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h;/L ;do ultzLn 5 To;/L g} ;dfh / ;dfhsf x/]s j:t' kl/jt{gzLn 5g\ . o; qmddf ;dfhsf] oyfy{ lrq lrq0f ug]{ lzIff k|0ffnL h:tf] ;Dj]bgzLn / dxTjk"0f{ kIf kl/jlt{t kl/j]zdf To;} cg';f/ kl/jt{g gx'g] s'/} ePg . lxhf] ju{ ljeflht cj:yfsf] ;Qfdf Psju{sf] xfnL d'xfnL /x]sf] a]nfsf lzIff gLlt, cfhsf ljeflht ju{x? aLr tLj| o'4 rln/x]sf] a]nfsf] lzIff gLlt, clg ef]ln ju{ ljlxg cj:yfsf] lzIff gLlt cfwf/e"t ?kd} km/s–km/s x'G5g\ . o;} kl/j]zdf ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztfjfbLåf/f nflbPsf] cJojxfl/s, cj}1flgs / ?9LjfbL lzIff gLlt / k|0ffnLsf lj?4 qmflGtsf/L ljBfyL{x?n] hgo'4sf] dfWodaf6 hf]8\bf/ ;ª\3if{ ub}{ kl5 Jojl:yt hgjfbL lzIff k|fKt ug{sf nflu clxn] ug'{ kg]{ st{Jo ;DalGw ;+u7g / cfGbf]ngnfO{ g} ljZjljBfnosf] ?kdf pkof]u ub}{ gof“ lzIff l;ls/x]sf 5g\ / Jojxf/df k|of]u klg ul//x]sf 5g\ .

b'O{ ju{df ljeflht g]kfnL ;dfh cw{–;fdGtL / cw{–cf}klgj]lzs cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . ju{ ljeflht ;dfhdf s'g} klg lzIff gLltn] ;a} ju{sf] lxt ug{ ;Sb}g . :jefljs ?kdf ;Qfdf h'g ju{sf] cflwkTo /x]sf] x'G5, h;n] zf;g u5{ p;n] cfºgf] lxt ug]{ lzIff gLlt nfu' ub{5 . oxL s'/f jt{dfg g]kfnL ;dfhsf] oyfy{ xf] . cyf{t yf]/} ;+Vofdf /x]sf] zf]ifs ;fdGtL ju{n] nfvf}+, s/f]8f}+ >dhLjL hgtfdfly u/]sf] zf;g Joj:yfn] cfºg} lxt / :jfy{ k"lt{ ug]{ ;fdGtjfbL, ?9LjfbL / k|ltufdL lzIff gLlt nfu' u/]/ s/f]8f}+ >dhLjL ju{sf] eljio cGwsf/ kfg]{ u/]sf] 5 . of] cj:yfdf ;fdGt, bnfn k'“hLklt ju{sf] pTkL8gsf] df/df k/]sf >dhLjL hgtf tyf ;r]t ljBfyL{ ;d'bfon] cfºgf] df}lnd xs / z}lIfs clwsf/ k|flKtsf] lGlDt ;+ul7t cfGbf]ngdf plqg jfWo eP . h;sf] kl/0ffd pTkLl8t >dhLjL ju{n] ;fdGtL n'6]/f ju{sf] /fHo;Qfdfly 3f]lift ?kd} wfjf af]Nb} hgo'4sf] yfngL ug{ k'u] . of] l:yltdf ;r]t qmflGtsf/L ljBfyL{ ;d'bfon] hgjfbL lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;fdGtL k|ltufdL lzIffnfO{ h/}b]lv pv]Ng' kg]{ / To;eGbf klxnf ;fdGtL ;QfnfO{ g} lj:yflkt ug'{ kg]{ clgjfo{ cfjZostfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L hgo'4df ;xefuL x'“b} hgo'4nfO{ yk phf{ k|bfg ug]{ sfd u/] . h;n] ubf{ cfh g]kfnL hgo'4 cfwf/ If]qdf hg;Qf ;'b[9 ub}{ s]Gb|Lo ;Qf sJhf ug]{ tof/Lsf ;fy @! cf}+ ztfJbLsf] ljZj qmflGtnfO{ g]t[Tj ub}{ cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . cGo ljifox?df rrf{ ug'{cl3 ;j{k|yd z}lIfs cfGbf]ng lsg z'? eof] < z}lIfs If]qdf qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{g lsg cfjZos eof] < of] s'/f a'‰g jt{dfg lzIff gLlt k|0ffnL / ljz]iftfnfO{ vf]tNg' cfjZostf kb{5 . jt{dfg k'/fgf] gLlt k|0ffnLdf sdL sdhf]/L geP of] z}lIfs cfGbf]ng tyf hgjfbL lzIff cfjZos g} x'g] lyPg To;}n] k'/fgf] lzIffsf sdL sdhf]/Lsf] ljifodf rrf{ u/f}+M

-s_ k'/fgf] lzIff gLlt tyf p2]Zodf sdhf]/L kIf M–

!=of] lzIffsf] ;}4flGts cfwf/ cWofTdjfbL b[li6sf]0fdf cfwfl/t ePsfn] of] lzIffn] hLjg / hutnfO{ cfbz{jfbL 9+un] a'‰g tyf Tof] ;+;f/ s'g} cnf}lss zlQmsf] pkh xf] / ;dfhsf ;Dk"0f{ ;+/rgf, zf;g k|0ffnL Pj+ zfifsx? klg ltg} zlQmsf] a/bfgsf] ?kdf a'‰g clek|]l/t ub{5 .

@=of] lzIff g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ef}uf]lns, ;f“:s[lts, cfly{s tyf jftfj/0fLo ljz]iftf;“u d]n gvfg] / cfbz{jfbL l;4fGtdf dfq l;ldt /x]sf]n] g]kfnL hg–hLjgsf] s'g} klg kIfdf sfd gnfUg] cJojxfl/s /x]sf] 5 . h:t}M sIff !)df k9\g] ljBfyL{n] jt{dfg qmflGtsf] o'udf o'4 / ;ª\3if{-qmflGt_nfO{ lbdfuaf6 x6fP/ OZj/sf] elQm u/]/ eljio lgdf{0f ug]{ h:tf syf, clg (a+b)²=a²+2ab+b² x'g] 1fg h:tf cw{–;fdGtL / cw{–cf}klgj]lzs cj:yfsf] s[lifdf cfwfl/t ls;fgsf 5f]/f–5f]/Ln] o:tf] lzIff sxf“ nu]/ k|of]u ug]{ .

#=of] lzIffn] hlt;'s} lj1fg / cfw'lgstfsf] s'/f u/]klg cGtTjuTjf k'/fg} ljrf/, k'/fg} ;“:s[lt d"No dfGotf / ;fdGtL ;Qfsf] ;]jf ug{ clek|]l/t ub{5 .

$=of] lzIffn] hLjg / hutnfO{ åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbL b[li6sf]0fsf] cfwf/df a'‰gaf6 cnUofP/ j:t'ut oyfy{af6 e|ldt kf/L gof“ r]tgfsf] ljsf;, kl/jt{g / ;du| ljsf;df cj/f]w k'¥ofpg] sfd u/]sf] 5 .

%=ax'–hflt, ax'–eflif / ax'–;f“:s[lts ljz]iftf ePsf] g]kfnL ;dfhdf Ps hftLo lxGb' /fHo 3f]if0ff u/L hghfltx?sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] j:tLx?df dft[efiffdf k7gkf7g u/fpg'sf] ;§f d[tk|foM ;“:s[tnfO{ hjh{:t nfb\g' / /fli6«otf emlNsg] b]zelQmk"0f{ /fli6«oufgsf] ;§f JolQm s]Gb|Lt :t'ltufg ufpg' kg]{ afWotfn] of] lzIff k|0ffnL c/fli6«o 5 eGg] k|dfl0ft x'G5 . of] lzIFfn] g]kfnL–g]kfnL aLrd} c;Gt'li6 k}bf ug]{ / cfGtl/s /fli6«otfnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg'{sf ;fy} ;fdGtLx?n] ljb]zLnfO{ /fi6« ;'Dkg nfUbf klg d'sbz{s jlg/xg' eG5 .

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!=lzIff ;a}sf] g};lu{s clwsf/ xf] / ;a}nfO{ ;j{;'ne 9+uaf6 lzIff pknJw u/fpg' /fHosf] bfloTj xf] . t/ o;sf] ljk/Lt ;Qf cfºgf] bfloTjaf6 klG5P/ lzIffnfO{ :yfgLo lgsfo, JolQm, ;+3–;:yf bnfnx?sf] xftdf ;'Dk]/ lzIff ;+:yfsf] Joj:yfkg kIfnfO{ nyfln¨ dfq kf/]sf] 5}g a? lzIffsf] Jofkf/ u/L gfkmf vfg kNs]sf ;fdGtL bnfnx?sf] :jfy{ k'lt{ x'g] u/L gLlhs/0fnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ul/Psf] 5 .

@=gftfjfb, s[kfjfb tyf 3';sf] cfwf/df s'g} lzIf0f ;+:yfdf cfjZostfeGbf a9L lzIfs–sd{rf/L y'kfl/Psf] 5 eg] sltko lzIf0f ;+:yfdf ljBfyL{sf cg'kftdf cToGt Go"g lzIfsx?n] cToflws ef/sf ;fy ljBfno ;~rfng ug'{ k/]sf] 5 .

#=lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ tyf zx/ / ufp“sf] km/s–km/s ljz]iftf ePsf] 7fp“x?df zx/ / sf7df8f}+ cg"s'nsf] z}lIfs Sofn]08/ nfu' ubf{ ljBfyL{x?n] st} cToflws hf8f]df t st} cToflws udL{df k9g'kg]{ tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] lzsf/ x'g'kg]{ cj:yf 5 .

$=sd{rf/Lx?sf] lg/LIf0f tyf d'Nof¨sg ug]{ unt sfo{ljlwsf sf/0f lzIfs sd{rf/Lx? st{Joaf6 larlnt x'“b} e|i6frf/lt/ pGd'v x'g'sf ;fy} clgoldttf a9\b} hfg] u/]sf] 5 .

log} / o:t} cgluGtL sf/0fx?n] ubf{ g} of] k'/fgf] lzIff k|0ffnLsf] ljsNkdf hgjfbL lzIff k|fKt ug{ z}lIfs cfGbf]ng clgjfo{ x'g k'u]sf] xf] . t/ jt{dfg k'/fgf] ;Qfleqaf6 z}lIfs If]qdf cfd"n kl/jt{g c;Dej x'g] x'“bf /fHo;Qfdf cfd"n kl/jt{g x'g clgjfo{ x'G5 . o;} kl/k|]Ifdf g]skf -dfcf]jfbL_ sf] g]t[Tjdf ;~rflnt hgo'4 Psdfq pko'Qm dfWod ePsf]n] qmflGtsf/L ljBfyL{x?sf] z}lIfs cfGbf]ng :jefljs ?kdf juL{o d'lQm cfGbf]ng;“u} hf]l8P/ cufl8 a9\5 . h;sf] afjh'b hg;Qf ;~rflnt cfwf/ If]qx?df hgjfbL lzIffsf] Jojl:yt cEof;sf] z'? k|f/lDes k|lqmof z'? eO;s]sf] 5 .

z}lIfs cfGbf]ng hgo'4sf] Ps c+u aGg uPsf] 5 / x'g clgjfo{ klg 5 . lsgsL hgjfbL /fHo;Qf cGtu{t s]Gb|Lo hg;/sf/n] dfq Jojl:yt hgjfbL lzIffsf] kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\ok':ts tof/ kfg]{ 5, ljBfyL{ ;+u7gn] xf]Og . ljBfyL{ ;+u7gn] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0fsf nflu cfwf/e"t ljifodf ;xof]u ;Nnfx / ;'emfj lbg ;Sg] 5g\ . hgjfbL -gof“ hgjfbL_ ;Qf cGtu{t lbOg] lzIff hgjfbL lzIff ePklg d'Vo s'/f ;dosf] dfu, j:t'l:yltsf] cfjZostf / hg hLjgsf] efjgfnfO{ k"/f ug{ ;Sg] lzIff hgjfbL x'g;S5 . jt{dfg qmflGtsf] o'udf g]kfnL hgjfbL qmflGtnfO{ ;DkGg ug{ tyf cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] k|lt/f]w ug{ s]–s] ug'{ k5{, ;fy} k|ltqmflGtnfO{ /f]Sg s]–s] ug'{k5{ eGg] ljifodf jt{dfgsf] dxTjk"0f{ ljifo / st{Jo ePsf] 5 . h'g ljifosf] 1fg k|r08kysf] lj1fgaf6 dfq ;Dej 5 . cyft{ dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfb / k|r08kysf] k|of]uzfnf ju{o'4sf] el§af6 jt{dfg qmflGtsf] o'u ;fk]lIft j}1flgs lzIff k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .

o'4sf] ljsf;;“u} cfwf/ If]qx?df Jojl:yt x'“b} uPsf] hgjfbL ;Qfleq hgjfbL lzIffsf] cEof; hglzIffnox?df eO/x]sf] 5 . of] cj:yfdf sf]xL klg e|ddf gk/L of] a'‰g cfjZos 5 ls qmflGtsfndf Wj+z cyft{ eTsfpg] sfd eO/x]sf] / lgdf{0f ug]{ sfd ;xfos x'g] ub{5 . o;} qmddf k'/fgf] lzIffsf] ljsNkdf gof“ hgjfbL lzIffsf] klg Tolts} cfjZos ePsf]n] hg;Qf ;'b[9 Onfsfx?df hglzIffnox? dfkm{t k|f/lDes cEof; yflnPsf] x'G5 . tL hglzIffnox?df :yfgLo ljlzi6tfsf cfwf/df ;Lkd"ns lzIFF, qmflGt ;fk]lIft 1fgx? ;/n / gof“ ljlwåf/f k7gkf7g ul/G5 . o'4sfnLg cj:yfdf of] k|f/lDes cEof; ePsf] x'“bf xfdLn] To;sf] vf“sf vf]Hg'eGbf klg ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffnfO{ a'‰g' pko'Qm x'G5 . ;}4flGts cjwf/0ffsf] cfwf/df klg hgjfbL /fHo;Qf cGtu{t hgjfbL lzIffsf] kf7\oqmd lgdf{0f ub{5 . o;y{df hglzIffnox?df xfn ;~rflnt lzIff hgjfbL xf]Og eGg vf]lhPsf] xf]Og .

gof“ 1fg, ;Lkd'ns, Jojxfl/s, k|fljlws (Technical Education) lzIffnfO{ :yfgLo efiff, ;“:s[lt / ljz]iftfsf] cfwf/df gof“ ljlw / gof“ z}nLaf6 lbOg] x'“bf Tof] hgjfbL lzIff s} k|f/DeLs ?k x'g\ . o;/L k'/fgf] k|ltufdL ;fdGtL lzIffnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf lj:yflkt u/L gof“ hgjfbL cyf{t lgMz'Ns, ;j{;'ne, ;Lkd"ns, Jojxfl/s, u'0f:t/Lo / j}1flgs lzIff k|fKt ub}{ k'/fgf] k|ltufdL ;fdGtL ;QfnfO{ g} k"0f{ gi6 ug{ cfjZos x'G5, h"g cfjZostfnfO{ k"/f ug{ hgo'4sf] dxfljZjljBfondf k|r08kysf] lzIff k|fKt ug{ h?/L 5 / pQm lzIff k|fKt u/L 3/]n' ;fdGtL k|ltufdL hNnfbx? tyf p;sf dflns ;fd|fHojfbL cd]l/sL a'z d08nLsf] lrxfg vg]/ dfq :jflwg / :jtGq e} hgjfbL lzIffsf] cWoog ;Dej x'g]5 .

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