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lgoGq0fdf /fVg] / b'lgof“sf d]xgtsz pTkLl8t hgtf / /fi6«x?nfO{ cfºgf] r'Tyf]
u'nfd agfpg] sfo{df cfkm"nfO{ cl3 a9fO/x]sf] 5 . xfd|F] h:tf]
Pl;ofsf] lk5l8Psf] ;fgf] b]zdf klg k'/fgf lh0f{zL0f{ ePsf ;fdGtjfbsf
6'6]km"6]sf s8Lx?nfO{ hf]8\b} dxfg\ qmflGtsf/L g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;fj{ef}d
clwsf/dfly jnft bdg ug]{ sfo{sf] k|ToIf lgb]{zg cd]l/sL ;fd|FHojfbn] ul//x]sf]
5 . oxf“sf] k|ltlqmofjfbL zfxj+zLo kmf;LjfbL ;QFn] cfºgf] b]zsf Gofok|]dL
b]zeQm gful/sx?sf] sTn]cfd ug{ k|ToIf ?kdf ljb]zL ;fd|fHojfbnfO{ xf/u'xf/ u/]/
…;+o'Qm ;}Go tflndÚ jf …cft+sjfb lgoGq0fÚ sf] gfddf ljb]zL ;}Go ljz]if1x?nfO{
leq\ofPsf] 5 . jbL{ ljlxg cd]l/sL ;fdfHojfbsf] Ps 6's8L ;}Go zlQm oltj]nf
g]kfnL dft[e"lddf ;o/ ub}{ kmf;Ljfbsf] cf8 e/f];fdf cfd g]kfnL hgtfnfO{
sTn]cfd ug]{ if8\oGqsf/L k|k~rx?df lqmofzLn /x]sf] 5 . xfn} dfq} zfxL ;]gfsf]
cfof]hgfdf ul/Psf] kqsf/ ;Dd]ngdf of] ljifonfO{ :ki6;“u v'nf;f ub}{ :jLsfl/Psf]
5 . To;} ul/ j]nfot tyf ef/tsf ;}Go ljz]if1x?sf] klg a]nfavtsf] cfudg /
k|ltlqmofjfbL hglj/f]wL xTof/f] kmf;LjfbL zfxL ;]gfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ cfd
cleJolQmx?n] xfd|F] Kof/f] dft[e"ld ;fd|fHojfb / lj:tf/jfbsf cf–cfºgf
k|e'Tjx?sf] lqm8f:yn aGb} uO/x]sf] 5 . vf; u/L cGo b]zx?sf] eGbf klg
cd]l/sL x:tIF]k xfd|F] b]zsf] nflu ;a}eGbf uDeL/ / lrGtfsf] laifo aGb} uPsf]
5 . jL/ uf]vf{nLx? / g]kfnLTjaf6 kl/lrt xfdL g]kfnLx? e"uf]n tyf kmf}hL
zlQmsf] lx;fan] ;fgf] / sdhf]/ ePklg xfdL cfºg} /fli6«o :jfledfg /
;fj{ef}ldstfsf] u/Ldfdo Oltxf;n] uf}/jflGjt 5f}+ .
;u/dfyfsf] zLtn
5q5fof“df /x]sf kfvf / kv]/fdf u'l~h/x]sf xfd|F r]lnj]6Lsf nf]s ;';]nLx?,
o'jfx?sf] lqmoflzn d]xgtL kf}/vx?, ljleGg hft hflt tyf hghfltx?sf cf–cfºgf
:yfgLo ;“:s[ltx? cflbn] ;fd|FHokfbL 5f8f ;“:s[lt / klZrdfs/0fnfO{ cfºg} k|sf/n]
lt/:sf/ ul//x]sf] efg x'G5 . ljleGg pj8 vfj8 ef}uf]lns agf}6 / To;}
cg'?ksf] dfgj j:tLn] cfºg} klxrfg / :jTjsf] cleJolQm ub{5 . o;} aLrdf
la|l6; ;fd|fHojfbsf] lgb]{zgdf !)$ jif{;Dd zf;g u/]sf /f0ffx?, ljleGg
hghfltx?sf xs clwsf/ dfly x:tIf]k ub}{, ;of}+ jif{b]lv g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ pTkL8g
ub}{ cfPsf] zfxj+zLo lxGb'jfbL /fhkl/jf/ tyf b/jf/s} k|ToIf lgb]{zgdf hgtfdfly
x}sd rnfpg] u/]sf k~rx?sf] ;+o'Qm u7hf]8df zflGt / cft+sjfb lgoGq0fsf gfddf
ljb]zL zlQmx?;“usf] k|ToIF cfTd;dk{0fjfbL gLltn] g]kfnLx?nfO{ jbgfd
ul/b}5 . logLx? oltj]nf cd]l/sfsf g]kfnL bnfnsf] ?kdf kl/0ft ePsf 5g\ /
d'¶Le/ zfxL ;]gfsf] zlQmnfO{ k|of]u u/]/ xhf/f}+ g]kfnLx?sf] sTn]cfd ul//x]sf
5g\ . ;u/dfyfsf] zLtn 5xf/Ldf cfºgf] xs / clwsf/sf] lgldQ nl8/x]sf
Gofok|]dL hgtfnfO{ slyt j'h'{jf ;fd|FHojfbL dfgj clwsf/sf] kf7 l;sfpg] cd]l/sL
rfnnfO{ xfdL qmflGtsf/L g]kfnLn] 7Ls;“u a'‰g / To;sf] k|lt/f]w ug{ cl3 a9\g}
k5{ . b'lgof“e/ ;}Go x:tIf]k ug]{ / xltof/ pTkfbg / k|zf/0f tyf k|of]udf
;a}eGbf cu|klª\tdf /x]sf] cd]l/sfn] zflGtsf] kf7 l;sfpg' a'Rr/n] v;LnfO{ 3f“;
lbP h:t} xf] . a'z Jn]o/sf zflGtsf pkb]zx? O/fs / ckmuflg:tfgsf hgtfn]
k|ToIf ?kdf jd / jf?bsf wdfsfx?sf k/f{af6 cg'e"t ug{ kfP . nfvf}+
hgtfsf] sTn]cfd eof] . ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf lgl/x lgb]{zgx? klg sfuhsf wf]tL
;fljt eP . ;fob blIf0f Plzofdf klg cfºgf] ;}Go ;fd|fHojfbL kmf;LjfbnfO{
k|bz{g u/]/ rLg tyf ef/tnfO{ ;d]t cfºgf] lgoGq0fdf lng] k|:yfgljGb'sf] ?kdf
cd]l/sfn] xfd|f] Kof/f] dft[e"ldnfO{ k|of]u ub}{5 eGg] s'/f xfdL g]kfnLn]
l5§} g} a'‰b} To;sf] k|ltsf/ ug'{ kb{5 . ljZjsf hgtfnfO{ zflGt / cdgrogsf]
kf7 l;sfpg] tyf cft+sjfbsf] lgoGq0f ug]{ cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf] ;SsnL cg'xf/
s:tf] 5 t, xfdLn] /fd|f];“u a'‰g} k5{ . ;g !((* df cd]l/sfsf] lgb]{zgdf
;lj{of4f/f sf];f]jf]af6 kl5 x6\g OGsf/ u/]kl5 o'uf]:nfleofdf gf6f]4f/f xjfO{
xdnf u/fof] . cd]l/sL ;]gf4f/f u}x| ;}lgs If]qdf ;d]t jdjf/L tyf If]Kof:q
cfqmd0f ul/of] . s/f]8f}+sf] ;DklQ / wghgsf] Iflt eof] . To;}u/L
xltof/ lgl/If0f ug{ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3n] lbPsf] lgb]{zgnfO{ nfu" ubf{ ub}{
k/df0fljs xltof/ e08f/ /x]sf] gSsnL jxfgf agfP/ O/fssf] ;fj{ef}ldstf dfly
s'7f/f3ft ub}{ Ps :jtGq /fi6«dfly leif0f xdnf u¥of] . jd / jf?bsf
ljlelifsf / k|efjn] % nfv eGbf al9 aRrfx?sf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n k|efj kf¥of] .
nfvf}+ dflg;x? c+ue+u eP . ;of}+ u}x| ;]lgs If]qdf jd v;flnP .
OZnfdLs dfgj ;fu/nfO{ cft+lst kfl/of] . pQ/ sf]l/of, lnljof, O/fg, So'jf
cflb /fi6«x?df ;d]t gf¨f] xdnf ug]{ wDsL lbOof] . !((* d} tflnjfgnfO{
;Qfaf6 x6fpg] gfddf ckmuflg:tfg dfly gf¨f] eLif0f xdnf u¥of] . !((* d}
ljiffn' Uof; lgdf{0fsf] gfddf ;'8fgsf] cf}ifwL lgdf{0f ;+oGqdf ld;fOn cfqmd0f,
qmf}O{l;ofO{ xdnfsf] klxn]g} qmflhgsf] ;j{ Po/kmLn8df !((%sf] xdnf, !((#–(% ;Dd
jf];gLofdf ;j{dfly jdjf8L tyf xdnf, !((@–($ ;Dd o'uf]N;, ;lj{of tyf
dG6]lgu|f]df cd]l/sf tyf gf6f]4f/f xdnf, !((@–($ ;Dd ;f]dflnofsf] u'xo'4sf]
lgoGq0fsf] gfddf xdnf, !(()df g} O/fsdf leif0f xdnf / @ nfv eGbf a9L u}x|
;}lgssf] xtfxtL, !(*(–() ;Dd kgfdfdf leif0f cfqmd0f / b'O{xhf/ u}x| ;}lgssf]
xTof !(*(df lkmlnlkG;df Toxf“sf] k|ltlqmofjfbL
zlQm;“u ldn]/ ul/Psf] ck|ToIf hgtfdflysf] cfqmd0f, !(*^–** df O/fgdfly
ul/Psf] cfqmd0f, !(*^ df lnljof dfly u/]sf] jdjf/L / xjfO{ xdnf, !(*#–*$ ;Dd
u|]g]8fdf ul/Psf] cd]l/sL ;}lgs cfqmd0f, !(*!–() ;Dd lgsf/fu'jfdf sf]G6f«
ljb|f]xL dflysf] cfqmd0f tyf Toxf“sf] qmflGtsf lj?4 ;fd'lGb|s xf/a/ dfOG;
-aGb/ufx dfOG;_4f/f xdnf, !(&#df cd]l/sL l;=cfO{=P=sf] lgb]{zgdf lrnL tyf
OG8f]g]lzofdf lgjf{lrt sDo'lgi6 /fi6«kltsf] ckb:t / nfvf}+ hgtf tyf g]tfx?sf]
g/;+xf/, xfO6Ldf ul/Psf] x:tIf]ksf/L xdnf, !(&$–&% df sDjf]l8ofdf ePsf]
xdnf, !(^$ df kgfdfdf ul/Psf] leif0f uf]nfjf/L, !(^! df nfcf]; dfly ul/Psf]
xdnf, !(^!–^@ df So"jfdf ul/Psf] gfsfjGbL / ;}lgs xdnf -h;df @) nfv
dflg;sf] xTof ul/Psf] lyof]_,!(%^df ld>df ul/Psf] gflesLo xdnf, !(%$df
Ujf6]dfnfdfly ul/Psf] gf¨f] cfqmd0f, !(%# df ul/Psf] O/fgdflysf] 7f8f] x:tIF]k,
!(%!–%# ;Dd sf]l/ofnL dxfl4kdf ul/Psf] eLif0f xdnf, !($^–$(df lu|;df ul/Psf]
eLif0f xdnf, !($^–%) ;Dd O/fg, o'uf]:nf]leof, hd{gL, Ko'P/6f]{l/sf] cflb dfly
k/df0f' jd xdnf ug]{ 7f8f] wDsL, !($!–$% ;Dd l4tLo ljZjo'4sf] ;dodf y'k|}
b]zx?df u/]sf] xdnf, hfkfgsf] lx/f]l;df / gfuf;fsLdf ul/Psf] k/df0f' cfqmd0f,
!(@@–@^ ;Dd rLgdf g} k|ToIF cd]l/sL ;}Go pkl:ylt / x:tIF]k, !(@@df t'sL{df
ul/Psf] xdnf, !(!*–@@ ;Dd ?;L qmflGtsf/L jf]N;]ljsx?nfO{ vtd kfg{ ul/Psf] xdnf,
!(!&–!*df hd{gLdfly ul/Psf] cfqmd0f, !(!&–## ;Dd So'jfdf gf¨f] pkl:ylt
/ x:tIf]k, !(!^–@* ;Dd 8f]ldlgsn l/kAnLsgdfly k|ToIf x:tIf]k, !(!$–#$ ;Dd
xfO{6Ldf sAhf / sof}+ k6s jd xdnf, !(!@–## ;Dd lgsf/fu'jfdf ul/Psf] cltqmd0f,
!*(*–!(!) ;Dd xdnf u/L lkmlnlkG;, So'jf, Ko:6f]{l/sf, u'cfd cflbdf xdnf / :k]g
cnu -h;df ^ nfv dflg;sf] Hofg uPsf] lyof]_, !(() df 8sf]6fdfly xdnf cflb nufot
sl/a Ps ;o tLg j6f b]zx?df k|ToIF–ck|ToIf ;of}+ cfqmd0fdf ;+nUg /x]/, ;+;f/
e/sf s/f]8f}+ hgtfsf] xTof ug]{ cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbn] jt{dfg @! cf}+ ztfAbLdf
xfd|F] h:tf] b]zdf dfgj clwsf/ / zflGtsf] kf7 l;sfpg' s] cy{ x'g ;S5 / <
To;}n] cd]l/sL kmf;LjfbL ;fd|FHojfbnfO{ ;u/dfyfsf] lzv/af6 klg vj/bf/L ub}}{
;+;f/el/sf pTkLl8t dflg; / /fi6«x?k|lt P}Soj4tf hgfpg' xfd|f] P]ltxfl;s bfloTj
xf] . dWok"jL{ Plzofsf s}of}+ b]zx?df cfºgf] Ps5q k|e'Tj sfod ug{sf
nflu Oh/fonnfO{ r'Tyf] gf]s/ tyf ;]js agfpb} cfqmd0f ug{ nufPsf] cd]l/sL
;fd|FHojfb Kofn]i6fOg / n]jgfgsf nfvf}+ hgtfx?sf] 3[0ffsf] s]Gb| ag]sf]
5 . To;}u/L hf]8{g, ld>, tfGh]lgof, lnljof, df]/Ssf] cflb d'lZnd
b]zx?df ;d]t cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf lj?4 k|ToIf ;+3if{x? ePsf 5g\ .
o"/f]ksf] %) cf}+ zx/x?df a'z k|zf;gsf x:tIf]ksf/L lqmofsnfk / To;nfO{ ;fy
lbg] Jn]o/ lj?4 s/f]8f} hgtfn] k|bz{g4f/f lj/f]w k|s6 u/]sf 5g\ . ;+;f/df
;a}eGbf a9L dfgj ;+Vof ePsf] rLgnfO{ ;d]t dfgj clwsf/sf] kf7 l;sfpg] cd]l/sL
;fd|FHojfb c/jf}+ rLlgof“ hgtfsf] 3[0ffsf] kfq ag]sf] 5 . oL ;a} 36gf /
b[i6fGtx?n] s] atfp5 eg] cd]l/sL ;fd|FHojfb hlt–hlt gf¨f] ?kdf cleJoQm x'b} cl3
al9/x]sf] 5 Tolt Tolt cfºgf] ktgsf] af6f] vlg/x]sf] 5 . cfºg} b]zdf klg
7"nf 7"nf pBf]ux?df b]vf k/]sf ;+s6 / o'4df nufPsf] ah]6nfO{ wfGg
g;Sg] cfly{s ;+s6 tyf cfºg} b]zsf >dhLjL hgtfx?sf] lj/f]w / ljkIfx?sf]
lj/f]wn] cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfb emg} ;+s6df v:b} uPsf] 5 . jt{dfg PSsfO;f}+
ztfAbLsf] lj1fg k|ljlw tyf ;"rgf ;+rf/sf] o'udf hlt;'s} rf}tkmL{ cfºgf]
;fd|FHojfbL x}sdjfb nfb\g vf]h] klg cjsf lbgx?df Tof] k"/f x'g] l:ylt
5}g .
;fd|fHojfb cfkm}
cfGtl/s cGt/lj/f]wdf km:b} uPsf] 5 . n]lggn] eg] h:t} @! cf}+ ztfAbL klg
;fd|fHojfb / ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf] o"u xf] / ;j{xf/f ju{n] gof“ ult / tfut
;lxt cfºgf] em08fnfO{ cl3 a9fpg] 5 . ch]o dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfb /
k|r08kyn] To;sf] cu|ufdL g]t[Tj k|bfg ug]{5 . xfdLn] klg Psflt/ b]zleq
rln/x]sf] cfGtl/s zfxj+zLo k|ltlqmofjfb / ;+;bLo ;+zf]wgjfbsf lj?4 ;+3if{ ug'{
k/]sf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ ljb]zL x:tIF]k tyf pTkLl8t ju{x?n] rnfPsf] ;a} k|sf/sf
Gofok"0f{ cfGbf]ngx?k|lt P}Soj4tf hfx]/ ug'{ kb{5 . Tof] P}Soj4tf
s]jn ljrf/df dfq} geP/ lqmofTds ;+3if{sf] ;+o'Qm k|s[ofdf klg cl3 a9fpg' k5{
eGg] b[9 ljZjf; 5 . To;}n] ;u/dfyfsf] r'r'/f]af6 klg /ftf] ;nfd ltgLx?nfO{
h;n] ;+;f/e/ cd]l/sL ;fd|FHojfb / ;a} vfn] k|ltlqmofjfb lj?4 n8b}
Gofok"0f{ ;+3if{sf] dfu{df cfk""mnfO{ cl3 a9fO/x]sf 5g\ . w