gof“ ;Qfsf] lgdf{0f,la:tf/ / ;'b[9Ls/0f g} xfd|f]
cleef/f xf]
dl0fs'df/ /fO{, ljz]if lhNnf hg;/sf/ k|d'v
tkfO“ k"jL{ sdfg cGtu{t ljz]if If]qdf 3f]lift ljz]if lhNnf hg;/sf/ k|d'v x'g'x'G5, ljz]if lhNnfnfO{ s;/L lrgfpg rfxg' x'G5 <
ljz]if
lhNnf o'4n] k}bf u/]sf] r'gf}lt ;fdgf ug{ lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lhNnf xf] . of]
o'4s} qmddf u7g ePsfn] o'4df dxTjk"0f{ cleef/f axg ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
@! cf}+ ztfJbLdf ljZjdf ;j{xf/fju{sf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb| aGb} uPsf] g]kfnL qmflGt /
oxf“ ljsf; ePsf] k|r08kysf] cfnf]sdf ljz]if lhNnfsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] 5 .
oxf“ kf6L{dfq xf]Og, xfdLn] ljz]if lhNnf hg;/sf/sf] 3f]if0ff ;d]t ul/;s]sf
5f}+ . oxf“ k|ltlqmofjfbL ;Qf ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf k/flht eO;s]sf] / p;sf]
s'g} ;}Go cv8f gePsfn] of] Pp6f d'Qm Onfsf xf] . xfdLn] oxf“ 3f]if0ff
u/]sf] ;Qf clxn] o'4sflng cj:yfdf ;ª\3if{sf] ;fwg xf], Wj+zsf] ;fwg xf] .
To;}n] xfdL o;nfO{ k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] Wj+zsf] lgldQ ag]sf] ;ª\3if{sf] ;fwg, hgtfsf]
ce]B lsNnfsf] ?kdf lrgfpg rfxfG5f}+ . TolQ dfq xf]Og ls oxf“ k'/fgf]
;Qfsf] Wj+zsf] r/0f ePsfn] gof“ ;Qfsf] ;'b[9 Onfsfsf] ?kdf klg lrgfpg
rfxG5f}+ .
xfn} a;]sf] hg;/sf/sf] a}7sn] dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o u/\of] eGg] ;'lgPsf] 5, s] slt dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox? kfl/t ug'{ ePsf] 5, k|i6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ g <
xfn}
a;]sf] lhNnf hg;/sf/sf] k|yd a}7sn] xfd|f] lhNnfsf] ;Gbe{df dxTjk"0f{
lg0f{o ug{ ;kmn ePsf] 5 . ljz]if lhNnfdf k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] Wj+zsf] sfo{ k|foM
l;l4Psfn] gof“ ;Qfsf] lgdf{0f, ;'b[9Ls/0f / lj:tf/ g} oxf“sf] cleef/f
xf] . xfd|f] a}7sn] o;} lbzfdf kfOnf rfn]sf] 5 . hgtfsf ;Dk"0f{
;d:ofx?nfO{ xn ub}{ cufl8 a9\g] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . xhf/f}+ jif{b]lv pTkLl8t
cj:yfdf /x]sf hgtfx?n] cfh d'lQm k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . clwsf/ ljlxg /x]sf
hgtfx? clwsf/ k|fKt ug{ ;kmn ePsf 5g\ . hgtfsf] clwsf/ /Iff ug'{ jt{dfg
;/sf/sf] bfloTj xf] . @! cf}+ ztfJbLsf] hgjfbsf] /fhg}lts /0fgLlt /
sfo{gLltsf] hudf cl8u /x]/ hgtfsf] nflu xfdLn] cfºgf] lg0f{o s]Gb|Lt u/]sf
5f}+ . o'4sflng cj:yfdf o'4s} aLraf6 ;'wf/sf sfdx?nfO{ klg cufl8 a9fpg]
lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . h:t}M lzIff, :jf:Yo, ljlQo ;+:yf -;xsf/L a}+s_, s[lif
pGgt -v]tL k|0ffnL_, ;“:s[lt, pBf]u, 3/]n' sfuh pBf]unfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{, jg
h+un ;+/If0f, gof“ jg lgodfjnL kfl/t ug]{, ahf/ Joj:yfkg, ljB'lts/0f, Gofo
;Dkfbg, hUuf /lhi6]zgsf sfd, s/ k|0ffnL cflb If]qdf dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox?
u/]sf] 5 .
tkfO“x?sf gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf ljsf; lgdf{0f ug]{, hgtfnfO{ ;'ljwf lbg] s'/f 5g\ t/ j}b]lzs x:tIf]ksf] ;Defjgf a9]sf] j]nf tkfO“x? cfkm\gf] ;Qf s;/L l6sfpg vf]lh/xg' ePsf] 5 <
xfdLn]
gLlt tyf sfo{qmddf cfZjf;g lbPsf] xf]Og . g]kfnL ;dfhdf ljgfz
eO/x]sf >d zlQmsf] kl/rfng, cfºg} >f]t, ;fwgsf] pkof]udf hf]8 lbg]
u/]sf 5f}+ . xfdLn] hgtfnfO{ k/lge{/ xf]Og cfTdlge{/ aGg] lbzflt/ cu|;/
u/fpg] gLlt cjnDag u/]sf 5f}+ . jt{dfg cj:yfdf g]kfndf ;fd|fHojfbL
x:tIf]ksf] vt/f a9\b} uPsf] 5 . xfd|f] kf6L{n] ;fd|fHojfb;“u n8\gsf] nflu
/fhg}lts–kmf}hL b'j} tof/L ul//x]sf] 5 . clxn] ;fd|fHojfb k|ToIf ?kdf geP
klg p;s} tflnd, xltof/, 8n/ lnP/ xfdL;“u n8\g cfO/x]sf] 5 . xfdL p;“u
nl8/x]sf 5f}+ . clxn] xfdL u[xo'4 nl8/x]sf 5f}+, olb ;fd|fHojfbn] x:tIf]k
u/]sf] v08df of] /fli6«o d'lQm o'4df kl/jt{g x'g]5 . xfd|f] clxn]sf] ;du|
tof/L ;fd|fHojfbs} lj/4sf] n8fO“sf] tof/L xf] . clkt' of] ;Qf hgtfsf]
ljrf/åf/f lgb]{lzt eP/ xfdL g]kfnL wtL{df ;fd|fHojfbnfO{ k/f:t ug{ ;S5f}+ / ;Qf
l6sfpg ;S5f}+ eGg] cfTdljZjf; xfdLnfO{ k}bf ePsf] 5 .
ljz]if lhNnfdf zfxL ;]gf k6s–k6s k|j]z u/L tkfO+“x?nfO{ y'k}| Iflt u/]sf] 5, To;sf] s;/L k|lt/f]w ePsf] 5 <
ljz]if
lhNnfdf zfxL ;]gf y'k}| k6s k|j]z u/]sf] 5, o; aLrdf xfdLn] b'ZdgnfO{ ;lhn};“u
l5g{ lbPsf 5}gf}+, p;n] ljz]if lhNnfdf 7"nf] c;kmntf a]xf]g'{ k/]sf]
5 . clxn];Ddsf] b'Zdg;“usf] n8fO“sf] cg'ejn] s] k'li6 ub{5 eg], xfd|f]
hgd'lQm ;]gfn] b'Zdgsf] k|lt/f]w ug{ jf p;nfO{ k/f:t ug{ / gof“ ;Qfsf] /Iff ug{
;S5 eGg] s'/fsf] phfu/ ub{5 . h:t} jflS;nf, /fvf, afsfrf]n, b]p/fnL,
P]+;]n'vs{, em'n] 8f“8f, n]lSvdsf] eL8Gtdf p;n] 7"nf] Iflt a]xf]g'{ k/]sf]
5 . hgd'lQm ;]gf;“u k/flht eP/ ax'nfPsf] zfxL ;]gfn] ;j{;fwf/0f lgbf]{if
hgtfsf] xTof ug]{ u/]sf] 5, of] p;sf] k/flht dfgl;stfsf] pkh xf] . o;n]
b'Zdgsf] l:yltsf] af/]df kbf{kmf; u/]sf] 5, o;n] s] hgfp“5 eg] hgtfsf]
;'/Iffsf] lhDd]jf/L hgd'lQm ;]gfn] lng'kg]{ b]lvG5 . ;du| hg;d'bfonfO{ g}
kmf}hLs[t u/]sf] v08df dfq} ufp“ / cfºgf] ;'/Iff ;Dej 5 . o;y{ clxn] xfdL
ufp“sf] ;'/Iff ug{ hgldlnl;ofsf] u7g ub}{ kl/rfng ug]{ k|lqmofdf nfluk/]sf
5f}+ .
k'/fgf] ;+/rgf Wj+zkZrft\ gof“ ;Qfn] s] slt
lgdf{0fsf] sfd u/]sf] 5 <
Wj+z
:j+odf lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ xf] . s'g} klg k'/fgf] j:t'sf] Wj+z ljgf gof“sf]
lgdf{0f c;Dej 5 . Wj+z ug'{ eg]sf] lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] . g]kfnL ;dfhsf]
?kfGt/0fsf] lglDt jfwssf] ?kdf /x]sf] k'/fgf] pTkfbg ;DaGwsf] Wj+z u/L gof“ pTkfbg
;DaGw sfod ug'{ jt{dfg cfGbf]ngsf] k|d'v sfo{ef/ xf] . clxn] xfd|f] ljz]if
lhNnf Pj+ u|fdL0f If]qx?df k'/fgf] pTkfbg ;DaGwsf] Wj+z;“u} gof“ pTkfbg ;DaGw
sfod x'“b} uPsf] 5 . o'4sfndf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfdx? klg b'Zdgn] Wj+z ug]{
ePsf] sf/0f xfdLn] To;sf] /Iff ug{ ;Sg] 7fp“df / ;fj{hlgs :ynx?df lgdf{0fsf
sfdx? ePsf 5g\ . xfdLn] clxn] k"n, af6f], rf}tf/f], wf/f, s'jf,
ljBfno, rf}/x? cflb lgdf{0f u/]sf 5f}+ . To;}u/L cfwf/e"t cfjZostf
k"/f ug{ /f]huf/ l;h{gf ug]{, ljlQo ;d:of xn ug]{, s[lifdf gof“ k|ljlw leq\ofpg],
:jf:Yo lzlj/x? ;~rfng ug]{ nufotsf sfo{x? z'? ug{ uO/x]sf 5f}+ .
;+/rgf t lgdf{0f eof] eGg'eof] t/ zfxL ;]gfn]
tkfO“x?n] u/]sf lgdf{0fx? eTsfPsf] 5 t <
cfkm"
klg lgdf{0f gug]{ c?n] lgdf{0f u/]sf] klg b]Vg g;Sg] k'/fgf] ;Qf / ;]gfsf]
af“b/] k|j[lt xfdL ;a}nfO{ cjut eO;s]sf] s'/f xf] . hgtfn] lgdf{0f u/]sf
;+/rgfx? Wj+z ug'{ p;sf] wd{ jf rl/q g} xf], of] p;sf] k/flht dfgl;stfsf] pkh
xf] . hgtfx? cfkm'n] lgdf{0f u/]sf ;+/rgfx/sf] /Iff ug{ cfkm} tof/ x'g'
kb{5 / xfd|f] hgd'lQm ;]gf klg lgld{t ;+/rgfsf] /Iff ug{ / zfxL cd]l/sL
;]gfnfO{ k/f:t ug{ p2[t /x]sf] 5 .
ljz]if lhNnfnfO{ ljz]if agfpg s] s:tf kxn ePsf 5g\
t <
ev{/} dfq
ljz]if lhNnfsf] u7g ePsf] xf] / xfdLn]] ev{/} lh=h=;= 3f]if0ff u/L a}7s ;DkGg
u/]sf 5f}+ . pQm a}7sn] ljz]if lhNnfdf /x]sf ;fgf 3/]n' pBf]ux?nfO{
k|f]T;fxg lbg] / To;sf] ;+/If0f / ;Djåg ug]{ gLlt lnPsf] 5 . xfdLn]
lj:tf/} :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] ahf/ k|jb{g ug]{ / oxf‘ cfoft x'g] vfB j:t'x? ldlt
l;lWbPsf cfpg] / dx+uf] x'gfn] To;sf] ljsNkdf :yfgLo :t/df j:t'x?sf] pTkfbgsf]
tof/L ul//x]sf 5f}+ . h:t} xln{S; pBf]u, 8«fOld6 pBf]u, sfuh pBf]u, cNnf]
pBf]u cflb /x]sf 5g\ eg] cGo If]qdf klg To;sf] s]xL ;f]+r ljrf/ ul//x]sf
5f}+ .
xfd|f]
Gofo ;Dkfbg juL{o ;dfhsf] ;+/rgfdf cfwfl/t tyf j}1flgs / ;j{;'ne /xg]
u/]sf] 5 . ;s];Dd hgtfaf6
k'g/fj]bg gcfcf];\ eg]/ ulx/f] cg';Gwfg ug]{ u/]sf 5f}+ . ;fy} Gofo ;ldlt
dfkm{t hgcbfnt u7g u/L hgtfx?sf] /f]xj/df d'2f l5Gg] sfd u/]sf 5f}+ .
xfd|f] lhNnf / Onfsf :t/sf Goflos ;ldlt dfkm{t d'2f l5Gg] sfd ePsf] 5 .
xfdL ;s];Dd ufp‘:t/df em} emu8f g} gxf];\ / ;a}sf] Wofg em} emu8fsf] jLpm
k'/fgf] /fHo;Qfsf] cGTosf] lgldQ s]lGb|t xf];\ eGg] rfxfG5f}+ . o'4 kZrft\
ufp‘3/df em} emu8f s]xL sd ePsf] klg 5 .
ljz]if lhNnfn] ldlnlzof Knf6'g agfPsf] ;'lgG5, s'g
cjwf/0ffn] ldlnzLof Knf6'gsf] u7g ePsf] 5 <
ljz]if
lhNnfn] ldlnl;of Knf6'g agfPsf] s'/f ;To xf] . xfd|f] hgd'lQm ;]gfdf b'O{
zlQmsf] cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf; k|r08kyn] u/]sf] 5 . k|r08kyn] cfd hg;d'bfox?sf]
;z:q ;d'Gb|sf] kl/If0f u/]sf] 5 . clxn] d'Vo zlQmdf hgd'lQm ;]gf g]kfn /
;xfos zlQmdf hgldlnl;of n8fs' / pTkfbs /x]sf] 5 . of] cjwf/0ff cfd hgtfsf]
;'/Iff / cfd hgtfnfO{ ;z:qLs[t u/fpg] p2]Zodf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 .
ls/f“t k|b]z lsg k'/fgf] ;Qfåf/f pk]lIFt ePsf] xf]
eGg] nfU5 <
k[YjLgf/fo0f
zfxsf] g]kfn Plss/0f cleofgdf ls/f“tLx? :jtM ;fd]n geP/ pN6f] k|lt/f]wdf
pq] . To;sf] cnfjf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ ls/f“t k|b]z sJhf ug{ 7"nf]
;ª\3if{ ug'{ k¥of] eg] ls/f“tL hgtfx?n] cfºgf] :jtGq /fHo /Iffsf] nflu hLjg
d/0fsf] ;ª\3if{ ug{ kl5 x6]gg\ . ;ft jif{;Ddsf] ;Demf}tflxg k|lt/f]w o'4
kZrft\ lsk6 clwsf/ lbg] gfddf ls/f“tLx?sf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ vf]l;g
uof] . ls/f“tLx?n] cfºgf] /fhg}lts :jflwgtf u'dfO{ lxGb' cltjfbsf] hf“tf]
d'lg lklN;g afWo kf/]sfn] ljleGg ;dodf k6s–k6s ljb|f]x ub}{ cfPsf lyP /
5g\ . k'/fgf] ;QfnfO{ cem};Dd ls/f“tLx?n] cfºg} :jtGq /fHosf] nflu
;ª\3if{df plqG5g eGg] qf; k}bf eO/x]sf] 5 . ls/f“tLx?n] Ouf] ;fWg] qf;n]
g} ls/f“tLx? k|ltlqmofjfbL ;Qfåf/f pk]lIft 5g\ eGg] nfU5 . t;y{ h;n]
k'/fgf] ;QfnfO{ rfs8L ub{5 jf ;xif{ :jLsf/ ub{5 / lxGb' cltjfb tyf ;fdGtjfbsf]
ho–hosf/ ufp“5 p;n] dfq} /fHo ;Qf / sd{rf/L tGqdf :yfg kfp“b5 . ;fy}
rf]df]n'ªdf h:t} pRr efjgf / ;d'Gb| h:t} ulx/f] Oltxf; af]s]sf ls/f“tLx? lxGb'
cltjfb Pj+ ;fdGtjfbsf] rfs8L, rfKn';L / u'0fufg ug{ tof/ /x]gg\ / /xg] klg 5}gg\, clkt' pgLx?df ;bf ;j{bf
abnfsf] efj /lx/\of] ToxL sf/0f ls/f“tL hfltx? dfq geO l;¨f] ls/f“t k|b]z g}
k'/fgf] ;Qfåf/f pk]lIft ePsf] xf] .
t/ ls/f“t
hfltx?sf] lg/Gt/ ;ª\3if{n] cfh ljho k|fKt u/]sf] 5, /fdk|;fb /fO{ nufot xf]gxf/
ls/f“tL of]4fx?sf] ck"/f] cw"/f] ;kgf ;fsf/ ePsf] 5 .
ls/f“tLx?sf] ;ª\3if{ / /utsf] pRr ;Ddfg ePsf] 5 . cem ljz]if lhNnfd}
ls/f“t :jfoQ u0ftGq hg;/sf/sf] 3f]if0ff sfo{qmd ;DkGg ug{ kfp“bf xfd|f] ljz]if
lhNnf cToGt} efUodfgL / pT;flxt ePsf] 5 . ls/f“tLx?n] cfºgf] efUosf]
lgdf{0f cfkm}n] ug]{ ;'gf}nf] cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . o;n] k'/fgf] ;QfnfO{
Wj+z ug{ / ljb|f]x ;+ul7t ug{ cem dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 .