|
jif{ !# c+s @#, a}zfv @@ , @)^! Year 13, Issue 23, May 04, 2004 |
j}1flgs ;dfhjfbdf gof“ cflj:sf/MPSsfO;f}+ ztfJbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf;
;'bz{g
æk|ltqmflGtsf cg'ejx?n] xfdLnfO{
ljutsf qmflGtdf x'g uPsf ;Ldf / sdhf]/Laf6 lzIff lng k|]l/t ub{5g\ eg]
lj1fg-k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljsf;n] xfdLnfO{ qmflGtsf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltdf >[hgfTds
ljsf; ug{ k|]l/t ub{5g\ . dfgj ;dfhsf] o'uLg ljsf;sf b[li6n] cfh klg ljZj
;fd|fHojfb / ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf] o'udf g} /x]sf] eP tfklg cfTdut / j:t'ut
kl/l:yltdf cfPsf pk/f]Qm dxTjk"0f{ kl/jt{gx?n] cfhsf] ;j{xf/fsf cufl8 7f];
kl/l:yltsf] 7f]; ljZn]if0fsf cfwf/df cfkm\gf ljrf/ / /0fgLltx?nfO{ ljsf; /
kl/dfh{g ug'{ kg]{ cfjZostf pkl:yt ePsf] 5 .Æ!+ -cWoIf s=k|r08
!_
sfn{ dfS;{n] ;g\ !*$*-!*%)sf] km|fG;]nL qmflGt / k|ltqmflGtsf] ;ldIff ub}{
eGg'ePsf] lyof]-ægof+ qmflGt Pp6f gof+ ;+s6sf] kl/0ffdsf ?kdf ;Dej 5 . Tof]
To:t} k|sf/n] cjZo+efjL 5, h'g k|sf/n] ;+s6 .Æ@ g]kfnL qmflGtsf] ;Gbe{df
dxfg\ dfS;{sf] of] pb\uf/ nfu" ePsf] 5 . Psflt/ ljZj sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf
cfPsf] k|ltqmflGtsf/L ;+s6 / csf]{lt/ ljZj ;fd|fHojfbdf cfPsf] ;+s6sf] kl/0ffd
gof+ ;+s6 ag]sf] 5 . olx ;+s6sf] aLraf6 g]kfnL qmflGtsf] Pskl5 csf]{ ljhon]
ljZj qmflGtsf] jLhf/f]k0f u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] of] Pp6f gof+ qmflGt ;fljt ePsf] 5
. qmflGtsf] kxnsbdL ug'{ dfq 7"nf] s'/f xf]Og\, d'Vo s'/f t qmflGtnfO{
ljhoL agfpg / k|ltqmflGt /f]sL qmflGtnfO{ l6sfO/xg ;xL sfo{lbzf klg cfjZos k5{
.
olb
;j{xf/fju{sf] cu|b:tfn] 7f]; kl/l:yltsf] 7f]; ljZn]if0f / Oltxf;sf]
cfjZostfnfO{ dgg u/L ;xL ljrf/wf/fTds tyf /fhgLlts sfo{lbzf cfljisf/ Pj+
lgdf{0f ug{ ;s]g eg] qmflGtsf hlt;'s} /0fe]/L ah]klg >dhLjL tyf
;j{xf/fju{sf] ljho ;Dej x'b}g . To;sf/0f sfn{ dfS;{n] eGg' ePsf]
5-ædhb"/x?;+u ;kmntfsf] Pp6f tTj 5-Tof] xf] ;+Vof . k/Gt' ;+Vof ta
lg0ff{os x'G5, ha hg;fwf/0f ;+u7gdf Pstfa4 x'G5g / 1fgn] pgLx?sf] g]t[Tj u5{ .Æ#
pxf+n] of] s'/f k|yd cGt{/fli6«osf] pb\3f6g 3f]if0ffdf eGg'ePsf] xf] . Tof]
g]t[Tj ug]{ 1fg eg]sf] sfo{lbzf g} xf] . n]lggn]-æqmflGtsf/L l;4fGt ljgf
qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ng x'g ;Qm}gÆ$ eGg' ePsf] 5 . dfcf]n] cem cl3 a9]/
eGg' ePsf] 5-æ ljrf/wf/fTds tyf /fhgLlts sfo{lbzf ;xL jf unt x'g'n] ;a}sf]
s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f u5{ . ha kf6L{sf] sfo{lbzf ;xL x'G5, ta ;a} rLhx? o;sf] dfu{df
cfpg]5g\ . olb cg'ofoLx? 5}gg\ eg] cg'ofoLx? cfpg] 5g\, olb aGb's 5}g eg] aGb's
cfpg]5g\, olb /fHo ;Qf 5}g eg] /fHo ;Qf cfpg]5 . olb sfo{lbzf ;xL 5}g eg] ePsf]
klg ;a} u'Dg] 5 .Æ% ctM dfS;{jfb-n]lggjfb-dfcf]jfbsf] oflGqs ?kdf
xf]Og / ;+zf]wgjfbL >[hgzLntfÆdf xf]Og, qmflGtsf/L >[hgfTdstfsf cfwf/df
k|r08kysf] /fhg}lts sfo{lbzf PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfbsf ?kdf ljsf; ePsf] 5 .
o; n]vdf PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfb lsg cfjZos k¥of] < eGg] k|Zgdf 5nkmn
ul/+b}5 .
@_æPSsfO;f}+
ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf;af/]Æ ljZn]if0f ug]{ qmddf cWoIf sd/]8 k|r08n] o;sf]
k|]/ssf ?kdf d'VotM b'O{j6f s'/fdf hf]8 lbg' ePsf] 5 -æljutsf qmflGtdf x'g uPsf
;Ldf / sdhf]/Laf6 lzIffÆ / ælj1fg-k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljsf; .Æ
s'/fsf]
z'?jft klxnf] k|]/saf6} u/f},+ cWoIf s= k|r08n] æPSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf]
ljsf;Æ gfds k|:tfj tof/ kfg]{ k[i7e"lddf eGg' ePsf] 5 -æxfdLn] km|fG;sf]
k]l/; sDo'gb]lv rLgsf] dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f“:s[lts qmflGt;Ddsf cg'ej tyf ;dsfnLg
ljZj kl/l:yltsf gof+ ljz]iftfx?sf] klxrfg ub}{
kf6L{, ;]gf / ;Qfsf] ;DaGw, ;+/rgf / ;+rfngsf] gof+ ljlwsf] ljsf; ug{ h?/L
5 .Æ^ lsg ;of+}, xhf/f}, nfvf}, s/f]8f}+ dflg;x?sf] alnbfgaf6
;';DkGg qmflGtsf] w/f]x/ ;dfhjfbL b]zx?df k|ltqmflGt eof] < k|lts"n
cj:yfdf qmflGt ;DkGg eP / cg's"n cj:yfdf k|ltqmflGt eP, lsg <
k|ltqmflGtsf] nflu cfTdut kIf -Subjective Aspect_ lhDd]jf/ 5 ls j:t'ut kIf
-Objective Aspect_< eljiodf k|ltqmflGt /f]Sg ;lsg] s'g} pkfo 5 < oL
k|Zgx?n] PSsfO;f} ztfAbLsf qmflGtsf/L sDo'lgi6x?nfO{ e"t, jt{dfg /
eljiosf] hjfkm dfu]sf 5g\ . s= cWoIfn] e"tsfnsf] qmflGtsf cg'ej / ;dsfnLg
ljZjsf] ljz]iftfx? klxrfg u/L tLg hfb"ul/ xltof/sf] ;DaGw, ;+/rgf /
;~rfgsf] ljlwsf] ?kdf h'g PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfb cfljisf/ ug'{ eof], To;n]
oL k|Zgx?sf] hjfkm lbPsf] 5 . cWoIf s= k|r08n] x/]s qmflGtn] eLif0f
k|ltqmflGt;+u 6Ss/ l+nb} cl3 a95 eGg] s'/fnfO{ jf/Daf/ hf]8 lbg' ePsf] 5 .
xfd|f] qmflGtsf] hLjGt ju{ ;+3if{ / b'O{nfO{g ;+3if{df klg k|ltqmflGtsf lj?4
lg/Gt/ ;+3if{ hf/L 5 . of] lj1fgsf] lgodnfO{ ks8]/ ljho xfFl;n x'b}+ uPsf] 5 .
ctPj g]kfnL hgqmflGt :jo+n] PSsfO;f}+
ztfAbLsf] hgjfb k}bf ug{ k|]l/t ug'{ :jfefljs 5 . ;dsfnLg ljZjdf kxn ul/Psf
qmflGtx?sf] ult dGbtf / k]?df vfPsf] wSsfn] klg ljrf/ / /0fgLltx?df ljsf; tyf
kl/dfh{g ug{ dfu ul//x]sf] 5 .
bf]>f]
k|]/s, lj1fg tyf k|ljlwdf ePsf] tLj| ljsf; xf] . k|s[lt lj1fg tyf ;dfh lj1fgsf
s'g} klg zfvfx?df ePsf] gof+ cfljisf/n] lj1fgsf] lj1fg dfn]dfjfbnfO{ k'li6 ub}{
cfPsf] s'/f Oltxf;df ;fIfL 5 . 8flj{g nufotsf ;dsfnLg k|fs[lts j}1flgsx? /
n'O{;\ df]u{g h:tf g[zf:qLx?sf] vf]hn] dfS;{-P+u]N;sf] åGåfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s
ef}ltsjfbnfO{ k'li6 u/]sf lyP . cfOG;6fOgsf] ;fk]Iftfjfbsf] l;4fGt / cGo vf]hn]
n]lggjfbsf] k'li6 u/]sf lyP . dfcf]jfbsf] Ps b'O{df ljefhgsf] l;4fGtnfO{ c0f'
dfq x}g On]S6«f]g / Go"6«g klg
ljefhg x'G5 eGg] vf]hn] k|dfl0ft u¥of] . To;}n] dfcf] eGg' x'G5 æd ;fDojfb
ljleGg r/0fx?df ljeflht x'g] 5}g / s'g} u'0ffTds kl/j{tg x'g] 5}g eGg] s'/fdf
ljZjf; ulb{g . n]lggn] eGg'ePsf] 5 ls ;a} rLhx? ljeflht x'g ;S5g\ ==c0f' dfq
ljefHo 5}g, Onf]S6«f]g klg ljefHo 5 . klxn] t of] ljefhg x'b}g eGg] ts{
ul/GYof] . lj1fg zfvfn] cf0fljs s]Gb| -Neucleus_ km'6fpg ;dlk{t ePsf] ;do cem}
w]/} t?0f 5, hDdf jL; jf tL; jif{ ePsf] 5 . xfn;fn} j}1flgsx?n] cf0fljs s]Gb|sf
cjojx? kQf nufPsf 5g . h:tf] k|f]6«g-PG6Lk|f]6«g, Go"6«g-PG6«LGo"6«g,
d];g-PG6Ld]zg . oL t jhgbf/ 5g\, Toxf+ cem} xNsf klg 5g\ .Æ&
dfcf]sf] of] ljZn]if0fn] s] atfp5 eg]
vf]hL ug{ w]/} afsL 5 .
cfh
lj1fgdf :6]kmg xls+usf] cfOG:6fOgsf] ;fk]Iftfjfb / SjfG6d l;4fGtsf] ;+of]hgjf6
ag]sf] gof+ l;4fGtn] k|r08kysf] ;dfof]hg -Fusion_ sf] l;4fGtnfO{ k'li6 ug]{
s'/f lglZrt 5 . ljB'tLo k|0ffnLdf ePsf] u'0ffTds ljsf;n] ;"rgf tyf
;+rf/sf] Aofks e"dG8nLs/0f ePsf] 5
. o;n] ubf{ e"uf]nsf lx;fjn] k[YjLsf] h'g;'s} s'gfdf /x] klg dflg;x?n]
ljZjsf ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds 36gfx? t'?Gt yfxf kfO/x]sf 5g\ . o;sf] oy{ pgLx?
;fd|fHojfbL / k|lts[ofjfbL ultlalwsf ;"rgf dfq kfpb}gg\ ;+;f/sf Gofok|]dL
cfjfh / sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/Lx?sf ultljlw klg ;'Gb5g\ / a'em\b5g\ . ;j{xf/f Pj+ >lds hg;d'bfon] l56f]-l56f] ;xL / unt
s'/fsf] 1fg xfl;n ul//x]sf 5g\ / ug]{5g\ . ;fd|fHojfb / k|lts[ofjfbsf lj?4 ljZj
qmflGt xfjL x'b}+ hf“bf dflg;x?sf] r]tgf, ljsf;df tLj|tf cfpg] 5 . cw{-;fdGtL
tyf cw{-cf}klgj]lzs b]zsf] gof+ hgjfbL qmflGt klg Tolt nfdf] x'g] 5}g . gof+
hgjfb, ;dfhjfb / ;fDojfbsf] ult tLj| ePsf] 5 . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf]
ce"tk"j{ ljsf;n] cfly{s hutnfO{ klg l56f] ljsf; ug{ d2t k'\¥ofp“5 .
pTkfbs zlQmsf]->ldsx?_r]tgfdf cfPsf] tLj|tfn] k'/fgf] pTkfbg ;DaGwnfO{ l56f]
eTsfO{ lbG5 / gof+ :yfkgf ub}{ hfg] s'/f klg lglZrt x'G5 . tbg'?k /fHo;Qf /
/fhgLltdf cyjf j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] If]qdf gof+ vf]h x'g' cfjZos 5 lsgeg] n]lggsf
zAbdf -æ /fhgLlt eg]sf] cy{tGqsf] s]Gb|Lo cleAolQ xf] .Æ* /fhgLltsf]
;]jf ug]{ bz{g, g}lts lj1fg, ;flxTo-snf Pj+ ;f}Gbo{ zf:q, sfg"g, lzIff
cflbdf klg ljsf; x'g' h?/L 5 / eO/x]sf] 5 .
lj1fg
/ k|ljlwdf k|lts[ofjfbL tyf ;fd|fHojfbL lgoGq0f eP tfklg To;sf jf:tljs
cfljisf/s, k|of]ustf{ / ;+rfns pTkLl8t hg;d'bfo g} x'g\ . k|r08kysf] bz{g
cg';f/ gsf/fTds rLhnfO{ ;sf/fTdsdf abNg ;lsG5 . sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf ePsf uNtL
sdhf]/Lx?af6 h'g k|ltqmflGt eof] / ;fd|fHojfbsf] ljiffn' k|rf/n] tL
hg;d'bfonfO{ s]xL e|ddf kf/] klg @!cf}} ztfAbLsf] hgjfbn] Tof] e|d ;kmf ub}{
hfg] 5 .
#_ ca hfp, @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfb
eg]sf] s] xf] / o;sf ljz]iftf tyf p2]Zox? s] s] x'g\ < eGg] k|Zgx? lt/ .
;j{k|yd,
PSsf;f} ztfAbLsf] hgjfb eg]sf] blIf0fk+yL ;+zf]wgjfb tyf h8;"qLo
;+zf]wgjfbn] ljZj sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf y'kf/]sf] k|ltqmflGtsf] kmf]x/sf] 8+u'/
;kmf ug]{ ljrf/ / ljlw xf] . kmf]x/ olt y'lk|Psf] 5 ls sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng,
æclhogsf] tj]nfÆ e};s]sf] 5 / Tof] kmf]x/ ;kmf ug{ dfd'nL pkfon] x'+b}g,
æxs'{;nÆ g} rflxG5 . ;g\ !&*( b]lv !*$* ;Dd rn]sf -klxn] ;fdGtjfb lj/f]wL
k"“hLjfbL / kl5 k"“hLjfb lj/f]wL ;j{xf/fjfbL_ qmflGtn] Ps xb;Dd
k"“hLjfbL clhogsf] tj]nf ;kmf u/]/ :jtGq sDo'lgi6 wf/fsf] ljsf; u/L
dfS;{-P+u]N;sf] g]t[Tjdf dfS;{jfbL l;4fGt aGof] . k|yd cGt/f{li6«odf
k'Fw|f]k+yL c/fhstf / ;fDojfbsf] lvr8Lsf] ?kdf k}bf ePsf] jfs'lggk+yL clhogsf]
tj]nf klg k]l/; ljb|f]x kl5 x]u dxflwa]zgdf ;kmf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;j{xf/fju{sf]
c1fgtf cyjf k'/fgf] ;Qf k"0f{tM Wj:t gkfg'{ / s]Gb|Lo ;ldltn] ;Qf
sDo"gnfO{ l56\6} x:tfGt/0f ugf{n] ;g\ !*&! sf] dfr{ !* b]lv d] @* ;Dd
dfq rNof] / &@ lbgkl5 k|ltqmflGt eof] . ;g\ !*(% df P+u]N;sf] d[To'kl5
bf]>f] cGt{/fli6«osf] g]t[Tj jg{i6Lg / sfpT:sLsf] xftdf k¥of]] . tL b'j}n]
dfS;{jfbk|lt u2f/L u/] / ;+zf]wgjfbL clhogsf] tj]nf agfP . n]lggn] @%
cS6f]j/-&gf]e]Dj/_ df ?;df qmflGt u/]/ To;nfO{ ;kmf ug'{ eof] . n]lggsf]
d[To'kl5 n]lggjfbsf] /Iff ug]{ / ;dfhjfbnfO{ l6sfpg] g]s O/fbf x'bfx'b} klg
:6flngn] åGåfTds tyf P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfb xf]Og clwe"tjfbL Psdgfjfb k|of]u
ug{ k'Ug' eof] . sltko j]nf cln j9L lhb\bL u/]]/ k|:t't x'g' eof] . oxL sf/0fn]
ubf{ n]lggjfbsf] s8L 6'6\of] . :6flngsf] d[To' kl5 lgs]tf v|'Zr]esf ?kdf #^
jif{kl5 cfw'lgs ;+zf]wgjfb hGDof] . æo;sf h/fx? -dfcf]n] dd{sf ;fy eGg'ePsf]
5-e"tsfnsf 36gfx? leq ufl8Psf 5g\ . ;g\ !($% df pgLx?n] rLgnfO{ qmflGt
ug]{ cg'dlt lbPgg\ . :6flngn] xfdLnfO{ u[x o'4 xf]Og, Rof+sfO;]s;+u ;xsfo{ ug'{
k5{, gqeg] rLlgof /fi6« gi6 x'g]5 egL qmflGt /f]Sg rfxg''x'GYof] . t/ pxf“n]
eg]sf] xfdLn] dfg]gf+} . qmflGt ljho eof] . To;kl5 pxf“n] rLg o'uf]:nfleof
ePsf] / d rfxL bf]>f] l66f]] ePsf] ;+sf ug'{ eof] . To;kl5 d rLg ;f]ljot
d}qL tyf kf/:kl/s ;xof]u ;GwLdf x:tfIf/ ug{ df:sf] uP+ . xfd|f] csf{] ;+3if{
aGg uof] . pxf+sf] ;GwLdf x:tfIf/ ug{] dg lyPg . b'O{ dlxgfsf] jftf{ kl5 cGtdf
pxf“n] x:tfIf/ ug{'eof] . pxf“n] ;g\ !(%) b]lv xfdLdfly ljZjf; ug{ yfNg' eof],
h; a]nf cd]l/sfsf] k|lt/f]w ug'{ lyof] / sf]l/of cleofgdf ;xof]u ug'{ lyof] .
To;kl5 pxf+n] xfdLnfO{ l66f] / o"uf]:nfleof lyPgg\ egL ljZjf; ug'{ eof] .Æ(
:tflngsf
sdhf]/Lx?df 6]s]/ v'|Zrf]eL ;+zf]wgjfbn] km]l/ k'“hLjfbsf] k'g:yf{kgf
(Restoration) u¥of] . o;nfO{ lr/]/ hfg dfcf]n] dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f“:s[lts qmflGt
rnfpg' eof] t/ ca]nf eO;s]sf] lyof] . dfcf]sf] ;g\ !(&^ df d[To' eO;s]kl5
qmflGtsf/L pQ/flwsf/Lx?sf] lgk"0ftf k'u]g / k|ltqmflGt eof] . leotgfdn]
kf]t{'un, hfkfg, k|mfG; cGtdf cd]l/sL ;fd|fHojfbsf lj?4 $! jif{ n8]/ k|fKt
u/]sf] ljho k|ltqmflGtdf ablnof] . k"jL{ Plzofsf nfcf];, sDaf]l8of,
pQ/sf]l/of, d+uf]lnof ;a} 9n] . k"jL{ o"/f]ksf ?dflgof, cNjflgof,
j'Nu]l/of, r]sf]:nf]eflsof, o"uf]:nfleof-of] klxn] g} ;+zf]wgjfbL eof]_,
x+u]/L, kf]Nof08, k"jL{ hd{gL / Nofl6g cd]sl/sL So"jf ;a} tf;sf kQf
em} k|ltqmflGtdf ;f]Q/ eP . OG8f]g]lzof / rLnLdf pef/sf;fy cfGbf]ng cl3
al9/x]sf] a]nf lgdd{tfk"j{s bafOof] . lkmlnlkG; / k]?sf] hgo'4n] wSsf
vfof] . ;fd|fHojfbL / ;a} k|ltlqmofjfbLx?n] æ;fDojfbsf] d[To' eof]Æ eg]/
sf]sf]xf]nf] dRrfp“b} ltxf/ dgfP .
s]
o;af6 sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/Lx? lg/fz x'G5g t < lg/fz x'b}gg\, a? 7G8f
lbdfusf;fy k|ltqmflGtsf sf/0fx? vf]H5g\ . ;dfh ljsf;sf] Oltxf; 1fg gePsfx?,
sDo'lgi6 qmflGt;“u} ;fd|fHofjfb / xf/]sf]ju{ ldn]/ cfkm\gf] æu'd]sf] :ju{
kmsf{pg bz u'0f a9L tfutsf;fy nl8/x]sf] x'G5Æ eGg] 1fg gkfPsfx? / :jod
cfkm";+u} k'/fgf] ;dfhsf] cfbt af+sL 5 egL cfTd;+3if{ gug{]x? dfq lg/fz
x'g ;S5g\ . xhf/f}}+ jif{ k'/fgf] ;fdGtjfb Pj+ To;s} ;+:sf/ ;d]t af]s]/ cfPsf]
kf+r ;o jif{ k'/fgf] k"“hLjfbL ;fd|fHojfb / kl5Nnf] k|ltqmflGtsf] a]nfdf
!@*-;Qf ;+rfnsf] ?;df #^ / lrgdf @& jif{ dfq cg'ej ePsf]_jif{ dfq cg'ej
ePsf] dfS;{jfbsf aLrdf ePsf] n8fO{df cfwf ljZj lht]/ xfg'{ c:jfefljs lyPg . of]
k/fho If0fLs lyof] . cGttM Oltxf;df pbLodfg ju{s} ljho x'G5 .
@!cf}+
ztfAbLsf] hgjfbdf k|ltqmflGt x'g'df cfTdut kIf k|wfg / j:t'ut kIf uf}0f sf/0f
ePsf] s'/f 7x/ ul/Psf] 5 . eO/x]sf qmflGt / eljiodf ;DkGg x'g] qmflGtdf
k|ltqmflGt x'g glbg dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] prfO{ o;df ylkPsf] 5 .
of] k'/fgf] ;QfnfO{ Wj:t kfg{] dfq xf]Og k'/fgf] cfbtnfO{ Wj:t kfg{] ljrf/ / ljlw
xf] . Oltxf;df k|ltqmflGt x'g'sf] d"n sf/0f s] lyof] eg] gof+ larf/wf/f
tyf ;Qf / k'/fgf] ;+:sf/ Pj+ cfbtaLrsf] cGt/la/f]w xn gx'g' . To; sf/0f
k|r08kyn] of] dd{nfO{ a'em]/ @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf rNg] s'g} klg sDo'lgi6 qmflGt
laz'4 /fhg}lts qmflGt dfq xf]O{g ;f“:s[lts qmflGt ;d]t x'g] s'/fdf hf]8 lbO{
of] larf/ / ljlwsf] lasf; u/]sf] 5 .
To;
sf/0f /fhg}lts ;Qf;“u} cfbtsf] ;Qf g9flnsg k|ltqmflGt /f]Sg ;lsb}g . o;af/]
Psk6s dfn]dfjfb / k|r08kysf k|:yfkgfx? af/] larf/ u/f}+ . k]l/; sDo"gsf]
k/fhosf] ;ldIff ub}{ dfS;{n] eGg' ePsf] 5-æOltxf;åf/f lgld{t laNs'n} gof+
Aoj:yfsf] k|foM o:t} b'ef{Uo x'G5 ls To;nfO{ ;fdflhs hLjgsf k'/fgf / oxf+;Dd ls
lghL{j Aoj:yf;+u s]xL ;+b[Zo x'g'n] dflg;x?df To;}sf] k|ltd"lt{ 7fGg] e|d
kg{ hfG5 . cGttM cfw'lgs /fHo;QfnfO{ eTsfpg] of] gof+ sDo"gnfO{ Tof]
/fHo;Qf-k"FhLjfbL-n]=_ eGbf klxNo} 36]sf] / kl5 ljBdfg /fHo;Qfsf] cfwf/
ag]sf] dWoo'uLg sDo"gsf] k|lt?k 7flgof].æ!) of] clttlt/ dfq
kms{g] cfbtsf] kl/0ffd lyof] . oxL uNtL @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfbnfO{ u|x0f ug{]
;jfndf klg x'g;S5 . dflg;x?n] k]l/; sDo"gnfO{ gof+ b]v]gg\, a? dWoo'uLg
sDo"g 7fg] h'g k“"hLjfbsf] cfwf/ lyof] . n]lggn] eGg' ePsf]
5-æjf:tjdf olb s;}n] ;fgf] uNtLdf c8\8L lnG5, To;sf] cf}lrTo l;4 ug{ clws uDeL/
ts{ vf]Hg yfN5 / To;nfO{ æclGtd ;LdfÆ;Dd k'¥ofO{lbG5 eg] Tof] ;fgf] uNtLn]
ljeT;, lj/f6 ?k wf/0f ug{ k'U5 .Æ!! z'?df k|ltqmflGtsf/L x'G5' jf
;+zf]wgjfbL x'G5' eGg] s'/f 3]/} dflg;x? ;f]Rb}gg\ xf]nf . jg{li6g, sfpT:sL,
Kn]vfgf]e, 6«f6\:sL, v'|Zr]e, t]ª ;a}n] /fd|} u/]sf 5f} eGg] 7fg] xf]nfg\ . uNtLsf] 9fs5f]k ug]{ / cfkm\gf unt
ts{nfO{ k'li6 ug{ c8\8L lng] k'/fgf] cfbt 5'6]g / ljeT;, lj/f6 ;+zf]wgjfbL ag]
. lgDg k"“hLjfbL k'/fgf] cfbt slt vt/gfs x'G5 eGg] s'/fdfly hf]8 lbb}
csf]{ 7fp“df n]lggn] eGg' eof]-ænfvf}+-s/f]8f}+ dflg;x?sf] cfbtsf] tfut Pp6f
w]/} 8/nfUbf] tfut x'G5 .Æ!@ oxL cfbtsf lj?4sf] qmflGt g} sd/]8
dfcf]sf] g]t[Tjdf rn]sf] dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;+F:s[lts qmflGt xf] . To;sf] p2]Zojf/]
pxf+ eGg' x'G5-æk"“hLjfbL af6f] ;dft]sf ;Qfwf/Lx?sf lj?4 ;+3if{ ug'{
d"Vo sfd xf], t/ of] s'g} p2]Zo xf]Og . ljZj b[li6sf]0fsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg
ug'{ o;sf] p2]Zo xf] . of] ;+zf]wgjfbsf h/f pv]Ng] k|Zg xf] .Æ!# gof+
ljrf/wf/fn] dflg;sf] lbdfuaf6 k'/fgf] cfbtnfO{ ga9fl/sg gof+ b[li6sf]0f aGg
;Qm}g . k'/fgf] cfbtdf g} ;+zf]wgjfbsf h/f ufl8Psf 5g\ . dfcf]sf] oxL egfO dfly
hf]8 lb+b} æ;a} /fIf; / bfgjx?nfO{ a9f/Æ lzif{sdf To; a]nfsf] …hgb}lgsÚn]
;DkfbsLodf n]v]sf lyof]-ædxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] p2]Zo zf]ifs ju{åf/f
kflnt-kf]lift / xhf/f}+ jif{b]lv dflg;x?sf] lbdfunfO{ ljiffn' agfPsf ;a} k'/fgf
ljrf/wf/f tyf ;“:s[lt / ;a} rfn-rng tyf cfbtx? pGd"ng ug'{ dfq xf]Og= a?
hgtfx?sf aLraf6 k"0f{tM gof“ ljrf/wf/f tyf ;“:s[lt / k"0f{tM gof+
rfnrng tyf cfbt >[hgf ug'{ / kfngkf]if0f ug'{ klg xf] .Æ!$
cWoIf
sd/]8 k|r08n] eGg' ePsf] 5-æljrf/ cg';f/ ;+u7g / ;+:s[lt jf ;+u7g / ;+:s[lt
cg';f/ ljrf/ < of] k|Zg olta]nf cfGbf]ngsf] dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg ag]sf] 5 .
lglZrt ?kdf qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] k|oTg gof+ ljrf/ cg';f/ ;+u7g / ;+:s[ltdf
?kfGt/0fsf nflu ;+3if{ x'g' k5{ .Æ!% cem a9L dd{sf ;fy xfn;fn}
pxf+n] Pp6f cGt{jftf{df eGg' ePsf] 5-æ;a}eGbf v8\sg] ljifo Psflt/ PSsfO;f} ztfAbLdf
hgjfbsf] ljsf;sf] ljrf/ / csf]{lt/ ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf, sfo{z}nL / ;+:sf/sf jLrsf]
cGt/la/f]w xf] .Æ!^
olb
xfdL s'/f k|r08ky / @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfbsf s'/f u5f}+, t/ Aojxf/ rf+lx ;fdGtL
tyf lgDg k"“hLjfbL u5f}{+, s'/f hgtfsf aLrdf uP/ z'l4s/0f x'g] u5f}, t/
hgtf dfly x}sd rnfP/ af]Ng] aftfj/0f lbb}gf}+, cfd hgtf ;}lgsLs/0fsf] s'/f
u5f}}++}{, t/ cfkm} ;}lgsLs/0f x'g lxlRsrfp5+}f}, a}7s e]nfdf Aofks hgjfbsf]
k|of]u ub}{gf+}, hgjfbsf] s'/f ubf{ s]Gb|Lotf e'N5f}+ / s]Gb|Lotf k|of]u ubf{
hgjfb e'N5f}+ eg] a'em\g' k5{ xfdLn] gof+ larf/ a'em]sf /x]g5f}, a'‰g' k5{-cfbt
k'/fg} /x]5 . @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfb eg]sf] gt gf]s/zfxL tGq xf] gt c/fhstf .
of] t kf6L{, ;]gf / hg;QfnfO{ hglgoGq0f, hglgUf/fgL / hg;]jfsf] v'§of+;f] nufP/
;dfhjfbL cfbt k}bf ug{] lalw xf] . xfdLn] Aojxf/df lgofn]/ kf6L{leq x]¥of} eg]
b]lvG5-cfbt slt jlnof] 5 . ufpdf;+u} sfd ug{]+ ;fyLx? lyP eg] oxf+ cfPkl5 klg
5'§Lg dfGb}gg\, sfd ug{ 6f9f, ljs6 /
csf{] 7fp“df k7fO lbof] eg] sfjf{xL u/]sf] 7flgG5= dflyNnf] sldl6df a;]sf]
AolQm tNnf] sldl6df cf]n{g rfxb}g, s'g} hdfgfdf a;]sf] u'6 cg'zf;gsf] cfbt cem}
/x]sf] x'G5, tLg u/, tLg gu/ af/Daf/ eGbf klg klxnf] tLg ub{}g, bf]>f] tLg
u5{ cflb . olb xfdL lab|f]xsf] ;+u7g agfpbf km]l/ klg kf“r hgfsf] O{sfO agfp5f}
/ xhf/f}sf] hgkmd{]zg tof/ ub{}gf} eg] lab|f]x x'g ;Sb}g . gof+ hg;Qfsf] r'gfj
ubf{ km]l/ klg k'/fg} tf}/tl/sf nfu' ul/of] eg] gof+ x'g ;Sb}g . cfly{s tyf
ljlQo ;jfndf kf6L{sf] ;Dklt t xf] eg]/ hyfefaL vr{ ug{, P]zcf/fd ug{],
dfn;fdgx?sf] ;'/Iff gug{], hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ eGbf sfo{stf{ tyf g]tfsf] hLjg:t/
dfly x'g] s'/fx?n] km]l/ gof+ ju{ ghlGdPnf < cjZo hGdG5, To;sf/0f cfbtsf]
;Qf g9flnsg gof+ kf6L{, gof+ ;]gf / gof+ ;Qf jGg ;Sb}g . of] dxfg\ hgjfbsf]
k|s[ofdf v/fj cfbtx? lg:s“b} hfg]5g / lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] bf}/fgdf ljnf]k x“'b}
hfg] 5g\ . t/ ;fk]Iftfdf o;sf] lg/fs/0f ug}{k5{ . oxL xf]-clhogsf] tj]nf ;kmf
ug{] lhDd]jf/L eg]sf] .
@!cf}+
ztfAbLsf] hgjfb blIf0fk+GyL ;+zf]wgjfb / h8;"qLo ;+zf]wgjfbsf lj?4sf]
n8fO{ / >[hgzLn k|of]usf] kl/0ffd xf] . oxf+ k|r08kyn] s] s'/fdf ;ts{
agfPsf] 5 eg] ;+zf]wgjfbLx?n] h8;"qjfbsf] lj/f]w / >[hgzLntfsf] gfddf
dfS;{jfbnfO{ ljs[t kf/L k"“hLjfbdf kms{g] u/]sf 5g\ eg] h8;"qjfbLx?
Psnsf+6] / clwe"tjfbL agL qmflGtnfO{ kl5 kf/]sf 5g\ . cflv/ leGg af6f]af6
3'd]/ ltgLx? Pp6} rf]sdf k'Ub5g\ . oxf+ dfn]dfjfbsf ;fj{ef}d ;To l;4fGtnfO{
7f]; l:yltdf nfu" ug{] k|Zgdf >[hgzLn x'g] elgPsf] xf] . dfS;{jfb eGbf
aflx/ cyjf lj1fg aflx/ uP/ >[hgzLn x'g] eg]sf] k"“hLjfbL x'g' jf
;fd|fHojfbL x'g' xf] . dfS;{jfbsf efiosf/ Pj+ sfn{ dfS;{sf cgGo ldq P+u]N;n]
k|m]8l/s P8f]Nkm hf]u]{nfO{ @( gf]e]Da/ !**^ df n]v]sf] kqdf eGg' ePsf]
5-æxfd|f] l;4fGt h8;"q xf]Og, a? sfo{sf] kyk|bz{s xf] .Æ!&
;g\ !(!) df n]lggn]-ædfS;{jfb s'g} hLjgxLg h8;"q xf]Og, g t kl/k"0f{,
algagfpm, ckl/jt{gLo l;4fGt g}, a? sfo{df kyk|bz{s xf]Æ!* eGg' ePsf]
5 . dfcf]n] h'Qf cg';f/sf] v'§f xf]Og, v'§f cg';f/sf] h'Qf agfpg] s'/fdf hf]8
lbg'ePsf] 5 . pxf+n] >[hgzLn x'g] eg]sf] dfS;{jfbnfO{ 7f]; l:yltdf nfu"
ug{] / ;+zf]wgjfbaf6 leGg lrhnfO{ :yflkt ug{] s'/fdf Wofgfsif{0f u/L cf7f}+
dxflwj]zgsf] bf]>f] ;qdf af]Nb} ;g\ !(%* df eGg' ePsf] 5-æxfdLn] n]lgg k9\g}
k5{ / nfnem08f cem a9L nfn tyf cem a9L /fd|f];+u kmx/fpg ;fx;L x'g} k5{ xfdL
gof+ s'/fsf] kIfkf]if0f ug{ / leGg rLhnfO{ :yflkt ug{ ;fx;L x'g} k5{ .Æ!(
pxf+n] n]lgg k9\g o; sf/0fn] hf]8 lbg' ePsf] lyof] ls n]lggn] bf]>f]
cGt/f{li6«osf ;+zf]wgjfbL u4f/x?sf lj?4 n8]/ gof+ s'/fsf] kIfkf]if0f / gof+
rLhnfO{ :yflkt ug'{eof] .
s=
k|r08n] …@!cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] lasf;af/]Ú b:tfj]hdf eGg' ePsf] 5-æxfd|f]
kf6L{n] g]kfndf ;fdGtjfb / ;fd|fHojfbsf lj?4 hgjfbL qmflGtnfO{ g]t[Tj ug{]
;Gbe{df k|f/Deb]lv g} dfn]dfsf lzIffnfO{ h8;"qsf ?kdf xf]Og …sfdsf] ;hLj
dfu{ bz{sÚ sf ?kdf l;h{gfTds k|of]u / ljsf; ug{] s'/fdf hf]8 lbb} cfPsf] 5 .
g]kfnL qmflGtsf] 7f]; kl/l:ylt cg';f/ dfn]dfsf lzIffx?sf] k|of]u / lasf; ug{]
of] dxfg\ k|s[ofdf xfdLn] blIf0fk+GyL ;+zf]wgjfbsf ;fy} h8;"qLo
;+zf]wgjfbsf lj?4 ;d]t lgd{d ;+3if{ ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ .Æ@) pxf+n]
@!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfbsf] k|:tfjdfly AofVof ug{] ;Gbe{df dd{sf ;fy eGg'ePsf] lyof] ls æxfdL n]lgglt/
kms{]sf 5f} .Æ@) of] s'/f p7fpbf s] :ki6 kfl/Psf] 5 eg] dfn]dfjfbaf6
ljrng / To;d} cfhsf gof+ k|Zgx?sf] algagfpm tyf k"0f{ pQ/ vf]Hg] b'a}
k|j[lQ xflgsf/s 5g\ .
bf]>f],
@!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfb eg]sf] hgjfb / s]Gb|Lotf tyf :jtGqtf / clwgfosTjsf]
åGåfTds ;DjGwsf] gof+ lasf; xf] . of] sDo'lgi6 kf6L{, ;]gf, hg;Qf, hg;d'bfo, k|ltkIfL
bn / b'Zdgdfly nfu" x'g] ;du| Aoj:yf / ljlw xf] . ljutsf] /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o cfGbf]ngdf hgjfb / :jtGqtfsf gfddf c/fhstf k}bf x'g] tyf s]Gb|Lotf
/ clwgfosTjsf gfddf gf]s/zfxL Pj+ tfgfzfxL k|j[lt cfpg]\ u/]sf] Oltxf;nfO{
dWogh/ u/L o;sf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .
;aeGbf pRr / j}1flgs k|hftGq jf hgjfb -Democracy_ sDo'lgi6 kf6L}{ / sDo'lgi6
Aoj:yf -hgjfb tyf ;dfhjfb_ df g} x'G5, t/ qmflGtsf/Lx?s} sdhf]/L,
;+zf]wgjfbLx?sf] ;j{xf/f clwgfosTjsf gfddf a'h'{jf Pj+ kmf;LjfbL clwgfosTj / tL
sdhf]/L tyf ljs[ltaf6 kmfObf p7fP/ ;fd|fHojfbL Uj]aN; k|rf/n] ljZj hg;d'bfosf]
7"nf] lx:;fdf sDo'lgi6x? tfgfzfxL x'G5g\ eGg] e|d k/]sf] 5 . k|r08kyn]
xfdLnfO{ s] l;sfPsf] 5 eg] ;+zf]wgjfb xfjL eP/ dfq k|ltqmflGt eof] eGg] s'/f
;xfos xf] / qmflGtsf/Lx?n] åGåfTds ef}ltsjfbsf] ;xL tl/sfn] k|of]u ug{ ;s]Gfg\
eGg] s'/f k|d'v xf] . dfS;{, P]+uN;, n]lgg / dfcf]n] o;sf] ;xL k|of]u ug'{
ePsf] lyof] . :tflngn] hfg jf cGhfg ?kdf clwe"tjfb k|of]u ug'{ eof] .
lrofª\ lrª / rfª r'g, rfcf]x? klg cGttM clwe"tjfbL g} eP . oxL sdhf/Lsf]
r/ kfP/ v|'Zr]e / t]ª\ ;Qfdf k'u] . cflv/ -æ;+zf]wgjfb ;Qfdf pbfpg' eg]sf]
k"hLjfb ;Qfdf pbfpg' xf] .Æ@!ltgLx?sf]
ktg t k"“hLjfbs} ktg xf] . To;f] eP k|ltqmflGt /f]Sg] pkfP s] xf] t <
o;sf] hjfkmdf PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfbdf cWoIfn] eGg' ePsf] 5-æk|ltqmflGtsf] vt/fnfO{
/f]Sgsf nflu b'O{nfOg ;+3if{ / lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ kf6L{nfO{
;j{xf/fju{ / >dhLlj hg;d'bfosf] lgu/fgL, lgoGq0f / ;]jfdf /fVg] ;+u7gfTds
ljlw / dfGotfsf] ljsf; ug{ cem} h?/L 5 . o;sf nflu kf6L{df rNg] b'O{nfOg
;+3if{df Aofks hg;d'bfosf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ tyf ;Ifd / :yfgLo g]tfx?b]lv
sfo{stf{x?;Ddsf] Pp6f lx:;f lg/Gt/ hgsfo{df / csf]{ lx:;f ;Qf ;~rfngdf nfUg] /
lglZrt cjlw cGt/df x]/km]/ u/L l;Ëf] kf6L{sf] hg;d'bfo;+usf] ;DjGwnfO{ ;hLj
/fVg ljz]if cfjZos 5 .Æ@@oxf+ k|ltqmflGtaf6 aRg kf6L{ hglgolGqt,
hglgu/fgL / hg;]jfdf /xg'kb{5 . To;sf] nflu b'O{ nfOg ;+3if{df Aofks hgtfsf]
;xeflutf agfpg], kf6L{sf] dflyNnf] :t/b]lvsf g]tf / sfo{stf{nfO{ b'O{ efudf
aF8]/ Ps lx:;fnfO{ hgsfo{df / Ps lx:;fnfO{ ;Qf ;+rfngdf nufpg' k5{, Tof] klg
nfdf] ;do ;Dd xf]Og lglZrt cjlwdf x]/km]/-Rotation_ ug'{k5{ . oxL g} PSsfO;f}+
ztfAbLsf] hgjfbsf] ;f/tTj xf] . oxL cg';f/ ;+u7gfTds 9f“rf tof/ kf/L hgjfb
nfu" ug'{k5{ . oxL k|lqmofn] dfq hglbzf nfu" x'G5 / hg;DjGw c6"6
aG5 . o;nfO{ ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj cGt{ut lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf ?kdf cl3 a9fpg' k5{ /
lg/Gt/ d'6'sf] 9's9'sL ;+emg'k5{ . ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj jf hgtfsf] hgjfbL
clwgfosTj / hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf ljifodf elgPsf] 5-æcflv/ /fHo;Qfsf] Aofks / ;hLj
hgjfbLs/0fsf] k|s[ofdf g} jf:tljs hgjfbL clwgfosTj jf ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj ;'b[9 x'g
;Qm5 . hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf] dxfg\ j}1flgs l;4fGtsf] of] eGbf csf]{ cy{ x'g}
;Qm}g .Æ@# cem cufl8 elgPsf] 5-æPs k6s Ps lglZrt sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf]
g]t[Tjdf hgjfbL jf ;dfhjfbL /fHo;Qf :yflkt e};s]kl5 ;f] kf6L{ ;w} ;j{xf/fjfbL
e}/fV5 eg] em}+ To;sf lj?4 /fhg}lts ?kn] hg;d'bfoåf/f :jtGq?kdf hgjfbL jf
;dfhjfbL k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ jftfj/0f gx'g', gjgfpg' jf To;kl5 k|ltjGw nufOg'n],
Psflt/ ;Qfl;g kf6L{n] hg;d'bfosf jLrdf s;};+u /fhgLlts k|lt:kwf{ ug{' gkg]{
x'+bf Tof] qmdzM ljz]if ;'ljwf ;DkGg oflGqs gf]]s/zfxL kf6L{ / To;sf] g]t[Tjsf]
/fHo;Qf klg qmdzM oflGqs / gf]s/zfxL dlzgl/df kl/0ft x'g] tyf csf]{lt/ hg;d'bfo
cf}krfl/s hgjfbsf] lzsf/ eP/ qmdzM c;Lldt >[hgzLntf / ultzLntfsf] phf{
s'07Lt x'ghfg] vt/f Oltxf;df :ki6 b]vfkg]{ u/]sf] .=== oxf+ km]l/ klg k|Zg
b'Zdgsf lj?4 clwgfosTjsf] k|efjsf/Ltf hg;d'bfosf] hgjfbsf] cEof;sf]
k|efjsf/Ltfdf lge{/ /xg] j}1flgs tYonfO{ åGåfTds 9+un] ;+ul7t ug]{ k|Zg g} xf]
.Æ@$
To;sf/0f
hgx[bo k|:km'l6t x'g] / c;Lldt >[hgzLntf tyf ultzLntfsf] pmhf{ lgjf{w lg:sg kfpg] hgjfbsf] cEof;jf6 g} s]Gb|Lotf
k}bf x'G5 / b'Zdg dflysf] ;j{xf/f Pj+ hgjfbL clwgfosTj k|efjsf/L aGb5 . oxL g}
k|r08kyLo j}1flgs hgjfb xf] .
PSsfO;f}+
ztfAbLsf] hgjfbdf hg;]gf s:tf] x'G5 < eGg] k|Zgsf] hjfkmdf elgPsf]
5-æPSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] hg;]gf eg]sf] /fHo;Qf sAhf ul/;s]kl5 lglZrt Aof/]sdf
a;]/ ljz]if tflnd / xltof/åf/f cfw'lgs aGg] k|s[ofdf xf]Og, cfd hg;d'bfonfO{ g}
;}lgsLs/0f ug]{ tyf hg;d'bfos} ;]jf ug]{ qmflGtsf/L ;+jfxs jlg/fVg] s'/fdf
;'lglZrt ug'{ k5{ .Æ@% dfn]dfjfbdf h'g cfd hgtfnfO{ ldlnlzofs/0f
ug]{ cjwf/0ff ljsf; ePsf] lyof], To;nfO{ k|r08kysf] hgjfbdf cem Aofks / cem
p“rfOdf ljsl;t ul/Psf] 5 . æs]jn z;:q hgtf g} :jtGqtfsf c;nL /Ifs x'G5g\Æ@^-n]lggsf]
of] egfOnfO{ ks8]/ k|r08kyn] kf6L{sf]
;}lgsLs/0f / ;]gfsf] kf6L{s/0f ub}{ cfd hg;d'bfonfO{ ;}lgsLs/0f ug]{ dxfg\ lbzfdf
hgd'lQm ;]gfnfO{ dfu{ lgb]{zg u/]sf] 5 . casf] hg;]gf ;f]leot ;+3 / rLgsf] h:tf] /f]d hn]/ v/fgL x'+bf klg jf:tf gug]{
lg/f] x'g'x'b}g eGg] s'/fdf ;r]t agfpb} b'OnfO{g ;+3if{ tyf lg/Gt/ qmflGtdf
;xefuL aGg] tyf hg;DjGw c6"6 /fVg] ljlw lglZrt ul/Psf] 5 . hg;]gfsf]
lglZrt 6's8Ln] dfq ;fd|fHojfb tyf k"“hLjfbsf] cGt{/fli6«o zlQmnfO{ x/fpg
;Qm}g . o;sf] nflu cfd hgtfnfO{ ;z:q kfg]{ k|s[ofdf of] pGd'v x'g' k5{ .
o;n]
b]zeQm(Patriotic), hgtflGqs(Democratic) / jfdk+yL(Leftist) ldq zlQmx?jf/]
eg]sf] 5-æ;fdGtjfb / ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL hgjfbL /fHo;Qfsf] ;+j}wflgs ;Ldfleq
/fhg}lts k|lt:kwf{ ;+ul7t u/L sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] lg/Gt/ ;j{xf/fs/0f /
qmflGtsf/Ls/0f clgjfo{ x'g] kl/l:ylt lgdf{0f ul/g' k5{ . olb kf6L{n] cfkm}nfO{
lg/Gt/ qmflGts/0f ug{ g;s] To;sf] lvnfkmdf csf]{ qmflGtsf/L kf6L{ jf g]t[TjnfO{
/fHo;Qfdf k'¥ofpg ;Sg] hg;d'bfosf] clwsf/nfO{ ;:yfut u/]/ dfq k|ltqmflGtnfO{
k|efjsf/L 9+un] /f]Sg ;lsg]5 .Æ@& of] klg hgtfsf] hgjfbL
clwgfosTj jf ;j{xf/f clwgfosTjnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] sfobf xf] . o;/L dfq kf6L{
/ kf6L{ g]tfx? ;j{xf/fs/0f x'G5g\ / qmflGtsf/Ls/0f x'G5g\, clg dfq k|ltqmflGt
/f]lsG5 . jf:tljs / j}1flgs k|hftGq of] eGbf csf]{ x'g} ;Qm}g .
pTkLl8t
hflt / If]qx?sf] ljifodf xfd|f] kf6L{n] hgo'4sf] kxnk"j{ g} cfkm\gf]
wf/0ff hg;d'bfosf] jLrdf k|i6 kfb}{ cfPsf] 5 . /, vf;u/L hgo'4sf] Ps jif{
gk'Ub} qmflGtsf/L ;+o'Qm df]rf{sf] ;zQm cjwf/0ff k|:t''t u/]sf]] lyof] .
clxn]sf] b:tfj]hn] o;nfO{ cem a9L lasf; u/]sf] 5 . o;n] n]lggsf] of] egfOnfO{
cfTd;ft u/]sf] 5-æ;fd|fHojfbL o'u d'¶Le/ dxfzlQmåf/f ;Dk"0f{ ljZjsf hfltx?sf]
lg/Gt/ a9\bf] pTkL8gsf] o''u xf] . To;sf/0f hj;Dd hfltx?sf] cfTdlg0f{osf]
clwsf/ :jLsf/ ul/b}g tj;Dd ;fd|fHojfbsf lj?4 cGt{/fli6«o ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf nflu
n8\g c;Dej 5 .Æ@* o;jf/] s=k|r08n] eGg' ePsf] 5 -æcj /fli6«otfsf
lglDt ;+3if{ eGgfn] s]jn jfXo b'Zdgsf lj?4 ;+3if{sf] k|Zg dfq /x]g, Tof] t jfXo
b'Zdgsf] Ozf/fdf rNg] lxGb' pRr hftLo cx+sf/jfbdf cfwfl/t ;fdGtL zf;s ju{ h;n]
cGo hflt-hghfltx?sf cfly{s, /fhg}lts, eflifs Pj+ ;f“:s[lts lxtx?dfly cltqmd0f
ub{5, To;sf lj?4 ;+3if{ ;d]t x'g uof] . o;sf] 7Ls pN6f] hgjfbsf] lglDt ;3if{
;fdGtjfbsf lj?4sf] ;+3if{ dfq /x]g, Tof] t ;fd|fHojfbsf lj?4 ;+3if{ ;d]t /xg
uof] .Æ@( cem cufl8 elgPsf] 5-æctM ha;Dd g]kfndf ;fd|fHojfbsf]
s7k'tnLsf ?kdf sfd ul//x]sf] lxGb' pRrhftLo cx+sf/jfbdf cfwfl/t /fHo;Qfsf lj?4
;j} ju{-hflt-hghflt / If]qsf hgtfsf] ;+o'Qm cfFwLj]x/L >[li6 x'“b}g tj;Dd
k|lts[ofjfbLx?n] km'6fpm / /fh u/ sf] gLlt cGt{ut cfkm\gf] n'6sf] :ju{ jrfO{ g}
/xg] 5g\ .Æ#) lgisif{ o:tf] lgsflnPsf] 5-æxfd|f] kf6L{n] cfkm\gf]
;j{zlQmdfg l;4fGtsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] lalzi6 P]ltxfl;s l:yltdfly
u+eL/tfk"j{s ljrf/ u/]/ g} pTkLl8t hflt-hghfltx?sf] nflu cfTdlg0f{osf]
clwsf/nfO{ :jLsf/L To;df ;fjf{lws hf]8 lbO/x]sf] 5 . cfhsf] ljZj kl/l:ylt /
g]kfnsf] ljlzi6 ;dflhs ;+/rgfsf ;Gbe{df cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] ;jf]{Qd
cleAolQm hftLo :jzf;g x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ xfdLn] :ki6 ub}{ cfPsf 5f}+ ===
g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s wf/f / cfhsf] ljlzi6 e"-/fhgLlts l:yltdf ;j} pTkLl8g
ju{, hflt / If]qsf hgtfsf] d'lQmsf] Uof/]G6L ub}{ ;Dk"0f{ hg;d'bfosf] :jtGq
kxn / >[hgfsf] 9f]sf gvf]nL hgjfbL qmflGtsf] k|s[ofnfO{ ;kmntf;Dd k'¥ofpg
c;Dea 5 Æ#) oxL t PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfbsf] cfwf/ xf] h'g jL;f}+
ztfAbLsf] clGtd bzsdf elgPsf] lyof] . æPSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf;jf/]Æ
df elgPsf] 5-æg]kfnsf] hgjfbL qmflGtsf ;Gbe{df xfdLn] juL{o, hftLo, If]qLo Pj+
lnËLo pTkL8gaf6 hg;d'bfosf] d'lQmsf] s'/f ul//x]sf 5f}+ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/
;lxt hftLo / If]qLo :jzfgsf] s'/f u/]sf 5f}+, ;fy} ;fdGtjfb / ;fd|fHojfb
lj/f]wL kf6L{ :jtGqtfsf] s'/f klg ul//x]sf 5f} . Tof] cj:yfdf /fHo;Qfsf] lg/Gt/
hgjfbLs/0fsf nflu hg;d'bfosf] :jlg0f{osf] clwsf/nfO{ ;hLj ?kn] ;+ul7t ug'{ kg]{
s'/fdf hf]8 lbg' kb{5 .Æ#@
o;/L
PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfbn] æ;of} km"nx? km"Ng ;Sg] km"njf/LÆ /
æ;of}+ ljrf/ zfvfx?nfO{ v]Ng lbg] ;ef sIfÆ lgdf{0f u/]sf] 5 . of] lgjuL{o 5}g,
jlu{o 5 eGg] s'/f k|:t't k|:tfjgfx?n] :ki6 kfb{5g\ . xfd|f cfwf/OnfsLo hg;Qf /
ltgsf r'gfjx?df, If]qLo tyf hftLo :jfoQ k|fb]lzs hgkl/ifbsf clwj]zg /
r'gfjx?df, kf6L{sf ;j} tx, ;]gf / hgjuL{o ;+u7gdf o;sf] cEof;n] d"ntM ;xL
kl/0ffd NofPsf] 5 . o;sf] cem} :ki6 AofVofsf ;fy Aofjxfl/s kl/dfh{g ug]{ s'/fdf
kl/kSjtfsf] dfu x'g' :jfefljs 5 .
t];|f]
s'/f, PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfb eg]sf] /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltsf] hf]8kmn xf] .
j}1flgs ;dfhfjfbdf hgjfb, ;dfhfjb cGttM /fHoljxLg -Stateless _, ju{ljxLg
-Classless_ / kf6L{ljxLg -Partyless_;jf]{Rr r]tgfsf] gj dfgjåf/f k}bf ePsf]
;'Gb/ ;fDojfb k|fKt ug]{ o;sf Go"gtd / clwstd /0fgLltx? x'g . hgjfbL
qmflGt, hgjfbL Aoj:yf / ;dfhjfbdf
qmflGt s;/L ;~rfg ug]{ < s;/L ljho k|fKt ug]{, s;/L /fHo;Qf ;~rfng ug]{ eGg]
s'/fsf] ljlw klg ePsf]n] of] sfo{gLlt klg xf] . o;df cleAoQm sfo{gLltn] g}
/fHosf] l56f] ljnf]k eP/ ;fDojfb-Communism_l56f] cfpg] 5 . o; ;Gbe{df n]lggn]
eGg' ePsf] 5-æhgjfb hlt k"0f{ x'b} hfG5, Tolt g} l56f] Tof] 38L cfpF5,tj
Tof] -hgjfb-n]=_ cgfjZos x'g hfG5 . ;z:q dhb"/x?sf] æ/fHoÆ, h'g æzAbsf]
;xL cy{df /fHo /x]s} x'+b}gÆ hlt a9L hgjfbL x'G5 plt g} l56f] /fHosf] k|To]s ?k
ljnf]k x'g yfN5 .Æ## t/ Tof] sfd ;lhnf] eg] cfjZo 5}g . sd/]8
k|r08sf zAbdf-æ/fHo;Qf sAhf ug]{ k|Zg eGbf klg /fHo;Qfsf] lg/Gt/ hgjfbLs/0f
ub}{ To;sf] ljnf]kLs/0flt/ 8f]¥ofpg] k|Zg cem xhf/f}+ u'0ff sl7g / hl6n x'g]
ub{5 .Æ#$ of] k|ltqmflGtsf cg'ejx?sf] ;Zn]if0f xf] .
$_PSsfO;f} ztfAbLsf] hgjfbjf/]
k|:tfj kfl/t ePsf] Ps jif{ k"/f x'+b}5 . o; aLrsf] 5nkmnsf bf}/fgdf km]l/
klg hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotf / ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj tyf hgtfsf] hgjfbL clwgfosTjdf s]Gb|Lt
/x]/ s]xL k|Zg p7]sf 5g\ . Psflt/, o;df Aofks hgjfb lbOPsf] 5, olt;Dd ls
kf6L{leq / jflx/ ljb|f]x ug]{ clwsf/ ;d]t lbOPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ yfDg} g;Sg]
c/fhstf k}bf x'g klg t ;S5 eg] csf]{lt/ s]Gb|Ls/0f / k|efjsf/L clwgfosTjsf]
s'/f ul/Psf] 5, o;n] ;j{;Qfjfb lgDTofpg] t xf]Og eGg] k|Zgx? p7fOPsf]] 5 . oxf+
s'g} lrGtf dfGg' kg]{ cfjZostf 5}g . Aofks hgjfb geOsg s]Gb|Ls/0f x'g} ;Qm}g /
Tof] s]Gb|Ls/0faf6 k}bf ePsf] clwgfosTj nfu" gul/sg ;j{xf/f /fHo;Qf l6Sg
;Qm}g . hgtfsf] hgjfbL clwgfosTj tyf ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj eg]sf] s] xf] < Psk6s
dfn]dfjfb / k|r08kysf k|:yfkgfx?df Wofgcfsif{0f u/f}+ . sfn{ dfS;{n] % dfr{
!*%@ df hf];]km j]8]d]o/ sf] gfddf Pp6f lr¶L n]Vg] qmddf cfkm\gf] gof+
cfljisf/af/] eGg'[ ePsf] 5-æ==!_ ju{-cl:tTj pTkfbg ljsf;sf] vf; P]ltxfl;s
r/0f;+u af+lwPsf] 5 . @_ ju{;+3if{n] clgjfo{ ?kdf ;j{xf/f clwgfosTjsf] lbzfdf
n}hfG5 #_ of] clwgfosTj :jo+ ;j} ju{x?sf] pGd"ng tyf ju{laxLg ;dfhtkm{
;+qmd0f afx]s c? s]xL xf]Og .Æ#% /fHo;Qf Pj+ k|flwsf/ lg/k]If?kdf xf]Og
;fk]If ?kdf P]ltxfl;s ?kn] cfjZos 5 eGg] dfS;{-P+u]N;nfO{ ;j{;Qfjfbsf] cf/f]k
nufpg] jfs'lggk|lt ;g\ !*&#df P+u]N;sf] hjfkm lyof]-æ;dflhs qmflGtsf]
klxnf] sfo{ g} k|flwsf/sf] pGd"ng ug{' xf] eGg] dfu ltgLx? u5{g\ . s] oL
dxfzox?n] slxNo} qmflGt b]v]sf 5g\ < qmflGt lgZro g} ;aeGbf a9L k|flwsf/jfbL
s'/f xf], of] To:tf] sfo{ xf] h;df dflg;x?sf] Pp6f ;d"xn] csf]{ ;d"x
dfly k|flwsf/L ;fwgx? /fOkmn, ;+uLg / tf]kx?n] cfkm\gf] OR5f yf]k5{ . olb of]
;a} x'G5 / ljhoL kf6L{ Aoy{df n8]sf] 5}g eg] p;n] cft+ssf ;fwgåf/f cfkm\gf]
zf;g sfod ug'{ k5{ h'g ;fwgn] k|lts[ofjfbLx?sf] dgdf 8/ k}bf u5{ . === ctPj,
b'O{j6f dWo] Pp6f s'/f x'g;S5M of t k|flwsf/ lj/f]wLx? s'g s'/f ul//x]sf 5g\,
cfkm}nfO{ yfxf 5}g / h;n] ubf{ pgLx? o;df cGof}n >[hgf ub}{5g\ of t pgLx?n] hfg]/} ;j{xf/fju{sf]
cfGbf]ngk|lt u2f/L ul//x]sf 5g\ . oL b'j} cj:yfdf pgLx? k|lts[ofjfbL ju{nfO{ g}
;xof]u k'¥ofp“5g\ .Æ#^ n]lgg g} Tof] l;4fGtsf/ x'g'x'GYof] h;n]
hgjfbL s]lGb|otfsf] ;+u7gfTds ljlw cfljisf/ ug'{eof] / ;j{xf/f clwgfosTjsf]
l;4fGtnfO{ ljsf; u/L nfu" ug'{ eof] . !()#sf] bf]>f] dxflwa]zgdf
ax'dtn] hgjfbL s]lGb|otf kfl/t u/]kl5 cNkdtdf k/]sf] dftf{]en] æn]lggjfbsf lj?4
ljb|f]xÆ sf] gf/f nufof] . …Ps kfOnf] cl3, b'O kfOnf kl5Ú df To;sf] hjfkm lbb}+
n]lggn] eGg' eof]-æ;j{xf/fju{ cg'zf;g / ;+u7g b]v]/ 8/fp“b}g . tL k|f]km];/
dfxfg'efjx? tyf :s"n] ljBfyL{x? hf] s'g} klg ;+u7gdf ;lDdlnt x'g rfxFb}gg,
;+u7gsf] lgoGq0fdf a;]/ ul/g] sfdsf] nflu kf6L{ ;b:osf] dfGotf lbOof];\ eGg]
s'/fdf ;j{xf/f sbflk ;xdt x'g]5}g .=== cj;/jfbLx? tnaf6 dflylt/ plSng vf]hb5g\
/ To;sf/0fn] htftt}, hxF“ ;lsG5, hlt ;lsG5 :jfoQtfjfb / c/fhstfjfbsf] xb;Dd
k'u]sf] -cfjZostfeGbf a9L pT;fxL dflg;x?sf] nflu_ hgjfbsf] ;dy{g ub{5g\ .
qmflGtsf/Lx? rflx dflyaf6 tnlt/ hfg vf]Hb5g\, c+zk|lt s]Gb|sf] clwsf/ tyf zlQm
Jofks t'Nofpg] k|of; ub{5g\ . === ha k|ultzLn zlQmx? k|ltlqmofjfbL tTjx?sf lj?4
v8f x'G5g\, ljb|f]x Ps pTs[i6 s'[/f aGg hfG5 . ha qmflGtsf/L kIf cj;/jfbL kIfsf
lj?4 pleG5g\, of] /fd|f] s'/f xf] . ha cj;/jfbL kIf qmflGtsf/L kIfsf] lj?4
pleG5, of] w]/} g/fd|f] 36\gf aGg hfG5 .Æ#& ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj
lsg cfjZos 5 < csf{] 7fp+df n]lgg eGg'x'G5 -æh;n] ju{ ;+3if{nfO{ dfq dfGb5
pm cem} dfS;{jfbL xf]Og, pm ;DejtM cem} a'h{'jf lrGtg / a'h{'jf /fhgLltsf]
bfo/fdf g} rSs/ sfl6/x]sf] 5 .=== dfS;{jfbL s]jn ToxL xf] h;n] ju{;+3if{sf]
dfGotfnfO{ ;j{xf/f clwgfosTjsf] dfGotf;Dd lj:tfl/t u5{ .Æ#* o;n]
;+zf]wgjfb / dfS;{jfbsf aLrsf] ;Ldf/]vf 5'6\ofp+5 . pxf+ cem cufl8 eGg'
x'G5-æ;j{xf/f ju{sf] /fhgLlts kf6L{df s8f eGbf s8f s]Gb|Lotf / cg'zf;g x'g' k5{
tf ls ;j{xf/fju{sf] ;+u7gfTds e"ldsf-ToxL p;sf] d'Vo e"ldsf xf]_ ;xL
?kn] ;kmntfk"j{s / ljhosf ;fy k"/f ug{ ;lsof];\ . ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj
k'/fgf] ;dfhsf] zlQm / k/Dk/fsf lj?4 /Qmkfto'Qm / /Qmkft ljxLg, lx+;fk"0f{
/ zflGtk"0f{, ;}lgs / cfly{s, z}lIfs / k|zf;gfTds cgj/t ;+3if{ xf] .Æ#(
rLlgof sDo'lgi6 kf6L{n] #) hgj/L !(^@df cfof]hgf u/]sf] dhb"/x?sf]
lj:tfl/t ;Dd]ngdf hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfaf/] af]Nb} dfcf]n] eGg'ePsf] 5-æhgjfb lagf
;xL s]Gb|Lotf x'g ;Sb}g lsgeg] ha hgljrf/x? ljs]Gb|Lt x'G5g\, j'emfO{df Pstf
x'b}g eg] s]Gb|Lotf :yflkt x'g ;Sb}g . s]Gb|Lotf eg]sf] s] xf] < k|ydtM ;xL
ljrf/x?sf] ;+s]Gb|0f x'g}k5{ . s]Gb|Ls[t ;xL ljrf/sf] cfwf/df g} gLlt, of]hgf,
sdf08 / sfjf{xLdf a'emfOsf] Pstf x'G5 . olb tL ;a} ;DalGwt ;d:ofx?af/] :ki6
ePg, olb ltgLx?sf ljrf/ cleJoQm ePgg\ cyjf cqmf];n] cem} lgsf; kfPg eg] tkfO{
s;/L s]Gb|Lotfåf/f Pstf k|fKt ug{ ;Sg' x'G5 . hgjfb ljgf cg'ejx? ;xL t/Lsfn]
;+Zn]if0f ug{ c;Dej 5 . hgjfb ljgf, hgtfaf6 cfPsf ljrf/ ljgf, c;n sfo{lbzf,
l;4fGtx?, gLltx? cyjf ljlwx? ;"qj4 ug{ c;Dej x'G5 .Æ$) oxL
lznlznfdf pxf“ cufl8 eGg' x'G5-æk|ltlqmofjfbL ju{dfly clwgfosTjsf] cy{
;Dk"0f{ k|ltlqmofjfbL tTjsf] ef}lts pGd"ng xf]Og, p2]Zo t ltgLx?nfO{
k'gM;+:sf/ ug{] xf], plrt ljlwåf/f k'gM;+:sf/ u/L gof“ dfG5] agfpg] xf] .
hgtfsf] nflu km/flsnf] hgjfb ljgf ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj ;'b[9 x'g cyjf /fHo;Qf
;'l:y/ x'g c;Dej 5 . hgjfb ljgf, hghfu/0f ljgf, hgtfåf/f ;'kl/j]If0f ljgf
k|ltlqmofjfbLx?dfly / unt tTjx?dfly k|efjsf/L clwgfosTj cEof; ug{ cyjf
ltgLx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf k'gM;+:sf/ ug{ c;Dej 5 .Æ$! k|r08kyn] oxL
cfwf/ e"lddf 6]s]/ @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] dfu adf]lhd hgjfbdf gof+ p“rfO{ yk]sf]
5 . @!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfb ut s]=;= sf] a}7sdf PSsf;L 6KnSs cfPsf] klg xf]Og .
hgo'4sf] tLj| ult;+u} o;sf c+zx?sf] ljsf; x“'[b} cfPsf] lyof] . @)%%>fj0fdf
;DkGg rf}yf] lj:tfl/t j}7ssf] b:tfj]hdf elgPsf] 5-æhgtfsf] aLrdf k"0f{
hgjfbL tl/sf cEof; ug{' kb{5 . hgjfbL ;Qf sfod ePsf jf x'g nfu]sf 7fp+x?df
xfdLn] ;fdGtjfb / ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL ljleGg /fhgLlts ;f]r ePsf dflg;x?nfO{ lnP/
lx8\g ljz]if d]xgt ug{'k5{ . h?/L kbf{ pgLx?nfO{ ;+/If0f klg lbg' k5{ .Æ$@
To;}df cem cufl8 elgPsf] 5-æ==gof+ ;Qfsf] lgdf{0f k|lqmof k"0f{ hgjfbL
k2ltdf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 tyf hgtfåf/f r'lgPsf k|ltlglwx?nfO{ h?/L kbf{ hgtfåf/f
lkmtf{ af]nfpg] s'/f lglZrt ul/g' kb{5 . oxf+ d'Vo Wofg lbg' kg{] s'/f xf] gof+
;Qfsf] ;Dk"0f{ lgoGq0f, lg0f{o Pj+ sfof{Gjog k|lqmofdf hgtfsf] cfd
;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .Æ$#
ctPj,
@!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfbdf h'g Jofks hgjfb-Broad Democracy_ k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 /
Tof] hgjfbaf6 k}bf ePsf] s]Gb|Lotfåf/f g} b'Zdg / unt tTjdfly clwgfosTj
k|efjsf/L x'g] 5 . hglgolGqt, hglgu/fgLdf /xL hg;]jfdf lg/Gt/ vl6/xg] ultzLn kf6L{,
;]gf / ;Qf, kf6L{ b'O{ nfO{Gf ;+3if{df hgtfsf] Jofks ;xeflutf, ;fdGtjfb tyf
;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL ldqx?nfO{ hgjfbL / ;dfhjfbL ;+j}wflgs cfwf/df k|lt:kwf{ ug{]
:jtGqtf, kf6L{leq / kf6L{ aflx/ ljb|f]x Gofo ;+ut jf cu|ufdL 5 jf 5}g egL :jo+
hg;d'bfon] km};nf ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ hftLo tyf If]qLo :jfoQtf cflb o;sf ljz]iftf
x'g . ljb|f]x / k|lt:kwf{sf] cflwsf/n] hg;d'bfonfO{ ultzLn / lqmoflzn dfq
agfp“b}g, a? kf6L{, hg;]gf / hg;QfnfO{ lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] nflu hg;d'[bfo;+u 3lgi6
Pstfsf ;fy cl3 a9\g ;r]t / ;ts{ agfpg] 3G6Lsf] sfd ub{5g\ . o;n] cj;/jfbLx?nfO{
rf]/ b'nf] vf]Hg] af6f] aGb u/]sf] 5 . c/fhstfjfb / ;j{;Qfjfb b'j}sf bzf nfu]sf
5g\ . d"No dfGotf g} pn+3g ug{]x?sf nflu t ;j{xf/f jf hgtfsf] hgjfbL
clwgfosTj 5b}5 .
%_ lgisif{M Oltxf;sf ;sf/fTds tyf
gsf/fTds cg'ej / eljiok|ltsf] lrGtf, ;dsfnLg kl/l:yltsf] klxrfg, P]ltxfl;s
cfjZostf, dfn]dfjfbsf] ljlzi6 b]z, sfn / kl/l:yltdf ;[hgzLn k|of]u, blIf0fkGyL
;+zf]wgjfb, h8;"qLo ;+zf]wgjfb, ?9Ljfb / k'/fgf cfbtsf lj?4 n8b} hfbf gof+
s'/fsf] kIfkf]if0f ug{] / leGg rLhnfO{ :yflkt ug{] g]t[Tjsf] ;fx;, qmflGtnfO{
ljhoL agfp“b} ljZj qmflGtsf] cfuf] ;Nsfpg] k|s[ofdf ljsf; ePsf] @!cf}+
ztfAbLsf] hgjfb j}1flgs ;dfhjfbsf] If]qdf gof+ cfljisf/ xf] .
ldltM@)^)÷!@÷@)-@$
;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?M
-!_ cWoIf s= k|r08åf/f ut s]Gb|Lo
;ldltsf] a}7sdf kfl/t k|:tfj …@!cf}+ ztfAbLsf] hgjfbsf] ljsf;af/]Ú, k|sfzs
g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_, s]Gb|Lo k|sfzg zfvf -@_ sfn{ dfS;{-k|m]8l/s P+u]N; ;+slnt
/rgf, v08 # df v08 @, efu !, lxGbL ;+:s/0f, k[= #%(, k|ult k|sfzg df:sf,] n]vg
;do !*^$ -#_ pxL, v08, @ efu !, k[= !& -$_ s] ug{] < g]kfnL ;+:s/0f
!(*$, k[= @*, n]vg ;do !()! sf] z/b!()@ sf] k|mj/L . -%_ dfcf]sf r'lgPsf
/rgfx?, u|Gy (, c+u|]hL ;+:s/0f, k[= $$!, >lds ju{ k|sfzg, x}b/fjfb efif0f
jif{ !(&! -^_ k|r08, g]kfnL qmflGtsf ;d:ofx?, efu #, k[=!$) s]= k|= zfvf,
g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ -&_ l6Kk0fL g=+ %, k[=!$), n]vg jif{ !(^$ -*_ n]lgg
k"0f{ ;+slnt /rgf, efu !!, k[= %$, c+u|]hL ;+:s/0f -(_ dfcf] r'lgPsf
/rgfx?, efu *, k[= ##(, c+u|]hL ;+:s/0f >ldsju{ k|sfzg, x}b/fjfb, efif0f
jif{ !(^@ -!)_ c? l6Kk0fL g+= @, k[=@*(, n]vg jif{ !*&! -!!_ Enf=O= n]lgg,
;+slnt /rgfx?, rf/ v08df v08 $, lxGbL ;+:s/0f, k[= #^, n]vg ;do !(@)-@# -!@_
pxL, k[i7 #* -!#_ l6Kk0fL g+= % k[=7= #$!, !(^& df cNaflgofsf ;}Go
k|ltlglwx?;Fu s'/fsfgL -!$_ pxL k[=7= #@# sf] l6Kk0fL g+= # -!%_ l6Kk0fL g+= ^
k[= !#( -!^_ hgfb]z ;fKtflxs, jif{ !#, c+s !@, @)^) kmfNu'0f %, k[=$ -!&_
dfS;{-P]u]N;, lr¶Lkq -!*_ n]lggsf k"0f{ ;+slnt /rgf, v08 !&, c+u|]hL
;+:s/0f, k[= $#÷$$ efif0f ;do !(!) -!(_ l6Kk0fL g+= (, k[=*$, -@)_ l6Kk0fL g+=
! -@!_ l6Kk0fL g+= %, ;j{xf/f ;+F:s[lts qmflGtsfnflu lgb{]zgx? -@@_ l6Kk0fL g+=
! -@#_ pxL -@$_ pxL -@%_ pxL -@^_ Enf=O= n]lgg ;+slnt /rgf, v08 !) df v08 @,
lxGbL ;+:s/0f k[#(^, n]vg ;do !()%, k|ult k|sfzg, df:sf] -@&_ l6Kk0fL g+= !
-@*_ Enf=O= n]lgg ;+slnt /rgfx? !) v08df v08 %, lxGbL ;+:s/0f, k[=!&^, n]vg
jif{ !(!% k|ult k|sfzg, df:sf] -@(_ k|r08, g]kfnL qmflGtsf ;d:ofx?, efu @,
k[=*#, -#)_ pxL, k[=*$-*% -#!_ pxL, k[= *% -#@_ l6Kk0fL g+= ! -##_ Enf=O= n]lgg
;+slnt /rgf v08 $ df v08 @, lxGbL ;+:s/0f k[= @^*, n]vg jif{ !(!&, k|ult
k|sfzg, df:sf] -#$_ l6Kk0fL g+= ! -#%_ sfn{ dfS;{ k|m]8l/s P+u]N; ;+slnt /rgf,
tLg v08df v08 !, efu @, lxGbL ;+:s/0f, k[=@(^-(&, k|ult k|sfzg df:sf] .
-#^_ sfn{ dfS;{ k|m]8l/s P+u]N; r'lgPsf /rgf, tLg u|Gydf u|Gy @, cu|]hL
;+:s/0f, k[=#&(, n]vg jif{ !*&# -#&_ n]lgg, Ps kfO{nf] cl3, b'O{
kfOnf kl5, g]kfnL ;+:s/0f, k[=!%(, !^%, !&$, l;h{glzn k|sfzg, sf7df08f}+ .
-#*_ Enf=O= n]lgg ;+slnt /rgfx?, rf/ v08x?df v08 @, lxGbL ;+:s/0f, k[= !(^,
n]vg jif{ !(!&, k|ult k|sfzg, df:sf] . -#(_ l6Kk0fL g+= !( -$)_ l6Kk0fL g+=
%, k[=#!&, efif0f jif{ !(^@ -$!_ pxL, k[=#!* -$@_ rf}yf] lj:tfl/t a}7ssf]
b:tfj]h-æhgo'4sf] ljsf; / gof+ r/0fsf gof“ sfo{ef/x?Æ k[=!^ -$#_ pxL k[=@! q