fp“df
;'/fsL ug{ ;lhnf] x'g] / ;f]s} nflu vl6Psf] / g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ wgs'6f lhNnf
ldlnl;of ;b:o s=gs'n -5qaxfb'/ /fO{, cf“vL;Nnf–*_ sf] xTof, wgs'6f lhNnf hg;/sf/sf
k"j{ pkk|d'v jof]j[4 afdkGyL g]tf k~rnfn /fO{sf] lu/Çtf/L nufot bh{gf}
xTof tyf lu/Çtf/Ldf cfÇgf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] gLhn] :jLsfg'{sf ;fy} ;f] ;DaGwL
k|dfl0ft sfuhft ;d]t km]nf k/]sf lyP . hgbdgsf]
lglDt zfxL cft+sf/L hgxTof/f] hTyfsf] kfNt' s's'/ ag]/ ;'/fsL ub}{ wgs'6f
l5Gtfªsf] k~rsGof k'u]sf
k|x/L hjfg /fO{nfO{ hgd'lQm ;]gf g]kfnn] sflt{s @ ut] lbgsf] @ ah] ck/fwsf]
k|s[lt x]/L hgcbfntn] u/]sf] km};nf adf]lhd ;kmfof ul/lbPsf x'g . To:t}
emfkfaf6 k|fKt ;dfrf/ cg';f/ sflt{s @! ut] a6'sbn u0f rf/cfnLaf6 hgbdgsf] lglDt
;'/fsL ug{ emfkf
v'b'gfjf/Lsf] h's]vf8L k'u]sf zfxL kmf;LjfbL
zfxL ;]gfsf ;+v'jf ;ef vfbjf/L
3/ ePsf hjfg cd/ /fO{nfO{ klg hgd'lQm ;]gfn] ;f]xL lbg ;kmfof ul/lbPsf 5g\ .
lgh /fO{n] klg emfkf lhNnfdf ePsf ljleGg xTofsf08 / lu/Çtf/Ldf cfÇgf] ;+nUgtf
ePsf] k|dfl0ft aofg hgcbfnt ;dIf lbPkl5 hgcbfntsf] km};nf adf]lhd lghnfO{
;kmfof ul/Psf] s'/f emfkf l:yt xfd|f ;Djfbbftfn] atfPsf 5g\ .
o;} u/L kf“ry/af6 xfd|f ;Djfbbftf bofn]
k|]lift u/]sf] ;dfrf/ cg';f/ lhNnfsf] !) g+=Pl/of cGt/ut
/jL–@ lgjf;L s[i0f s'df/ /fO{ nfO{ g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ åf/f kqmfp u/L ef}lts
hgsfjf{xL kZrft\ :yfgLo hg;Qfsf] dftxtdf /xg] u/L >dlzlj/df nufOPsf] 5 lgh
/fO{n] cfÇg} cfdfsf] xTof nufot ljleGg ck/fw u/]sf] k'li6 ePkl5 hgcbfntsf] km};nf adf]lhd ;f] sfjf{xL ul/Psf] xf] .
To;} u/L cfÇg} r]nLnfO{ ;d]t anfTsf/ ug]{ s'?Djf–@ lgjf;L df]xg dflvd / r]nL
hLtdfofnfO{ :yfgLo hgtfsf] pkl:yltdf ;f]wk'5 ubf{ p;n] of] eGbf cl3 klg cGo
w]/} dlxnfx?dfly Jolerf/ Pj+ b'Jo{jxf/ u/]sf] ;fy} gSsnL dfcf]jfbL agL rGbf
cft+s ;d]t dRrfPsf] v'Ng cfPsf]n] lghsf] ls/fgf k;n kf6L{n] sAhf u/L hgsfjf{xL
kZrft\ >dlzlj/df k7fPsf] 5 . To;}u/L dfcf]jfbLsf] gfddf rGbf p7fpg] lnDaf–!
sf ch'{g g]kfnL, lnDaf–( sf lbg]z /fO{, pd]z /fO{, ;'/]Gb| /fO{ / ;'dg /fO{nfO{
cflZjg !) ut] :yfgLo ;Qf / cfd hg;d'bfosf] ;xefuLtfdf s8f ef}lts hgsfjf{xL
u/L /sd lkmtf{ u/fO{ ;'w|g] r]tfjgL ;lxt >dlzlj/df k7fOPsf] 5 .
csf]{ ;dfrf/
cg';f/ lnDaf–! s} ;'/fsL Pj+ b]xJofkf/L n]vdfof yfkfnfO{ klg P/Lof kf6L{n]
cflZjg !) ut] sAhf u/L s8f ef}lts hgsfjf{xL kZrft\ >dlzlj/df k7fPsf] 5 .
To;} u/L lnDaf–$ s} ljlgGb| dflvdsf] ;+of]hsTjdf !) ;b:oLo zfxL cd]l/sL
;]gfåf/f lgld{t ufp“n] ;'/fsL ;ldltnfO{ sAhfdf lnO{ cfd hg;d'bfosf] pkl:yltdf
:ki6Ls/0f lnbf ufp“sf] ultljlw a'waf/] j]; SofDkdf a'emfpg] u/]sf] v'Ng cfPkl5
ef}lts hgsfjf{xL kZrft\ clglZrtsfnLg >d lzlj/df nufOPsf]df % hgf km/f/ ePsf
5g\ eg] km/f/ lghx?sf] :yfgLo hgtf / hgd'lQm ;]gfn] vf]hL ul//x]sf 5g\ . o;}
u/L ! g+= Pl/ofsf] gfuL–& lgjf;L ldgf of]ªxf·n] zfxL cd]l/sL ;]gf;“u of}g
;DaGw /fVg], dfcf]jfbL ultljlw af/]
;'/Iff kmf}hnfO{ hfgsf/L lbg], PDj'; yfk] tf/ sfl6lbg] wDsL lbg] h:tf x/stx?
u/]sf]]n] cflZjg–$ ut] Pl/of kf6L{åf/f sAhfdf lnO{ sfjf{xL :j?k–# dlxgf >d
lzlj/df k7fOPsf] 5 . kf“ry/sf pk/f]Qm sfjf{xLx?sf af/]df / cGo /fhg}lts ljifodf
Pdfn] lhNnf tyf ufpFsldl6 ;b:ox?, :yfgLo a'l4hLjL tyf ;dfh;]jLx?;“u cGt/lqmof
rnfp“bf sfd sfjf{xLx? ;sf/fTds ePsf] k|ltlqmof JoQm u/]sf lyP .
To;} u/L
ck/fw ug]{ ck/fwLx?nfO{ hf] ;'s} / hxfF ;'s} /x] klg 5'6 glbg] dfcf]jfbL
kf6L{sf] gLlt cg';f/ dfcf]jfbL kf6L{s} b'O{ hgf sfo{stf{ sfjf{xLdf k/]sf 5g\ /.
;dfrf/ cg';f/ kf“ry/sf] @ g+= Pl/ofsf hgldlnl;of sdf08/ ;Ghf]u / ldlnl;of ;b:o
zLSsfsf aLr cg}lts of}g ;DjGw /x]sf] k'li6 ePkl5 lghx?nfO{ r]tfjgL ;lxt ^ dlxgf
>jlzlj/ k7fOPsf] lyof] . h;df zLSsf >d lzlj/af6} xfn efu]sf]n] lghsf]
Jofks vf]lh sfo{
eO/x]sf] hfgsf/L x'g cfPsf] 5 .
kqsf/sf] lgd{d xTof
O6x/L÷sflt{s @ ut] ljxfg * ah] l;Gw'kfNrf]s / bf]nvfsf] ;Ldfgfdf
kg]{ e';fkm]bf uf=h=;=df hgfb]z tyf hgljb|f]xsf k"jL{ o'4 ;Djfbbftf ho/fd
k/fh'nL -s=/l;s_ / hgd'lQm ;]gf g]kfn k"jL{ l8lehg sfof{nodf sfo{/t u0f]z
;fksf]6f -s=ljZjf;_sf] zfxL kmf;LjfbL ;Qfn] lu/Çtf/kl5 xTof u/]sf] 5 . 36gf
ljj/0f cg';f/ kqsf/ k/fh'nL / k"jL{ l8lehg sfof{nosf sfo{stf{ s=ljZjf; 3/
kl/jf/df e]63f6 ug{ hf“b} ubf{ ;f] 7fp“df k'u]kl5 zfxL cd]l/sL ;]gfsf] 7"nf]
;+Vofdf /x]sf] cft+ssf/L hTyfn] 3]/f xfnL lgz:q cj:yfdf /xg' ePsf pxf“x?nfO{
lu/Çtf/ u/L kf6L{sf] uf]klgotf vf]Ng / cfTd;dk{0f ug{sf] lglDt ljleGg l3g nfUbf
nf]e nfnr b]vfp“bf klg gem'lssg k|ltjfb ul//x]kl5 r/d zf/Ll/s oftgf lbOPsf]
lyof] . p;n] clGtd k|oTg ubf{ klg s]xL gnfu]kl5 uf]nLxfgL xTof u/]sf] lyof] .
kqsf/sf]
vf]n cf]9]/ lagf jbL{sf] zfxL ;]gf ag]/ hgtfsf] ;'/fsL ug]{x?n] hgcbfntdf pleg'
kbf{ :ofnsf] x'OofFdRrfpg]x? dfq xf]Og kqsf/x?sf] xslxtsf] lglDt v8f ePsf]
kqsf/ ;xf;+3n] ;d]t kqsf/ k/fh'nLsf] xTofdf df}g /x]kl5 kqsf/ dxf;+3 s;sf nflu
< eGg] k|Zg v8f ePsf] 5 . kqsf/ s[i0f ;]g, 8L=sf}l8Go, gu]Gb| kf]v/]n,
ljgf]b ;hgf nufotsf kqsf/ zxLbx?n] b]vfPsf] /Qm/+lht af6f]df cfkm"nfO{
b[9tfk"j{s pEofP/ kqsf/ ho/fd k/fh'nL -s=/l;s_n] ;Dk"0f{ hgkIfLo
kqsf/x?sf] lz/ pRr agfOlbg' ePsf] 5 . k|]; :jtGqtf cleJolQm :jtGqtf / j}rfl/s
k|lt:kwf{sf] /fu cnfk]/ gyfSg] slyt ;+j}wflgs / k|hftGqjfbL ;Qf e/f}6]x?n]
u/]sf] lg;z:q sndhLjL kqsf/sf] xTofn] p;sf] jf:tljs rl/q ;jf{·f] ePsf] 5 .
:d/0fLo 5, s]xL ;do cufl8 dfq k"j{s} d]rL–sf]zLdf sfo{/t kqsf/åo ab|L v8sf
/ gGbs'df/ yfkfsf] klg zfxL cft+ssf/L ;]gfn] kqmfp k5fl8 qm'/ oftgf lbO xTof
u/]sf] lyof] .
5fkfdf/ km/f/
r}gk'/÷olx efb| dlxgfdf ;+v'jf;ef lhNnfsf] afXla;] uf=h=;=af6
kf6L{sf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf hf“bf k|ltlqmofjfbL /fHo;Qfsf ef6 tyf zfxL cd]l/sg
;]gfsf] sAhfdf kg'{ ePsf sd/]8 aiff{tnfO{ zfxL ;]gfsf] d]h/n] p;sf] emf]nf
af]sfP/ lx+8fPsf] cj:yfdf hgd'lQm ;]gfsf ;b:o s=jiff{t b'Zdgsf] pQm 3]/fnfO{
;s'zn tf]8]/ d]h/sf] emf]nf ;lxt kf6L{ ;Dk{sdf k'Ug' ePsf] ;dfrf/ k|fKt ePsf] 5
. d]h/sf] pQm emf]nfdf /x]sf] ljleGg k|sf/sf o'4 ;fdfu|L h;df SLR sf]
a'n]6 #$# yfg, ulnn xltof/sf] Dofulhg ^ yfg / sDAof6 8«]; nufot nlhli6ssf
;fdfu|L ;lxt b'Zdgsf] 3]/f tf]8\g ;kmn s=jiff{tnfO{ hgd'lQm ;]gfs} Ps ;fx;L
kfqsf] ?kdf dflgPsf] 5 .
cfZro{hgs /
;xfl;s snfdf lgk"0f{ hgd'lQm ;]gfsf ;b:o s=jiff{tsf] of] k|z+;gLo sfo{kl5
b'Zdgsf] lsQfleq klg dfcf]jfbLsf] ;DjGw /x]sf] cfz+sf u/L k'/fgf] ;Qfn] pQm
d]h/nfO{ sfjf{xL ug]{ toff/L ul//x]sf] a'lemPsf] 5 .
n]vx?
o'4df ;+rf/sf] dxTj–Ps rrf{–/l;s
æljZj ;+rf/ hutdf ePsf] ce"tk"j{ ljsf;n] ;+;f/nfO{ Pp6f
Unf]jdf kl/0ft ul/lbPsf] 5 .Æ s=k|r08
cfhsf] o'u
ljrf/wf/fTds ;+3if{sf] o'u xf] . o'4 k'“hLjfbsf] o'u klg xf], cem o'4
;fd|fHojfbsf] o'u klg xf] . of] cjlwdf ;'rgf–;+rf/sf] cx\d e"ldsf x'g]
ub{5 . ljZjdf ;'rgf–;+rf/ a]u/ cfh s]xL klg gx'g] l:ylt k}bf ePsf] 5 . lj1fgsf]
If]qdf ePsf] ce"tk"j{ ljsf;nfO{ sltko k'“hLn] d}dQ ePsf /fi6«x?n]
cfÇgf] nufgL / k|ToIf kxndf ePsf] xf}jf lk6fp“b} h;nfO{ cfÇgf] lxt cg's"n
k]jf h:t} u/L k|of]u ul//x]sf 5g\ . Pslt/ o'4 ;fd|fHojfbL cd]l/sfn] olx
ljsf;nfO{ k|ToIf cfÇgf] lxt cg's"n k|of]u u/]/ ‘;Dk"0f{ o'4’
;"rgf ;+rf/sf] dfWodaf6 ;+rfng u/]/ ;"rgf ;fd|fHo g} km}nfPsf] 5 .
csf]{ tkm{ cfÇgf c;n lxdfotL ljZjsf lg/+s'z kmflzjfbLx?nfO{ ;d]t ;+rf/s} e/df
pTkLl8t /fi6« / pk]lIft hgtfsf] cufl8 x}sd hdfpg clek|]l/t ul//x]sf] 5 .
olta]nf
;+;f/ g} Pp6f Unf]adf kl/0ft e}/fv]sf] cj:yfdf ljZjsf] h'g;'s} pynk'ynsf/L
36gfqmdx?nfO{ xfdL Pp6f aGb sf]7f leq /x]/ k|ToIf k|;f/0fsf] ?kdf x]g{ ;S5f} .
o:tf] cj:yfdf h'g vfnsf] k|rf/ u¥of] ljZjsf] hgtfsf] lbn lbdfudf ToxL k|efj
kg'{ :jefljs} x'G5 . To;sf/0f xfdLn] ;+rf/ If]qdf ePsf] ljsf;nfO{ ;xL 9·n]
;b'kof]u u/]/ ;To–tYo / oyfy{ 36gf ljj/0fx?nfO{ ;+k|]if0f ug{ /lQe/ l9nfO{ ug'{
x'“b}g .
km]l/ xfdL
;fd|fHojfb, lj:tf/jfb / bnfn gf]s/zfxL / lg/+s'z ;fdGtjfbnfO{ w'nf] r6fpg] p2]Zo d'tfljs qmflGtsf/L ;zQm
cfGbf]ngsf] cf“wLa]x/L l;h{gf ul//x]sf 5f}
. of] a]nfdf qmflGtsf/L k|rf/fTds cfGbf]ngsf] cu|0fL e"ldsf x'g]
ub{5 . ljZjsf] h'g;'s} Gofok"0f{ cfGbf]ngx?df qmflGtsf/L k|rf/sf]
e"ldsfnfO{ sbflk sd cf“Sg ;lsb}g / e'n]/ klg sd cf“Sg] r]:6f ug'{ x'“b}g .
o;sf/0f cfGbf]ngnfO{ ;'rf? 9·n] cufl8 a9fpg cfd hgtfnfO{ ;To, tYo / jf:tljs
36gfqmdx?n] ;'–;'lrt u/fpg' / o'4 ;fd|fHojfbnfO{ /0fe"lddf k5fg{ Oltxf;n]
xfdL qmflGtsf/Lx?nfO{ ljZjf; dfg]/ lbPsf] P]ltxfl;s lhDd]jf/LnfO{ k"/f ug{
xfdLn] o;sf] dxTjnfO{ x[bo+ud
u/L Jojxf/tM k"/f ug{ cfjZos 5 . To;}sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df /x]/ qmflGtsf/L
k|rf/–k|;f/sf] dxTj / cfufdL cj:yfdf lgjf{x ug'{ kg]{ e"ldsfsf] af/]df
;lj:tf/ rrf{ ug{ sf]lzz ul/Psf] 5 .
dxTj, sfo{ /
e"ldsfM– rfx] h'g ;'s} cfGbf]ngdf klg qmflGtsf/L k|rf/–k|;f/sf] cx+ dxTj
x'g] ub{5 . clxn];Ddsf hgjfbL of ;dfhjfbL cfGbf]ng qmflGtsf/L k|rf/–k|;f/ ljgf
lglZrt p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ g;s]sf] cj:yf xfd|f] ;fd' ;fIfL 5 . s'g} ;dodf cu|h
g]t[Tjx?n] klg qmflGtsf/L k|rf/–k|;f/nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg w]/} sf]lzz ug'{ ePsf]
lyof] . sfn{ dfS;{n] qmflGtsf/L hLjgsf] k|f/De sfnb]lv g} hgkIfLo klqsf
‘Go"
/fOg;, hfO6'·’ df cfÇgf] w]/} dxTjk"0f{ ;do vr{g' ePsf] lyof] . n]lggn]
‘O:qmf’ gfds klqsfdf ;Dkfbgsf] sfd ug'{ x'GYof] eg] dfcf]n] klg cfÇgf]
qmflGtsf/L hLjg sfndf dfq} geP/ cGo
;dodf klg kf6L{, u}/kf6L{ k|sfzgsf] If]qdf cd"No ;do vr{g' ePsf] Oltxf;
xfdLn] cWoog u/]sf 5f}+ . To;} u/L g]kfnL qmflGtsf] ;Gb{edf klg >4]o cWoIf
k|r08n] cd"No ;donfO{ k|rf/–k|;f/ If]qsf] sfddf vr{g' ePsf] 5 . o;/L klg
xfdL :jefj}n] a'em\g ;S5f} ls ljZj pynkynsf/L cfGbf]ngdf k|rf/ sfo{sf]
e"ldsf slt w]/} x'“bf] /x]5 . km]l/ ljZjdf rn]sf Gofok"0f{
cfGbf]ngx?nfO{ cu|ult lbg dfq x}g qmflGtsf] ;fy ;fydf ljsfz x'g] k|ltqmflGtnfO{
klg k/f:t ub}{ lg/Gt/ ?kdf qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] cf“wLj]x/L ;[li6 ul//xg ;d]t
;To tYo / jf:tljs k|rf/–k|;f/sf] 7"nf]
dxTj x'g] ub{5 .
cfh cd]l/sL
;fdfHojfb ljZjdf ;'rgf ;+rf/sf] If]qdf cfÇgf] jr{:j sfod u/fp“b} lbg bxf8}
pTkLl8t /fi6«x?df cfÇgf] x}sdjfbL ;fd|fHo km}nfpgdf slyt k|rf/jfhL ‘Oltxf;sf]
cGTo / Ps w'|jLo ljZj Joj:yfsf] pbo’ sf] 8+sf lk6\b} ‘ljZj e"d08nLs/0f’
sf] lbzfdf cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 eg] otf
p;sf c;nL
dltof/x? ;fd|fHojfbL :j/df :j/ ldnfp“b} cft+sjfbsf] lgd'{n ug{] jxfgf agfp“b}
g]kfndf lg/+s'z zf;g rnfO/x]sf 5g\ . sltko plrt w/ftndf pleP/ ;"rgf–;+rf/
;+k|]if0f ug]{x?nfO{ zfxL ;}Go sf;gsf] e/df cft+lst agfPsf 5g\ t hgtfsf hglk|o
;+rf/ dfWodx?nfO{ ‘cj}wflgs’, ‘cft+ssf/L’ cflb OToflb axfgfdf 7f8f] x:tIf]k u/L
tfgfzfx lx6n/x?sf] z}nLdf ‘ax'bnLo k|hftGq’sf] c;nL cg'xf/ b]vfO{ aGb ug{ afWo
kfl//x]sf 5g\ . csf]{ tkm{ ;"rgfsf] k|rf/–k|;f/ ug]{ axfgfdf sltkonfO{
;L=cfO{=8L=, ;'/fsL agfO{ cfj/0f kqsf/sf] t/ sfd ljgf abL{wf/L zfxL kmf}hsf]
lhDd]jf/L lbP/ lbgfg' lbg cf]/fnf] tkm{ nfu]sf] ;8]un]sf] wf]b|f] eO;s]sf]
/fhtGqsf] kIfdf asjf;k"0f{ k|rf/jfhL :ki6tM uf]ojN; k|rf/jfhL ug{ pTk|]l/t
ul//x]sf x'g . o:tf] eLif0f åGbsf] l:yltdf xfdL cfd qmflGtsf/L k|rf/sdL{x?n]
o;sf] plrt tj/n] e08fkmf]/ ub}{ Gofok"0f{ cfGbf]ng / cGofok"0f{
cfGbf]ng aLrsf] e]bsf] af/]df cfd hgtfnfO{ :ki6 u/fpg / kf6L{sf] k|rf/ ug'{
kg]{ cfjZos gLlt lg0f{ox?nfO{ hgtf;Dd k'¥ofpg ljz]if hf]8 lbb} k|rf/ sfo{nfO{
cufl8 a9fpg' kb{5 . d'Votof qmflGtsf/L k|rf/sdL{x?sf] sfd qmflGtsf] lxtdf
;"rgfsf] k|jfx ug'{ xf] cyf{t cfd hgtfnfO{ /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf 36]sf
;To tYo oyfy{ / jf:tljs 36gf qmdx?nfO{ cToGt} ;/ntd 9·n] hgtfsf] cfr/0f
;'xfp“bf] k|jfx ug'{ xf] . km]l/ qmflGtsf/L kqsf/x?n] olt dfq} xfd|f] sfd eg]/
a'em\g] uNtL eg] k6Ss} ug'{ x'“b}g . ljzfn dxf;fu/sf] aLrdf jf/kf/ kf}8]/
rf}tkmL{ k|rf/sf] sfo{nfO{ Jojl:yt / o'u ;fk]If agfP/ n}hfg ;Sg' k5{ . xfdLx?
hgtfsf] kIfdf /x]/ kqsfl/tf ug]{x?n] hgtfnfO{ u'? dfg]/ hgtfaf6 g} l;Sg]
7"nf] rfxgf /fVg' kb{5 hj xfdL ;xL ;+rf/sdL{ aGg ;S5f} tj dfq} jf:tljs
tj/n] hj/sf] kIfdf k|rf/–k|;f/ ug{ ;S5f} . hgtfeGbf jflx/ /x]/ ul/g] k|rf/ Tof]
jf:tljs k|rf/–k|;f/ geP/ cfTk/tLsf] nflu ul/g] sfo{ l;jfo c? s]xL x'g ;Sb}g .
olt a]nfsf] Ground Reality nfO{ ;/;tL{ x]g]{ xf] eg]
Psftkm{ hgklIfo kqsf/x? / csf]{ tkm{ hglj/f]wL kqsf/x? aLrdf eLif0ftd vfnsf
6s/fjx? e}/fv]sf 5g\ . g]kfn nufot ljZjdf olta]nf cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf]
/fO{bfO{+ 5, o:tf] cj:yfdf p;n] ;"rgf ;fd|fHosf] bjbjf a9fO/x]sf] 5 . of]
cj:yfdf cfd"n kl/jt{gsf lxdfotL kqsf/x?n] ;fd|fHojfbsf] 8n/sf] e/df
kqsfl/tf ug]{ hglj/f]wLx?nfO{ gfª\u]emf/ agfp“b} hfg' kg]{ x'G5 . h;/L ;j{xf/f
ju{sf dxfg\ u'? s=dfcf]n] eGg' ePsf] 5, ækqsf/x?df snd ;hLj, k|i6 / ltSv/
x'g'kb{5 . lsgeg] slxNo} klg dl;gf] :j/df u'Gu'gfpg] / s'/f rkfpg] ug'{ x'“b}g,
e'Q] aGb'sn] j}l/sf] /ut aufpg ;lsb}g Æ o;/L xfdL qmflGtsf/Lx?n] Gofosf] kIfdf
rnfpg] snd b[9tf / gjLg :k|Ll/6sf ;fy lg/Gt/ rnfpg' kg]{ x'G5 . hgtfnfO{ lzIff
lbg] tj/n] hgtfsf] lxt;“u Psfsf/ ;j{xf/f juL{o ljrf/n] cf]tk|f]t eP/ snd rnfpg'
kg]{ x'G5 . >4]o s=k|r08n] eGg' ePem}, æaGb's / snd aLr wlgi6td ;DaGw x'G5Æ
o;jsf] dd{af]wnfO{ o'4sflng kqsf/x?n] xd];f hf]8 lbg' kb{5 . clxn]sf] cj:yfdf
sltko kqsf/x?n] kqsl/tf :jtGq x'g' kb{5 eg]/ elg/x]sf 5g\ . jf:tjdf :jtGqtf
sxf“af6 / s;/L kfOG5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg xfdLn] plrt tj/n] a'em\g' kb{5 ;f“lRrs}
:jtGqtf s;}sf] bf;tfaf6 kfOb}g eg]/ h;/L dfcf]n] eGg' ePsf] 5, o;df k|r08n] eGg' eP em}, æljb|f]xsf] clwsf/sf]
;+:yfut ljsf; / lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] k|lqmofdf dfq} hgtfsf] :jtGqtf ;'lglZrt /x]sf]
x'G5 .Æ eGg] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df xfdLn] kqsfl/tf If]qsf] :jtGqsf] dfGotfdf cufl8
a9\g' kg]{ x'G5 . of] ljifodf o'4sf] a]nfdf hf] sf]lxn] klg ju{ lg/k]If eP/
kqsfl/tf If]qsf] sfdnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;Sb}g . km]l/ s'g} klg kqsfl/tf ;~rfng
ubf{ juL{o
kIfw/tfnfO{ gc+ufnL sbflk sndnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;lsb}g . To;sf/0f xfdLn] ug]{
kqsfl/tf / k|rf/sf sfdx? ju{lxtsf] cfwf/df ;~rfng ug{df hf]8 lbg' kb{5 . hf]
sf]xLn] ju{ lg/k]If / :jtGqtfsf]
gf/f hk] klg cGttM cfÇgf] ju{sf] lxtdf kqsfl/tfsf] If]q cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . of]
;"rgf ;fd|fHosf] o'udf rfx]/ klg juL{o lg/kIf]tfdf cfwfl/t kqsfl/tf ug{
;Dej 5}g . xfdLn] cfhsf] ;"rgf ;+rf/ / ;fd|fHojfbL, æe"d08nLs/0fsf]
af]nafnf /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;fd|fHojfbnfO{ k/f:t ug{ / cfÇgf] sfo{nfO{ lg/Gt/ cufl8
a9fpg Syber War sf] dfWodaf6 dfq} ;"rgf ;+rf/sf] sfdnfO{
cufl8 a9fpg] ;S5f} . Tof] :t/df ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ xfd|f] olta]nfsf] bfloTj aGg
k'u]sf] 5 . To; sf/0f xfdL o'4 :t/df sfd ul//x]sf qmflGtsf/L kqsf/x?n]
bIftfk"0f{ 1fgsf] ljsf; ug{ ;s]sf] v08df dfq} Syber
War nfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbg ;S5f} . lxhf]sf] sfd u/]sf] cg'ej z}nL cj k'/fgf] e};s]sf] 5 .
xfdL o'4sf] ljsf;;“u} olta]nf xfO6]s
-Hi-tech_ sf] k|of]u ul//x]sf 5f}+ . xfO6]s eg]sf] ljsf;sf] pTs[i6
cleJolQm xf] To;sf/0f nf]–6]s -Lo–tech_ sf] sfdnfO{ k|fyldstf lb+b}
jt{dfg cj:yfdf k|of]u eO/fv]sf] Hi–Tech nfO{
hf]8 lbg' kb{5 / To;sf] nflu sfddf lgk"0f{tf xfl;n ug'{ cfh Oltxf;sf] dfu
/ jt{dfgsf] cfjZostf xf] . dfcf]n] eGg' eP em} æl3;] lk6] n]Vg z}nLsf] lj/f]w
u/Æ eGg] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df pxf“sf] egfO{nfO{ dd{af]wtfsf ;fy cfTd;ft u/]/ hLjg
Jojxf/df nfu" ug'{ kb{5 . ;fy} b'Zdgn] u/]sf] k|rf/ o'4 km}nfPsf]
dgf]j}1flgs cft+s / ‘e"d08nLs[t’ e|dnfO{ lrg{ ;"rgf / ;+rf/sf]
e"ldsfnfO{ gofF/ k|efjsf/L 9+un] kl/rflnt ug'{ xfdL kqsf/x?sf] st{Jo x'g
cfp“5 .
lgZro g} of]
cj:yfdf k|rf/fTds sfo{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg xfdLnfO{ ljljw vfnsf ;d:ofx? 5g\ cfjZos
ef}lts jftfj/0fsf] cefj gofF 9+usf] ljsf;sf] ;fk]Iftfdf bIftfk"0f{ 1fgsf]
sdL h:tf ljljwtfx? xfd|f] ;fd' v8f 5g\ . d"ntM ;d:of /lxt a:t' slx+ st}
x'“b}g . ;d:of ljgfsf] cknAwL ;+ej klg 5}g / x'“b}g klg . jf:tjdf ljsf; ljk/Lt
tTjx? aLr ;+3if{ u/]/ dfq k|fKt x'g ;S5 . olta]nf xfdL ;du| o'4sf] ;+j]bgzLn
k|lqmofdf 5f} . Pp6f If]qsf] sfdnfO{ dfq lg/Gt/tf lbO/xg ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g .
;j{xf/f cfGbf]ngsf dxfdfgj n]lgg eGg' eP em} æxfdLx? cfGbf]ng stf{, k|rf/stf{ /
;+u7gstf{ klg xf] .Æ To;sf/0f
x/ If]qsf sfdnfO{ kf/:kl/s ;xof]usf] dfWodaf6 lg/Gt/tf lbg] sf]lzz ug'{kb{5 oL
sfdx? Ps cfk;df cGt/ ;DjlGwt / cleefHofTds x'g] ub{5g\ / oxL ;fk]Iftfdf o;nfO{
a'em\g' kg]{ x'G5 . n8fO{df qmflGtsf/L kqsf/x? klxnf] bz{s x'g] ub{5g\ cyf{t
cfwf o'4 k|rf/sf] dfWodaf6 k"/f ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . To;sf/0f ljz'4
kqsfl/tfsf] dfWodaf6 xfdLn] xfd|f] sfo{ef/ k"/f ug{ ;Dej 5}g . o'4 :t/df
kqsfl/tfnfO{ a'em\gsf] nflu qmflGtsf/L dfS;{jfbsf] cfwf/df ljrf/nfO{ cu|:yfgdf
/fv]/ k"/f ug{ x/ ;+Dej k|of; ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . xfdL ;a} qmflGtsf/Lx?n]
n]lggsf] pQm egfOnfO{ sbflk la;{g] e"n;Dd klg ug'{ x'“b}g . tj dfq xfdLn]
klxnf] bz{ssf] e"ldsfnfO{ klg k"/f ug{ ;S5f} / cfwf o'4 ;j{xf/f juL{o
hgtfsf] lxt / dfn]dfjfbL ;Rrf j}1flgs ljrf/sf]
cfwf/df k"/f ug{ ;S5f} .
csf]{ s'/f
xfdLdf ‘k'gM ;+:sf/sf]’ cfjZostf 5 . k'g ;+:sf/sf] k|lqmofdf cufl8 a9]/ hgtfaf6
l;Sg] / hgtfnfO{ l;sfpg] k|lqmofn] dfq} xfd|f] p2]Zo d'tfljssf] sfo{ k"/f
x'g]5 . csf]{ tkm{ g]kfnL ;+rf/ hutdf olta]nf
ldln6/L ;+:s[ltsf] af]njfnf lbg b'O{u'0ff / /ft rf}u'gfsf] ultn] ltj| ljsf;
x'“b}5 . cfkm"nfO{ cAan bhf{sf] kqsf/ atfpg] sltko kqsf/x?n] Groun
Reality nfO{ jf:tljs cy{df a'em\g g;s]/ zfxL ;'/Iff kmf}håf/f k"j{
tof/L ;dfrf/nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ slyt ;fd|fHojfbL 8n/sf] cfzfdf ;To–tYo / jf:tljs
;dfrf/sf >f]t cfd pTkLl8t hg;d'bfo / xfdL juL{o d'lQm cfGbf]ng ul//x]sf
cfd"n
kl/jt{gsfdL zlQmsf] lj?4 h'g 9+un] skf]nslNkt / e|fds ;dfrf/ ;+k|]if0f u/]/
xfdL / hgtfsf] aLrdf ‘ljzfn lrlgof kvf{n’ v8f ug]{ b':k|oTg u/]/
/fli6«o cGt/f{li6«o :t/df ;fd|fHojfbsf lx+;|s hh{ a'; / lg/+s'z lx6n/sf
gfosx?sf] egfO{nfO{ jf:tljs cfwf/ dfg]/ xfd|f] lj?4 cfj/0fdf kqsf/ -ljgf
abL{wf/L ;'/Iff kmf}h_ ag]/ h;/L v8f eO/fv]sf 5g\ pgLx?sf] jff:tljs ?ksf]
kbf{kmf; cj dfn]dfjfb / k|r08kysf] j}1flgs ljrf/ / @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf]
ljsf;n] k|rf/sf] If]qdf u/]sf] cslNkgLo ljsf; / tf]s]sf] ;Ldf, clwsf/ /
If]qnfO{ ;xL 9+un] cfTdf;ft u/]/ dfq} pgLx?nfO{ gf·]emf/ kf/]/ hgtfsf] cufl8
pgLx?sf] jf:tljs cg'xf/nfO{ lbgsf] 3fd em}+ 5n{· kfg{ ;S5f} . Tof] :t/df ljsf;
ug{ xfdLn] k|r08kysf] ljsf;n] u/]]sf] @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf;nfO{ a'em]/
@!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] o'4sf] ljsf;;“u} s'ddf s'd hf]8]/ cfpg] k|ltqmflGtnfO{ ;d]t
;f]xL ljrf/sf]
cfwf/df k/flht u/]/ k|rf/sf] dfWodaf6 ;fd|fHojfb ;fdGtjfb k|ltqmflGtnfO{
k/f:t ub}{ qmflGtnfO{ ljhosf] cu|efudf k'¥ofpg qmflGtsf/L kqsf/x?n] csNkgLo
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ .
h;/L clxn]
ljBdfg ljZjdf e}/fv]sf] c;To cjf:tljs, skf]nslNkt / e|fds uf]ojN; k|rf/n]
dWodfuL{ tKsfdf h'g vfnsf] e|d l;h{gf u/]sf] 5, o;nfO{ ;d]t jf:tljs tj/n] ;f]
ju{df k/]sf] e|dnfO{ lrg{ ljz]if hf]8 lbb}+ cufl8 a9\g' kg]{ x'G5 . cGtdf
jt{dfg ljZjdf hgklIfo kqsfl/tfn] ;"rgf ;fd|fHosf lj?4 v8f x'g' kb{5 .
o;sf] cy{ ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL hgtfx?sf] kIfdf v8f x'g klg
xf] . csf]{ zAbdf kqsfl/tf hgtfsf] kIfdf / hglj/f]wL ;Qfsf] lj?4 v8f x'“b}
>4]o cWoIf k|r08n] eGg' ePem}+,
æj}rfl/s :ki6tf / kqsfl/tf If]qdf snfTds 9+usf] ljsf;Æ sf] dd{af]wnfO{ x[bo+ud
ub}{ hfg ;s]sf] v08df cjZo klg xfd|f]
sfo{df s'g} ult/f]w cfOkg]{ 5}g . xfdLn] slxNo} klg lxDdt xfg'{ x'“b}g
xfd|f] lbdfunffO{ af]wf] xf]Og ljnIf0f agfpg' k5{ . olb xfdL xhf/f}+ 6'qmf x'g]
u/L sfl6g tof/ x'G5f}+ eg] xfdLn] h:tf] ;'s} jfbzfxnfO{ klg 3f]8faf6 v;fNg
;S5f}+ .
To;sf/0f olx
s'/fnfO{ cfTdf;fy u/f}+ h:tf] ;'s} sl7gtfsf afjh'b klg xfdL qmflGtsf/Lx?sf]
eljio pHhjn 5, dfn]dfjfb / k|r08kysf] ljrf/df b[9tfk"j{s cu|;/ /x“b} cfÇgf
/x]sf sfdx?df u'0ffTdstf xfl;n u/f}+, ;f]xL ljrf/ leq xfd|f] ljho cGt/lgxLt 5
o;}df cfTdf uf}/j u/f}+ .
@)^! efb| @% ut]
-s=/l;s -ho/fd k/fh'nL_ hgd'lQm ;]gf g]kfn
k'jL{ l8ljhgdf sfo{/t hgfb]z tyf hgljb|f]x ;fKtflxssf o'4 ;+jfbbftf x'g'x'GYof]
. ljrf/ cleJolQm :jtGqtfsf] /fu cnfk]/ slxn] gyfSg] slyt k|hftGqjfbL 1fg]Gb|sf] v]tfnf] ;/sf/n] @)^! sflt{s @ ut]
bf]nvf / l;Gw'kfNrf]ssf] ;Ldfgfdf
pxf“sf] xTof u/]sf] lyof] . ;+rf/sf] If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg
k'¥ofpg' x'g]
s=/l;ssf] ;f]xL ;DjGwL n]v xfdLnfO{ k|fKt ePsf]n] oxfF k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5M–;+_
k|r08ky / k|r08kysf cfwf/x?–cgGt
cl3Nnf] c+ssf] af“sLg]kfnL
Oltxf;sf] ef}ltsjfbL sf]0faf6 ;+Zn]i0f ub} g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf ;sf/fTds
kIfx?sf]] ;+Zn]if0f ub}{ s] eGof] eg] g]kfnL ;dfdf /x]sf] b]zeQm / hgtflGqs
k|j[lQ jfdkGyL k|j[lQsf] ;d'r ?kg} k|r08ky xf] . o;sf ljkIfdf bnfn k|j[lt /
ljleGg ;++zf]wgafbL / cj;/jfbL k|j[lQ lj?4sf] ;+3if{sf] k|ltkmn g} k|r08ky xf]
. k|r08kysf] cfwf/ eGbf xfdL s] df k'Ub5f}+ eg]
Plss/0fsf] k|lqmof cufl8 al9/x]sf] 5 . /fli6«o ;Dd]ngn] Pp6f prfO xfl;n
u/]sf] 5, of] cufl8 a9\g] Dof8\g]6 ag]sf] 5 k|r08ky . tL ;Dk"0f{ wf/fx?
hf] qmflGtsf/L wf/fx? lyP, k|oTg lyP, To;sf] ;Djfb eO;s]kl5 k|r08ky s'g} JolQm
jf ;d"xsf] xf]Og ls g]kfnL sDo"lgi6 qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] ju{;+3if{sf]
pTkfbg ;+3if{sf] j}1flgs k|of]usf] of]u xf] . cyjf To;sf] ljsf;sf] ;d'Rrtf xf]
. of] ljrf/ ljsf;sf] cfwf/df tTsflng s= k'iknfnsf] k|oTg / emfkf ljb|f]x / Tof];+u
;Dj4 qmflGtsf/L ;d"x tTsflng rf}dsf] k|oTg Toxf“ /x]sf qmflGtsf/L
;d"xsf] Pstf cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
cGt/f{li6«o
?kn] bz{gsf] If]qdf xfdLn] clwe"tjfbsf] lj?4 h8;'qLo ;+zf]wgjfb /
blIf0fkGyL ;+zf]wgjfbsf] lj?4df j}rfl/s /fhgLlts If]qdf ;+3if{ ub}{ k|r08kysf]
ljsf; u/]/ xfdLn]
cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ klg xfdLn] of]ubfg u/]sf 5f}+ . /fli6«o ?kn]
blIf0fkGyL ;+zf]wgjfb / gj ;+zf]wgjfbsf] lj?4 ;+3if{ ub}{ k|r08kysf] ljsf;
ePsf] xf] . To;df k|r08kynfO{ bfz{lgs ?kn] eGbf cGt/lj/f]wsf] lgodx?sf] a'emfO{
/ To;nfO{ nfu" ug]{ qmddf k|r08kyn] of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 . cGt/lj/f]wsf] lgod
k|wfg kIf / uf}0f kIf xf] . k|wfg kIfnfO{ ;dfTg], uf}0f kIfnfO{ pkof]u ug]{ .
j:t'sf] ljsf; s'g} klg 36gfsf] ljsf;, lrGtgsf] ljsf; 5nfª\df x'G5, a|]sdf x'G5
/ qmd e+udf x'G5 eg] cGt/lj/f]wsf] lgodnfO{ cem ;d[4 ug]{ sfd eof] eg] bz{gsf
If]qdf wSsf, qmd e+u, 5nf· / dxfljklQ k|r08kysf bfz{lgs If]qsf df}lnstfx? x'g .
tL k|d'v cGt/lj/f]wx?nfO{ ;dfGt / s]Gb|Lt ?kn] k'/fgf] cj:yfnfO{ kl/jt{g ug]{
an k|of]usf] wSsfd'ns 9+un], s]lGb|t 9+un] k|oTg ug]{ To;jf6 k'/fgf] qmdnfO{
e+u ug]{ x/]s k6s k'/fgf] qmd e+u ub}{ gof“ 7fp“df 5nf· dfb}{, gof“ 7fp“df
?kfGt/0f x'“b} dxfljklQsf] aLraf6 ;dfhsf] ljsf; x'G5 . k|s[ltdf xfdLn] gb]v]
klg Tof] leq Pp6f ult x'G5 e'sDk cfp“bf qmd e+u ePsf] x'G5, dxfljkl/t x'G5
5nf·x? uO/x]sf] x'G5 . ljgf;x? eO/x]sf] x'G5 . jf9L cfp“bf Pp6f wSsf hfG5,
k'/fgf] qmd e+u x'g] k'/fgf] s'8L s'6g] To;df leGg cj:yf k}bf x'g], dxfljkltsf] aLraf6 gof“ Pstf / ?kfGt/0f
x'G5, k|s[ltsf] lgoddf klg . ;dfh ljsf;df klg ;k{sf] ultdf Pp6f dfqfjfbL 9+un]
;dfhsf] ljsf; x'“b}g ;fgf–;fgf 5nfª\ x'“b} 7"nf] 5nfª\ x'G5 . dfG5]sf]
r]tgfsf] ljsf;sf nflu klg wSsfd"ns k|oTg ug{' kb{5 . ;fdfGo ;DemfO{
a'emfO{ jf ;fdfGo k|oTgn] x'“b}g . k'/fgf] ljrf/ kl/jt{g u/]]/ gof“ gof“ ljrf/
3';fpgsf] nflu wSsfd"ns k|oTg, To;kl5 k'/fgf] ljrf/df qmde+utf, gof“
7fp“df 5nf·, ljrf/df ?kfGt/0f -To;af6 gof“ ljklQx? jf gof“ ljrf/df ?kfGt/0f jf
gof“ qmflGt z'? x'G5_ sf] aLraf6 dfgj lrGtg klg cufl8 a9\b5 dfG5]sf] ljrf/ klg
cufl8 a9\b5 . dfn]]dfjfbsf] bfz{lgs If]qdf k|r08kyn] ;d[4 u/]sf] 5 . lg/Gt/
dxfljklQsf] s'/fnfO{, lg/Gt/ qmflGt;+u klg hf]8\b}5f}+ . dfG5]sf] lbdfudf
lg/Gt/ lj36g / ;+36g eO{/xG5, Ps k6s a'‰of+} eGg] s'/fn] k'Ub}g . x/]s k6s
dfG5]sf] lbdfudf wSsf, qmde+u, 5nf· / dxfljklQ x'“b} gof“ 7fp“df ;fgf
cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ xn ubf{ 7"n–7"nf
cGt/lj/f]w l;h{gf ug{' kb{5, of]hgfut ?kn] . 7"nf] cGt/lj/f]nfO{ xn ug{
emg 7"nf]] cGt/lj/f]w h:t} cw{;fdGtL / cw{cf}klgj]lzs cj:yfnfO{ xn ug{
gof“ hgjfbL qmflGt, gof“ hgjfbL
cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ xn ug{ xfdL ;dfhjfbdf / ;dfhjfbL cGt/lj/f]w xn ug{
;fDojfbdf hfG5f}+ . x/]s k6s qmflGt, lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] dfcf]jfbL l;4fGtnfO{ b/f]
9+un] ;dft]/ ;d[4 ug]{ k|r08kysf] bfz{lgs of]ubfg xf] .
gf]s/zfxL
k"“hLjfbsf] ljZn]if0f s= dfcf]n] ug{' eof] To;nfO{ 7f]; ?kn] a'‰g] /
kl/rfng ug]{df k|r08kyn] s]xL df}lnstfsf ;fy cufl8 j9fPsf] 5 . ;xsf/Ltf /
;xsf/L cfGbf]ngx? To;df hggLlt k|r08kyn] cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5 . cfly{s If]qdf
cfTdlge{/ / hglge{/tfsf] l;4fGtdf k|r08kyn] hf]8 u/]sf] 5 . /fhgLlts cy{zf:qsf]
If]qdf d'Vo of]ubfg of] xf] .
;a}eGbf a9L
k|r08kyn] j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] If]qdf ljsf;
u/]sf] 5 . j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf If]qdf b'O{ qmflGtsf] Ço"hg eg]sf 5f}+ .
/l;og df]8]n / lrlgof df]8]nnfO{ Ço"hg ug]{ sfd . cljsl;t b]zx?df
bL3{sflng hgo'4nfO{ cfwf/e"t dfGb} To;nfO{ ;z:q ljb|f]x;+ u Ço"hg
ug]{ . ljsl;t b]zx?df ;z:q cfd ljb|f]xnfO{ k|d'v / d'Vo dfGb} bL3{sflng
hgo'4sf] /0fgLltnfO{ Ço"hg ug]{ cyf{t ;dfof]hg ug]{] l;4fGt k|r08kysf]
df}lnstf / ljlzi6tf xf] . To;df bz{g klg5, /fhgLlt cy{zf:q klg 5 / j}1flgs
;dfhjfb klg 5 . qmflGtsf] gof“ df]8n
lbg vf]lhPsf] 5 . () sf] bzs kl5 ljZjdf cfPsf]
km]/jbn sf] s'/f 5 . j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] c+u, b'O{ /0fgLlt aLrsf] Ço"hg /
gof“ Ço"hgsf] df]8]n qmflGtsf] cjwf/0ff lbOPsf] 5 . of] g} k|r08kysf]
k|d'v of]ubfg xf] . k|r08kyn] qmflGtsf ltg ;fwgx?sf] ljsf;nfO{ j}1flgs
;dfhjfbsf] If]qdf cem ljsl;t / ;d[4 ug]{ sfd h;nfO{ Ço"hgsf] /0fgLlt
cg';f/ kf6L{, ;]gf / df]rf{ agfpg] h;n] qmflGt dfq x}g
lg/Gt/ qmflGt ;~rfng ug{ ;sf]; . Tof] 9+un] k|r08kysf] ;+Zn]]if0f ePsf] 5 . of]
g} j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] If]qdf k|r08kysf] of]ubfg xf] . kmf}hL If]qdf wSsf d'ns
sfjf{xL, s]Gb|Ls/0f / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf] l;4fGt, wSsf d'ns hgo'4sf] yfngL, k|d'v /
;xfos Onfsfsf] cGt/;DjGw,
/fhgLlts / kmf}hL x:tIf]kaLrsf] tfnd]n, s]Gb|Lo x:tIf]k / :yfgLo x:tIf]k aLrsf]
tfnd]n, ljkl/t aLrsf] tfnd]n k|r08kysf cfwf/ x'g . oxf“;Dd cfp“bf @! cf}+
ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf;
u¥of] . of] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng;Ddsf] ljsf;, To;nfO{ ;fj{ef}ldstflt/ c? ljsf; ug]{,
/fli6«o ;Dd]ng;Ddsf k|r08kysf
cfwf/x?, df}lnstfx?, ljlzi6tfx?, o;df /x]sf] ;fj{ef}ldstfsf] rrf{ u/] . o;/L
k|r08kyn] g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf /x]sf
ljleGg ;d"xx?df /x]sf qmflGtsf/L g]tf tyf sfo{stf{ / hg;d'bfosf
nflu Pstfsf] a}rfl/s cfwf/ ag]sf] 5 . g]kfnL qmflGtnfO{ ;Dkg ug]{ /fhgLlts
sfolbzf ag]sf] 5 . ljZj sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ of]ubfg ug]{ ljrf/ / /fhgLlt
ag]sf] 5 .
clxn] xfd|f]
k|oTg k|r08nfO{ a'emfpg'df dfq xf]Og,
k|r08kynfO{ s;/L a'‰g], o;sf cfwf/x? s] x'g / k|r08kynfO{ s;/L ljsf; ug]{ eg]/ klg 5nkmn ub}{5f}+ .
k|r08kysf] ljsf;sf cfwf/x?nfO{ )%& ;fnb]lv )^) ;fn;Dd tLg aif{;Dd k|of]u
u¥of}+ . h'g ;xL ;fljt eof], wSsfsf]
/fhgLlts ;xL eof], s]Gb|Lo /fhgLlts x:tIf]k / :yfgLo kmf}hL x:tIf]k ;kmn eof] .
b'O{ k6s jftf{df uof}+ b'O{ /0fgLltsf] Ço"hg oxf“;Dd ;kmn eof] . xfdLn]
zx/ klg 5f]8]gf}+, ufp“nfO{ d'Vo agfpg klg 5f]8]gf}+ . xfdL ;f/;u|xjfbL cyft{ g
Ptf g ptf klg ePgf} . d'nt ufp“df cfwf/ Onfsf lgdf{0f ub}{, lgoldt ;]gfx?
lgdf{0f ub}{ zx/df ljb|f]xsf] l/x;{nx?, zx/df c/jfg k|sf/sf ;}Go kmd]{zgx? cyjf
zx/df ljb|f]xsf lrhx? k|of]u ub}{ ufp“ / zx/nfO{ ;+u}–;+u}, ufp“nfO{ k|fyldstf
lbg] zx/nfO{ klg n}hfg],
/fhgLlt sdf08df kmf}hL x:tIf]kx?, kmf}hL x:tIf]ksf]] hudf /fhg}lts x:tIf]knfO{
cufl8 a9fpb} b'O{ k6s jftf{;Dd uof}+ . of] xfd|f] b'O{ /0fgLltsf] Ço"hgsf]
;xL cleJolQm xf] . gof“ 9+n] kf6L{, ;]gf / ;Qf lgdf{0fsf] cjwf/0ff Jojxf/df
k'li6
u/]sf 5f}+ . ljZj sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf o'4sf] yfngL x'g] ljlQs} gkm'6]sf] s'g}
klg kf6L{ 5}g . t/ !# aif{sf] Oltxf;df xfdL km'6]gf}+ @)%! ;fnkl5 bz aif{sf]
Oltxf;df g]t[Tjdf Pstf alg/fVof] . gof“ 9+un] kf6L{ lgdf{0f, Freedom of
Discusion, Unity in Action
-jx;sf] :jtGqf, 5nkmnsf] :jtGqf / sfd sfjf{xLdf Ps ?ktf_ n]lggjfbL ;+u7gfTds
l;4fGt xf] . n]lggjfbL kf6L{sf] ljz]iftf xf] . Freedom of Discusion nfO{ Unity
in Action df abNg ;s]gf} eg] Tof]
c/fhstfjfb x'G5 . tkfO{n] jx;sf] dfq :jtGqtfnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg' eof] To;n] s]Gb|Lotf
ljl;{of] eg] Tof] c/fhstfjfbdf hfG5 . tkfO{ lagf jx;, ljgf 5nkmn o"lgl6dfq
vf]Hg' eof] eg] Tof] gf]s/zfxLdf ktg x'G5 . xfdLn]
ljZj sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ x]¥of} . ax;sf] :jtGqtfsf] gfddf ;j{xf/f
ju{sf] ;fd"lxstfnfO{ la;{g], ;fd"lxstf / To;sf] s]Gb|Ls[t cleJolQm
la;{g] c/fhstfjfbL 6«]g klg b]Vof}+ . ljZj sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng / g]kfnL sDo'lgi6
cfGbf]ngdf o'lg6L ckm PS;gsf] gfddf gf]s/zfxL s]Gb|Ls/0f klg b]Vof}+ . xfdLn]
n]lggjfbL ;+u7gfTds l;4fGtnfO{ nfu' u¥of} / k|r08kysf ljz]iftf aLr xfdLn] gof“
9+usf] dfcf]jfbL kf6L{ lgdf{0fsf] cawf/0ffnfO{ nfu' u¥of}+, k|r08kysf
ljz]iftfsf] cfwf/df xfdLn] gof“ 9+usf] kf6L{ lgdf{0f u¥of} . kf6L{ km'6sf]
;+uf/;Dd klg k'Uof], 7"n–7"nf ax; klg eP t/ kf6L{ k'g cufl8 a9\of] .
k|ltlqmofjfbL v'a v'zL eP ;/sf/n] kf6L{ km'6fpgs} nflu @% s/f]8 ah]l6· ;d]t uof]{
. t/ kf6L{ km'6]g . lsgeg] xfdLn] n]lggjfbL ;+u7gfTds l;4fGt dfq x}g dfcf]jfbL
;+u7fgTds l;4fGt ckgfPsf 5f}+ . dfcf]jfbL klg ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtn] ljsf;
u/]sf] kf6L{ lgdf{0f ;DjGwL cjwf/0ffnfO{ ks8]sf] 5 / To;nfO{ k|:yfg ljGb'
agfPsf 5f}+ . :6flngsf] gsf/fTs lj/f;tdf l6s]sf] kf6L{, df]xg ljqmd k|j[lQdf
l6s]sf] d'nt Tof] k|j[lQaf6 Tof] lj/f;taf6 cufl8 cfPsf] kf6L{ s;/L gofF 9+usf]
kf6L{ jGg ;Sof] < !) jif{ ;Dd kf6L{sf] sf]/ txdf s;/L o'lg6L xfl;n eof] .
of] xfd|f] ljz]iftf aGof] . s'g} klg kf6L{ o'4 ;+rfng ubf{ !) aif{;Dd o'lg6Ldf
/x]sf] b]v]gf}+ k]?, Olgl;o;gsf] nuQ} bf];|f] g]tfnfO{ sfjf{xL ul/of] .
lkmlnlkG;sf] ToxL xfnt eof], 6sL{sf] ToxL xfnt eof] . xfdLn] r?dh'Dbf/sf] ToxL
b]Vb5f}+ . xfdLn] People’s War sf] ToxL b]Vb5f}+ . s'g} klg sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng
h;n] hgo'4 ;~rfng
ul//xsf] 5 . gof“–gof“ j}rfl/s Pstf xfl;n ub}{ cufl8 a9]sf] xfdLn] b]v]gf} .
o;/L xfdLn] gof“ 9+usf]] kf6L{ lgdf{0f ub}{, qmflGtsf] tLg ;fwgsf] ljsf; ub}{
cufl8 a9]sf] :jo+ cfÇgf] hLjg Jojxf/df b]v]sf 5f}+ . of] tLg aif{df k|r08kysf]
c? ljsf; ePsf] 5, uPsf] C C df kf6L{ s]Gb|n] ax;sf] nflu -o;sf] nflu dxflwj]zg
klg x'g ;S5 dxflwj]zg geP klg
/fli6«o ;Dd]ng ug]{ kIfdf 5f}+_ b'O{j6f k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . j}rfl/s ?kn] @! cf}+
ztfAbLdf hgjfb k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . of] s]Gb|Lo sldl6sf] Ps dtn] ul/Psf] k|:tfj
xf] . s]Gb|Lo sldl6sf sd/]8x?n] leGg dt klg Nofpg ;S5g\ t/ s]Gb|df clxn];Dd
Psdt 5 t/ 5nkmn ub}{ hfbf leGg dtklg x'g ;S5 . tn hgtf;Dd of] 5nkmn rnfpg] 5f}+
. of] eGbf leGg dt s] 5, o;nfO{ s;/L j}1flgs agfpg ;lsG5 . o;n] dfq kf6L{, ;]gf
/ ;Qfsf] ljsf; x'G5 . ;+u7gfTds ?kn] gofF s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt klg k|:tfj ul/of] .
j'h{'jfx?n] tLg dlxgfsf] ;do lbP/ k|rf/ ub{5g eg] xfdL ! aif{ @ aif{sf] ;do
lbG5f}+ . k|hftGq s] xf] < cf}krfl/s k|hftGq b]Vof}, dxflwj]zgdf hfg] gfd
lbg], lkmtf{ lng] r'gfj ug]{ cfwf 306f leq . xfdL cf}krfl/s xf]Og ls jf:tljs
hgjfbsf kIfkfltx?n] obL kf6L{, ;]gf / df]rf{df ljsf; x'G5 eg] ;+u7gfTds If]qdf
lsg gx'g] kf“r dlxgf cufl8 k|:tfj ug{ lsg gkfOg] . To;}n] uPsf] s]Gb||Lo
sld6Ln] gofFs]Gb|Lo ;b:ox? sf] k|:tfj u/]sf]
5 . @! cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljrf/ ;lxt g]t[Tj klg k]z u/]sf] 5 . dxflwj]zgn]
;a}nfO{ lgsfNg klg ;S5
/fVg klg ;S5, s]lxnfO{ lgsfNg / /fVg klg
;S5 . of] rfxL jf:tljs k|hftGq xf] . Ifdtf / k|ltefsf ;fy cufl8 cfp5 .
s;}n] lrg]s} 5}g !) ldg]6df gfd k]z ug]{, !) ldg]6df lkmtf{ lng] / csf]{ !)
ldg]6df 6'Uofpg] vfnsf] . t/ clxn] xfdL
jf:tljs hgjfbsf] k|of]u ub}{5f}+ cfGtl/s kf6L{ hLjgdf .
@! cf}+
ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] k|ZgnfO{ xfdLn] ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] hudf pleP/ /fv]sf
5f}+ . qmflGtsf tLg ;fwgx?nfO{ s;/L ljsf; ug]{ h;n] qmflGt ;DkGg u/f]; /
k|ltqmflGtnfO{ /f]sf]; cyjf lg/Gt/ qmflGt ug{ ;sf];, xfd|f] d"n k|:tfjgf
of] xf] . tLg} If]qdf cnu–cnu rrf{ u/f}+ .
kf6L{M
kf6L{ eg]sf] tLg ;fwg dWo j}rfl/s g]t[Tj xf] / j}rfl/s ;Qf xf] . ;]gfnfO{
ef}lts ;Qfsf] ?kdf lnPsf 5f}+ . df]rf{nfO{ cyf{t ;QfnfO{, k|zf;lgs ;Qf cyft{
clwgfosTjsf] ?kdf a'em]sf 5f}+ . /fhsLo ;Qf eg]sf] tLg clwgfosTj / tLg ;fwgaf6
JoQm x'G5 . ljrf/ s:tf] 5, s'g ljrf/sf] clwgfosTj 5 cyjf g]t[Tj 5 . o;n] /fHo;Qfsf] rl/q lgwf{/0f
ub{5 . ;j{xf/f ju{sf] clwgfosTj, cyjf ;j{xf/f ju{sf] g]t[Tjdf hgtfsf] hgjfbL
clwgfosTj , j}rfl/s clwgfosTj kf6L{ dfkm{t
ljrf/sf] clwgfosTj cyft{ j}rfl/s ;Qf nfu" x'g'kb{5 .
;]gfM ;]gf eg]sf] ef}lts ;Qf, ef}lts clwgfosTj xf] . of]
/fHo;Qfsf] d]?b08 eg]sf] klg ;]gf xf] . ;]gf s:sf] xftdf x'G5, s'g ljrf/sf]
xftdf x'G5, s'g ju{sf] xftdf x'G5, clwgfosTj To;}sf] xftdf x'G5 . clxn] xfdL
b]V5f}+ /fhfsf] xftdf ;]gf 5 clwgfosTj klg p;}sf xftdf
5 . ;+;bjfbLx?n] hgtf 5 eG5g, ;]gf 5}g To;}n] pgLx?sf] xftdf clwgfosTj 5}g .
;QfM Joj:yflksLo
;Qf, xfdLn] @! cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] s] ljsf; ug{ vf]h]sf] xf] eg] lxhf]
cGt/f{li6«o sDo"lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf tLg} g]t[TjnfO{ Ps} 7fp“df 3'n ldn u/]/
yf]/} eb|uf]n ul/of] . cnu–cnu ;QfnfO{ Ps 7fp“df n}hfbf ljlqmt aGof] . kf6L{sf]
g]tf ;]gfsf] sdf08/ / ;Qfsf] klg k|d'v . k|zf;lgs, ef}lts / j}rfl/s ;Qf Ps}
7fp“df x'“bf ;lx 9+un] ;+rfng x'g ;s]g . xfdLn] :6flngsf] b]Vof} To;nfO{
dfcf]n] ;'wf/ ub}{ kf6L{ cfkm"n] lng' eof], j}rfl/s clwgfosTj s'/f .
No" ;fcf]lrnfO{ ;/sf/sf] /fi6«klt jgfOlbg' eof], ;]gf cfkm} lng' eof] .
cufl8 a9\g] qmddf kl5Nnf] r/0fdf dfcf]n] ljsf; ug{ vf]Hg' eof], dfcf]n]
km/s–km/s JolQmx? km/s–km/s ljz]iftfsf ;fy cufl8 a9fpg' kb{5 . h:t} j}rfl/s
5nkmn eO/x]sf ;dodf, an k|of]u x'G5, ;Qf
k|of]u x'G5 . hf] dGqL / k|wfgdGqL x'G5 To;n] an k|of]u ub{5, k};f
k|of]u ub{5 . /fHo;Qfsf] b'?kof]u u/]/ cGt/;+3if{nfO{, b'O{ nfOg ;+3if{nfO{
ljlqmt ug{ kfOb}g . ljsf; ug{ vf]h]sf] of] xf] . xfdLn] klg kf6L{df ljsf; ug{
vf]h]sf] s'/f of] xf] . ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtdf dfcf]n] hf] lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf]
l;4fGt ljsf; ug{' eof] To;nfO{ ljsf; ug{sf] nflu of] ;+u7gfTds cleJolQmsf] ?kdf
/fv]sf 5f}+ . ‘It is Right to Rebel’ ljb|f]x ug{' clwsf/ xf] . ljb|f]x ug{'
Gofok"0f{ xf] eGg] s'/f dfS;{jfbsf] dd{sf] ?kdf dfcf]n] ;"qa4 ug{'
eof] . ljb|f]xsf] clwsf/nfO{ s;/L ;+:yfut ug]{ j}rfl/s ?kn] s;}n] ljb|f]x ug{ vf]Hof]
eg] ;+:yfut s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 . kf6L{sf] ?kdf, ;]gfsf] ?kdf, ;Qfsf] ?kdf hgtfsf]
ljb|f]x ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ s;/L ;+:yfut ug]{ < xfdLn] hfltx?nfO{ cfTdflg0f{osf]
clwsf/ lbPsf 5f}+ . b]zdf sDo'lgi6
kf6L{n] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf] 5 t/ klg Tof] ;Qfdf uO;s] kl5 lau|g] w]/} ;Defjgf
b]lvG5, To;nfO{ /f]Sg] s;/L xf] < Tof] sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] g} cfd hgtfnfO{
kl/rfng u/]/ Pp6f k|ltkIfsf] e"ldsf kl/rng ug]{ To;nfO{ lj/f]w ug]{n]
To;nfO{ cfnf]rgf ug]{, pgLx?n] unt sfd u/] eg] cfd hgtfsf] ;xeflutf / sDo'lgi6
kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf ;Qfdf uPsfnfO{ lkmtf{ af]nfpg kfpg] clwsf/ klg ;'lglZrt ug]{
hf] clxn] 5}g . o;f] ubf{ /fHo;QfnfO{ hgtfsf] lgoGq0fdf, /fHo;QfnfO{ ;w}el/
ljrf/sf] lgoGq0fdf, /fHo;Qf / uNtL ug]{ g]tfsf] e08fkmf]/ ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ lbg'
kb{5 . xfd|f] kf6L{sf g]tfx? jf xfdLn] uNtL u¥of} eg] hg;Qfsf sd/]8x?n] uNtL
ug{' eof] eg] hgtfnfO{ Tof] clwsf/ lbg' kb{5 . /fHo;Qf k|fKt ul/;s]]kl5 xfdLn]
/fi6«kltsf] e08fkmf]/ ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ lbg' kb{5 k|wfgdGqLsf] e08fkmf]/ ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ lbg' kb{5 . of] ;j{xf/f
;f+:s[lts qmflGtn] xfl;n u/]sf] pknAwL xf] . ;j{xf/f ;f:s[lts qmflGtsf] hudf
6]s]/ Tof] eGbf klg cuf8L a9]/ s] eg]sf 5f}+ eg] xfdL ;fdGtjfb ;fd|fHojfb
lj/f]wL zlQmx?nfO{ kf6L{ vf]Ng kfpg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf 5f}+ . xfd|f] /fHo;Qf
cfPkl5 ;fd|fHojfb / ;fdGtjfbsf]
lj/f]w ug]{ kf6L{ vf]n]/ xfdL;+u k|ltikwf{ ug{ ;S5g . qmdz=============
P]ltxfl;s a}7ssf P]ltxfl;s lg0f{ox¿— ut >fj0f dlxgfdf
xfd|f] uf}/jzfnL kf6L{ g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7s a:of] /
s]xL ljz]if dxTjsf lg0f{ox¿ u¥of] . j}7ssf] k|lqmof / lg0f{ox¿ xfd|f] Oltxf;d}
ljlzi6 / b"/ufdL dxTjsf /x] . ;fdfGotM ;a} j}7s / ltgsf lg0f{ox¿nfO{
P]ltxfl;s eGg] ul/G5 . t/ s'g}–s'g} a}7sx¿ dfq jf:tjd} P]ltxfl;s / sf];] 9'·f
aGg k'u]sf x'G5g\ . xfd|} cfGbf]ngsf ;Gb{edf ljut Ps bzsnfO{ x]/]df t];|f]
lj:tfl/t a}7s, Pstf dxflwj]zg,
uf]/vf a}7s, /f]k8 a}7s / bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ngnfO{ ljz]if dxTjsf dfGg ;lsG5 /
ltgnfO{ P]ltxfl;s a}7s eGg] ul/Psf] klg 5 . o:t} ljz]if / b"/ufdL dxTjsf]
a}7s xfn} ;DkGg xfd|f] s]=;=sf] a}7s / o;sf lg0f{ox¿ P]ltxfl;s ePsfn] o;sf]
P]ltxfl;stf s]–s]df / lsg /xg uPsf] 5 cyf{t\ j}7s P]ltxfl;s x'g'sf sf/0fx¿
s]–s] x'g\ < tL af/]df 5nkmn ug'{ afG5gLo g} x'g] 5 .
P]ltxfl;s x'g'sf] cy{ / dxTj M–
s'g}
klg a}7s P]ltxfl;s x'g'df b'O{ kIfdf /x]sf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ ljz]iftx¿n] sfd
u/]sf x'G5g\ . klxnf], a}7ssf] k|s[ofdf /x]sf ljz]iftfx¿ / bf];|f], t/ d'VotM
a}7sn] lnPsf dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox¿ . Oltxf; d} lj/n} 36\g]
u/]sf To:tf 36gf, hf] eljiosf] lglDt ;d]t ljz]if pNn]vgLo x'G5g\, To:tf
36gfnfO{ P]ltxfl;s eGg] ul/G5 jf ul/g'kb{5 . xfd|f] kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] xfn}
;DkGg k"0f{ a}7s cfh;Ddsf] Oltxf;df o:t} ljz]if dxTj /fVg], xfd|f]
cfGbf]ngnfO{ ljlzi6 df]8 lbg ;Sg] / eljiodf ;d]t o;sf] b"/ufdL dxTj
/lx/xg] b]lvPsfn] of] a}7snfO{ P]ltxfl;s eGg] ul/Psf] xf] .
a}7s P]ltxfl;s x'g'sf 7f]; sf/0fx¿ M–
a}7ssf] k|lqmof;“u ;DalGwt s]xL sf/0fx¿ oL x'g\ h;n]
a}7snfO{ P]ltxfl;s bhf{ lbgdf d2t u{5g\ M–
!=Oltxf;d}
ljz]if pNn]vgLo /x]sf] ;+Vof (% hgfsf] s]=;=sf] a}7s b]zleqs} cfwf/ Onfsfsf] Ps
uf“pdf :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xof]u–;xeflutfdf, hgd'lQm ;]gfsf] k"0f{ / ljZj;gLo
;'/Iffdf, sfo{stf{x¿sf] cToflws ;lqmotfdf kl5Nnf ;L=;L=Pd= zxLb s=kl/j{tgsf]
:d[ltdf agfOPsf] eJo, cfsif{s / ;'Gb/ kl/j{tg ;efu[xdf r':t, b'?:t / OlR5t
Joj:yfkgdf !) lbg;Dd rn]/ /0fg}lts ;Gt'ngsf] of] r/0fdf e"ldut ?kdf
k"0f{ ;kmntfsf ;fy ;DkGg x'g' .
@=a}7s
Joj:yfkgdf / a}7sdf ljleGg lhNnfx¿af6 s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox? cfpgdf Ps dlxgf eGbf a9L
;do nfUbf / o; bf}/fgdf xhf/f}+ hgtf–sfo{stf{x¿ kl/rflnt x'“bf klg k"0f{
uf]kgLotf / nf}x cg'zf;gsf sf/0f b'Zdgn] s'g} ;'O“sf] gkfpg' / s'g} klg l8:6j{
ug{ g;Sg'n] a}7sdf cfpg' kg]{ hlt ;a} ;L=;L=Pd sf ctLl/Qm cGo s}of}+ cfjZos
sd/]8x¿ klg k"0f{ ?kdf pkl:yt x'g' .
#=a}7ssf]
;'?jftdf ;Daf]wgsf qmddf cWoIf s=k|r08sf] lgb]{zg– æcGt/cfTdfsf] s'/f vf]Ng] /
a}7snfO{ P]ltxfl;s ?kd} Pstf / ljhosf] l:yltdf k'/fpg nfO{ cIf/;M h:t} kfng u/L
k"0f{ / Jofks hgjfbsf] cEof; u/]/ dha"t Pstf / s]Gb|Ls/0f k}bf ug'{
cyf{t\ a}7skl5 ;fj{hlgs
ul/Psf] k|]; lj1lKtdf elgPem}+ …a}7snfO{ ax'cfoflds dxTj /fVg] ljho / Pstfsf]
a}7sÆ sf] ?kdf ;DkGg ug'{ .
$=
;jf{lws tLj|, pRr / v'n:t cGt/;+3if{ -b'O{nfO{g ;+3if{ _ / o;sf qmddf ul/Psf]
j}1flgs / qmflGtsf/L cEof;, ;xL / qmflGtsf/L gLlt, g]t[Tj / ljrf/sf] ljho tyf
efjgfTds Pstf cem dha"t x'g' . cyf{t\ pRr:t/sf] Pstfsf] clek|fon]
cGt/;+3if{ tLj| / ;zQm kfb}{ ?kfGt/0f x'g–u/fpg / gof“ cfwf/df gof“ Pstf sfod
ug{ ;kmn x'g' . o;/L yf]/} klg dtleGgtf b]lvbf lalQs} km"6 x'g]
u/]sf] g]=s=cf=sf] lj8Djgfk"0f{
lj/f;taf6 d'Qm x'b}{ cl3 a9\g' .
%=a}7sdf cfrf/–ljrf/af/] l6sf–l6Kk0fL
/ cfnf]rgf x“'bf uDeL/ k|sf/sf cleof]u nfUg uPsf sd/]8x¿n] cfÇgf]
g}ltstf, cg'zf;g, lhDd]jf/L af]w
u/L kf6L{df gof“ ;+:s[ltsf] ;'?jft ug]{ clek|fon] s]xL s7f]/ lg0f{ox¿ lng
vf]Hg' / ltgdf xfp; / d'VotM cWoIf s=k|r08åf/f ;+zf]wg u/fO{ pRr / j}1flgs
;+:s[ltsf] kl/rfng / :yfkgf ug]{ sf]lzz x'g' .
^=
;+u7gfTds If]qdf b]lvPsf s]xL ;d:ofx¿ uDeL/ ePsf] dxz"; ub}{ o;df cTolws
;do, >d / ljj]s vr{ u/L ltgsf] ;dfwfg ;lxt cGo gLlt, of]hgf / sfo{qmdx¿sf]
to ug{ ;kmn x'g' / a}7ssf] ;kmntfdf xiff]{Nnf; ;lxt cGTodf uuge]bL gf/f nufpg'
tyf ljbfO{ x'g' cl3 / xhf/f}+ :yfgLo hg;d'bfoaLr k"/} s]=;=åf/f ;xef]h
x'g' / cWoIf s= k|r08åf/f pkl:yt hg;d'bfonfO{ ;+lIfKt t/ ;f/;+le{t P]ltxfl;s
dGtJo lbb} j}7ssf d'Vo lg0f{ox¿ / ltgsf] cy{, cfjZostf / dxTjaf/] hfgsf/L
u/fpg' cflb .
a}7ssf d'Vo lg0f{ox¿ / tL P]ltxfl;s x'g'sf sf/0fx¿
!=/0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] r/0fdf k|j]z ug]{
/ k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgf lgdf{0f ug]{ lg0f{o ;a}eGbf cx+ dxTjsf] lg0f{o xf] . of]
lg0f{o o; sf/0fn] P]ltxfl;s 5 ls Psflt/ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;d} o;k|sf/sf] lg0f{o
slxNo} ePsf] lyPg jf x'g] l:ylt g} ag]g eg] csf{lt/ of] lg0f{osf] ax'cfoflds /
clws b"/ufdL dxTj / k|efj /xg] 5 . of] lg0f{on] xfd|f] qmflGtsf] cf;Gg
k"0f{ ljhonfO{ :ki6 ;+s]t ub{5 cyf{t g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfsf] k"0f{
d'lQm, :jtGqtf / ;dfgtfsf] eljionfO{ Bf]tg ub{5, To;}n] of] ;jf{lws P]ltxfl;s
lg0f{o xf] .
@=
z'4Ls/0f cleofg ;+rfng u/]/ j}rfl/s, ;f+u7lgs, ;f+:s[lts / kmf}hL ?kdf z'4Ls[t
/ PsLs[t eO{ sfo}z}nL, hLjgz}nL, cfrf/,
Jojxf/ cflbdf Ps?ktf / hgtf–sfo{stf{df efjgfTds ;fldKo / ljZjf; a9fP/ cem
7"nf] zlQm lgdf{0f ug]{ / cem 7"nf] o'4df ljho k|fKt ug]{ lg0f{o
csf]{ P]ltxfl;s lg0f{o xf] . s]Gb|Lo ;Qf sAhf ug]{ r/0fdf hgo'4 k'u]sf] a]nfdf
of] lg0f{osf] ljz]if cy{ / dxTj 5 . ;+;f/df y'k|} d'n'sx¿df qmflGt ;DkGg eO{
;Qf k|flKtkl5 k'gM k|ltqmflGt ePsf]df ;Qfsf] ;fy, dfy, xft / dft Ps k|d'v sf/0f
x'gfn] To; avt cfpg] ljs[lQ–lj;+ultx¿nfO{ ;d]t ld6fpgsf] nflu clxn] b]lvg} ;r]t
/ of]hgfa4 k|oTg ug'{ cToGt dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] . t;y{ o;sf] ;}4flGts /
Jofjxfl/s b'j} cy{df bL3{sfnLg dxTj cGt/lglxt 5, h;df o;sf] P]ltxfl;stf lge{/
ub{5 .
#=
qmflGtsf/L ?kfGt/0f ug]{ lg0f{o . l;+uf] kf6L{ / cfGbf]ngdf j:t'ut ljsf;;+u}
cfTdut ljsf; x'g'df b]vf
k/]sf] sl7gfO, ;d:of / lk58fkgsf sf/0f yk r'gf}ltx¿ l;h{gf ePsf 5g\ /
?kfGt/0fsf] nflu uDeL/ cj/f]w k}bf x'g uPsf] 5 . To;af6 yf]/} jf w]/} dfqfdf
tnb]lv dfly;Dd k|efljt ePsf] l:ylt 5 . To;}n] j}7ssf] of]hgfsf] d"n
gf/fsf] ?kdf ‘qmflGtsf/L ?kfGt/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ gof“ prfOdf p7fpg]’
s'/fnfO{ k|fyldsftf lbOPsf] 5 . j:t' lg/Gt/ ultzLn, kl/j{tgzLn / qmflGtzLn x'G5
t/ dfG5]sf] r]tgf ;f] cg'?k ljsl;t x'g ;s]g eg] Tof] dfG5] / p;sf] r]tgfn] j:t'
jf qmflGtsf] g]t[Tj ug{ ;Sb}g . To;}n] kl/j{tg x'g g;Sg] jf gvf]Hg] lrGtg, hf]
?l9jfb xf], To;sf lj?4 ;+3if{ ug]{ tyf
kl/j{tgsf gfddf Ifof]Gd'v, p“wf]Gd'v kl/j{tg x'g] jf ug{ vf]Hg] lrGtg
blIf0fk+yL lj;{hgjfbL lrGtg xf], To;sf lj?4 ;d]t ;+3if{ ug{ qmflGtsf/L p£j{ufdL
jf cu|ufdL ?kfGt/0f ;+w} g} cfjZos eO/xG5
. qmflGtsf/L ?kfGt/0fsf]] k|lqmofnfO{ gof“ r/0fdf p7fpg] of] lg0f{o
Oltxf;sf] o; ljlzi6 38Ldf cem cfjZos / dxTjk"0f{ 5 . To;}n] of] lg0f{osf]
P]ltxfl;s dxTj /x]sf] :ki6 g} 5 .
$=
j:t'l:yltsf] 7f]; ljZn]if0f ub}{ cGt/lj/f]wsf] ;xL klxrfg u/]/ ef/tLo
lj:tf/jfb;“usf] ;+3if{df hf]8 lbO{ l;+uf] g]kfn / g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ uf]na4 u/]/
k"0f{ ljho / d'lQm k|flKtsf] ;r]t, of]hgfa4 / ;fxl;s ;+3if{sf] yfngL ug]{ lg0f{o . g]kfnsf] olta]nfsf]
jf:tljs ;d:of /fli6«o cfTd;dk{0fjfb / j}b]lzs x:tIf]k g} xf] . oBlk o;sf
lj?4sf] ;+3if{ w]/} eLif0f, w]/} Iflto'Qm 5, km]l/ klg of] Gofok"0f{
ePsfn] ljhosf] Uof/]06L klg 5, To;}n] o;sf lj?4 cyf{t d'VotM ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf
lj?4sf] ;+3if{sf] ljz]if P]ltxfl;s cy{ / dxTj 5 .
%=
gof“ kmf}hL /0fgLltsf] ?kdf ;'?ª\ o'4 (Tunnel war) nfO{ cjnDjg u/]/, l;+uf]
b]znfO{ o'4 df]rf{df abn]/ tyf cfdhgtfnfO{ km}hLs/0f u/]/ hgo'4sf] /0fgLltnfO{
g} gof“ prfOdf p7fpg] lg0f{o . ;fgf] / sdhf]/ zlQmn] 7"nf] / alnof] b'Zdg
zlQmsf lj?4 n8\bf , hgk|]dL / Gofk|]dL zlQmn] hglj/f]wL / cGofok|]dL zlQmsf
lj?4 n8\bf jf hgtf / ljrf/ ;lxtsf zlQmn] hgtf / ljrf/ ljlxg s'lT;t :jfyL{ b'Zdgsf lj?4 n8\bf o;k|sf/sf]
kmf}hL /0fgLltsf] ljsf; ug'{ cToGt} cfjZos x'G5 . o;k|sf/sf] kmf}hL /0fgLltn]
g} 7"nf] eGbf 7"nf] b'Zdg zlQmsf] eLif0f eGbf eLif0f cfqmd0faf6 aRb}
qmdzM b'ZdgnfO{ x}/fg–k/];fg
u/L 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofp“5 / cGttM ;kmntfdf k'¥ofp“5 . bL3{sfnLg hgo'4 /
5fkfdf/ o'4df o;k|sf/sf] o'4gLlt w]/} g} sf/u/ ;fjLt x'G5 . t;y{ of] lg0f{o klg
ax'cfoflds / bL3{sfnLg dxTjsf] ePsfn] of] P]ltxfl;s aGg k'u]sf] s'/fdf z+sf 5}g
.
^=kf6L{df g]t[Tjsf] PsLs/0f / s]Gb|Ls/0f ( Unification and Centralisation) u/]/
cyf{t kf6L{sf] PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t ( Unified and Centralised) g]t[Tj
kf6L{, ;]gf, ;Qf, df]rf{ / ljefu cflb ;a} 7f“pdf nfu" u/L kf6L{sf]
o;k|sf/sf] PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t g]t[Tjdf k|lt/f]w cufl8 a9fpg] lg0f{o . of]
lg0f{o klg o; cy{df P]ltxfl;s /x]sf] 5 ls o;k|sf/sf] lg0f{on] kf6L{leq b]vfkg]{
dt leGgtf jf a'emfOdf /x]sf] ljljwtf, lhDd]jf/L / dd{af]wnfO{ PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t ub{5 . o;/L ;du| of]hgfsf] dd{
PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t ?kdf cfGbf]ngsf ljleGg df]rf{x¿df nfu" x'G5 /
cfGbf]ngn] ;kmntf kfp“g] u5{ . cGoyf Psflt/ kf6L{leqsf] cfGtl/s, cgf}krfl/s /
cgflwsfl/s ljrf/x¿ aflx/ hfg] / ed| k}bf x'g] / cGttM rfxL–grfxL ax's]Gb|jfb,
u'6jfb, km"6jfb / JolQmjfbsf] cEof; x'g] vt/f a9]/ hfg] tyf csf{lt/ log}
r/x¿ / rf]/ b'nfx¿leqaf6 cj;/jfbL, k|ltlqmofjfbL b'Zdgx¿ rnv]n ug]{, cGof}n /
cfz+sf v8f ug]{ tyf ljefhgsf] nflu jftfj/0f / k[i7e"ld tof/ kfl/lbg] vt/f
;d]t x'g] x'G5 . t;{y oL ;a}af6 ar]/ qmflGt / kf6L{nfO{ ;kmntf;Dd p7fpgsf] nflu
of] lg0f{osf] ljz]if cy} / dxTj tfTsflns cy{df dfq xf]Og, bL3{sfnLg cy{df ;d]t
/x]sf] 5 . o;y{ of] P]ltxfl;s lg0f{o klg aGg k'u]sf] 5 .
&=
kf6L{ leqsf s]xL unt k|j[lQ / cfrf/–ljrf/x¿sf] phfu/ / ls6fgL ug]{ tyf ltgnfO{
k'gM 6fpsf] p7fpg glbg] lg0f{o . o; cGt{ut d'VotM ;f+u7lgs If]qdf u'6jfbL,
km'6jfbL, ax's]Gb|jfbL, cfTds]lGb|t JolQmjfbL / gf]s/zfxL lrGtg–k|j[lQ jf
cfrf/–ljrf/sf] ;}4flGts–/fhg}lts ?kdf Jofks lj/f]w / e08fkmf]/ ug]{, o:tf
k|j[lQx¿n] kf6L{ / cfGbf]ngdf k'¥ofpg] vt/fsf af/]df :ki6 kfg]{ / ltgnfO{
cfufdL lbgdf k"0f{ b'?T;flxt ug]{ s'/fdf a}7sn] hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . t;y{ of]
lg0f{o klg P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf] x'g k'u]sf] 5 .
*=
cg'zf;g ljefusf] u7g tyf To; dfkm{t uNtL–sdhf]/Lsf] 5fgjLg u/L cg'zf;gsf]
sfjf{xL ug]{ lg0f{o . jf:tjdf xfd|f] kf6L{sf tLI0f / pRr qmflGtsf/L ljrf/,
r':t–b'?:t sfo{z}nL, z'l4s[t–;j{xf/fs[t cfr/0f tyf nf}x cg'zf;g Pj+ r/d
uf]kgLotf / cljrn cf:yf–ljZjf; x'g' kg]{df s]xL ;do otf logdf sdL x'b} cfPsf]
lj8Djgf k"0f{ l:ylt 5 . To;df klg dlxnf eGbf k'?ifdf, hgtf eGbf sfo{stf{ /
sfo{stf{ eGbf g]tfdf o;vfn] sdL–sdhf]/Lx¿ a9L kfOg] u/]sf] 5 . cem ljlrqtf t s]
5 eg] /fhg}lts k|j[lQsf sf/0fn] eGbf ;f+:s[lts -of}g g}ltstf_ ;DaGwL ljrngsf]
k|j[lQsf sf/0fn] ubf{ a9L cg'zf;gsf sfjf{xLx¿ ug'{ k/]sf] Oltxf; 5 . oltdfq
xf]Og cGo ljleGg sfd s'/fx¿df klg h;n] hxfF h] u/] klg x'g] / g]t[Tjsf] gfd jf cf8 lnP/ aRg]–arfpg]
u/]sf] jf ts{–ljt{s ug{ ;Sg]n] h] ubf{ klg /fd|f] x'g] h:tf] b]lvPsf] 5 . o;/L
‘a8fn] hf] u¥of] sfd x'G5 Tof] ;j{;Ddt’ eg] em}+ dflyaf6 h] eGof] To;}df ;xdlt
hgfpg] of] l:yltaf6 kf6L{ / cfGbf]ngnfO{ arfpg' cToGQ h?/L 5 . t;y{ o;sf nflu
cg'zf;g ljefusf] u7g / To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogn] 7"nf] dxTj /fVb5 /
o;sf] eljiodf lgs} /fd|f] / ;sf/fTds kl/df0f lg:sg] 5 . To;}n] of] lg0f{onfO{
klg P]ltxfl;s g} dfGg ;lsG5 .
(=
kmf}hL Ifdtfdf cfjZos a[l4 ug]{ lg0f{o . casf] xfd|f] n8fO d'VotM ef/tLo
lj:tf/jfb;“u x'g] lglZrt k|foM 5 . #@ nfv ;]gf ePsf] ljzfn b]z ef/t, hf]
cfkm"nfO{ Plzofsf] bfbf 7fGg] ub{5 / ljZj /+ud+rsf] gfos aGg] O/fbf ;d]t
/fVb5, ;“u n8\g] / ljho k|fKt ug]{ s'/f
rfgr'g] x'g} ;Qm}g . To;}n] To;sf lj?4sf] ;+3{ifsf] tof/L :j?k /
/0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] r/0fsf] kmf}hL ;+3if{sf] cfjZostf / dxTjsf] kmn:j?k
ljwdfg kmf}hL zlQmdf j[l4 u/L sDtLdf # l8lehg, ( lju|]8, @( a6flnog hgd'lQm
;]gf / !nfv hgldlnl;of agfpg] lg0f{o cfkm}df P]ltxfl;s 5 . qmflGt ;DkGg ug{ dfq
xf]Og k|ltqmflGt /f]Sg / ljZj qmflGtdf lg/Gt/ cl3 a9\gsf] nflu ;fd|fHojfb;+u
;d]t b[9tfk"j{s le8\gsf] nflu qmflGtsf/L ljrf/ / efjgfn] ;';+d[4
hgd'lQm;]gf ck/fho x'G5, t;y{ o;sf] j[l4 clgjfo{ 5 . To;}n] o:tf] lg0f{osf]
cfjZostf, dxTj / P]ltxfl;stf klg :jt l;4 g} 5 .
!)=
l/kf]l6{ª\ / 5nkmn k|0ffnLnfO{ l57f]–dL7f] / r':t–b'?:t kfg{ tyf l/kf]{6åf/f
k|:tfjnfO{ ;xL / hLjGt agfpgsf] nflu j}7s eGbf Ps dlxgf cl3 g} ;L=;L=Pd=x¿n]
lnlvt l/kf]{6 H.Q. df lbg' kg]{ tyf j}7ssf Ph]08fx¿ klg a}7s eGbf !
xKtf cl3 g} c.c.m. x¿nfO{ H.Q. n]
pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ lg0f{o klg of] a}7ssf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o xf] . em§
x]bf{ k|fljlws h:tf] nfUg] of] lg0f{osf] dd{ sxf“g]/ 5 eg] lkmN8sf] l/kf]{6sf]
cfwf/df H.Q. n] k|:tfjsf] lgdf0f{ ug]{ / k|:tfjsf] dd{ cg';f/ c.c.m. x¿n]
5nkmn–ax;nfO{ prfOdf p7fO{ k|:tfjnfO{ ;d[4 kfg]{, ;xL / qmflGtsf/L lg:sif{df
k'/fpg d2t ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 . To;}n] o;sf] dxTj ;f]r]eGbf w]/} g} /x]sf] 5, h;n]
ubf{ o;nfO{ klg P]ltxfl;s lg0f{o eGg' cTo'lQm x'b}g .
!!=gofF qmflGtsf/L sfo{gLltsf] to . utsfndf lqkIfLo zlQm ;Gt'ngsf]
w/ftnLo oyf{ynfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]/ xfd|f] kf6L{n] /fhf, ;+;b\jfbL bn / xfd|f]
aLrdf uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGtl/d ;/sf/ / ;+ljwfg;efsf] >+[vnfa4 sfo{gLltsf] ;]6
k|:t't ub}{ jftf{df ;fd]n ePsf] lyof] . t/ o; k|sf/sf] k“""hLjfbL–k|hftflGqs
gf/f / sfo{gLltnfO{ k'/fgf] ;QffkIfn] af/Djf/ pNn+3g u/]/ jftf{af6 lgsfz vf]Hg]
eGbf klg if8\oGq u/]/ hgxTof a9fpg] l9kL sl;/x]kl5 cGttM jftf{x¿ e+u ePsf lyP .
clxn] klg jftf{sf] 9f]n lgs} lk6\g] t/
jftfj/0f agfpg] k6Ss} gug]{ a? cem eLif0f bdgsf] tof/L ug]{ u/]/ k'/fgf]
;Qf k"0f{tM jftf{lj/f]wL ePsf] k|dfl0ft ePsf] 7x/ ub}{ kf6L{n] ljutsf]
sfo{gLltdf cem ljsf; u/L ca jftf{ vfnL uf]nd]r ;Dd]ng, cGt/Ld ;/sf/ /
;+ljwfg;efsf] nflu dfq geP/ æ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ hgtfdf x:tfGt/0fÆ -;f]leot
?;df cS6'j/ qmflGt ;+kGg x'g} nfu]sf] r/0fdf æ;Dk"0f{ ;Qf ;f]leotnfO{Æ
eGg] sfo{gLlt h:t} _ sf] nflu x'g ;Sg], Tof] klg k'/fgf] ;Qfsf gf]s/;“u xf]Og,
tyfslyt dflnsx¿;+u cyf{t\ /fhf / To;sf k[i7kf]ifs, lgb]{zs / ;+/Ifsx¿;+u dfq
x'g ;Sg] to u/]/ ljutsf] tn'gfdf Ps sbd cl3Nnf], dflyNnf], gof“ / qmflGtsf/L
sfo{gLltsf] lgdf{0f u/L o; dfkm{t ‘nf]stf+lqs u0ftGq’ sf] :yfkgf ug]{ tfTsfnLg
nIo ;d]t lgwf{/0f u/]/ 5 . o'4 ul//x]sf] sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/L kf6L{n] o;k|sf/sf]
zflGtk"0f{ jftf{k|s[of / nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] gf/f cl3 ;fg{' sfo{gLlts /
tfTsflns b[li6n] sd dxTjsf] /
;'/wf/jfbL nfu] klg /0fg}lts / bL3{sfnLg b[li6n] w]/} / ax'cfoflds dxTjsf]
qmflGtsf/L lg0f{o xf] . To;}n] o;sf] P]ltxfl;stf :jtM :ki6 5 .
!@=
casf] n8fO“ kmf}hL dfq geP/ j}rfl/s, ;}4flGts / bfz{lgs ;d]t ePsfn] RIM / d'VotM
R.C.P. (America) n]
rnfPsf] j}rfl/s ax;nfO{ :jfut ub}{ ;fdfGotM ljZj e/Lsf / d'VotM ef/t / blIf0f
Pl;ofsf Gofok|]dL / qmflGtsf/L hg;d'bfox¿sf] ;xof]u, ;dy{g lnb}{ dfn]df /
k|r08kysf] ljsf; ug]{ / o; lglDt l;+uf] kf6L{sf] Pstfj4 kxndf hf]8 lbg] lg0f{o
;a}eGbf b'/ufdL k|efjsf/L / ax'cfoflds dxTjsf] lg0f{o xf] . o;n] Psflt/ dfn]df
/ k|r08kydf ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ cx+ dxTjsf] ;jfndf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 eg] csf{lt/ o;sf] lglDt ;dsfnLg ljZjdf
b]vf k/L/x]sf ;xof]uL gof“ ljrf/ /
efjgfsf] ;d]t sb/
u/]sf] 5 . jf:tjdf xfd|f] n8fO{ cGttM ljrf/wfTds g} xf] . cfhsf] ;fd|fHojfb /
To;sf ljrf/ / ljrf/s pQ/ cf3'lgstfjfb / pQ/ cf3'lgstfjfbLx¿n] ;fDojfbsf lj?4df
5]8]sf] j}rfl/s o'4nfO{ hafkm lbg} kg]{ / o;f] gu/]/ j}rfl/s / kmf}hL b'j}?kdf
ljho xf;Ln ug{ g;lsg] tyf sy+sbf ljho e}xfn] klg Tof] Ifl0fs, c:yfoL /
ck"0f{ g} x'g] 7x/ u/L dfn]dfjfb / k|r08kydf ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ lg0f{o cToGt}
u+eL/tf / dxTjsf ;fy ul/Psf] xf] . ;fd|fHojfb;+usf] n8fO Total
War sf] ?kdf x'g] / To;df
ljrf/sf] ;jf{lws dxTjk"0f{ / lg0f{os e"ldsf x'g] x'gfn] of] lg0f{o
klg ;jf{lws P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf] /x]sf] / lr/sfn ko{Gt P]ltxfl;s /xg] tYo :ki6 g}
5 .
sljtfx?
alnbfgL efjgf
y]jf, kfGy/]
alnbfgL efjgfdf ;dlk{t
oL b]zeQm g]kfnLx?
bb{gfs kL8f / eofgs cfqmf]zn]
hGdfPsf] b]zeQm sxfgLx?
cj,
cj, ufp“ 3/df dfq xf]Og ;fyL
zx/, ahf/ klg cfqmf]l;t 5
cj xfd|f] g]kfndf dfq
xf]]Og
of] g]kfnL alnbfgL efj
;+;f/sf] Oltxf;df sf]/Lg]5 .
clg,
clg, hgtfsf] 5fltdf k/]8 v]Ng]
oL /Qm kLkf;'x?nfO{
kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostf gb]Vg],
oL /fi6«3ftLx?nfO{
aGb'sn] ;Qf l6sfpg vf]Hg]
oL s';L{d"lv cGwfx?nfO{
Ps lbg,
Ps lbg, cjZo klg, ;fyL
hgtfsf] s73/fdf pleg]5g\
cGTodf
pgLx? o} wtL{df l;l4g] 5g\ .
logLx? o} wtL{df ;lsg] 5g\ .
cfpg l;kfxL 1fg]–j'; v]b\gnfO{
ljsf;, tfKn]h'·
ga]Rg' ljrf/,
ga]Rg' cfTdf, k'ln; / ;]gf bfO{
gtfSg' uf]nL, dhb'/, ls;fg,
a'jf / cfdfnfO{ .
8L=P;=kL=d]h/, bnfnL xflsd,
Hofgdf/f 1fg] rf]/
Jn]o/, j';, kf/;], 1fg] rNb}g
cj hf]8 .
u/Ljsf] 5f]/f] x'FeGg] a'emL,
k'ln; / ;]gf bfO{
ljb|f]x ul/ cfp x} h'6f}+,
;fdGt df:gnfO{ .
bnfn, kmfl;:6, ;fdGt df;L,
cufl8 a9g' 5
b]z / hg\tf, pTkL8gaf6 :jtGq
kfg'{ 5 .
k|r08kydf cufl8 a9f}+ Oltxf;
n]VgnfO{
hg\tfsf] aLrdf cfpg l;kfxL 1fg]–j'; v]b\gnfO{ .
;+:d/0f
zxLb s=;[hg / s=ljKnj;+u —d':sfg ‘k"j]{nL’ !(cf}+ a6flnog
g]kfnsf] k"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Dd dfq geP/ ljZj
;j{xf/f ju{sf] cf:yfsf] s]GbljGb" g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ ag]sf] 5 . @)%@ ;fn
kmfNu'0f ! ut] z'?jft ePsf] dxfg\ hgo'4 s=k|r08sf] pRr g]t[Tjdf aLr–aLrdf ePsf
clÇ6sn;\x? klg kf/ ub}{ cfp“bf hgo'4sf] ;ftf}+ jif{df ;+s6sfn;“u} d
g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] ;}Go kmd]{zg d} cfj4 /xL Pl/of :t/Lo kmd]{zg
-:Sjf8_df elt{ eP/ s]xL dlxgfkl5 ;}Go 1fg / o'4 snfsf] ljsf; ub}{ d nufot c?
s]xL sd/]8x? klg lhNnf :t/Lo Knf6'gdf elt{ eof}+ . kf6L{ / qmflGtn] ;'Dk]sf]
lhDd]jf/L k"/f ug{ cfÇgf] hGde"ld 7fpF clg :Sjf8 kmd]{zgaf6 ljbf eP/
@ g+= Knf6'gdf s]xL ;do s]xL lbg dfr{kf;df nfdj4 /x“bf–/x“b} ;}Go kmd]{zg klg
;f6km]/ x'g k'u]5 . ;f]xL cg';f/ ;'b"/k"jf{~rn If]q :t/Lo sDkgLdf cfkm"
egf{ x'g k'luof] . cfkm"df klg cs}{ hf];, hf“u/ pd+un] 5fP h:tf] cg'ej
u/]+ . kf6L{sf] ljsf;;“u} cfkm"nfO{ klg ;}Go kmd]{zgdf s]xL 5nf· dfl/P
em}+ v'zL / pNnf;kgn] 5fPsf] lyof] . h'gsDkgLdf d elt{ ePsf] lyP Tof] sDkgLsf]
l;·f] sdf08 s=a;Gt -;[hg_ x'g'x'GYof] . d Tof] sDkgLdf gofFg} lyP . kf6L{n]
dnfO{ s]xL dlxgf;Dd sDkgL cGtu{tsf tLg g+= Knf6'gsf] HQ df /x]/
Pl-Runner -/g/_ sf] lhDd]jf/LnfO
k"/f ub}{ hf“bf kf6L{ / qmflGtsf] cfjZostf g} eof] d HQ af6
#÷$ dlxgfkl5 sDkgL HQ df sDkgL sdf08/ s=a;Gtsf] sfof{no :6fkmsf]
lhDd]jf/L cfkm"df kf6L{n] ;'Dk]sf] x'“bf s=a;Gt;“u xftdf xft sf“wdf sf“w
ub}{ ;+v'jf;ef kf]v/Ldf s=a;Gtsf] bfO{sf] 3/df bf];|f] jftf{sfnsf] a]nf k'u]sf
lyof} . pxf“ ;“u;“u} df]/· lhNnf;Dd :6fkmsf] gftfn] cl3 / kl5 x'“b} k|r08kysf]
nDj] clglZrt ofqL ag]/ lx+8sf] ofbx? cem} klg d]/f] x[bosf] 8fo/L leq sf]l/Psf]
5 . ljz]iftM pxf“;“u}
p7–a;, lx8–8'n ubf{ of s'g} sfo{ ub}{ hf“bf d Tof] a]nf j}rfl/s tkm{ egf}+ of
cfÇgf] pd]/sf] lx;fjn] klg ;fg} ePsf] sf/0fj; j}rfl/s v'/fs, ;}Go lj1fg,
o'4snfx? cGo s'/fx?df dnfO{ d]/f] sdhf]/L kIfx?k|lt ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbg'x'GYof] .
tL s'/fx? cfh klg :kGwg leq u'~hL/x]sf] 5 . s=a;Gt Ps ljb|f]xL :jefj af]s]/
kf6L{ / qmflGtdf cfÇgf] lbnf]Hofgn] o'4sdL{ eP/ o'4df hf“bf k"j{ Onfdsf]
aGb's] Jof6nb]lv l;+w'nLsf] ledfg;Dd
n8fO{ n8\g hf“bf b'Zdgsf] uf]nL nflu uDeL/ 3fOt] x'g'eof] . To;kl5 w]/}
ljs]lGb|t sfjf{xLkl5 ePsf] pRr kmf}hL s]Gb|Ls[t k"jL{ l8lehgn] ug{ nfu]sf]
sfjf{xLsf] tof/L cj:yfdf d]rL–sf]zL ;ftf}+ la|u]8 s]lGb|t kf“ry/ ;f/f· 8f“8f
l:yt !(cf}+ a6flnog sdf08/ s=ljKnj, a6flnog ;xfos sdf08/ s=;[hg ;fy} !*cf}+
a6flnog sdf08/ s=;+u|fd, a6flnog ;xfos sdf08/ s=hf]lvd nufot s]xL c? sd/]8x?;“u
d'¶L p7fO{ clejfbg ;lxt ljbf eP/ 5'6]sf] Tof] :d/0f d ;+u}
/lx/x]sf] 5 / 5'6]sf tL lbg / 7fp“x? P]ltxfl;s ePsf 5g\ .
kf6L{ sfdsf]
l;nl;nfdf hf“bf cfÇgf] sfo{If]qaf6 ;a};“u ljbfO{ x'“b}, Toxf“sf nfnj:tLx?nfO{
clejfbg ub}{} kf“ry/ / t]x|y'dsf] ;Ldfgfdf kg]{
l;d/fk'n kf/ ub}{ !*cf}+ a6flnogsf] sfo{If]q t]x|y'dtkm{ 6G6nfk'/ 3fddf kl;gf
sf8\b} ltvf{n] KofSKofsL x'“b} l;d/fk'n kf/Lsf] psfnf] ofqf z'? u¥of}+ . Tof]
a]nf Jof6nsf] t}of/Ldf lyof}, To;}n] b'Zdgk|lt tLj| 3[0ff / cfqmf]; kf]Vb}
n8fO{sf] tof/Ldf cfÇgf] uf]nf, af?b, aGb's tof/L kf]hL;gdf /fv]/ Ps d'¶L ;fx; /
Ps yf]kf /ut /x'Gh]n n8fO{ n8\g] k|lta4tf hfx]/ ub}{, cfzf /
e/f];fsf s]Gb|ljGb' RV ef]hk'/ xf] eGg] s]xL dfqfdf yfxf kfO{of] . d}n]
dg–dg} Jof6n ljhosf] sNkgf u/]+ . hlxn] /ftsf] ;+3f/ ;+u} ^M)) ah]b]lv
k|eftsfnLg ljxfgLsf] $M)) ah] of %M)) ah];Dd la|u]8 :t/Lo kmd]{;gsf] ofqfdf
vl6/xg' kg]{ x'GYof] . kf6L{ / qmflGtn] ;'Dk]sf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ k"/f ub}{
hf“bf @÷$ /ft latfPkl5 5}6f}+ la|u]8sf] sfo{If]qdf cyf{t ef]hk'/ lhNnf k|j]z
eOof] . Tof] /ftsf cj:yfx? Tof] lbgsf cj:yfx? clj/dfnf / ;ft' -vfhf_ /ftdf klg
Toxf“sf lhNnf kf6L{, P/Lof kf6L{n] b'Mv u/]sf] b]Vbf o'4df hfg] o'4sdL{x? b]zsf]
d'Vo d]?b08 xf] eGg] a'em]+ . jt{dfg sfn b'Mvn] ;hfP klg eljiosfn ;'vsf] ;f}uft
xf] . dflg; k[YjLsf] ;j{>]i7 r]tgzLn k|f0fL xf] . dfgjdf e/k'/ r]tgfn] dfq}
x'“b}g k'gM Jofjxf/df k|:km'6g x'g' k5{ dfgj ;hLj k|f0fL xf] hLjgkl5 d/0f cjZo
5 . To;}n] cfh ljZj ;j{xf/f ju{sf] lglDt d[To' of d'lQmsf] ;kmy vfP/ hln/x]sf]
cUgLsf Hjfnfleq xfdkmfNg tDtof/ 5g\
kl/jt{gzLn gf}nf o'usf /ftf l;kfxLx? . cfjZostf g} xf], klZrdsf hgd'lQm ;]gfx?
k"jL{ If]qdf -k"jL{ l8lehg_ df n8fO{ n8\g cfPsf 5g\ . sltn] /ut aufP,
slt 3fon z/L/ lnP/ klZrd tkm{ g} kms]{sf 5g\ . of] cfhsf] kl/l:ylt P]ltxfl;s g}
5 .
cfhsf @!cf}+
ztfAbLsf] hgo'4df slt xf;]/ lbg latfPsf 5g\
t s]xL oxL /0fe"lddf slt c;Qm c+u–e+u, ckf· eP/ qmflGtdf af“Rg k/]sf] 5 .
cfh gf}+ jif{ leq nueu bzf}+ xhf/ g]kfn cfdsf] ;jf]{Qd ;Gtfgx?sf]
/ut of] g]kfn e"lddf au]sf] 5 .
To;} u/L ef]hk'/ Jof6n tof/L cj:yfdf vf]6f· P];]n'vs{df k'Ubf xfd|f cu|h
sd/]8x?n] alnbfg lbg' eof] . hxf“ s=ljKnj, s=;[hg / s=k|df]bn] ;ftf}+ la|u]8af6
pRr zxfbt k|fKt ug'{ eof] . pxf“x?k|lt efjk"0f{ >4f ;'dg ck{0f ub{5' .
s=a;Gt
vf]6f· P];]n' vs{sf] P]ltxfl;s df]rf{j4 n8fO{df uDeL/ 3fonkl5 pxfF/ d]/f]
;f]n'v'Dj" lhNnf lrq] eGg] 7fp“df e]6 ePsf] lyof] . Tof] e]6 P]ltxfl;s
/x]5 . s;/L s;/L b]jn] e]6 ug{ h'/fPsf] /x]5 . h'g Tof] 7fp“df k'Ubf s=a;Gt
nufot c? sd/]8x? klg x'g'x'GYof] . d}n] s=a;GtnfO{ b]Vg lalQs} af]nfp“g uP t/
pxfFd;+u Ps aft klg ePg xfdLaf6 5'6\g' /x]5 . d}n] ;w}+ ;+u} lx8]sf] eGbf cs}}{
d'8 r]Gh ePsf] b]v]+ slt pHofnf] r]x/f slt af]n' af]n' t nfUof] dnfO{ t/ s]
ug'{ / o:t} x'“bf] /x]5 qmflGtsf] juL{o dfofdf uf“l;Pkl5 5'6fpg ufx|f] x'“bf]
/x]5 . slt lrQ ga'em\bf] 5, s] ug]{ qmflGtsf] lgod g} xf], hLjgkl5 d/0f x'G5
Tof] k|s[ltsf] b]g g} xf] / cjZo g} d/0f x'G5 cl3–kl5 xf] t/ slxn] xf] Tof]
eljiojf0fL ug{ ;lsb}+g . Tof] P];]n'vs{ df]rf{ c;kmn eof] . c;kmntfsf ;fy ;fy}
a9L /ut aufpg' k¥of] . g]t[Tj u'dfpg' k¥of] . d]rL–sf]zL ;ftf}+ la|u]8n] 3'D6f]
cf]8\g afWo eof] . xf“;L/x]sf] d]rL–sf]zL km]l/ ;'“s\;'lsg afWo eof] . s=a;Gt
uDeL/ 3fOt] ePkl5 @$ 306fdf pkrf/s} qmddf pxf“sf] pRr zxfbt k|fKt ug'{ eP5 .
!*cf}+ a6flnog ;+u} Psb'O{ hgf a;]sf lyof}+ . d]/f] ;]G6«L 8\o"6L ljxfgsf]
7Ls @M)) ah] d ;]G6«L a°/d} x'“bf pxf“sf] zxfbt eof] eGg] vj/ stfstfaf6 ;''Gg
k'u] clg ;]G6«Lsf] lhDd]jf/LnfO{ klg d}n] g5fl8 al;/x] ! 306fsf] 8\o"6L
klg s;/L laTof] / slt a]nf;Dd a:g' k5{ eGg] s'/fnfO{ klg d}n] aLr}df lal;{lbP
5' . Tof] yfxf ePg . Tof] lbg Tof] ;dodf ;a}sf] d'6' b'v]sf] lyof] goge/L cfz'
g} cf“z'n] el/k"0f{ lyof] . dnfO{ nfUof] c?nfO{ eGbf dnfO{ a9L kL8fsf]
cg'e"lt eof] h:tf] . Ps t ! jif{ e/L ;+u} lx+88'n u/]sf] / ;+u} pxf“sf] 3/
@÷# k6s uP/ a;]sf], glhssf] juL{o dfof“nfO{ xQktL la;{g g;lsbf] /x]5 . s=a;Gt ef}lts ?kdf 6fl9g' eof] t/
ljrf/df glhs} /x]sf 5f} eGg] ljZjf; 5 .
s=a;Gt;“u} /
!(cf}+ a6flnog ‘aL’ sDkgL ;fy}+df lyof] / zxLb kl/jf/sf] 3/ hfg' kg]{ lbg /x]5,
hf] zxLb kl/jf/ d]/f] ufpF kfr“y/ n'·?kf cjl:yt ufp“n] efO{ -;xof]4f_ s=cGhfg
ev{/} BRD HQ df sfo{/t /xg' x'g] t]x|y'dsf] vfDnfn'· l:yt b'Zdgn]
3]/fdf kf/L uf]nL xfgL xTof u/sf] lyof] . pxf“sf] ;Gb]z lnP/ xfdL hf“bf zxLb
kl/jf/n] b'Mv la;fPsf] / b'Zdgk|lt tLj| cfqmf]; kf]vfPsf] b]Vbf dnfO{ stf–stf
Joyfleq} 5' ls eGg] cg'ej eof] . s=cGhfg d]/f] cfTdLo ;xof]4f x'g'x'GYof] .
pxfF zxLb eP/ hfg' eof] clj:d/0fLo If0f ePsf] 5 . pxf“k|lt klg >4fGhnL ck{0f
ug{ rfxG5' . zxLb kl/jf/sf] 3/af6 ljbf eP/ kmls{bf s=a;Gtn] dnfO{ eGg' ePsf]
lyof] ls d':sfg sd/]8 tkfO{sf] 3/df hfg' k5{ d}n] dgdg} xlif{t x'“b} hfp“ g t
eg]/ eg] . b'ef{Uoj; pxfF / d d]/f] 3/ hfg ;lsPg clg s=a;Gtn] eGg' eof] ef]nL
tkfO{ zxLb x'g' eof] eg] klg xfdL tkfO{sf] ;Gb]z lnP/ hfg ;lhnf] x'G5 . ;f“RrL g} d}n] klg ;f]+r] o'4sfn xf] . e/] 9N5f}+
of ef]nL 9N5f}+ s]xL yfxf x'“b}g . qmflGtsf/L xf}+, clglZrt\ ofqfsf ofqL
h] klg x'G5 . o'4n] 7"nf] ;fgf] 5'6\ofp“b}g u/Lj–wgL lrGb}g a'9f]–s]6f]
hfGb}g To;}n] vf]6f· P+];]n' vs{ zxLbx?sf] /utn] /+luPsf] 5 lt 1ft–c1ft zxLbx?k|lt cGTodf efjk"0f{ >4f~hnL ck{0f
ub{5' . dxfg\ zxLbx?—nfn ;nfd ¤¤¤
;DkfbsLo
zflGtjftf{ /
r'gfjL xNnf
bz}+ cufl8
g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_n] kmf}hL sfjf{xL :yug u/] nuQ} k'/fgf] ;Qfåf/f kmf}hL
sfjf{xL gug]{ lg0f{on] s]xL xb;Dd g]kfnLx?sf] dl:tisdf kg{ uPsf] zflGtsf] rfxgf
/ cfd"n kl/jt{gsf] ck]Iff bL3{sflng ?kdf /xg g;Sg] s'/f slyt k'/fgf]
;Qfsf] ;}Go x:tIf]kn] b]vfPsf] 5 . lsgls k'/fgf] ;Qfåf/f ul/Psf w/ks8 / bdgsf
;[+vnfn] r'gfj / zflGtjftf{ kmnfs]/ ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbsf ;fdGtL gf]s/x?n] leif0f
o'4sf] tof/L ul//x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnL
hgo'4 / ljZj qmflGt cj tdfd ;j{xf/fsf] d'lQmsf] jfxs alg;s]sf] cj:yfdf o;nfO{
bdg ug{ ef/tLo lj:tf/jfb /
cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb g]kfnL bnfn dfkm{t 3'“8f 6]s]/ nfluk/]sf 5g\ . clxn]sf]
l:yltdf gf·f] x:tIf]kåf/f g]kfnL hgo'4nfO{{ bdg ug{sf] lgldQ slyt cft+sjfbsf]
gfddf ef/tLo zf;sx? ;}Go tof/Lsf ;fy g]kfn l5g]{ tof/Ldf 5g\ . lj:tf/jfb /
cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf xltof/ / tflnd kfPsf] slyt ;'/Iff kmf}hn] dfcf]jfbL bjfpg
g;s]kl5 ef/tLo kmf}h
kl/rfng ug{ g]kfnL bnfn 1fg]Gb| dfkm{t
cfkm} g]kfn k|j]z ug{ tof/ ePsf] 5 . :d/0f /xf];\ ef/tLo u'Ktr/nfO{
g]kfnL e"lddf g}
qmflGtsf/Lx?n] sAhfkl5 d'Qm ul/lbPsf lyP . gofF g]kfnsf]
kl/sNkgfsf ;fy cufl8 a9]sf] hgo'4 blIf0f Plzof / o'/f]kdf ;d]t k|rfl/t eO;s]sf]
5 eg] ;fd|fHojfb e"d08nLs/0f / pbf/Ls/0fsf] gfddf cfkm"nfO{ ;}Go
x:tIf]kåf/f Ps w'|jLo ljZj agfpg] WofpGgdf
5 . JolQmut l/l;OjLsf sf/0f wfld{s o'4 yfNg] Pp6f n8fs'nfO{ ;d]t vf]Hg g;Sg]
j'z k|zf;g hgtfsf] juL{o o'4 bjfpg cl3 a9]sf] 5 . juL{o o'4 cfh;Ddsf] Oltxf;df
slx+ st} xf/]sf] 5}g . ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3 h:tf] ;+:yfn] ;d]t cd]l/sf ;}Go
x:tIf]kåf/f ljZjsf hgtfnfO{ bjfpg yfn]sf] 5 elg/x]sf] a]nf km]l/ cfkm"nfO{
;+;f/sf] efn] agfpg] gfddf
ef/tnfO{ c8fl8 ;f/]/ hgo'4 g]kfn l5g]{ k|oTg ul//x]sf] 5 .
h;/L
cd]l/sf pTkLl8t /fi6«sf lj?4 cfÇgf] lgxLt :jfy{ k"lt{sf nflu ljleGg
axfgfdf gf·f] tl/sfn] cfpg] uYof]{ Tof] tl/sfn] g]kfnLsf] ljlzi6 ef}uf]lns
cj:yf / ;fd|fHojfb / pTkLl8t /fi6« / hgtf aLrsf] a9bf] cGt/lj/f]wsf] sf/0f oxfF
k|j]z ug{ ufx|f] ePsf]n] p;n] ef/tnfO{ cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5 . h:tf] ls g]kfnL hgo'4
bjfpg ef/tnfO{ cuffl8 ;f/]sf] 5 . o; cl3b]lv g} Kofn]l:6gL hgtfnfO{ bjfpg
Oh/fonnfO{ cufl8 ;f/]sf] 5 . h;df cd]l/sf, a]nfot, ef/t nufotsf d'n'sx?sf]
cGt/lj/f]w eP klg To;nfO{ yftL /fvL pTkLl8t /fi6« pTkL8gsf] lj?4 eO/x]sf
;+3if{x?nfO{ bjfpgsf] lgldQ pgLx? s]xL
a]/;Dd PsLs[t ePsf] axfgf ub}{5g\ . g]kfndf klg g]kfnL hgo'4 bjfpgsf] lgldQ
cd]l/sfsf] ;d]tsf] ldn]dtf]df k]6«f]n nfOg lj5\ofpg] gfddf g]kfndf ef/tLo kmf}h
kl/rflnt ug]{ of]hgf cfTd;dk{0fjfbL
k'/fgf] ;Qfn] agfO/x]sf] 5 . ljZj ;j{xf/f ju{sf] Gofok"0f{ o'4 g t s'g}
zf;sn] 9fNg ;s]sf 5g\ g t 9n]/ uPsf] 5 . hgo'4 b'jf] xf] hf] slxn] db}{g, of]
ju{;+3if{ xf] To;}n] Pp6f ju{ gl;lWbP;Dd rln/xG5 . of] o'4 u/L vfg] / 7uL vfg]
aLrsf] xf] . ;du|df eGg' kbf{ ;fdGtjfb ;+u} ;fd|fHojfbsf] ktg cfhsf] cfjZostf
xf] . t;y{ zflGt / r'gfj cnfKg] ef/tLo
bnfnx?sf r'Tyf gf]s/;+u zflGtsf] k|;+u lgsfNg' ;odsf] ajf{bL dfq xf] .
Psflt/
zflGtsf] dw'/ w'g ahfpg] / dGq d'Uw kfg]{ csf]{lt/ leif0f o'4sf] tof/L ug{
tlNng 1fg]Gb|sf gf]s/x? ltgLx?nfO{ ;d]t yfxf5}g jf yfxf kfP/ a'em krfp“5f} eg]
of] leif0f k|Tofqmd0fsf] gofF
r/0fdf slyt r'gfjsf] k|rf/jfhL 5f]8]/ bL3{sflng zflGtsf] kIfdf pqg' j]z x'g]5 .
5n5fd / if8oGqn] e/Lk"0f{ km'6fp / /fh u/sf] gLlt cj k'/fgf] eO;s]sf] 5 .
r'gfjsf] xNnf k'/fgf] ;Qfsf e/f}6]x?n] cfd g]kfnLsf] rfxgfnfO{ km]l/ s'7f/f3f6
ug]{ k|oTg dfq xf] . s]xL JolQm ljz]ifnfO{ geP/ ;a} dfgjhfltnfO{ qmflGtkl5sf]
zflGt rflxPsf] 5 t/ d'bf{ zflGt rflxPsf] 5}g . zflGt :yfkgf ug]{ gfddf c;f]h !*
kl5 u7g ePsf tLg j6}, /fhfsf] l6sf
yfk]sf ;/sf/x? cfh a]sDdf / asjf;sf] kfq ag]sf] s'/f k|ltlqmofjfbLx? cfkm}+ aSg
yfn]sf 5g\ . ef]6] /fhgLltdf k|v/ dflgg] dfwj g]kfnx? cfh pgLx?s} sfo{stf{x?sf
cufl8 lgsDdf ;fljt t 5“b}5g\, cfd g]kfnL dfem klg o'4 yf]kg]{ o'4 ;/bf/sf ?kdf
kl/lrt eO/x]sf 5g\ .
jf:tjdf
ef/tLo ;fd|fHojfb / cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb h;/L g]kfn / g]kfnL aLr leif0f 9+un]
cfp“b}5g\ To;sf] k|lt/f]w ug{ g]kfnL qmflGtsf/L / ef/tLo qmflGtsf/Lx? dfq xf]Og
ljZjsf ;Dk"0f{ dhb'/ ;j{xf/f aLr k|uf9 juL{o Pstf h?/L 5 . ef/tLo
lj:tf/jfb g]kfnL e"lddf gf·f] gfr k|bz{g ug{ tDtof/ 5 To;nfO{ v/fgL kfg{
g]=s=kf=
-dfcf]jfbL_ kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf cfd b]zeQm Gofok|]dL hg;d'bfo tDtof/ 5g\ / x'g'
k5{ .
r'gfj /
z]/axfb'/ b]pjf pvfgsf 6'Ssf h:tf] ePsf 5g\ . slyt r'gfj l;+x b/jf/ /
gf/fo0flx6Ldf dfq x'g] xf] ls b]z Joflk ?kdf x'g] xf] < cfd hgtfn] k|Zg
ul//x]sf 5g\ . olb k|hftGq lgldQ, cu|udgsf lgldQ, cfd g]kfnLnfO{ ;fj{ef}d
agfpgsf lgldQ r'gfj ug]{ xf] eg] lsg ;+ljwfg ;efsf] r'gfj ug]{ lxDdt ub}{gg\
< jf:tljs zflGt rflxPsf] xf] eg] ;Dk"0f{ ;Qf hgtfnfO{ lbg] ;t{df r'gfj
u/fpg tof/
/xg' kb{5 / dfq g]kfn / g]kfnLn] bL3{sflng ‘zflGt’ kfp“5g\ / ;a}sf] rf;f]sf]
ljifo ag]sf] ‘jftf{’ klg ;kmn x'G5 . t/ jftf{ geP r'gfj eGg] slyt efif0f km]l/
klg bGTo syfdf kl/0ft x'g] s'/f lglZrt\ 5 .