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jif{ !# c+s #& >fj0f @^, @)^! Year 13, Issue 37, August 10, 2004 |
ljrf/hut\
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sfo{z}nL / sfo{k|0ffnLaf/] s]xL s'/f
;'gLn
;j{xf/fju{sf] g]t[Tjdf qmflGt
;DkGg u/L ;Qf k|fKt ug]{ sfo{ w]/} hl6n, sl7g / ufx|f] sfo{ xf] . hgtfk|lt
k"0f{ k|ltj4 ePsf] ljzfn hgkª\lQmn] cfk"mnfO{ k"0f{
qmflGtsf/Ls/0f ub}{ ;a} k|sf/sf k|ltlqmofjfb, blIf0fkGyL ;+zf]wgjfb, cj;/jfb,
;fd|fHojfb, lj:tf/jfb cflbsf lj?4 s7Lg ;ª\3if{ u/]/ dfq} juL{o ;Qf k|fKt x'g
;Sb5 . ;"rgf–;+rf/, lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] tLj| ljsf; eO/x]sf] cfhsf]
PSsfO{;f}+ ztfAbLdf ;fd|fHojfb gof“ ?k / cfj/0fdf b]vf k/]sf] 5 . pTkLl8t
hflt / ju{sf ljb|f]xx?nfO{ …cft+sjfbÚ eGb} bdg ug]{ / cfºgf] k'“hLjfbL Wo]onfO{
k"/f ug]{ k|lqmofdf clxn] Ps w|'jLo ;fd|fHojfb nflu kl//x]sf] 5 .
To;}u/L gof“ ?k / k|lqmofdf ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL hgnx/x? klg Pskl5 csf]{ u/L b]vf
kb}{ uPsf 5g\ . lj;f}+ ztfAbLdf dfn]dfjfbn] ljsf; u/]sf s}of}+ /0fgLlt /
sfo{gLltx?nfO{ ;+zf]wgjfbL u2f/x?n] ljs[lt kfb}{ nu] / ;j{xf/fjuL{o ;Qfk|lt
k|Zg lrGx v8f x'g] cj:yf ;d]t l;h{gf eof] . dfS;{–P+u]N;sf] JofVof cg'?k
n]lgg / dfcf]n] ;j{xf/fju{sf] clwgfosTj / ;j{xf/f hgjfbnfO{ cfd hgtfsf]
;+Zn]lift d''6'sf ?kdf k|of]u ug'{ eof] / kf6L{ ;ª\u7g ;~rfng ug]{ ljlwsf] ?kdf
hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf] j:t'lgi7 l;4fGtnfO{ hLjg Jofjxf/df ljsl;t ug'{ eof] .
vf;u/L ;f]leot ?;df s=n]lggsf] d[To'kl5 dfqfTds ?kdf / s=:tflngsf] d[To'kl5 u'0ffTds
?kdf hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf] j}1flgs l;4fGtnfO{ e|i6Ls/0f ul/of] / ;j{xf/fju{sf]
;Qf gof“ gf]s/zfxL ju{sf] x}sdjfbL clwgfostGqdf ablnof] . !(%^ sf] ?;L
sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] lj;f}+ dxflwj]zgn] lnPsf k'“hLjfbL b[li6sf]0fx?nfO{ ;Rofp“b}
;dfhjfbsf j}1flgs l;4fGtx?nfO{ lg/Gt/ cl3 a9fpg] sfo{ s=dfcf]n] rLgnufot
cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf ub}{ hfg' eof] . dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f“:s[lts
qmflGtsf r/0fx?df dfcf]n] u/]sf lgb]{zgx? / cleJoQm ePsf ljrf/x?n] sDo'lgi6x?
slt hgjfbL x'G5g\ / s]Gb|LotfnfO{ s;/L dha't agfpg rfxG5g\ eGg] s'/f :ki6 b]Vg
;lsG5 . ?;L–rLgL sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf aLrdf b]lvPsf] cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lgi6
cfGbf]ng;DaGwL dxfljjfb klg d"ntM oLg} ljifox?df s]lGb|t lyof] .
k"jL{
o"/f]ksf sltko ;j{xf/f juL{o ;Qfsf cg'ejx?, sf]l/of, leotgfd, SofDaf]l8of,
So"jf, lkmlnlkG;, k]?, ef/t, sf]nlDaof, d]lS;sf], ef/tnufot ljZjsf s}of}+
b]zx?df dfn]dfjfbnfO{ nfu" ug]{ / ljsl;t ug]{ ;Gbe{df s}of}+ gsf/fTds /
;sf/fTds cg'ejx? xfdL ;fd' k|fKt 5g\ . t/ klg lttf] ;To s] xf] eg]
PSsfO{;f}+ ztfAbLdf cfOk'Ubf jf ljt]sf %) jif{sf] Oltxf;nfO{ kms]{/ x]bf{
;j{xf/fju{sf] k|ltlglwTj ug]{ ;xL ;Qf clxn] sxL+ klg 5}g . of] lsg / s;/L
eof], s] s] ;sf/fTds lyP / s] s] gsf/fTds lyP, ;sf/fTdsnfO{ s;/L cem} :yflkt /
ljsl;t ug]{ / gsf/fTdsnfO{ s;/L k"0f{ kl/Tofu ug]{ eGg] k|Zg xfd|f] ;fd' x'g'
:jefljs xf] . lgZro g} qmflGtsf/Lx?n] ljutsf cg'ejx?nfO{ ;xL 9ª\un]
;+Zn]lift ub{5g\ . nfvf}+ / s/f]8f}+ hgtfsf] dxfg\ jlnbfgaf6 k|fKt juL{o
;Qf @ jf # bzsleq} gf]s/zfxL oGqdf ablng] / k'gM j'h'{jfju{sf] …j'h'{jf
k|hftGqÚ n] gfdwf/L g} eP klg :yfg lng'n] s]xL g s]xL sdL–sdhf]/L ePsf]
oyfy{nfO{ xfdLn] cfTd;ft ug}{ k5{ . lgZro g} ;+zf]wgjfbL u2f/ / sfo/x?sf]
ktg ePsf] xf] jf k'“hLjfbL tTjx?sf] e|i6Ls/0f ePsf] xf] < ;j{xf/fju{sf]
ljrf/ / lj1fg cem} klg lhp“bf]–hfUbf] / k|Hjlnt 5 . dfn]dfjfbn] JofVof
u/]sf ;fj{ef}d b[li6sf]0fx? ;xL 5g\, k|dfl0ft 5g\ / k'li6 ePsf 5g\ . To;df
xfdL lg/f; x'g' kg]{ s'g} sf/0f g} 5}g . juL{o ;Qfsf] xf/ hLt x'g'
:jefljs} xf] . ca PsfO;f}+ ztfAbLnfO{ ;j{xf/fju{sf] cyf{t >dhLjLju{sf],
ul/vfg]ju{sf], pTkLl8tju{sf], pTkLl8t hflt / pTkLl8t ln¨sf] ztfAbLsf ?kdf s;/L
abNg] / ju{ ;ª\3if{nfO{ s;/L lj:tf/ u/L ;fdGtjfb / ;fdfHojfbnfO{ k/f:t ug]{ of]
g} xfd|f] r'gf}lt xf] . ljZjJofkL ?kdf b]lvPsf juL{o k|lt/f]wx?, hftLo
k|lt/f]wx? / ln¨Lo k|lt/f]wx? tyf ;a} k|sf/sf ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL hgnx/x? o;} k|lqmofsf
k|ltlaDagx? 5g\ . ;fdflhs ;fd|fHojfb / gf]s/zfxL oGqdf ablnPsf ;+zf]wgjfbL
u2f/x?sf k'/fgf] sfo{z}nL / sfo{k|0ffnLsf lj?4 lgd{d ;ª\3if{ u/]/ dfq} xfdL
gof“ :t/df p7\g ;S5f}+ . gof“ 3/ lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu eTs]sf] k'/fgf] 3.sf
cjz]ifx?nfO{ ÎofSg} k5{ . egfOsf] tfTko{ s]xf] eg] xfdLn] ablnPsf] ljZj
kl/l:ylt cg'?k ;ª\7gfTds ;f]rfOx?nfO{ klg gof“ 9ª\un] dfly p7fpg' k5{ / j'h'{jf
k'“hLkltn] kl:sg] u/]sf j'h'{jf …k|hftGqÚsf gf/fx?af6 hgtfnfO{ qmdzM …hgtfsf]
hgjfbL nf]stGqÚdf abNg] k|lqmofdf nfg} k5{ . x'g t xfd|f] b]zdf cem}
j'h'{jf k|hftGq ;d]t k|fKt ePsf] 5}g . t} klg clxn] j'h'{jf k|hftGqsf]
nflu ;fdGtjfbL kmf;Ljfb;“u n8\g' / bf]>f] juL{o k"0f{ k|hftGqsf] nflu
n8\g' g]kfnL qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] gof“ bfloTj ag]/ cfPsf] 5 . h;sf] nflu xfdLn]
sfo{z}nLdf ;'wf/ ug}{ k5{ . dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]jfb / k|r08kynfO{
PSsfO{;f}+ ztfAbLdf gof“ 9ª\un] ljsf; ug{ k'/fgf ?9LjfbL sfo{k|0ffnLnfO{ ;Rofpg
xfdL ;a} t}of/ eP/ dfq} Tof] ;Dej x'g]5 .
k|ydtM qmflGt ;DkGg ug{sf nflu tyf
qmflGt ;DkGg eO;s]kl5 klg k|ltqmflGtnfO{ /f]Sb} ;fDojfbL nIo;Dd k'Ugsf] nflu
;j{xf/fju{sf] ;b/d'sfdnfO{ dha't, ;'b[9 / PsLs[t kfg'{ kb{5 . x/]s k|sf/sf
k|ltlqmofjfbL zlQmx? tyf ;fd|fHojfbL zlQmx?n] ;j{k|yd cfºgf] s]Gb| jf
;b/d'sfdnfO{ dha't agfpg k|oTg ub{5g\, /fHo;QfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbG5g\ / cfly{s
?kdf Psflwsf/jfbL k'“hLjfbnfO{ dha'tLs/0f ub{5g\ . k|ltlqmofjfbL tyf
;fd|fHojfbL zlQmx?sf] of] k|lqmofnfO{ gtf]l8sg ;j{xf/fju{sf] /fHo;Qf k|fKt x'g
;Sb}g . k|ltlqmofjfbLx?sf lsNnfx?nfO{ Pskl5 csf]{ u/L eTsfpgsf nflu
hgtfsf] Jofks hgjfbsf] hudf ;d[4 ePsf] PsLs[t dha't ;j{xf/fju{sf] lsNnf lgdf{0f
ug'{ clgjfo{ x'G5 . ljrf/wf/fTds ?kdf ;':ki6 b[li6sf]0f / ju{ kIfw/tf
ePsf] qmflGtsf/L kf6L{ jl/k/L ljzfn b]zeQm / hgtflGqs zlQmx?sf] ;o'Qm df]rf{
cfjZos x'G5 . To;nfO{ lqmofTds ?k lbg cyf{t ju{ ;ª\3if{sf] ?kdf cl3 a9fpg
;zQm ef}lts tfut / a'l4dfgL efjgfn] cf]tk|f]t Pj+ b]z, hgtf, kf6L{ / qmflGtk|lt
k"0f{ ;dlk{t qmflGtsf/L ;]gfsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . oL tLg zlQmnfO{
7Ls;“u ;+of]hg ub]{ cl3 a9\gsf] nflu ;j{xf/f b[l6sf]0f / ljrf/n] cf]tk|f]t
efje"lddf x's]{sf] ce]B lsNnfsf ?kdf zlQmzfnL juL{o ;b/d'sfd lgdf{0f ug'{
Ps clgjfo{ cfjZos / ckl/xfo{ sfo{ xf] . PsLs[t, s]Gb|Ls[t, ;'b[9 / dha't
d'sfd lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu ljrf/wf/fTds ;ª\3if{ tyf Pstf–;ª\3if{–Pstf /
?kfGt/0fsf] eAo, ;'Gb/ / dxfg\ hgjfbL cleJolQm / k|of]usf] ljlw k|of]u ug'{ clgjfo{
x'G5 . ljrf/wf/fTds ;ª\3if{ x'g', lqmof–k|ltlqmof x'g'n] s]Gb|LotfnfO{
dha't kf5{ . a? hxf“ j}rfl/s cGt/lqmof, ax; / 5nkmn x'“b}g Toxf“ s]lGb|s[t
/ PsLs[t d'sfd klg ;zSt x'“b}g . To;}n] ;j{xf/fju{sf] ;b/d'sfdnfO{ ;zSt /
dha't kfg'{ qmflGtsf/Lsf] dxTjk"0f{ bfloTj xf] .
bf]>f]M
;fd"lxs g]t[Tj k|0ffnL / kl/kf6LnfO{ 7Ls / ;Gt'lnt 9ª\un] Jofjxf/df
nfu" ug'{ kb{5 . qmflGt Jofks hgtfsf] ;xeflutfdf ;DkGg x'g] dxfg\
sfo{ xf] . Jofks hgtfnfO{ ;'–Jojl:yt ?kdf k|lzlIFt ub}{ qmflGtsf] sfo{df
hufpg y'k}| lgk"0f{ Pj+ Ifdtfx?sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . lgk"0ftf /
IFdtfx?nfO{ ju{ ;ª\3if{sf] k|lqmofdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsPg jf qmflGtsf/Ls/0f ug{
;lsPg eg] cj;/jfb hlGdg ;Sb5 jf cfbz{jfbL pkb]zdf Tof] Ifdtf ;Lldt x'g
;Sb5 . csf]{lt/ qmfGtLs/0fsf gfddf Ifdtfx?sf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsPg / Psxf]/f] tl/sfn]
dfq} nfluof] eg] klg cg'ejjfb xfjL x'g ;S5 jf h8tf k}bf x'g ;S5 . To;}n]
nfn / lgk"0f{ aGg] s'/f ;a} qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] nflu cfjZos k|lqmof xf] . nfn / lgk"0f{ aGg]
k|lqmof ju{;ª\3if{, pTkfbgsf] nflu ;ª\3if{ / j}1flgs k|of]usf] lqmofTds k|lqmof
/ ;fd"lxs k|oTgåf/f cl3 a9\b5 . JolQm– JolQmsf ljlzi6 Ifdtfx? x'g
;S5g\ . ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0fsf k|To]s k|lqmofx?df JolQmsf] e"ldsf klg
dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 . t/ dfn]dfjfb ljZjdf :yflkt …hglj1fgÚ ePsf]n] o;sf]
k|lqmof ;fd"lxs 6Ldåf/f cl3 a9\5g\ . ;fd'lxs lg0f{o / JolQmut
lhDd]jf/L qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] ;fj{ef}lds ljlw h:tf] aGg k'u]sf] 5 . To;}n]
JolQmsf ljlzi6 Ifdtf x?nfO{ klg hgtfsf] aLrdf :yflkt ub]{ d"ntM
;fd"lxs k|0ffnLnfO{ :yflkt ug'{ dfn]dfjfbL qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] lhDd]jf/L
xf] .
t]>f]M
kf6L{ sld6Lx?df JolQm ljz]ifsf Psflwsf/jfbL x}sdx?nfO{ x's{g lbg' x'“b}g .
;fdGtjfb / k'“hLjfbn] JolQmsf] Psflwsf/jfbnfO{
k|fyldstf lbG5 . gLlh ;DkQLsf] ;ª\u|xn] JolQmx? a9L wgL aGb} hfg]
-hf] yf]/} x'G5g\_ / ;d"x / hgtfx? sª\ufnLs/0f x'“b} hfg] k|lqmof cl3
a9\b5, h'g k'“hLjfbsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf xf] . Psflwsf/jfb cGt/f{li6«o x'“b},
ax'/fli6«o x'“b} ;fd|fHojfbdf ablnG5 . ToxL ;fd|fHojfbL Psflwsf/nfO{
arfpgsf nflu k'“hLjfbLx?n] kmf}hL an k|of]u ub{5g\ . h;df JolQmsf x}sdx?
gf]s/zfxL jf tfgfzfxL k|lqmofdf b]vf kb{5g / hgtfdfly bdg yf]kl/G5 . of] k'“hLjfbLx?sf]
tl/sf xf] . To;}u/L ;j{xf/f juL{o kf6L{leq klg JolQmjfbL x}sdx? /
Psflwsf/jfbL ;f]rfOx?n] ax';+Vos hgtfsf] lqmofzLn k|ltef / d}qLk"0f{
;fd"lxs ;sf/fTds k|ltZkwf{sf] cGt x'G5 . To;}n] kf6L{ kª\lQmdf
JolQmjfbL Psflwsf/ / x}sdx?nfO{ a9\g lbg' x'“b}g . sld6Ln] u/]sf
lg0f{ox?nfO{ nfu" ug{ ul/g] lgb]{zg / cfb]zx? eg] x}sdx? xf]Ogg\ . oL
clgjfo{ k|lqmofx? x'g\ .
rf}yf]M
kf6L{ sld6Lx?df cf}krfl/stfdf dfq} xf]Og ls jf:tljstfdf g} Pstf sfod x'g'
kb{5 . sfd sfjf{xLx?nfO{ dfqfTdsaf6 p7fp“b} u'0ffTds :t/df k'¥ofpg kf6L{
sld6Lx?df alnof] Pstf sfod x'g' k5{ . Pstf eg]sf] sfo{df ef}lts ult k|fKt
ug]{ dxTjk"0f{ ;fwg xf] . kf6L{ kª\lQmleq cGt/lj/f]wx? x'g' :jfefljs
/ clgjfo{ x'G5, t/ tL cGt/lj/f]wx?nfO{ d}qLk"0f{ ?kdf xn ug]{ / kf6LnfO{ PsLs[t
lsNnfsf ?kdf abNg OdfGbf/ qmflGtsf/Lx?n] k|oTg ug}{ k5{ . sld6L PsLs[t
gx'“bf ef}lts zlQm k}bf x'“b}g / b'Zdgsf /fhg}lts tyf kmf}hL cfqmd0fnfO{
k|lt/f]w ug{ ;lsb}g . 5nkmn, cGtlqm{of / ax;df b]lvPsf k[ystfx?sf ;a}
cfu|x k"jf{u|xx?nfO{ 5f]8\g] / ul/Psf] ;fd"lxs lg0f{onfO{ nfu"
ug{ PsLs[t x'“b} gof“ k|lqmofdf hfg' kb{5 . gof“–gof“ ljifox? ylkb}
hfG5g\, To;} cg';f/ gof“ cfwf/df gof“ Pstf k}bf ub}{ hfg' / b'Zdgsf] …km'6fp /
/fh u/Úsf] gLltnfO{ k/f:t ug'{ qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] bfloTj xf] .
kf“rf}M
5nkmndf :jtGqtf / sfd sfjf{xLdf Ps?ktfnfO{ Jojl:yt tl/sfn] ckgfpg' k5{ .
j:t' h] 5, h:tf] 5, To:t} ?kdf cleJoQm x'g lb+bf g} kf6L{sf], hgtfsf] Pj+
aflx/L ef}lts hutsf] tyf k|To]s JolQmsf] jf:tljstf 5n{ª\u x'G5 . j:t'lgi6
l:yltsf] ;xL hfgsf/L k|fKt x'gsf] nflu ;DaGwLt ljifodf ljgf lxrlsrfx6 jf ljgf
;ª\sf]r 5nkmn x'g' kb{5 . 5nkmn s;};“u ql;t eP/ jf bafa dxz'; u/]/ ul/of]
eg] 7Ls lgisif{ lg:sb}g . 5nkmn / cGtlqm{of :jtGq?kdf x'g'k5{ .
To;}u/L :jtGqtf nfu" ug'{ kb{5 . 5nkmnx?sf] ;+Zn]lift ?kdf lg0f{o
x'G5 . ctM lg0f{onfO{ Ps?ktfsf ;fy sfd sfjf{xLdf nfu" ug'{
kb{5 . 5nkmndf leGgtf eP klg sfo{ Jofjxf/df hf“bf ;a} kª\lQm Ps l9Ssf eP/,
PsLs[t eP/ Ps?ktfsf;fy hfg' kb{5 . s}of}+ ljifox? hf] leGg dtsf ?kdf x'g
;Sb5g\, ltgLx?nfO{ ljlw;Ddt tl/sfn] jf hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf] tl/sfn] lglZrt tx;Dd
5nkmndf n}hfg kfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ Jojl:yt ljlw agfpg' kb{5 . h'g sfo{n]
cNkdtsf] dt ;'/lIFt x'g] / ax'dtsf] dt sfof{Gjogdf hfg] k|lqmof Jojl:yt
x'G5 . cNkdtnfO{ l;Wofpg] ug'{ sbflk /fd|f] tl/sf xf]Og .
5}7f}+M
x/]s k|sf/sf cx+sf/jfb / dgf]utjfbaf6 cfk"mnfO{ cnu /fVg' k5{ .
cx+sf/jfb cfkm}nfO{ l;4fGtaf6 ljrlnt kfg]{ Pp6f k|lqmof xf] . cfkm"
:jo+ 3d08L x'g', cfTdk|;+;s x'g', c?sf] e"ldsf / dxTjnfO{ Go"lgs[t
ug'{, cfkm}n] dfq ;j{:j u/]sf] 7fGg', cfk"mn] dfq} a'em]sf] / Jojxf/df
nu]sf] 7fGg' h:tf k|j[ltx? cx+sf/jfbsf ljz]iftfx? x'g\ . :jo+nfO{ dfq}
cJjn bhf{sf] qmflGtsf/L 7fGg] / c?nfO{ ls t blIf0fkGyL–cj;/jfbL lst
pu|jfbL–cltjfbL b]Vg] k|j[lt xfd|f] cfGbf]ngdf klg b]vf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
j:t'ut?kdf ;xL cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L lnP/ lgtfGt j:t'jfbL x'g'eGbf klg cfºg} wf/0ffnfO{
;xL 7fGg] / c?sf] a'emfO{ / b[l6sf]0fdfly gsf/fTds x'g] k|j[lt dgf]utjfb
xf] . dgf]utjfb / cx+sf/jfb ;j{xf/fju{sf nflu /fd|f kIf xf]Ogg\ oL
k|j[ltx?sf lj?4 lg/Gt/ ;ª\3if{ ub}{ dfn]dfjfbL b[li6sf]0fnfO{ sfo{ Jojxf/df
nfu" ug'{ kb{5 .
;ftf}+M
kf6L{ kª\lQmleq ;a} k|sf/sf u'6ut ;+sL0f{ ;f]+rfOx?;“u ;ª\3if{ ub}{ leGgtf ePsf
jf dte]b ePsfx?;“u emg\ Pstf sfod u/]/ jf ldn]/ sfd ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ ckgfpg'
kb{5 . Pp6f hLjGt kf6L{leq ;fdfGo leGgtf x'g', sltko ljifodf s]xL cnu–cnu
dte]bx? x'g' :jefljs x'G5 . dte]b / leGgtfx?sf aLr cGt/;ª\3if{ gx'g] kf6L{
jf:tjdf kf6L{ x'“b}g / Tof] hLljt klg x'“b}g . ljrf/xLg, ultxLg, lgis[o
j:t' h:t} aGg k'Ub5 kf6L{ . To;}n] leGgtf / dte]b kf6L{nfO{ hLjg lbg]
phf{x? x'g\ . a? leGgtfx?nfO{ s;/L PsLs[t ug]{ / km/s;“u klg efjgfTds /
Jofjxfl/s Pstf k}bf ug]{, h'g Pstf ljrf/sf] hudf cl8Psf] x'G5, of] g} k|d'v kIf
xf] . leGgtfnfO{ l;Wofpg], if8oGqsf/L jf u'6jfbL tl/sfn] cfk"m;“u
c;xdt x'g]x?nfO{ vtd ug{ vf]Hg] k|j[lt ;j{xf/fjfbL xf]Og ls ;fdGtjfbL tl/sf
xf] . ;fdGtjfbn] c?sf] cl:tTjnfO{ :jLsfg{ ;Sb}g . To;}n] xfdLn] leGg
x'g]x?;“u emg\ ldNg] / Pstf sfdo ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ kf6L{ hLjgdf k|of]u ug{ kl5
kg'{ x'“b}g .
cf7f}+M
Pp6f hLjGt kf6L{leq ljleGg wf/f / k|j[ltx?aLr ;ª\3if{ x'g' :jefljs eP klg
;fk]lIft?kdf Pp6f wf/f / k|j[lt qmflGtsf/L-t'ngfTds ?kn]_ x'g] ePsf]n] ;se/
cfk"mnfO{ ToxL qmflGtsf/L wf/fsf kIFdf pEofpg k|of; ug'{ k5{ . x'g t
;a} cf–cfºgf wf/0ffx? qmflGtsf/L nfUg ;Sb5g\, t/ Jofjxf/åf/f k'li6 / k|dfl0ft
ePsf cyf{t lj1fgåf/f / ;xL b[li6sf]0fåf/f n}; wf/f / k|j[ltsf] kIfdf pleg' /
pEofpg' k|To]s qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] bfloTj xf] .
gjf}+M
r':t b'?:t sfo{ k|0ffnL / ;/nLs[t ;fª\u7lgs Pj+ k|zf;lgs 9f“rf tof/ ug'{
k5{ . o'4sf] ljsf;sf] ;fk]Iftfdf xfd|f] sfo{k|0ffnL klg r':t b'?:t x'g]
ljifon] /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] sfo{gLltnfO{ k|efj kfb{5 . ;fª\u7lgs
;+/rgfx? e2f Pj+ ;+;bLo kl/kf6Lsf eP eg] xfdLnfO{ b'Zdgn] 7"nf] Iflt
k'¥ofpg ;Sb5 . dflg;sf Ifdtf, of]Uotf / sfdsf] cfjZostf cg';f/ tt\–tt\
7fp“df ldnfpg] / l56f]–l56f] / o'4
:t/df sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ ljifon] xfdL r':t b'?:t x'G5f}+ .
7"n–7"nf] ;ª\u7gsf e2f kmd]{zgn] l9nf 9fnf agfp“b5 / Ifdtfx? PsLs[t
x'g ;Sb}gg\ . cgfjZos ?kdf dflg;nfO{ kbf]GgtL ug]{ / cgfjZos ?kdf tn
emfg]{ ubf{ ls t cljZjf; a9\b5 ls t eb|uf]n x'G5 . To;}n] r':t b'?:t sld6L
/ l56f] 5l/tf] k|zf;lgs 9f“rf agfpg' kb{5 . kf6L{ sld6L :jo+ cfb]z
;d"xdf ablng] tyf cgfjZos e2f sd{rf/LtGqsf] ljsf; eof] eg] To;n] ;j{xf/f
b[li6sf]0f / ljrf/ tyf To;} cg'?ksf] sfo{ k|0ffnLnfO{ k|ToIf k|efj kfb{5 .
To;}n] o'4sfndf r':t b'?:t sfo{k|0ffnL / To;} cg';f/sf] ;fª\u7lgs Pj+ k|zf;lgs
9f“rfnfO{ cjnDag ug'{ kb{5 .
bzf}+M
kf6L{ sld6Lx?df …hgjfbÚ / …s]Gb|LotfÚsf] jf:tljs j}1flgs k|of]u ljlwleq /x]/
lglZrt sld6L jf tx;Dd 5nkmnsf] nflu ljifosf] k"j{ ;"rgf lbg'
k5{ . sltko uf]klgotfnfO{ Vofn /fVg' kg]{ k|fljlws ljifox? afx]s s}of}+
/fhg}lts, j}rfl/s tyf ljrf/wf/fTds 5nkmnsf ljifox? ;DalGwt sld6Lsf ;b:ox?nfO{
k"j{ hfgsf/L lbP/ tof/L ;lxt cfºgf] wf/0ff agfP/ cfpg] k|lqmof ldnfp“bf
;DalGwt ljifosf] ulx/fOdf 5nkmn x'G5 . xfd|f] tl/sf k|foM cfsl:ds vfnsf]
x'g] u5{ . s'g s'g ljifodf 5nkmn ug]{ eGg] s'/f klxn] g} hfgsf/L gx'“bf
dflg;x? -sfo{stf{x?_sf wf/0ffx? alg;s]sf x'“b}gg\ / l5kl5k] jf ?k kIfsf] dfq}
5nkmn x'G5 . ;Dej x'“bf;Dd ljrf/wf/fTds ljifosf] k"j{ hfgsf/Ln]
cWoggdf d2t ub{5 . km]l/ of] ljifonfO{ ckgfp“bf hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf
d"n dd{x? sdhf]/ x'g]u/L eg] ug'{ x'“b}g . o; afx]s k"j{
hfgsf/Ln] 5nkmn / lg0f{o lng ;lhnf] x'g] ub{5 .
P3f/f}+M
b'Zdgsf] bdg / lx+;fTds k|lqmof tLj| ePsf] x'gfn] tyf sof}+ c/fhstfjfbL
k|j[ltx? a9\g glbgsf nflu kf6L{ kª\lQmleq uf]klgotfsf] ljifonfO{ klg Psbd} Wofg
lbg' k5{ . sltko To:tf ljifox? x'G5g\, h'g b'Zdg sxf“ tyf kf6L{sf] cfjZos
gkg]{ :yfgdf To;sf] hfgsf/L eof] eg] 7"n7"nf b'3{6gf / Ifltx?
x'G5g\ . b'Zdgn] cfºgf] OlG6lnh]G; dfkm{t xfd|f w]/} s'/fx?sf] hfgsf/L lng
rfxG5g\ tfls xfdLnfO{ bdg ug{ ;lsof];\ . xfdL hlt ;Sof] xfd|f ljifox? /
sfo{tl/sfx? b'Zdgn] hfgsf/L gkfcf];\ eGg] rfxG5f}+ . b'Zdgsf] hfgsf/L
xfdLnfO{ x'g] / xfd|f] hfgsf/L b'ZdgnfO{ gx'g] s'/fn] sfddf w]/} ;lhnf]
kfb{5 . To;}u/L sltko ljifox? c;DalGwt 7fp“df hfgsf/L x'“bf c/fhstf,
cljZjf; jf eb|uf]n k}bf x'g ;Sb5 . To;}n] xfdLn] uf]klgotfsf] ljifonfO{
w]/} uDeL/tfk"j{s lng' kb{5 .
afx|f}+M
hg;d'bfosf] OR5f, rfxgf, ?rL / dgf]lj1fgk|lt Wofg lb+b} pgLx?k|lt k|ltj4 x'g' /
pgLx?nfO{ xfd|f] nIok|lt / xfdLx? pgLx?sf] kIfdf /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ cf:j:t kfg{
Wofg lbg} k5{ . hgtf g} Oltxf;sf lgdf{tf / qmflGtsf afxs zlQm x'g\ .
To;}n] xfdLn] klg hgtfsf] dgf]lj1fg / efjgfdf PsLs[t x'“b} pgLx?nfO{
ljrf/wf/fTds / /fhg}lts ?kdf cl3 a9fpg' xfd|f] bfloTj / st{Jo xf] . xfdL
hgtf s} kIfdf nl8/x]sf] s'/f :jo+ hgtfnfO{ a'emfpg ;s]gf}+ eg] tyf xfd|f
hLjgz}nL / sfo{Jofjxf/n] hgtfnfO{ gsf/fTds k|efj kf¥of] eg] hgtf / kf6L{sf
aLrdf kmf6f] kg{;S5 . of] sbflk x'g lbg' x'“b}g . x/]s a]nf / x/ ;do
hgtf / kf6L{sf aLr cyf{t kf6L{ sfo{stf{ / hgtfsf aLr ;'dw'/ Pj+ cGof]Gofl>t
;DaGw x'g' kb{5 . xfd|f] kf6L{ :jo+ hgkf6L{ ePsfn] hgtfnfO{ ;fy;fy} lnP/
hfg' kb{5 . /, dfq} ;fd|fHojfb / k|ltlqmofjfbsf x/]s cfqmd0f /
if8\oGqx?nfO{ lrg{ ;lsG5 .
t]x|f}+M
;xL ;"rgf, ;xL tYofª\sx?sf] clen]v /fVg', plrt l/kf]l6{ª k|0ffnLnfO{
Jojl:yt kfg'{ xfd|f] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ xf] . sof}+ l/kf]6{x? a9fO
r9fO u/]/ cfpg] tyf s}of}+ l/kf]6{ Go"gLs[t eP/ 36]/ cfpg] h:tf ;d:ofx?n]
;xL lg0f{o ug{ d2t k'Ub}g / g]t[Tj dgf]utjfbL aGg] vt/f a9L x'G5 .
kf6L{sf] j:t'ut l:ylt, ju{x?sf] j:t'ut l:ylt / ju{ ljin];0f ;DjlGw ;xL
tYofª\sx?sf] clen]v tyf sof}+ o'4sf] qmddf ePsf Iflt–pknAwL / ;Defjgfx?sf] ;xL
clen]v gx'“bf lg0f{ox? unt x'g ;S5g\ . lg0f{ox? ;xL / j:t'ut x'gsf] nflu
l/kf]6{, ;"rgf / clen]vx? klg ;xL / jf:tljs x'g' kb{5 . of] ljifodf
qmflGtsf/Lx?n] a9L Wofg lbg} k5{ .
rf}wf}+M
kf6L{ sld6Lx?df b]vf kg]{ cGt/lj/f]wx?nfO{ xn ug]{ tl/sf d}qLk"0f{ x'g'
kb{5 . k|foM cGt/lj/f]wx? b'O{ k|sf/sf x'g] ub{5g\ . zq'tfk"0f{
cGt/lj/f]w / ldqtfk"0f{ cGt/lj/f]w . zq'ju{;“u x'g] cGt/lj/f]w
zq'tfk"0f{ x'G5 eg] ju{ldq;“u x'g] cGt/lj/f]w ldqtfk"0f{ x'G5 .
zq'ju{;“usf] cGt/lj/f]w v'Nnf / xfsf–xfsL / k|i6;“u b]lvg] x'G5 eg] kf6L{
kª\lQm jf ju{ldq;“u x'g] cGt/lj/f]w slxn]sf“xL ;'Id / cb[Zo klg x'g ;Sb5 .
t/ klg cGt/lj/f]w clgjfo{ x'G5 . ;xrfo{ aGw' ju{;“u d}lqk"0f{
;ª\3if{kl5 Pstfdf hfg] / sfd sfjf{xLdf Ps?ktf k}bf ug]{ ljlw ckgfpg' kg]{ ePsf]n]
ldqju{sf aLrsf] ldqtfk"0f{ cGt/lj/f]w Pstf–;ª\3if{ / ;ªsNk Pstf tyf
?kfGt/0fdf x'g' kb{5 . k'/fg} 7fp“df jf kl5 kms]{/ ;d:ofx? xn ug{ vf]Hg]
tl/sfn] xfdLnfO{ cu|ufdL r]tgf / ef}lts gof“ zlQm k|fKt x'g ;Sb}g . ef}lts
zlQm / gjLg r]tgfsf] nflu gof“–gof“ ljifodf cGt/lj/f]w x'g', ltgLx?aLr ;ª\3if{
x'g' / km]l/ ;ª\sNk Pstfdf p7\g' xfd|f] st{Jo / bfloTj xf] . gq eg] xfd|f
7"nf–7"nf r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ug{ c;dy{ x'g] 5f}+ .
kGw|f}+M
cfºgf] lgb[i6 nIo p2]Zo / of]hgfk|lt k"0f{ ;dlk{t / k|ltj4 x'g' csf]{ dxTjk"0f{
kIf xf] . xfd|f] cfºg} juL{o clei6 nIok|lt k"0f{ cf:yf / lgi7fsf;fy
k|ltj4 eP/ sfddf nfUg' kg]{ x'G5 . cf}krfl/stfdf jf sfl/Gbfsf] ?kdf sfd
ug]{ tl/sfn] xfdLnfO{ 7Ls 7fp“df nUb}g . c? s;}sf] nflu ul/lbg] jf kfPsf]
;fdfGo lhDdfnfO{ dfq} cf}krfl/s ?kdf nfu" ug]{ tl/sf ;ª\u7gfTds If]qdf
b]lvg] c?rL / l3;]lk7] k|0ffnL xf] . cfºg} juL{o nIok|lt k"0f{
cf:yf–ljZjf; / e/f];f x'g'k5{ / To;} cg';f/ leq}b]lv ;dlk{t eP/ kf6L{ sfd /
;ª\3if{df cl3 a9\g' kb{5 . sof}+ dflg;x?n] o;sf] ;f/nfO{ a'‰b}gg\ / ?kdf
x/fp“b5g\ . g]t[Tjn] tn lgb]{zg ubf{ klg cfk"mnfO{ ul/lbg] h:tf] u/L
gf]s/zfxL x}sd b]vfpg] / sfo{stf{ jf tNnf] sld6Ln] To;nfO{ nfu" ubf{ klg
c?sf] sfd h:tf] u/L lng] / ;fdfGo ?kdf dfq} nfu" ug]{ tl/sf xfd|f]
cfGbf]ngdf b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ 7Ls 9ª\un] ;Rofpg' k5{ .
;f]x|f}+M
j:t'ut kl/l:yltsf] plrt ljZn]if0f ub}{ 7f];?kdf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{
cl3 a9fpg' k5{ . j:t'ut kl/l:ylt / cj:yf cg';f/ sfd x'g ;s]g jf ;xL
;+Zn]if0f / ljZn]if0f ePg eg] lg0f{ox? / ul/Psf lg0f{ox?sf] sfof{Gjogn] ;xL
glthf lg:sb}g . ;xL glthf k|fKt ug{ ;xL ljZn]if0f / ;xL lg0f{o x'g'
kb{5 . j:t'ut cj:yf Psflt/ cfTdut cj:yf csf{lt/ cyjf cfTdut cj:yf Psflt/
j:t'ut cj:yf csf]{lt/ eof] eg] of]hgf u8j8L x'G5 . cfTd;'/Iffjfb,
blIf0fkGyL dgf]utjfb, csd{0otfjfb h:tf k|j[ltx? hlGdg] klg oxL+g]/af6
xf] . n]lggn] eg] h:tf] 7f]; kl/l:yltsf] 7f]; ljZn]if0f ug]{ / qmflGtsf/L
tl/sfn] ;ª\3if{sf sfo{x? tyf kf6L{sf cGo sfo{x?nfO{ ;Dkfbg ug]{ tyf ablnPsf]
kl/l:yltdf klg plrt lg0f{o lng] k|lqmofnfO{ xfdLn] xd];f Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
cGoyf 7"nf–7"nf Ifltsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kg]{ tyf oyfl:yltdf /xg] x'g
;S5 .
;qf}+M
c1fgtfaf6 aRgsf] nflu hgtfaf6 l;Sg xfdL slxNo} kl5 kg'{ x'“b}g . k'/fgf]
/fhf–dfxf/fhf x'g] ;fdGtjfbL o'udf /fhf–dxf/fhfx?n] hgtfaf6 l;Sg] s'/fnfO{
slxNo} dfg]gg\ . hgtfsf s'/f ;'Gg' cfkm";“u k|fKt gePsf] 1fg pgLx?af6
lng' ;fdGtjfbsf] lglDt ckdfgsf] sfo{ x'G5 . cfºgf c1fgtfk"0f{
JolQmjfbL cfb]zx? ;a}n] dfGg} kg]{ x's'dLtGq pgLx?sf] lyof] . t/ xfn
k'“hLjfbn] ljsf; u/] klg cyjf k'“hLjfb ;fd|fHojfbdf ablnP klg x's'dL
;fd|fHojfbL cfb]zx? gof“ ?k / cfj/0fdf b]vf kl//x]sf 5g\ . ef}ltsjfbL
qmflGtsf/Lx? hgtfaf6 l;Sg] s'/fnfO{ cfºgf] hLjgrof{ agfp“b5g\ . 1fgsf]
>f]t dxfg\ hgtf / hgtfsf aLrsf cGt/lj/f]wx? x'g\ . xfd|f] cfGbf]ngdf
;d]t hgtfaf6 l;Sg] s'/fnfO{ t'R5 ;lDemg] ;fdGtjfbL k|j[ltsf s]xL cjz]ifx? b]vf
kb{5g\ . o;nfO{ k"/} /f]Sg' kb{5 / hgtfaf6 l;Sg], hgtf;“u /xg] /
hgtfnfO{ g} abNg] sfo{df xfdL nfUg} k5{ . cfk"mnfO{ hfgsf/L gePsf,
s}of}+ ljifox? hgtfsf] ljzfn kª\lQmdf s}of}+ JolQmx?;“u x'g ;S5, To;af6 l;Sg
xfdL x/bd k|oTg ug'{ k5{ . ;fy} sdhf]/ hgtfnfO{ cfk"mn] k|fKt u/]sf]
1fgnfO{ klg lg/Gt/ ;+k|]if0f ug'{ kb{5 . l;Sg'eGbf csf]{ dxfg\ c? s]xL
5}g . 3d08L aGg] / l;Sg kl5 kg]{ tl/sfn] dflg;sf Ifdtfx? vQd x'G5g\ .
ghfg]sf] s'/f c?af6 l;Sg lxlRsrfpg' x'b}g . hlxn] klg u'? x'g eGbf r]nf
x'g Wofg lbg] / ;w} ljBfyL{ x'g k|oTg ug]{ sfo{n] xfdLnfO{ 7Ls 7fp“df
n}hfG5 .
c7f/f}+M
x/]s sld6Ldf k|foM c;n / ;xL g]t[Tjsf] 5gf]6 ug'{ kb{5 . xfdL slxNo} klg
cfu|x–k"jf{u|xdf km:g' x'“b}g . sfo{stf{x?sf] 5gf}6 cyf{t
sfo{stf{x?sf] aLraf6 ;xL g]t[Tjsf] 5gf]6 of]Uotf, Ifdtf / qmflGt tyf ju{k|ltsf]
lgi7fsf cfwf/df ug'{ kb{5 . of] ljifodf xfd|f] cfGbf]ngdf klg s}of}+
k"jf{u|xL cg'u|xL / cfu|xL k|j[ltx? b]lvg] ub{5g\ . dflg;sf ljz]if
;DaGwx?, lrghfg / ;Dks{sf cfwf/df eGbf klg ax';+Vos hgtf, sfo{stf{sf wf/0ffx?
a'em]/ hgtfk|lt ;dlk{t, ;ª\3if{k|lt k|ltj4, Tofu / jlnbfgdf tof/ x'g] JolQmx?
hf] hgtfsf] Gofgf] dfofdf x's]{sf x'G5g\nfO{ rog ubf{ g}
kf6L{–g]tf–hgtf–sfo{stf{sf] ;DaGw ;'b[9 / ;'dw'/ x'G5 . kf6L{leq x'g]
cGt/lj/f]wx?af6 t'?Gt} sfo{stf{k|lt ;sf/fTds jf gsf/fTds wf/0ff agfO{ xfNg]
cNkr]tgf xfdLsxf“ b]lvG5 . Pp6f ;fdfGo sfo{gLltdf dt km/s x'g ;Sb5 .
t/ p;sf] hLjgsf] km};nf ;fdfGo sfo{gLlts ljifosf] 5nkmndf b]lvg] kIfw/tfnfO{
dfq} cfwf/ agfpg] / p;sf] /fhg}lts p2]Zo k|flKtsf] ;dk{0f / lgi7fnfO{ ljl;{lbg]
sbflk ug'{ x'“b}g . dflg;nfO{ ljgf cfwf/ n]j'n nufOlbg] / slxn] 6'KkL
;dft]/ dfly tfGg], slxn] vfnf] sf9\g], ku/L nufpg] ug'{ x'“b}g . o;vfn]
tl/sfn] kf6L{sf] ;Gt'ng ljlu|G5 / Pstfdf cg]stf k}bf ub{5 .
pGgfO{;f}+M
jL/tf, ;f}o{tf, ;fx; / jlnbfgsf kIfx?nfO{ cfd hgtfsf] aLrdf :yflkt ug'{
k5{ . ju{;ª\3if{sf] k|lqmofåf/f ;fdflhs ?kfGt/0f ug'{ / /fHonfO{ g} abNg'
sl7g dxfg\ sfo{ cjZo xf] . hgo'4nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] k|lqmofdf To:tf jL/tf,
;f}o{tf / jlnbfg / ;fx;sf gof“–gof“ sLlt{dfgx? b]lvPsf 5g\ ls h'g ljZjdf ;d]t
lj/n} kfOg] ub{5g\ . hgtfnfO{ gof“ efjdf p7fP/ emg} ljb|f]xdf cl3 a9fpgsf
nflu Tofu / jlnbfgsf ;'Gb/td\ sLlt{dfgx?nfO{ kf6L{ kª\lQm / cfd hgtfdf :yflkt
ug{ xfdL kl5 kg'{ x'Gg . sfo/x? / euf}8fx? klg cfGbf]ngaf6 hlGdG5g\,
To;}u/L axfb'/ / jL/x? klg cfGbf]ngdf hlGdG5g\ . cfGbf]ngdf hlGdPsf axfb'/
jL/x?nfO{ ;'Gb/td\, dxfgtd\ / eJotd\ tl/sfn] :yflkt ug'{k5{ . sfo/,
euf}8f, cj;/jfbLx?nfO{ gfª\u]emf/ kfg]{ / jL/x?nfO{ :yflkt ug]{ sfo{n] o'4 /
qmflGt tyf kf6L{nfO{ u'0ffTds k|efj kfb{5 .
jL;f}+M
cfnf]rgf–cfTdfnf]rgfnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f k|lqmofs}?kdf lnP/ lg/Gt/ hLjg Jojxf/df
nfu" ug'{ kb{5 . cfTdfnf]rgfn] cfkm};“u ePsf v/faLx?;“u n8\g k|]l/t
u5{ eg] cfnf]rgfn] c?sf v/faLx?nfO{ ;Rofpg d2t ub{5 . s]xL ;dob]lv xfd|f]
cfGbf]ngdf cfnf]rgf cfTdfnf]rgf cf}krfl/s Ph]08f dfq} x'“b} uO/x]sf] 5 .
cfGbf]ngsf] ljsf; / dxfg\ ;sf/fTds kIfx?sf ;fy} s}of}+ gsf/fTds kIfx? klg
cflz+s ?kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ . gsf/fTds kIfx?sf] of]u a9L x'g yfNof] eg]
k|ltqmflGt x'G5 . lgZro g} clxn] ;sf/fTds pknlAwx?sf] of]u g} w]/} / clws
5 . To;}n] xfdL qmflGtsf/L 5f}+ t/ obfsbf s]xL gsf/fTds u}x| ;j{xf/f
k|j[ltx? klg b]lvg yfn]sf 5g\ . ltgnfO{ x6fpgsf nflu cfkm}+;“u ePsf
v/faLx?sf lj?4 n8\g] :j–cfnf]rgf / c?sf v/faL;“u n8\g] cfnf]rgfnfO{ cf}krfl/s
ljifo dfq} gagfP/ hLjgdf nfu" ug]{ ;'b[l9s/0fsf] xltof/sf ?kdf k|of]u ug'{
kb{5 .
PSsfO{;f}+M
hgo'4sf] P]ltxfl;s dxfg\ kxnsbdLb]lv xfn;Dd cfO{k'Ubf bzf}+ xhf/ sfo{stf{,
g]tf, hgtfn] jlnbfg ul/;s]sf 5g\ . of] k|lqmof ju{x?sf] cl:tTj /x“bf;Dd /
ju{;ª\3if{ /x“bf;Dd lg/Gt/ hf/L /xg ;S5 . sdeGbf sd Iflt a]xf]/]/ a9LeGbf
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