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jif{ !# c+s #*, ebf} !, @)^! Year 13, Issue 38, August 17, 2004 |
;fdlos
HfftLo d'lQm cfGbf]ng;DaGwL s]xL kbfjnLsf] kl/rofTds
l6Kk0fL
gf/fo0f zdf{
s=cflbjf;L÷hghfltM ;fdfGo cy{df cflbjf;L eGgfn]
s'g} e"efudf ;aeGbf klxn] cfjfbL u/L a:g] d"n afl;Gbf eGG]f a'lemG5
eg] hghflt eGgfn] klg nueu To:t} a'lemP klg c¿ hfltx¿ eGbf /fHo;Qfaf6 pk]lIft
hg;d'bfo eGg] a'lemG5 . o;af/] k|f]=dfl0fs nfn >]i7 eGGf' x'G5—æb]zsf
tL d"Nf lgjf;Lx¿, h;sf] zf;s;“u
eGbf leGg} cfkm\g} 5'§} efiff, ;+:s[lt 5 / hf] cNk ;+Vofdf k/]sf] sf/0fn] jf
cGo s'g} sf/0fn] nfdf] ;do;Dd /fhg}lts b[li6n]
e]b—efjsf] lzsf/ ag]sf 5g\, clg /fHo;Qf ;+rfngsf] clwsf/af6 a+lrt 5g\, ltgnfO{ cflbjf;L÷hghflt
elgG5 . -g]jf/ hfltsf] :j?kjf/] s]xLs'/f, hghflt aif{! c+s !—@, cfiff9
@)%^_
o;}u/L ;Gtaxfb'/ u'¿ªsf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df hghflt eGgfn] j0f{ Joj:yf gdfGg],
cfkm\g} cnu ;+:s[lt / klxrfg ePsf] hfltnfO{ a'lemG5 .
I.L.O. n] !(%& df :jLs[t u/]sf] cflbjf;L tyf cflbd hfltx¿ ;+aGwL
dxf;Dd]ngsf] k|:tfj g+ !)& sf cg';f/ klg cflbjf;L eGgfn] ljBdfg zf;s
;d"xx¿ EfGbf klxn] cfPsf /
cfkm\gf] k/+k/fut /Lltl/jfh, ;+:sf/ nufot ;dflhs—;+f:s[lts / cfly{s ¿kdf
/fHosf] d"nk|jfxeGbf j]Un} ePsf t/ zfl;t eP/ /xg' k/]sf hflt jf
;d"bfonfO{ a'em\g' kb{5 .
Eff/tdf
cflbjf;L÷hghflt eGgfn] æhft ;+/rgf gePsf], k/Dk/fut /Lltl/jfh, k|rng / ljZjf;
cg'z/0f ul/cfPsf], jf ckl/lrt >f]tx¿af6 cfPsf ljrf/x¿ ;xh?kn] u|x0f ug{
cg'bf/ /lxcfPsf], cfkm\gf] hftLo / If]qLo ;+37g (Integration)
k|lt ;hu /x]sf] hflt jf ;d'bfoÆ eGg] dflgG5 .
cflbjf;L ÷hghfltaf/] g]kfn hghflt dxf;+3sf] cfjwf/0ff o:tf] 5 M lxGb' j0ff{>Dfsf] ;+/rgfleq gkg]{ g]kfnsf cflbjf;L Pj+ d"n hfltx¿ Gf} hghflt x'g\ . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df cflbjf;L hghflt / hghflt g} cflbjf;L x'g\ .
lgisif{df eGg'kbf{ zf;s ;d"xeGbf leGg} cfkm\g} df}lns
;+:s[lt, efiff—;flxTo ePsf] / /fHo;Qf ;+rfngsf] clwsf/af6 w]/} nfdf] ;dob]lv
a+lrt cyf{t /fHo;Qfaf6 zf]lift—pTkLl8t / pk]lIft b]zsf d"n jfl;Gbfx¿
-cflbd jfl;Gbfx¿_ h;n] jt{dfg zf;s
Joj:yfn] k|of]u ug]{ /fi6«efiff eGbf leGg efiff af]Nb5g\, /fHowd{ eGbf leGg}
wd{ dfGb5g\, tL ;a} hflt jf ;d'bfonfO{ cflbjf;L÷hghflt eGg ;lsG5 .
pk/f]Qm
cy{ / kl/efiffcg';f/ cflbjf;L÷hghfltsf] klxrfg ug{sf] nflu lgDg lnlvt
j"bf+ut ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ cfwf/ agfpg' kb5{ . tL ljz]iftfx¿ x'g\—
! 5'§} ;f+:s[lts klxrfg cyf{t
5'§} d"No—dfGotf / ;+:s[lt ePsf]
@ 5'§} efiff, wd{ / /Llt—l/jfh
ePsf]
# ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t k/Dk/fut
;fdflhs ;+/rgf ePsf]
$ 5'§} Oltxf; ePsf]
% xfdL eGg] efjgf ePsf]
^ k/+k/fut ef}uf]lns If]q ePsf]
& cflbjf;L ePsf]
* /fHo;Qfdf lg0ff{os :yfg /
e"ldsf gePsf]
( dft[ ;Qfsf u'0fx¿ ePsf]
->f]t Mhghflt pTyfg k|lti7fg /
/fli6«o hghflt ljsf; ;ldlt_ -pTyfg k|lti7fgsf] sfo{bnsf] k|ltj]bg @)%^_
v=/fi6«÷hfltM ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] cfwf/df x]bf{
k“'hLjfbL r/0f;Dd ljsf; ePsf] To:tf]
s'g} ljz]if hftLo ;d'bfonfO{ Nation -/fi6«_ elgG5 eg]
;fdGtL jf cw{;fdGtL r/0f;Dd
;Lldt /x]sf] cw{ jf cNk ljsfl;t / s]xL cflbd u'0fx¿n] o'Qm hftLo ;d'bfo
ljz]ifnfO{ hflt (Nationalities of Ethenic Group)
elgG5 . o; ;DaGwdf s'g} hflt ljz]if /fi6« x'gsf nflu s=:6flngn] cf}+Nofpg'
ePsf lgDg s'/fx¿ ljz]if cfjZos
5g\ .
s'g} lglZrt e"efu, Pp6f
5'§} efiff, cfTdlge{/ cy{tGq jf cfly{s cfwf/ / lglZrt hg;d"bfosf]
dgf]lj1fg -;+:s[lt_ oL $ ljz]iftfx? EfPsf s'g} klg hftLo ;d'bfonfO{ /fi6«
elgG5, cGoyf To;nfO{ hflt elgG5 .
hflt uf]q—sljnfO ;d'bfosf]
kl5 lgdf{0f x'G5 . vf;u/L cflbd ;fd'bflos ;DaGwx¿sf] :yfgdf lghL :jfldTjsf
;DaGwx¿sf] :yfkgfsf kl/l:yltx¿df leGg—leGg sljnfx¿sf] k/:k/ ljno tyf
;'b[9Ls/0fsf] k|s[ofdf u7g x'g] hftLo ;d'bfonfO{ hflt elgG5 .
u=cfTdlg0f{osf]
clwsf/M ;fdfGotM cfkm}n] lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/nfO{ cfTd lg0f{osf] clwsf/ dflgG5 .
dfgj clwsf/ cGt//fli6«o b:tfj]hsf cg';f/ æk|To]s /fi6« jf k|b]zdf lgjf;
ul//x]sf hgtfnfO{ cfºg} /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs cflb Joj:yfx¿, cfºgf] j}b]lzs
/ cfly{s gLlt,cGo /fi6« / hgtf;“u ;DjGw cflb ;jfnx¿sf] lgwf{/0f cfkm}n] ug]{
clwsf/ xf] .Æ
:6flngsf
cg';f/—æcfTdlg0fo{sf] clwsf/sf] cy{ s]jn /fi6«nfO{ g} cfºgf] OR5fcg';f/ lg0f{o
ug]{ clwsf/ xf] .=====s'g} klg /fi6«nfO{ cfºgf] efUosf] lg0f{o :jtGq ?kn]
ug]{ clwsf/ 5 . p;nfO{ cfºgf] hLjg, h:tf] p;n] plrt 7fG5, to ug]{ clwsf/ 5
/ p;nfO{ ;Dk"0f{ ?kn] cnu x'g] clwsf/ klg 5 t/ o;sf] cy{ of] xf]Og ls
p;nfO{ x/xfntdf o:tf] ug]{ -cnu x'g]— n]=_ g} kb{5 .Æ -dfS;{jfb /
/fli6«otfsf] k|Zg_
n]lgg eGg'x'G5 Mæhfltx¿sf]
cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] cy{ x'G5 ls oL hfltx¿sf] csf{ hftLo ;d'xx¿;“u /fhsLo
cnufj / :jtGq /fHosf] lgd{f0f .Æ -hfltx¿sf] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/_ n]lggsf]
larf/df hftLo cfTdlg0f{osf] cy{
P]ltxfl;s / cfly{s b[li6n] /fhgLlts cfTdlg0f{o, /fhgLlts :jtGqtf / hftLo
/fHosf] lgd{f0f c? s]xL x'g} ;Qm}g / /fhgLlts cfTdlg0f{o eg]sf] /fHox¿sf]
:jfwLgtf / /fli6«o /fHosf] lgd{f0f ug]{ clwsf/ xf] .
o:t}
kedouria eG5g\—æ/fli6«o jf hftLo cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/
clGtd ljZn]if0fdf cfdhgtfsf] rfxgf cg'?k lg0f{o lng] k4lt xf] .Æ
;+lIftdf
eGg'kbf{ hftLo cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ s'g} klg hfltnfO{ k|fKt Ps o:tf] g};+lu{s
clwsf/ xf], h;n] Tof] hfltnfO{ cnu /fHo agfpg ;xdlt lbG5 .
3=:jfoQtf
/ :jfoQ zf;g Joj:yfM ax'hftLo,
ax'eflifs / ax';f+:s[lts d'n'sdf ljljw hfltx¿, eflifs ;d'bfox¿ jf ;f+:s[lts
;d'bfox¿nfO{ ;+3fTds k|0ffnLcGtu{t rNg] Ps o:tf] :jtGq / cfTdlge{/ zf;g Joj:yf
xf], h;nfO{ d'b|f, j}b]lzs ;DaGw / k//f:i6« gLlt, /Iff -;]gf_, gfk—tf}n,
;"rgf—;+rf/, cGt/fli6«o Jofkf/, j[xt\ pBf]u ;+rfng;+aGwL clwsf/ afx]s cGo
;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ k|fKt x'G5 . Pp6f b]zleq ljleGg hftLo jf If]qLo :jfoQ
k|b]zx¿ x'G5g\ / ltgsf klg ljleGg txx¿, state -/fHo:t/Lo_, Region -If]q:t/Lo_ / Onfsf (area) :tl/o x'G5g\ . ljleGg hflt /
If]q, hf] lk5l8Psf 5g\ / b]zsf] PsfTds zf;g Joj:yfaf6 zf]lift—lkl8t / pk]lIft
5g\, ltgsf] d'lQm, ;dfgtf / ljsf;sf] nflu / cGttM ;+k"0f{ b]zs} zflGt /
;d[l4sf] nflu o;k|sf/sf] :jfoQ zf;g Joj:yf hftLo, wfld{s, ;+f:s[lts / If]qLo
pTkL8gdf k/]sf e"—efux¿df sfod ug]{ ul/G5 / o;/L ug'{ lgtfGt pko'Qm
x'G5 .
ª=:jzf;g—
:jzf;gsf] zflAbs cy{ xf] …:jÚ eg]sf] …cfkm"Ú jf …cfºgf]Ú / …zf;gÚ
eg]sf] …lgoGq0f / lgb]{lzgÚ . o;/L 5n{¨ 5 ls :jzf;gsf] cy{ cfkm"n]
cfkm}nfO{ ug]{ zf;g jf cfkm}dflysf] cfºgf] zf;g g} xf] . t/ :jzf;gsf] cy{
oltdf dfq ;Lldt 5}g . lsgls ox“f cfkm" eGgfn] s'g} JolQm dfq geP/
s'g} hflt, If]q jf efiff—efifL hg;d'bfo eGg] a'em\g' kb{5 . o;/L s'g}
hflt, If]q jf efiff—efifL hg;d'bfon] cfºgf] If]qleq cfºgf] cg's"nsf]
cyf{t\ cfºgf] ljsf;, lgdf0f{, pGGflt,k|ult / ;d[l4sf] ;fy} :jtGqtf / d'lQmsf]
nflu cfkm}n] r'g]sf k|ltlglwx¿4f/f lagfs;}sf] x:tIf]kdf k"0f{ :jfwLg eP/
zf;g Joj:yf rnfpg kfpg] clwsf/k|fKt zf;g :jzf;g xf] . o;/L x]bf{ :ofoQ
zf;g / :jzf;g Joj:yfdf Tolt leGgtf b]lvb}g . km]l/ klg :jzf;g eGgfn]
:yfgLo txdf :jfoQtf k|fKt zf;g Joj:yf eGg] a'em\g] ul/Psf] 5 eg] :jfoQzf;g
eGgfn] /fHotxdf ;+ul7t zf;g Joj:yf eGg] a'em\b} cfOPsf] 5 . h]xf];\ lglZrt
ljifox¿df afx]s :jzf;gdf Tox“fsf hgtfnfO{ cfkm\gf] ;/sf/ cfkm} agfpg], ;+rfng
ug]{ / ljsf; ug]{ k"0f{ clwsf/ x'G5 .
r=cf/If0f—s'g}
lk5l8Psf] hflt, ln+u, j0f{, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt jf tL;“u ;DalGwt hg;d'bfosf]
;+/If0f / ;+a{wg ub{} ltgLx¿sf] tLj| / ;du| ljsf; u/L pgLx¿nfO{ klg b]zsf
c?x¿;/x ljsl;t u/fpgsf] nflu /fHosf] lgod—sfg"g / ljwfgn] kl/eflift u/]/
;+alGwt hg;d'bfonfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] ;'ljwf / clwsf/nfO{ cf/If0f elgG5 . of]
cf/If0f /fhgLlts, cly{s, ;fdflhs ;a} If]qdf lglZrt sf]6fsf] ?kdf tf]Sg] ul/Psf]
x'G5 . h'g hflt ln+u ,j0f{ jf ;d'bfonfO{ ;f] cf/If0f k|fKt x'G5, ltg} hflt
ln+u ,j0f{ jf ;d'bfosf] ;Lldt k|lt:kw{fdf dfq pqg' kg]{ x'gfn] ljleGg If]qdf
s]xL a];L cj;/x¿ k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] l:ylt x'G5 . o;n]ubf{ pgLx¿sf] ljsf;sf]
;+efjgf a9]/ hfG5 eGg] dfGotf cGtu{t /fHosf ljleGg If]qdf cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
x'G5 .
5=ljz]if
clwsf/—cf/If0f h:t} of] Pp6f ljz]if vfnsf] clwsf/ xf] . lk5l8Psf]
hg;d'bfosf] ljlzi6 l:yltnfO{ dWogh/ u/]/ pgLx¿nfO{ cl3a9fpgsf] nflu /fHon]
;+j}wflgs ?kd} Joj:yf u/]sf] ljlzi6, cg'NNf+3gLo / lgjf{w clwsf/ g} ljz]if
clwsf/ xf] . cf/If0fsf] clwsf/ / ljz]if clwsf/ p:t}—p:t} x'g\ t/ klg s]xL
leGgtf eg] 5 . cf/If0fsf] clwsf/sf t'ngfdf ljz]ifclwsf/sf] dxTj / zlQm a9L
5 . cf/If0fdf ;+alwt kIfn] n8]/
kfPsf] eGbf klg csf]{ kIfn] bofn] lbPsf] clwsf/, Tof] klg ;Lldt, c:yfoL /
rfx]sf] a]nf ckx/0f x'g ;Sg] clwsf/ eGg] a'lemG5 eg] laz]ifflwsf/ ;+j}wflgs
clwsf/ x'g] / To;sf] k|flKt s;}sf] bofn]
xf]Og ls cfkm\g} ;+3{ifsf] ann] ePsf] / Tof] s]xL Jofks, ;fk]If :yfoL /
s;}n] -/fHon]_ rfx]sf] a]nf ;lhn} x/0f ug{ ;Sg] vfnsf] x'“b}g . cf/If0fsf]
clwsf/ jf ;'ljwf k|fKt ubf{ ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ uf}/jeGbf xLgtf x'g] u5{ eg] ljz]if
clwsf/ k|fKt ubf{ uf}/j g} a9L x'g] u5{, h;n] pgLx¿sf] sfd—sfh / k|ultdf k|efj
kfg]{ ub{5 . To;}n] blnt—plTkl8t hflt, wd{, j0f{, ln+u / ;d'bfonfO{
cf/If0f dfq xf]Og ls ljz]if clwsf/ g} lbg'k5{ / Tof] ljz]if clwsf/ d'VotM
;+ljwfgdf k|bfg ug{], /fHosf] gLlt lgd{f0f ug]{ ynf]df ;+dalGwt hg;d'bfonfO{
k'Ug] clwsf/ lbg] clwsf/ g} ljz]if clwsf/ xf] eg] /fHon] to u/]/ ljleGg
hg;d'bfonfO{ k|bfg u/]sf ljleGg If]qsf ;Lldt clwsf/ / cj;/ cf/If0f xf] .
5f]6s/Ldf eGg'kbf{ ljlzi6 hg;d'bfo ljz]ifnfO{ lbOg] ljz]if vfnsf ;'ljwfx¿,
cj;/x¿ / clwsf/x¿sf] ;dli6 g} ljz]ifclwsf/ xf] .
h=;+3fTds
zf;g Joj:yfM /fHo;Qfdf clwsf/sf], sfo{k|0ffnLsf] / zf;g Joj:yfsf]
s]Gb|Ls/0f / ljs]Gb|Ls/0f;“u ;DaGwsf lx;fan] zf;g Joj:yfx¿ d'Votof @ k|sf/sf
x'G5g\ . Pp6f xf]— s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g Joj:yf h;nfO{ PsfTds zf;g Joj:yf klg
elgG5 / hx“f s]Gb|af6 tn :yfgLo lgsf;x¿;Dd Pp6} vfnsf] gLlt—lgod nfu"
x'G5 . To;}n] o;nfO{ s]Gb|Ls[t zf;g k|0ffnL elgG5 / hx“f :jfoQ If]q jf :jzf;g
jf :jzfl;t If]q x'“b}g . o;sf] ljk/Lt csf]{ zf;g Joj:yf xf]— ;+3fTds
zf;gJoj:yf, h;cGtu{t ljleGg hflt, wd{ jf efiffsf cf3f/df ljleGg If]qdf ljleGg
;+3sf] ?kdf /fHo jf :jfoQ k|b]z / :jzfl;t If]qx¿ x'G5g\ . tL ;a} ;+3x¿ jf
/fHox¿ jf :jfoQ k|b]zx¿sf] ;xdlt, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ug]{ s]Gb|df Pp6f s]Gb|Lo zf;g
Joj:yf x'G5 eg] Tof] eGbf tn :jtGq / cfTdlge{/ ljleGg :jfoQ /fi6«÷/fHox¿ jf
k|b]zx¿ /xG5g\ . o:tf] Joj:yfdf s]Gb|nfO{ k//fi6«, /Iff / d'b|f ;DaGwL
clwsf/ ;d]t k|fKt x'G5 eg] oL afx]ssf cGo ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/x¿ :jfoQ If]q
-/fHo_ x¿nfO{ k|fKt x'G5 . To;}n] :jfoQ If]qsf] cfºgf] 5'§} ;+ljwfg,
k|fb]lzs nf]s;]jf cfof]u, Gofokflnsf, ljwfg;ef / k|fb]lzs ;/sf/ x'G5g\ .
k|To]s :jfoQ If]qn] s]Gb|sf] ;+ljwfgåf/f k|bQ clwsf/leq /x]/ cGo ;a} clwsf/x¿
k|of]u ub{5g\ / o;f] ug{ ;a} :jofQ k|b]z :jtGq x'G5g\ . ;+3fTds ;/sf/ jf zf;g Joj:yfsf d'VotM # tx x'G5g\— s]Gb|Lo
-;+3fTds_, k|fGtLo / :yfgLo ;/sf/ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu g]kfnsf] s]Gb|Ls[t jf
PsfTds /fHoJoj:yf xf] eg] ef/tsf] ;+3fTds /fHo Joj:yf xf] .
em=cx+sf/jfb—
cfkm" / cfºgf] pTs[i6 egL …cx+Ú uj{ jf 3d08 ug]{ l;4fGt jf cfkm"nfO{
w'/L cyjf s]Gb| agfP/ x]g]{ / To;}df pRrtfaf]w u/L cledfg JoQm ug]{ ljrf/
cx+sf/jfb xf] . vf;u/L s'g} hflt, wd{, Effiff, ln+u, j0f{ cflb;“u ;+alGwt
hg;d'bfon] cfºgf] hflt, wd{, Effiff, ln+u, j0f{, ;+:s[lt cflbk|lt 3d08 ug]{, ;/fxgf ug]{, o;sf] ljsf; ePsf] x]g{
rfxg] t/ cGok|lt xLgtf ug]{, 3[0ffug]{ / ltgLx¿ kmn]sf]—km'n]sf] b]Vg grfxg]
k|j[lt xf] cx+sf/jfb . of] hftLo, If]qLo, ln+uLo, wfld{s jf ;f+:s[lts
h'g;'s} ?kdf klg b]vfkg{ ;S5 . g]kfn, ef/t h:tf lxGb",cfo{ wd{—;+:s[lt
/ j0f{f>d Joj:yf ePsf ;dfhdf lxGb" pRr hfltsf a|fx\d0f, If]qL /
/f0ff—7s'/Lx¿sf] ;fdflhs, /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;}lgs / z}lIfs If]qdf Psflwsf/ h:t}
x'g cfPsf]n] pgLx¿df x'g] hftLo pRrtf af]wsf] efjgf lxGb" pRr hftLo
cx+sf/jfbsf] efjgf xf] . o:t} cGo hft—hfltx¿df klg cfkm"eGbf cljsl;t
jf cNk;+Vos jf b'j{n hflt jf ;d'bfonfO{ x]/]/ cfkm"nfO{ >]i7 7fGg] ejgf
x'G5 eg] Tof] klg hftLo cx+sf/jfb g} xf] . pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf blntdf klg slyt
tNnf—pkNnf hfltx¿ x'g' / ltgdf Ps csf]{eGbf pRr eg]/ 5f]Psf] gvfg', ljx]af/L gug'{
klg hftLo cx+sf/jfb g} xf] . o:t} kxf8 / dw]zsf ;Gb{edf kxfl8of cx+sf/jfb,
k'?if / gf/Lsf ;Gb{edf k'?if cx+sf/jfb, sf7df8f}+-/fhwfgL_ / ;]tL—dxfsfnL jf
e]/L sf0ff{nL -b"/jtL{ / cljs;Lt
If]q_ sf ;Gb{edf sf7df8f}+nL zx/Lof cx+sf/jfb k|wfg xf] eg] syd sbflrt cGo tNnf
hft—hfltx¿df b]lvg] hftLo cx+sf/jfb, dw]zLx¿df klg b]lvg] …xfdL dw];LÚ
…dWob]zLÚ …ldlynfjf;LÚ eg]/ a9L cx+ ug]{ dw]zL If]qLo cx+sf/jfb h:t}
;]tL—dxfsfnL jf e]/L—s0ff{nL If]qsf dflg;x¿df b]lvg] …xfdL o:tfÚ eg]/ km'Ng]
If]qLo cx+sf/jfb tyf dlxnfdf b]lvg] …xfdL >[li6stf{Ú eGg] c+xsf/jfbsf] efjgf
klg ln+uLo cx+sf/jfb xf] t/ klg oL uf}0f x'g\, cflz+s x'g\ / ljlzi6 x'g\ .
g]kfn—ef/t h:tf b]zx¿df a|fx\d0f hftsf cyff{t\ lxGb' slyt pRr hftsf dflg;x¿,
h:df If]qLo, 7s'/L / /f0ffx¿ d'Vo x'g\, n] hftLo cx+sf/jfb x'sf{Psf] / cGo
hft—hflt / wd{—;+:s[ltdfly zf]if0f—pTkL8g u/]sf]n] xfd|f] ljlzi6 ;Gb{edf hftLo
cx+sf/jfbsf] cleJolQmsf] :j?k …a|fx\d0fjfb x'g uPsf] 5, h;nfO{ ;f/df a'em\bf
…lxGb' pRr hftLo cx+sf/jfb Úsf] cleJolQmsf] ?kdf a'em\g' pko'Qm x'G5 .
oxf“g]/ Wofglbg' kg]{ s'/f s]xf] eg] a|fx\d0fjfb -hftLo cx+sf/jfb_ slyt pRr
hftsf a|fx\d0fx¿df dfq} x'G5, ;a} a|fx\d0fx¿df x'G5 / cGo hfltdf x'b}g eGg'
k"0f{tof unt x'G5 . of] hftljz]ifdf cleJoQm x'g] geP/ sd{, rl/q /
lrGtgljz]ifdf cleJoQm x'g] k|j[lQ xf] . To;}n] of] a|fx\d0fjfb-hfltjfb_
cGo hft÷hfltx¿df klg x'G5 t/ Tof] klg logdf cf+lzs / ljlzi6 dfqfdf x'G5 eg]
k|wfg / ;fdfGo ¿kdf a|fx\d0f -If]qL—7s'/L ;d]t_ x?df b]vf kb{5 .
o;k|sf/sf] hftLojfbnfO{ hfltjfb jf cGw
/fi6«jfb -Chauvinism_ klg elgG5 .
`=d"No—dfGotf
/ ;+:s[ltM s'g} hg;d'bfo ljz]ifnfO{ lrgfpg] ltgsf cfkm\gf 5'6} ljz]iftfx¿
jf klxrfgx¿ x'G5g\ ,h;nfO{ pgLx¿n] cfkm\gf
cfbz{ , hLjg—k4lt / b}lgs Jojxf/
agfPsf x'G5g\, d"No—dfGotf
/ ;+:s[lt elgG5 .
Rechand T.
Schaefer / Robert P. Lamm n] cfkm\gf] Sociology u|Gysf] t];|f] kl/R5]bsf] Culture zLif{sdf d"Nosf] kl/efiff
ub}{ eg]sf 5g\—æd"No eg]sf] cg'ejx¿ dxTjk"0f{ x'g\ ls xf]Ogg\ eGg]
ljrf/ xf] / d"Non] JolQmsf] ljj]s,
lg0f{o / Jojxf/x¿nfO{ k|efljt ub{5 / c?sf sfd sfj{xLx¿nfO{ d"Nof+sg ug{ dfgb08sf] ?kdf sfd ub{5 .Æ -k[i7 &%_
o;}u/L 8f=r}tGo ;'Aafn] d"NonfO{ cfb{z eGb} ;a}af6 k/Lrfng
x'g of]Uo / plrt dflgg] atf“pb}+
Gofo, k|]d, efOrf/f, ;dfgtf, :jtGqtf lkt[elQm, ;xcl:tTj, k|hftGq, ;xsfl/tf
cflbnfO{ d"No atfpg' ePsf] 5 -hghflt jif{ ! c+s !—@ k[i7 ^^_
o:t} dfGotfaf/] lj4fg Parl B.
Hortton / Chester L. hunt eG5g\ æ;dfhdf
/fd|f] s'/fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg
lbg] tyf g/fd|f] s'/fnfO{ b08gLo dfGg] / dfgj Jojxf/nfO{
Jojl:yt ug]{ dfgb08 g} dfGotf x'g\ .Æ (Sociology , kl/R5]b # , Cultural context)
o;}u/L ;+:s[ltaf/] klg pgLx¿n] eg]sf 5g\–æ;+:s[lt eg]sf]
d"No / dfGotfx¿sf] ;+ul7t k|0ffnL
xf] . o;n] s'g} sfd k"/f ug'{ kb{5 eGg] cfr/0fsf dfgb08x¿ lgw{fl/t
ub{5 . ;fdflhs ¿kn] l;Sg] / ;dfhsf ;a}n] lx:;f lng] ljZjf;, snf, g}ltstf,
sfg'g, /Lltl/jfh, ljrf/, d"No, k/Dk/f ;a} yf]s xf] / s'g} JolQm ljz]ifn]
;fdflhs lj/f;tsf] ¿kdf ;+:s[lt xfl;n ub{5 / T;nfO{ k'gM :j?k lbg ;S5, To;df
kl/jt{g Nofpg ;S5, hf] kl5Nnf ;GttLx¿sf] nflu lj/f;t aGb5 .Æ -pxL_
b]z,
sfn, jftfj/0f / efiff ljz]ifsf] cGt/n] ubf{ s'g} b]zsf] s'g} Ps hg;d'bfo ljz]ifsf] h:t} s'g}
csf]{b]zsf] hg;d'bfo ljz]ifsf] cj:yf klg leGg—leGg x'g] x'gfn] ;a}nfO{ ;dfg /
b'a}?kdf ldNn] u/L zAbx¿ kfOb}gg\ jf kfP klg
Pp6fnfO{ a'emfpg] p:t} zAbx¿ w]/} x'gfn] ljleGg ljåfgx¿n] a'e\mbf /
cg'jfb ubf{ cfkm\gf] cg';f/ ug]{
x'bf s]xL leGgtfx¿ klg b]vf
kb{5g\ . zAbfy{ eGbf efjfy{ a'em\g], ?k eGbf ;f/ a'e\mg] / c+z eGbf ;du|
a'em\g] sf]l;z u/]/ dfq jf:tjLs dd{ jf
tTj af]w x'G5 , t} klg ax' k|rlnt s]xL
zAbx¿sf] cy{ o; k|sf/ a'e\mg] ul/Psf] 5 M Country -b]z_ State-/fHo_ Nationalities -hghfltx¿_ Indeginous -cflbjf;L_ Ethenic Group -uf]q ;d"x_, Tribe -sljnf_ Race -gZn_, Caste -hft_ Sub Caste -pkhft_
cflb .