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d'Vo ;dfrf/

dfcf]jfbLåf/f kf6L{leqsf] ax; ;fj{hlgs

æljut bz jif{b]lv dxfg\ hgo'4sf] g]t[Tj ul//x]sf] kf6L{sf] x}l;otn] o;leq ljrf/sf] ljsf;sf lgldQ tLj| ax; x'g' ;j{yf :jfefljs 5 . o;} k[i7e"lddf rln/x]sf] ax; / cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ b]v]/ k'/fgf ;Qfsf dWoo'uLg ;fdGtL lg/+s'ztfb]lv cfTd;dk{0fsf/L ;+zf]wgjfbL 6§';Ddn] xfd|f] uf}/jzfnL kf6L{ / dxfg\ hgo'4sf] k/fho x'g] lbjf:jKgsf] cfTd/lt ul//x]sf 5g\ t/ xfd|f] kf6L{ / o;sf] d"n g]t[Tj k+lQm eg] PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf qmflGt ;DkGg ug{ cfjZos ljrf/sf lgldlQ hg;d'bfonfO{ ;d]t ax;df ;xefuL u/fO{ cufl8 a9\g b[9 ;+slNkt /x]sf] 5 .Æ

pNn]lvt s'/f g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL_ sf cWoIf s=k|r08n] j}zfv !& ut] Ps jQmJodfkm{t\ kf6L{leqsf] ax; / cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ ;fj{hlgs ug{]qmddf atfpg' ePsf] xf] .

pxf“n] cfkm\gf] jQmJodf cufl8 eGg'ePsf] 5 –ækf6L{df ljsf; ePsf] ax; / cGt/lj/f]wsf] k|s[ltsf] hfgsf/Laf6 k|fKt x'g] hg;d'bfosf ljleGg tKsfsf ;'emfj / cfnf]rgfn] PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] gof“ k|of]unfO{ dfq JoQm ug{] x}g clkt' ljrf/sf] ljsf;sf nflu gof“ cfwf/sf] e"ldsf klg v]Ng]5 eGg] s'/fdf xfd|f] kf6L{ ljZj:t /x]sf] 5 . oxL ljZjf;df xfd|f] kf6L{leqsf] ax;nfO{ ;fj{hlgs ;d]t ul/Psf] 5 .Æ

dfcf]jfbLsf cWoIf s=k|r08n] cfdhg;d'bfosf] ;'emfj / ;Nnfxsf lglDt eg]/ hf/L ug{'ePsf] ;fdu|Lx?df s nfnWjhsf kq / s[ofsnfkaf/] kf6L{sf] wf/0ff, s=nfnWjh -8f= afa'/fd e§/fO{_sf sflt{s @^ ut] / d+l;/ !% ut] kf6L{df k|:t't ug{'ePsf] kqx? 5g\ . cWoIf s=k|r08sf] jQmJo;lxt tL ;a} ;fdu|Lx?sf] k"0f{ kf7 xfdLn] o; c+s k|sflzt u/]sf 5f}+ –

s=nfnWjhsf] kq / cGo s[ofsnfkaf/]

s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] ut a}7ssf] lg0f{o cg';f/ xfd|f] dxfg\ tyf uf}/jzfnL kf6L{sf] l;+uf] k+lQm b'Zdgsf lj?4 k|Tofqmd0fsf] klxnf] P]ltxfl;s of]hgf sfof{Gjogdf uO/x]sf] cToGt ;+j]bglzn 38Ldf kf]ln6Ao"/f]sf :yfoL ;ldlt ;b:o s=nfnWjhsf] u+eL/ k|s[ltsf] kq crfgs s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf k|fKt eof] . ;f] k|s[lt / To;df p7fOPsf k|Zgx?af/] kf6L{ s]Gb| lgDgfg';f/ cfd kf6L{ k+lQmnfO{ :ki6 ug{ rfxfG5 .

!M– kqsf] k[i7e"ld, ljlw / ;do–;Gbe{af/]

@^ sflt{s )^! sf] pQm kqdf eg] em}+ @# sflt{s )^!sf lbg s]Gb|Lo sfof{no / s=nfnWjhsf aLrdf ;fdfGo kf6L{ sfdsf ;fy} d'VotM cGt/;+3if{sf] l:yltsf ljifodf sl/a $ 306f nfdf] 5nkmn ePsf] lyof] . 5nkmns} qmddf s]Gb|Ls/0f ;DalGw ut s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] lg0f{oaf/] dfOGo"6 k9\g] sfd klg ul/Psf] lyof] . cGTodf c? !÷@ /fp08 5nkmn ul/ 7f]; lgisif{df k'Ug] ;xdtL ;lxt s=nfnWjh s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 labf x'g' ePsf] lyof] . t/, ;xdtL cg';f/sf] 5nkmn klv{g] ;fdfGo w}o{tf;d]t g/fvL # lbgkl5 g} jxf“n] ut s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7s / To;sf s}of}+ dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox?k|lt cfklQ hgfOPsf] kq cfkm\gf :6fkm dfkm{t s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf btf{ u/fpg k'Ug' eof] . kqdf p7fOPsf ljifo j:t' t cfkm\gf] 7fp+df 5b+}5g\ kqsf] ljlw / ;do–;Gbe{nfO{ dfq ljrf/ ubf{ klg lgDg u+eL/ k|Zg p7\g' :jefljs x'g uPsf] 5 M

s= s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] ut a}7sdf nfdf] jxz–5nkmn;lxt Psdt4f/f lnOPsf P]ltxfl;s lg0f{ox? sfof{Gjogsf] ;jf{lws ;+j]bglzn If0fdf s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] ;du| a}7s / To;sf dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{ox?sf] lj/f]w u/]/ s=nfnWjhn] cGttM l;+uf] kf6L{k|lt cljZjf; hfx]/ ut]{ tyf k|sf/fGt/n] k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgfnfO{ gsf/fTds k|efj kfg]{ cToGt u}X lhDd]jf/ tl/sf ckgfpg' ePsf] 5 .

v= s]Gb|Lo sfof{no;+u !÷@ /fp08 c? 5nkmn u/]/ slt s'/f ldNg] / slt s'/f gldNg] 6'¨f] nufPkl5 gldNg] s'/f ePdf ltgsf] xsdf s'g ljlw cg';f/ hfg] lg0f{o u/f}+nf eGg] ;xh ;xdlt ljkl/t PsfPs lj/f]w–kq k7fP/ j:t'tM s=nfnWjhn] ;d:ofsf] ;sf/fTds / hgjfbL ;dfwfgk|lt c?rLdfq b]vfpg' ePg clkt" kf6L{dfly bjfj ;[li6 ug]{ r/d JolQmjfbL z}nLsf] k|bz{g ug'{ eof] .

u= s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] s]Gb|Ls/0f ;DaGwL lg0f{osf] dfOGo"6 k9]kl5 o;} ljifonfO{ ;jf{lws hf]8 lbP/ lj/f]w ul/Psf] tYon] kqsf] k|]/s tTj s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] lg0f{o g} /x]sf] s'/fnfO{ :ki6 ub{5 . o;af6 cf}krfl/s?kdf h] ;'s} elgP klg s=nfnWjhsf nflu kf6L{sf ljrf/, gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd / g]t[Tjk|lt ;dy{g jf lj/f]wsf] Psdfq ;t{ cfkm\gf] JolQmut kb / :yfgdfq /x]sf] tYonfO{ g} bzf{p+5, h'g cfkm}df u+eL/ ljrngsf] ;+s]t xf] .

@M– kqdf p7fOPsf ljifoj:t'af/]

s= kqsf] klxnf] a'“bfdf s=nfnWjhn] ut s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] k"0f{ a}7s / To;df bz lbg;Dd ePsf] Jofks 5nkmn / pRr hgjfbL cEof;sf] k|lqmofnfO{ æcToGt} c:j:y, c;}4flGts / u'6jfbLÆ ePsf] ;+lug cf/f]k nufpg' ePsf] 5 . dxfg hgo'4sf] gf}+ jif{ nfdf] hLjg d/0fsf] n8fO“df k|ToIf g]t[Tjsf aLraf6 ljsl;t ePsf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdfly o; k|sf/sf] u+eL/ cf/f]k nufP/ jxf“n] kf6L{ / hgo'4;+u ;DaGw ljR5]bsf] e"ldsf t tof/ kfb}{ x'g' x'Gg eGg] u+eL/ k|Zg plAhPsf] 5 . lgZro g} s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf s=nfnWjhsf JolQmjfbL lrGtg, c/fhstfjfbL sfo{z}nL, jf}l4s bDe tyf s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf lj?4 jxf“sf u"6jfbL s[ofsnfksf] Jofks cfnf]rgf ePsf] lyof] . To; k|sf/sf] cfnf]rgfsf k5fl8 s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] p4]Zo s=nfnWjhnfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug]{dfq /x]sf] lyof] eGg] s'/f jxf“sf] /fhLgfdf k|s/0f kl5 s]Gb|Lo ;b:ox?4f/f a}7sdf JoQm ljrf/ / efjgfx?n] :ki6 u/]sf lyP . s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] cGtdf :jo+ s=nfnWjhn] sltko cfnf]rgfx?nfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ cfTdfnf]rgf;lxt /fhLgfdf lkmtf{ lng' ePsf] lyof] . t/, s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf ul/Psf] Tof] :jLsf/f]lQm / cfTdfnf]rgf qmflGtsf/L ?kfGt/0fsf] :kLl/64f/f xf]Og abnfsf] efjgf4f/f k|]l/t lyP eGg] s'/fnfO{ dfq kqn] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] 5 . ÆxfdLn] kf6L{df ljZjf; ug'{ kb{5 / xfdLn] hgtfdf ljZjf; ug'{ kb{5 . oL b'O{ cfwf/e"t s'/fdf z+sf ul/of] eg] s]xL klg ug{ ;ls+b}gæ eGg] s=dfcf]sf] lzIffnfO{ s=nfnWjhn] slQ klg a'em\g g;s]sf] tYonfO{ s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdfly nufOPsf] ;+uLg cf/f]kn] :ki6 u/]sf] 5 .

jxf“n] kqdf Æju{–;+3if{sf sltko tfTsflng hl6ntfx?nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{æ a}7ssf æsltko cToGt} u+eL/ / cfklQhgs s'/fx?af/] klg ;+oldt / df}gÆ /x]sf] s'/f pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] 5 . lsgeg] pRr hgjfbsf] cEof; eO/x]sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf To:tf ÆcfklQhgs s'/fæ cfp“bf ;d]t ju{ ;+3if{sf] hl6ntd df]8df sxf“ x/fof] < s] sltko e]nf, k|lzIf0f / a}7sx?df :ki6tfsf nflu sd/]8x?n] jxf“s} cufl8 p7fPsf k|Zgx?nfO{ cfwf/ agfP/ gof“ ljrf/ lng] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] lg0f{onfO{ cem To;df klg lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] ;+j]bglzn laGb'df cfP/ 7f8f] cf/f]k nufpg'n] jxf“sf] slyt æ;+oldt / df}g /x]sf]Æ eGg] s'/fnfO{ k'/} v08g ub}{g / <

jf:tljstf t of] xf] ls s=nfnWjh g} s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7ssf lg0f{o / :kLl/6 lj?4 uO/xg' ePsf] 5 . kf6L{sf] PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t lg0f{o / efjgfsf lj?4 e|d ;[li6 ug]{ tyf u"6jfbL s[ofsnfkdf ;+nUg aGg] u+eL/ ljrnglt/ cufl8 al9/xg' ePsf] 5 . kqdf jxf“n] Æj}rfl/s–/fhg}lts dte]bx?nfO{ :j:y b'O{nfOg ;+3if{sf]?kdf Jojl:yt ug{æ oyflz3| cGt/kf6L{ k|sfzgsf] dfu ug'{ ePsf] 5 . ut s]=;=sf] a}7sn] pko'Qm ;dodf dxflwj]zg ug]{ / To;sf] tof/Lsf ;Gbe{df cGt/kf6L{ k|sfzg ug]{ lg0f{o cjZo u/]sf] 5 . t/, k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgfdf ;Dk"0f{ zlQm s]Gb|Lt ug'{ kg]{ 38Ldf cfkm}n] b'O{nfOg ;+3if{nfO{ c:j:y agfpg kxn ub}{ kf6L{nfO{ cGt/;+3if{df emf]Sg] s=nfnWjhsf] dfun] kf6L{ / qmflGtsf nflu cToGt xflgsf/s ljrf/sf] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] 5 . clxn] ul/Psf] To; k|sf/sf] dfu / ;lqmotfn] hgjfbL–s]Gb|Lotfsf] cfwf/e"t dfGotf æcleJolQmdf :jtGqtf / sfd sfo{jfxLdf Ps?ktfÆsf] 7f8} pNn+3g u/]sf] 5 . cleJolQmdf :jtGqtfn] k|fyldstf kfpg] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf æ;+oldt / df}gÆ /xg] tyf sfd sfo{jfxLdf Ps?k x'g' kg]{ ;dodf jxzsf] dfu ug'{n] hgjfbL–s]Gb|Lotf ;DalGw jxf“sf] clwe"tjfbL / c/fhstfjfbL b[li6sf]0fnfO{ t JoQm u/]sf] 5 g} ;fy;fy} o;n] …ef+8df hfcf];\ k|Tofqmd0fÚ eGg] r/d JolQmjfbL ;f]rnfO{ ;d]t cleJoQm u/]sf] 5 .

v= kqsf] bf];|f] a'“bfdf s=nfnWjhn] cfkm\gf] cfqmf]z s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] s]Gb|Ls/0f ;DaGwL lg0f{osf lj?4 kf]Vg' ePsf] 5 . JolQmut ;DklQsf] $) gDa/ wf/f cfPkl5 k"“hLjfbL k|ltlglwx? pQ]lht x'g] ub{5g\ eg] h:t} s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] s'/f cfPkl5 jxf“ pQ]lht geO /xg} ;Sg' x'Gg . of] tYo hgo'4sf] P]ltxfl;s kxn k"j{b]lv rf}yf} lj:tfl/t a}7s x'+b} clxn]sf] s]=;=sf] a}7s;Dd cfp“bf Oltxf;l;4 g} eO;s]sf] 5 . s=nfnWjh ;+o'Qm df]rf{ jf ;Qf k|d'v /x“bf;Dd dfq df=n]=df= / k|r08ky 7Ls x'G5, ljrf/sf] ljsf; / @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf; klg 7Ls} x'G5 t/, olb slx st}af6 jxf“sf] Tof]] :yfg bfof“–afof+ x'g vf]Hof] eg] ;a} s'/f jxf“sf] gh/df kl5 x6fO{ / k|ltudg aGg k'Ub5 . of] Ps;'qLo l;4fGtn] jxf“ :jo+sf] df=n]=df= ;DaGwL a'emfO{, x}lzot / OdfGbf/Ldfly g} u+eL/ k|Zg lrGx v8f u/fO/x]sf] 5 . jxf“sf] b[li6sf]0fdf /x]sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] vf]6 o;} ljifodf 3gLe"t?kn] JoQm x'g] x'“bf kf6L{df jxz ;s];Dd Totflt/ ghfcf];\ eGg] s'/fdf lgs} hf]8 nufpg] ug'{ x'G5 . s]=;=sf] a}7sdf lkmtf{ lnO;s]sf] /fhLgfdfsf] xjfnf lb+b} jxf“n] kqdf n]Vg' ePsf] 5, ædf]rf{sf] ;+of]hs kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbO;s]sf] / ;f] :yfgdf s'g} pko'Qm t];|f] JolQmnfO{ /flvof];\ eGg] k|:tfj /flv ;s]sf]n] o;af/] s'g} If'b| JolQmut 6Lsf l6Kk0fL ug]{ / uxg j}rfl/s–/fhg}lts k|ZgnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ k|oTg st}af6 x'g] 5}g eGg] ljZjf; klg lnPsf] 5' .Æ s'g kl/j]zdf jxf“sf] /fhLgfdf cfof] / s'g kl/j]zdf Tof] lkmtf{ lnOof] eGg] s'/f l;+uf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf cf+vf cufl8 5 . t/, hlt cfbz{jfbL ts{4f/f cfkm\gf] ;kmfO lbg] sf]l;; ug'{ x'G5 TolQ g} jxf“ km+:b} hfg' x'G5 / emg hAa/?kdf jxf“sf] d"n lrGtf kf6L{, qmflGtsf] xf]Og cfkm\gf] JolQmut :yfgsf] xf] eGg] s'/f g} k|dfl0ft x'G5 . of] tYonfO{ jxf“s} kqsf ts{x?n] :ki6 ub{5g\ .

jxf“ kqdf n]Vg' x'G5, æcgf}krfl/s ?kdf a}7s xn aflx/ ePsf] s=cWoIf;“usf] a;fOdf kf6L{, ;]gf / df]rf{df ;j{xf/f ju{sf] PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t g]t[Tj sfod ug]{ ljifodf ;}4flGts ;xdltdfq sfod u/]/ hfg] / To;af/] 7f]; lg0f{o kl5 ug]{ eGg] ;dembf/L cg'?k xfdL b'a}af6 ;f]xL 9+usf] k|:t"lt a}7sdf ePsf] xf] .Æ Tof] cgf}krfl/s a;fO{ -h'g lrof lkpg] qmddf ePsf] lyof]_ df ePsf] ;}4flGts s'/fsfgL / a}7ssf] 7f]; lg0f{oaf/] s=nfnWjh e|ldt /x]sf] tYo jxf“n] s]=;=sf] dfOGo"6 æ;"Gg], x]g]{ / a'em\g] sfo{dfÆ x'g uPsf] c;fjwfgLk|lt u/]sf] cfTdfnf]rgfaf6 :ki6 x'G5 . hxf“;Dd cWoIfsf x}lzotn] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] :d/0f 5, Tof] cgf}krfl/s a;fO{df ;}4flGts 5nkmndf ;fy} clxn] g} kf6L{, ;]gf / df]rf{df Psn g]t[Tj 3f]if0ff ug'{ pko'Qm x'+b}g eGg] s'/f ePsf] lyof] . a}7sdf cWoIfn] pko'Qm ;do / k|lqmof ldnfP/ b'Zdgsf lj?4 k|efjsf/L /fhg}lts xdnf x'g] tl/sfn] s]Gb|Ls/0f ;DalGw lg0f{osf] 3f]if0ff x'g' kb{5 eGb} To;af/] 7f]; lg0f{o :yfoL ;ldltn] ug]{ eGg] lgisif{ lbPsf] s'/f l;+uf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf cufl8 5 .

oxf“ :d/0fsf] s'/f eGbf klg s=nfnWjhsf] kqaf6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] sflt{s @# ut] dfOGo"6 gk9\bf;Dd jxf“nfO{ lg0f{osf af/]df s]xL e|d lyof] . of] s'/f kf6L{sf e]nf, k|lzIf0fx?df s]Gb|Ls/0faf/] jxf“sf cd"t{ cleJolQmaf6 klg :ki6 x'G5 . t/, ha cGo kL=aL=Pd=, ;L=;L=Pd= sd/]8x?n] lg0f{o eO;s]sf] s]jn k|lqmof / ;dosf] af/]df dfq :yfoL ;ldltn] lg0f{o ug]{ xf] eg] kl5 / dfOGo"6 k9]kl5 jxf“df /x]sf] e|d x6\of] . To;kl5 dfq jxf“n] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7ssf lj?4 kq n]Vg' eof] . o;af6 s] :ki6 x'G5 eg] cfkm" ;Qf k|d'v /xg] cfzf jf e|d /x“bf;Dd s]=;=sf] a}7s, Pstf / ljhosf] a}7s lyof], jxf“s} cufl8 s=;'lgnnfO{ lbOPsf] /fhLgfdfsf] ;Nnfx klg 7Ls lyof] / s]Gb|Lo :s"n ljefu / k|sfzg ljefudf a:g' klg 7Ls} lyof] . cfkm" ;Qf k|d'v g/xg] l:ylt :ki6 ePkl5 jxf“sf nflu tL ;a} s'/f a]l7s x'g k'u] / uxg j}rfl/s–/fhg}lts k|Zg aGg uP . JolQmjfbsf] of] eGbf r/d?k c? s] x'g ;S5 < :d/0f /xf];\ kf6L{sf] lg0f{o jxf“nfO{ ;Qfaf6 x6fpg] geP/ kf6L{ cWoIf;d]t :yfoL ;ldltsf ;a} ;b:ox? clxn]sf] l:yltdf kf6L{, ;]gf / ;Qfsf tLg}j6} c+udf PsLs[t eP/ /xg' pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] dfq xf] .

ca xfdL jxf“n] p7fPsf uxg j}rfl/s–/fhg}lts k|Zglt/ nfuf}+ π jxf“n] kqdf g]t[Tj s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|ZgnfO{ …hgjfbL–s]Gb|LotfÚ, ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj lg/Gt/ qmflGt / ;dsflng sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf HjnGt k|Zg;+u hf]8\g' ePsf] 5 . ;fy} jxf“n] g]t[Tj s]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ k|r08–ky / @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf; ;DalGw k|:tfjsf] dd{ ljkl/t kl5 x6fO{ / cfGbf]ngnfO{ u+eL/ IftL k'¥ofpg] sfd eGg' ePsf] 5 . b]zL / ljb]zL k|lts[ofjfbLx?n] kf6L{ / qmflGtsf lj?4 a9f+pb} nu]sf] if8oGq tyf k|Tofqmd0fsf] cfjZostfdf Wofg lbO xfnsfnflu kf6L{, ;]gf / df]rf{df PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t g]t[Gj sfod u/]/ hfg' pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] ;xh lg0f{osf lj?4 uxg j}rfl/s, /fhg}lts cf/f]k v8f u/]/ s=nfnWjhn] j:t'tMcfkm\g} j}rfl/s / /fhg}lts ul/aL / ljrngnfO{ dfq phfu/ ug'{ ePsf] 5 . s] hgjfbL–s]Gb|Lotf, ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj / lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] l;4fGtn] kf6L{ / cfGbf]ngdf PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t g]t[Tj x'g gx'g] s'/f slx+ u/]sf] 5 < sbflk 5}g π a? df=n]=df= / dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtsf] lzIffsf] d"n ;f/ eg]s}+ ;j{xf/f ju{sf] PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t g]t[Tj sfod ug]{ s'/f xf] . s] k|r08–kyn] kf6L{, ;]gf / df]rf{df Psn g]t[Tj sfod ug}{ gx'g] jf sfod ug}{ kg]{ eg]/ sxL ls6fg u/]sf] 5 < sbflk u/]sf] 5}g π j? k|r08kyn] ;j{xf/f ju{sf] PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t g]t[Tj sfod ug]{ l;4fGtdf b[9 /x+b} ju{–;+3if{sf] ljsf;sf] 7f]; l:ylt cg';f/ 7f]; lg0f{o lng' kg]{ s'/fdf hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . s] @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf; ;DalGw k|:tfjn] g]t[Tj s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] lj/f]w u/]sf] 5 < 5}g π j? ;f] k|:tfjn] kf6L{sf] xf]Og ;Qfsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ kf6L{ k|ltlglwx?nfO{ cfjlws?kdf kl/jt{g ul//xg' kg]{ cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . o;/L :ki6 s'/f s] xf] eg] g]t[Tj s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] lj/f]wdf v8f eP/ s=nfnWjhn] cGttM cfkm}nfO{ hgjfbL–s]Gb|Lotf, ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj, lg/Gt/ qmflGt, k|r08ky / @!cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf lj?4 v8f u/fpg' ePsf] 5 .

s=nfnWjhn] kqdf Psn g]t[Tjsf] lj/f]w ub}{, ætTsfn To;f] u/]/ hf“bf cfGbf]ngdf yk e|d, cfz+sf / 3f6f l;jfo c? s]xL klg xft nfUg] b]lvGg . a? o;n] dfn]dfjfbsf tLgj6} ;+36s c+udf yk ljsf; ug'{ kg]{ ;j{xf/f jlu{o sfo{ef/ / gof+ 9+un] j}rfl/s ;+Zn]if0f ug]{ kf6L{sf] cleofgnfO{ 7"nf] gf]S;fgLdfq k'¥ofpg] 5Æ eGg' ePsf] 5 . oxf“ klg jxf“n] ljz'4 s"ts{ ug'{ ePsf] 5 . lsgsL /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0f h:tf] ljlzi6 / ;+j]bglzn k|lqmofdf kf6L{, ;]gf / d]frf{df :yfoL ;ldltsf ;a} ;b:ox? Ps l9Ssf eP/ hf“bf kf6L{ / cfGbf]ngdf e|d xf]Og emg :ki6tf cfpg], cfz+sf xf]Og a? emg ljZjf; a9\g] / 3f6f xf]Og emg kmfObf x'g] s'/f ;fdfGo /fhg}lts 1fgsf] ;xh lgisif{ xf] . t/, xfd|f lj4fg sd/]8 nfnWjh eg] cfkm\g} b[li6 bf]ifsf sf/0f cfkm} e|ldt aGg k'Ug' ePsf] 5 / cfTds]Gb|Lt JolQmjfbsf] rZdfn] x]/]/ cfkm"nfO{ b]v]sf] 3f6f dgf]ut?kn] cfGbf]ngdf 3f6fsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{ x'G5 . cfGbf]ngdf e|d, cfz+sf / 3f6f, rf/}lt/ PsLs[t / s]Gb|Ls[t u/]/ hfg] kf6L{sf] ;xL lg0f{oaf6 xf]Og a? ;f] lg0f{osf lj?4 lsrnf] p7fpg] s=nfnWjhsf JolQmjfbL hdsf]{n] kf] k'¥ofp+b} 5 . :yfoL ;ldltsf kf+r} hgf ;b:o kf6L{, ;]gf / df]rf{sf] g]t[Tj txdf a:bf ljrf/ ;+Zn]if0fdf …gf]S;fgLdfq… k'U5 eGg] jxf“sf] ts{ klg ljlrqsf] 5 . kf6L{ g]t[Tjsf lhDd]jf/ sd/]8x? qmflGtsf tLgj6} k|d'v c+udf PsLs[t eP/ sfd ubf{ ljrf/ ;+Zn]if0fdf yk d4t k'Ug] jf:tljstfnfO{ jxf“n] ga'em]sf] xf]Og a'em krfPsf] afx]s csf]{ lgisif{ lgsfNg} ;lsGg .

kqdf jxf“n] /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fnfO{ ;kmn kfg{ / b'Zdgsf if8oGqnfO{ lg:t]h kfg{ clxn]sf] cj:yfdf ;f+u7lgs?kn] PsLs[t eP/ hfg' pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] kf6L{sf] ts{nfO{ æxNsf, s]6f}n] / c;}4flGtsÆ eGg' ePsf] 5 . b]zleqsf] dfq geP/ jfXo b'Zdgn] ;d]t kf6L{sf lj?4 cGt{Wj+;sf] lgof]lht if8oGqnfO{ ltj|tf lbO/x]sf] hLjGt oyfy{ tyf k|Tofqmd0fsf] ;+j]bglzn cfjZostfsf] jf]w u/]/ kf6L{n] cfkm\gf] sfo{ ljefhgnfO{ oyf;+ej PsLs[t t"Nofpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] xf] . kf6L{sf] of] lg0f{o xf]Og a? s=nfnWjhs} cfkm" ;Qf k|d'v g/xg] l:yltdf /fhLgfdf lbO xfNg] / ;f] kbdf kf6L{ aflx/sf] ;d]t s'g} t];|f] JolQm /fVg] dfu ug]{ s'/f ;f]X} cfgf c;}4flGts, xNsf / s]6f}n] /x]sf] tYo a'em\g s;}nfO{ sl7gfO kb}{g .

u= kqsf] t];|f] a'+bfdf s=;"gLnsf] /fhLgfdf k|;+u p7fOPsf] 5 . of] s'/f lglZrt xf] ls kf6L{n] ef/tsf] lbNnL, l;lnu'9L / k6gfdf ePsf lu/km\tf/Lsf 36gfx?nfO{ cToGt u+eL/tfk"j{s lnPsf] 5 . ctM To; ;Gbe{df 5fgaLg, cg';Gwfgsf] k|lqmofnfO{ klg u+eL/tfk"j{s cufl8 a9fpg] lg0f{o kf6L{n] u/]sf] xf] . ljifosf] u+eL/tf tyf k6gfdf lu/km\tf/ x'g' ePsf lhDd]jf/ sd/]8x?sf] lnlvt / df}lvs l/kf]6{sf cfwf/df s=;'lgndfly ;d]t k|Zg p7fPsfn] o:tf] ;+j]bglzn dfldnfdf 5fglag gx'“bf;Dd -a'h'{jf sfg'gL k|lqmofsf] k5fl8 gnflu_ g}ltstfsf cfwf/df kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] ;'emfj s=;'lgnnfO{ PrSo"n] dfq geP/ s=nfnWjh;d]t :yfoL ;ldltn] ;fd'lxs?kdf lbPsf] xf] . s=;'lgnn] /fhLgfdf lbO;s] kl5 l;+uf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltn] To;nfO{ cg'df]bg;d]t u/]sf] s'/f :ki6} 5 .

t/, clxn] cg';Gwfgsf] l/kf]6{ g} gcfpb} aLr}df s=nfnWjhn] ljifonfO{ lgs} pQ]hs :j?k k|bfg ug]{ sz/t ug'{ ePsf] 5 . a'“bfsf] ;'?d} jxf“n] æ36gfdf ;+nUgtfsf] kof{Kt cfwf/ k'li6 geO o;/L sf/jfxL -/fhLgfdf ug{ afWofTds lgb]{zg PrSo"n] lbg' Ps k|sf/sf] sf/jfxL g} xf]_ eg]/ 7f]s'jf ug'{ ePsf] 5 . clxn] cfP/ æolt ljifoÆ sfg'gL ts{ ug{ ;Sg] lj4fg sd/]8n] :yfoL ;ldltsf] a}7sdf ePsf] k6s–k6ssf] 5nkmndf / s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf /fhLgfdfsf] ;'emfjnfO{ ;dy{g ug'{sf] /xio jxf“n] kqsf] cGtdf eg] em}+ æpbf/tfj;Æ dfq xf] eGg] s'/f cfkm}df lgs} lj/f]wfefifk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 . dfly s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] ljifodf rrf{ ul/P em}+ Tof] jxf“sf] pbf/tfa; geP/ s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] lg0f{odf /x]sf] e|da; ;r]t?kn] ul/Psf] df}gtf lyof] eGg] s'/f oxf“ cfP/ emg 5n{¨ ePsf] 5 .

ef/tdf ePsf >[+vnfa4 / /xiodo k|s[ltsf lu/km\tf/Lsf 36gfx?n] kf6L{ / hg;d'bfodf 7"nf] t/¨ / lrGtf k}bf u/]sf] s'/f xfdL ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 . tL 36gfx?af/] kf6L{ leq / aflx/ klg ljleGg k|sf/sf lh1f;fx? x'g' lgtfGt :jefljs 5 . kf6L{ s]Gb|sf] cg';Gwfg ;DalGw cflwsfl/s lg0f{o s] xf] / a}7s kl5sf] klxnf] If]qLo k|lzIf0fdf s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf tkm{af6 ljifonfO{ s;/L k|:t"t ul/Psf] lyof] eGg] s'/f klg s=nfnWjhnfO{ /fd|f];“u yfxf 5 . s]Gb|Lo sfof{nonufot l;+uf] kf6L{ s]Gb|sf] dgzfo s=;'lgnnufot s;}nfO{ klg lg/fwf/ cf/f]k nufpg] g/x]sf] s'/f olt :ki6 x'“bf x“'b}+ klg clxn] cg';Gwfgsf] l/kf]6{ gcfp+b} lagf s'g} 7f]; k|efj / cfwf/ cToGt dgf]ut 9+un] æzq'tfk"0f{ ;+3if{Æsf] ævt/gfs ;+s]tÆ eg]/ j:t'tM :jo+ s=nfnWjhn] g} cGt/;+3if{nfO{ zq'tfk"0f{ agfpg] r]i6f ul//xg' ePsf] 5 . kf6L{nfO{ u+eL/ cf/f]k nufpg] w'gdf jxf“n] kf6L{leq cfkm\gf] u'6jfbL dgzfosf] v'nf;f ug'{ ePsf] 5 . kqdf jxf“n] lgs} hf]8 lbP/ kf6L{ leqsf] Pp6f tKsfsf] xjfnf lb+b} cfkm"nfO{ Tof] slyt tKsfsf] ;+/Ifssf] e"ldsfdf k|:t't ug]{ hdsf]{ ug'{ ePsf] 5 . s'g xf] Tof] tKsf / s;n] tKsfnfO{ cf/f]lkt u¥of] < kqdf s'g} 7f]; k|df0f k]z ul/Psf] 5}g . xfd|f] kf6L{ Oltxf;sf] Pp6f ;"ljlbt tYo of] /x]sf] 5 ls @)%! ;fndf kf6L{sf] k|yd /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf blIf0fk+yL lj;h{gjfbLx?nfO{ sfo{jfxL u/] otfsf sl/a !! jif{sf ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{ox? Psdt4f/f lnOPsf 5g\ s'g} tKsfsf cfwf/df xf]Og . klxnf] z'l4s/0fsf ;Gbe{df k|j[ltsf lx;fan] dfq kf6L{ s]Gb|df blIf0f, dWo / æjfdÆ k|j[ltsf] n]vfhf]vf ul/Psf] lyof] .

of] l:yltdf kf6L{leq Pp6f tKsfsf] s'/f u/]/ s=nfnWjhn] cfkm\gf] u"6jfbL dfgl;stfnfO{ dfq phfu/ ug'{ ePsf] 5}g ckLt" u"6 lgdf{0f ug]{ jxfgfsf] vf]hL ul//xg' ePsf] 5 . clxn] cfP/ s=;'lgnk|lt b]vfOPsf] slyt ;xfg'e"lt / tKsfsf] kIfkf]if0fn] pQm lgisif{afx]s c? s]xL k|dfl0ft x'g ;Qm}g . o;af6 s'g s'/f emg :ki6 x'g cfp5 eg] s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] xd]zf lj/f]w ug'{sf k5fl8sf] jxf“sf] tfTko{ ;dfgfGt/ x]8Sjf6{/sf?kdf k|:t"t x'g] ;+efjgfnfO{ kf6L{ s]Gb|n] cGt ul/ lbof] ta jxf“ tKsfsf] g]tf aGg] tfgfafgf h'6fpb} x'g' x'G5 . h'g s'/f cfkm}df u+eL/ b[li6sf]0fsf] k|df0f dfq xf] .

3= kqsf] rf}yf] a+'bfdf jxf“ cfkm}n] s]Gb|Lo :s"ln¨ ljefu / k|rf/ tyf k|sfzg ljefudf cfkm\gf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo g/x]sf] 7x/ u/]/ kqs} ldltb]lv nfu" x'g] ul/ /fhLgfdf lbg' ePsf] 5 . kf6L{ s]Gb|n] tL ljefux?df jxf“sf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo b]v]/ g} lgo'Qm u/]sf] tyf ltgsf k|yd a}7sx? jxf“ ;d]t pkl:yt eP/ ;DkGg ul/Psf] k[i7e"lddf clxn] aLrdf cfP/ cfkm\g} JolQmut lg0f{on] /fhLgfdf lbg] s'/fn] ;d]t jxf“sf] JolQmjfbL lrGtg / c/fhstfjfbL sfo{z}nLnfO{ dfq JoQm ub{5g\ .

s=nfnWjhsf] kqsf] pk/f]Qm ljZn]if0faf6 :ki6 x'G5 ls ljrf/, ljlw / ;do–;Gbe{sf ;a} b[li6n] jxf“ u+eL/ ljrnglt/ cufl8 al9 /xg' ePsf] 5 . dxfg hgo'4n] /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] ;+j]bglzn P]ltxfl;s df]8df cfP/ kf6L{ x]8Sjf6{/, s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt / o;sf lg0f{ox?sf lj?4 xdnf u/]/ oyfy{df jxf“n] kf6L{, qmflGt, dxfg zlxbx? / qmflGtsf/L hgtfdfly g} xdnf ug{ k'Ug' ePsf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf] u+eL/ ljrngsf k5fl8 jxf“df ljBdfg r/d cfTds]Gb|Lt JolQmjfbn] sfd u/]sf] s'/f :ki6 x'g cfp+5 .

s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf kq btf{ u/fO;s] kl5sf s=nfnWjhsf lgDg s[ofsnfkx?n] kf6L{ cGt/;+3if{nfO{ ju{–;+3if{sf] zq'tfk"0f{ :j?k lbg] vt/f pTkGg x'+b} uPsf] 5 .

s= kf6L{ x]8Sjf6{/sf lj?4 ;dfgfGt/ x]8Sjf6{/ ;~rfng ug]{ sfd . pNn]lvt kq, …cGt/–kf6L{ 5nkmnsf d"ne't ljifox?Ú / ut s]Gb|Lo ;ldltdf lkmtf{ lnOPsf] tyf clen]vsf?kdf dfq s]=sf=df /fVg] elgPsf] /fhLgfdf kq x]8Sjf6{/nfO{ hfgsf/L ;d]t glbO{ cfkm}n] ljt/0f ug]{ tyf hf] e]6\of] p ;+u To;sf] JofVof ug]{ sfd u/]/ kf6L{sf] Go"gtd cg'zf;g / d"No–dfGotfnfO{ k'/} nTofpg] sfd s=nfnWjhn] ul//xg' ePsf] 5 .

v= kf6L{ leqsf] cGt/lj/f]w tyf kf6L{sf :yflkt d"No–dfGotfsf lj?4 ;fj{hlgs cleJolQm lbP/ s=nfnWjhn] u'6 :jtGqtfsf] dfu ug]{ ljutdf kf6L{af6 lgisfl;t blIf0fk+yL la;{hgjfbLsf] kblrGxnfO{ k5\ofO/xg' ePsf] 5 . ?;L s=kf=sf] bzf}+ dxflwj]zgdf kf6L{leq u"6jfbsf] cGTo ug]{ ljrf/sf k|:tfjs dxfg\ n]lggnfO{ ;d]t k|sf/fGt/n] cfIf]k nufpb} s=nfnWjhn] cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ zq'tfk"0f{ :j?k lbg] k|oTgdfq ug'{ ePsf] 5}g ckLt" cfkm\gf] ax'njfbL / la;{hgjfbL lrGtgnfO{ ;d]t ;fj{hlgs ug'{ ePsf] 5 .

u= kf6L{sf lj?4 k|ToIf jf k/f]If?kdf cfkm\gf ts{x?nfO{ ljut ( jif{b]lv b]zL, ljb]zL k|lts[ofjfbL Pj+ ;+zf]wgjfbLx?n] nufp+b} cfPsf kmt"/ cf/f]k ldnfP/ s=nfnWjhn] cGttM cfkm\gf] j'h'{jf ju{ b[li6sf]0fnfO{ g} JoQm ul//xg' ePsf] 5 .

3= æcGt/kf6L{ 5nkmnsf d"ne"t ljifox?Æ lzif{s lbP/ tof/ kfl/Psf] !# a'+b] cfn]v dfkm{t s=nfnWjhn] lgDg s'/fsf] k|bz{g ug'{ ePsf] 5 M

s_ tYox?sf] tf]8df]8 / lg0f{o eO;s]sf jf ;xh lg0f{o x'g ;Sg] ljifonfO{ ;d]t u+eL/ j}rfl/s hfdf klx/fP/ u"6 / km"6sf lgldQ anhkm\tL cfwf/ tof/ kfg]{ s;/t ul//xg' ePsf] 5 .

v_ lrgsf] dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f“:s[lts qmflGtsf qmddf b]lvPsf] ;+zf]wgjfbsf] gof“ ljz]iftf ;sf/fTds / qmflGtsf/L ts{x?sf] pkof]u cfkm\gf] gsf/fTds / cj;/jfbL p4]Zo kl/k'lt{sf lgldQ ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ cfn]vdf /fd|f];“u k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

u_ kf6L{ / hgo'4n] ljsf; u/]sf ;a} ;sf/fTds pknlAwx?nfO{ cfkm\g} JolQmut emf]nLdf xfNg] tyf sdL sdhf]/L hlt ;a} csf{sf] yfKnf]df af]sfpg] cToGt lgDg :t/sf] tl/sf cfn]vdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .

3_ cfn]vdfkm{t cfkm"n] cfkm}nfO{ ljrf/ssf] bhf{ lbP/ rf}tkmL{ pkb]z lbg] j'h'{jf JolQmjfbL jf}l4s bDesf] k|bz{g ul/Psf] 5 .

ª_ ;}4flGts 1fgsf] dxTj bzf{pg] gfddf cfn]vdf oqtq ;}4flGts 1fgsf] c;nL s;L qmflGtsf/L Jofjxf/nfO{ 3f]/ cjd"Nog ug]{ tyf qmflGtsf/L g]tf, sfo{stf{ / hgtf cem d'VotM hgd'lQm ;]gfdfly c1fgtfsf] cf/f]k nufpg] j'h'{jf jf}l4s cx+sf/sf] k|bz{g ul/Psf] 5 .

r= s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf Psdt4f/f lnOPsf] qmflGtsf/L ?kfGt/0f / k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ If0fdf u"6 / km"6jfbL s[ofsnfknfO{ cufl8 a9fP/ s=nfnWjh k|sf/fGt/n] ;fd|fHojfb, lj:tf/jfb / zfxL ;}lgs kmf;LjfbnfO{ d4t k'¥ofpg] cToGt 3fts lbzfdf cufl8 al9/xg' ePsf] tYodfq b]vf kl//x]sf] 5 .

pk/f]Qm tYox?n] s'g s'/f :ki6 ub{5g\ eg] s=nfnWjhsf] hLjg bz{g dfn]dfjfbL ;j{xf/fjfb4f/f eGbf cfkm"n] cfkm}nfO{ of]Uo ljrf/s 7fGg] dgf]ut af}l4s bDe / of]Uon] /fh ug{ kfpg' k5{ eGg] lgT;]sf] r/d JolQmjfbL bz{g4f/f a9L lgb]{lzt /x]sf] b]vf kb{5 .

olb s=nfnWjhn] o; k|sf/sf] ljrngnfO{ lgd{dtfk"j{s ;Rrfpg] tyf kf6L{, qmflGt / hg;d'bfonfO{ ljZjf; ug]{ ;j{xf/fjfbL b[li6sf]0f ckgfpg ;Sg' ePg eg] cGttM jxf“ j}rfl/s?kn] JolQmjfbL c/fhstfjfbsf?kdf JoQm x'g] j'h'{jf cfbz{jfb, /fhg}lts?kn] blIf0fk+yL cfTd;dk{0fjfb / ;f+u7lgs?kn] lj;{hgjfbsf] lzsf/ aGg k'Ug] s'/f lglZrt 5 . kf6L{ rfxfG5 ls s=nfnWjh cfkm\gf uNtL sdhf]/Lk|lt lgd{d x'+b} cfkm}nfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug]{ k|lqmofdf nfUg' x'g] 5 . ;f] k|lqmofdf cfjZos ;xof]u ug{ kf6L{ xd]zf tof/ /xg] 5 .

s= nfnWjhn] s]Gb|Lo x]8Sjf6{/df a'emfpg'ePsf kqx?–

>4]o cWoIf s=k|r08,

g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_,

s]Gb|Lo sfof{no .

lk|o sd/]8,

xfd|f] dxfg kf6L{sf]xfn} ;DkGg s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] k"0f{ a}7ssf] bf}/fg / To;kl5 b]vf k/]sf] cGt/;+3if{sf] c;xh / u+eL/ kl/l:yltaf/] sd/]8;+u oxL sflt{s @# ut] ;fdfGo 5nkmn ePsf] / lgs6 eljiodf c? s'/fsfgL ug]{ ;xdtL ePsfn] To; qmddf g} ;a} ;d:ofx?Aff/] 5nkmn / cfjZos lg0f{o jf ;dembf/L x'g] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' . tTsfn s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 cfjZos kxnsf] ck]Iff;lxt s]xL ljifox?df cfkm\gf] dt bh{ ug{ tyf cfjZos hfgsf/L u/fpg u}/x]sf] 5' .

!= ut ;L=;L= a}7sdf xfd|f] dxfg hgo'4sf] p+rfOsf] ljkl/t / df–n]–dfjfb / k|r08kyn] ljsf; u/]sf] b'O{–nfOg ;+3if{ ;+rfngsf dfGotf / ljlw ljkl/t h'g cToGt} c:j:y, c;}4flGts / u'6jfbL9+un] cGt/;+3if{ ;+rfng eof] To;sf] ljljw9+un] a}7sdf g} sltko sd/]8x? / d :jo+4f/f k|ltjfb ePsf] xf] . km]l/ klg ju{;+3if{sf sltko tfTsfnLg h6Lntfx?nfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ clxn] cGt/;+3if{nfO{ ;fdfGo9+un] Joj:yfkg ub}{ n}hfg' g} pko'Qm x'g] 7fg]/ sltko cToGt} u+eL/ / cfklQhgs s'/fx?af/] klg ;+oldt / df}g /xg] ;xdtL ePsf] lyof] . To;sf] afjh'b a}7ssf] ;dflKtkl5 sltko j[Qdf cGt/;+3if{nfO{ c:j:y9+un] n}hfg], :jLs[t ljlw / dfGotfsf] pNn+3g ug]{, lhDd]jf/ sd/]8x?af/] e|d lkm+hfpg] cflb kf6L{ / qmflGtsf] lxt ljkl/t sfo{ e}/x]sf] a'lemPsf]n] To;af/] u+eL/ cfklQ hgfp+b} s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] tkm{af6 To;nfO{ t'?Gt lgoGq0f ul/of];\ eGg] dfu ub{5' . ;fy} sltko ljifox?df x'g;Sg] j}rfl/s–/fhg}lts dte]bx?nfO{ :j:y b'O{–nfOg ;+3if{sf] ?kdf Jojl:yt ug{ ;L=;L= a}7sn] lg0f{o u/] adf]lhd cGt/kf6L{ k|sfzg oyflz3| z'? ug{ xflb{s cfu|x ub{5' .

@= kf6L{ leq hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotf / ;dfhdf ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj -jf hgjfb_ tyf lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] ;xL ;+rfng / k|of]u g} ;dsflng /fli6«o / cGt//fli6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf ;aeGbf HjnGt / dxTjk"0f{ k|Zg x'g\ . xfd|f] kf6L{ leq ljz]if rrf{sf] ljifo /xg] u/]sf] g]t[Tjsf] s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|Zg To;}sf] Pp6f c+lus / d"t{ k|Zg xf] . oL ljifox?Dff b]vf k/]sf blIf0fk+yL ;+zf]wgjfbL / h8;'qLo ;+zf]wgjfbL ljrngsf lj?4 tLj| / eLif0f ;+3if{ rnfp+b} xfd|f] kf6L{n] d"ntM bf];|f] P]ltxfl;s /fli6«o ;Dd]ngkl5 / ut @)^) h]7df kfl/t PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf;sf] k|Zg ;DalGw k|:tfj;Dd cfOk'Ubf j}rfl/s, /fhg}lts / ;f+u7lgs b[li6n] dxTjk"0f{ ljsf; u/]sf] xf] / xfd|f] cfGbf]ngdf ljsl;t ljlzi6 ljrf/>[+vnf …k|r08kyÚ sf] Pp6f d'Vo ;f/tTjklg Tolx xf] . To;sf] d"n dd{ / k|jfx ljkl/t o; k6ssf] ;L=;L=a}7sdf o;af/] h'g k|:t'tL / 5nkmn cfd?kdf eof] To;n] kf6L{nfO{ k"gM bf];|f] /fli6«o /fli6«o ;Dd]ng eGbf k5fl8 ws]Ng vf]h]sf] / cfGbf]ngnfO{ u+eL/ Iflt k'¥ofpg nfu]sf] cg'e'lt ;Dk"0f{ OdfGbf/ qmflGtsf/Lx?nfO{ a}7ss} bf}/fgdf ePsf] xf] . o;af/] d}n} cfkm\gf] dt 7f]; ?kdf :yfoL ;ldltsf] a}7s / ;fdfGo?kdf ;L=;L= a}7sdf klg /fv]sf] x'+ . k/Gt' o;af/] lzif{:y g]t[Tjk+lQmdf g} u+eL/ dte]b / cfz+sf a9]sf] b]lvPkl5 d'VotM d]/f] /fhLgfdf k|s/0f kZrft\ cgf}krfl/s?kdf a}7s xn aflx/ ePsf] s=cWoIf;+usf] a;fOdf kf6L{, ;]gf / df]rf{df ;j{xf/fju{sf] PsLs[t tyf s]Gb|Ls[t g]t[Tj sfod ug]{ ljifodf clxn] ;fdfGo ;}4flGts ;xdltdfq u/]/ hfg] / To;af/] 7f]; lg0f{o kl5 ug]{ eGg] ;dembf/L cg'?k xfdL b'a}af6 ;f]xL 9+un] k|:t'tL a}7sdf ePsf] xf] . To;sf] ljkl/t ;L=;L= a}7ssf lg0f{ox? dfOGo"l68 ug]{ qmddf 4}w cy{ nfUg ;Sg] ul/ clxn] g} kf6L{, ;]gf / df]rf{df Psn g]t[Tj sfod ug{ lg0f{o ePsf] eGg] 9+un] n]lvg uPsf] / To;af/] tn;Dd cnu cnu9+un] JofVof ug]{ sfo{ e}/x]sf] eGg] s'/f xfn} dfq d]/f] hfgsf/Ldf cfPsf] 5 . olb To;f] xf] eg] a}7ssf] dfOGo"l6ª 7Ls;+u ;'Gg], x]g]{ / a'em\g] sfo{df daf6 x'g uPsf] c;fjwfgLk|lt cfTdfnf]lrt x'+b} ;f] lg0f{ok|lt cfkm\gf] c;xdlt k|s6 ub{5' / s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodfkm{t cfkm\gf] …gf]6 ckm l8;]G6Ú bh{ ug{ rfxfG5' . lsgls clxn] kf6L{, ;]gf / df]rf{df Psn g]t[Tj sfod ug]{ s'/f bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng4f/f ;+Zn]lift ljrf/ / PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf; ;DalGw k|:tfjsf] efjgf / l:kl/6 ljkl/t 5+b}5, To;sf] ;fy} clxn] g} To;f] ug'{kg]{ s'g} ljlzi6 l:ylt klg l;h{gf ePsf] 5}g / tTsfn To;f] u/]/ hf+bf cfGbf]ngdf yk e|d, cfz+sf / 3f6f l;jfo c? s]xL klg xft nfUg] b]lvGg . a? o;n] df–n]–dfjfbsf tLgj6} ;+36s c+udf yk ljsf; ug'{kg]{ ;j{xf/fjuL{o sfo{ef/ / gof“ 9+un] j}rfl/s ;+Zn]if0f ug]{ kf6L{sf] cleofgnfO{ 7"nf] gf]S;fgL dfq k'¥ofpg] 5 / kf6L{k|lt b]z / ljZjs} 7"nf] hg;d'bfosf] cfsif{0fnfO{ w'ldn kfg]{ sfd dfq ug]{5 . /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] of]hgf ;kmn kfg{ o;f] ug'{ k/]sf] jf ;a}lt/ Ps} JolQmsf] g]t[Tj sfod gePdf b'Zdgn] v]Ng] df}sf kfp+5, cflb h:tf s]xL j[Qdf cl3 ;fg]{ ul/Psf ts{x? cToGt} xNsf, s]6f}n] / c;}4flGts k|s[ltsf 5g\, lsgls /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fdf s'g} a]nf hfg} kg]{ s'/f bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng / hgjfbsf] ljsf; ;DalGw k|:tfj kfl/t ug]{ a]nfdf klg kf6L{ leq ;a}nfO{ yfxf lyof] / Psn g]t[Tj x'+b}df b'Zdgn] rnv]n ug{ g;Sg] h:tf ts{nfO{ c? tGsfp+b} hfg] xf] eg] ;j{xf/fjuL{o kf6L{sf] ;fj{ef}d sldl6 k|0ffnL / ;fd'lxs g]t[Tj k|0ffnLnfO{ g} ltnf~hnL lbg' kg]{ x'G5, h'g slt ljrngk"0f{ / 3fts x'G5 :jt+M :ki6 5 . To;}n] oxf+ s;}n] OR5f, cfsf+Iff, lgot jf cfu|x k"jf{u|xnfO{ eGbf klg ;j{xf/f qmflGtsf] lj1fg / lxtnfO{ s]Gb|df /fv]/ / ljutsf eLif0f qmflGt / k|ltqmflGtsf cg'ejx?sf] cfnf]sdf xfd|f] dxfg kf6L{n] d"ntM bf];|f] /fli6«o ;Dd]ng kZrft\ ;+Zn]if0f u/]sf] / ljsf; ub}{ u}/x]sf] df–n]–dfjfb / k|r08kysf] ljrf/>[+vnfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ ;Dk"0f{ kf6L{k+lQmn] ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj / lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] ljrf/ / ljlw;+u ;DalGwt o; cxd\ k|ZgnfO{ xn ug]{ k|oTg ug]{5 eGg] ck]Iff ub{5' . d}n] ;L=;L=sf] a}7ssf] bf}/fgdf g} df]rf{sf] ;+of]hssf] kbaf6 /fhLgfdf lbO;s]sf] / ;f] :yfgdf s'g} pko'Qm t];|f] JolQmnfO{ /flvof];\ eGg] k|:tfj /flv;s]sfn] o;af/] s'g} If'b| JolQmut 6Lsfl6Kk0fL ug]{ / uxg\ j}rfl/s–/fhg}lts k|ZgnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ k|oTg st}af6 x'g]5}g eGg] ljZjf; klg lnPsf] 5' .

#= k6gf k|s/0f;+u hf]8]/ kL=aL=Pd= s=;'lgnnfO{ /fhLgfdf ug{ afWo kfl/Psf] 36gfn] klg jt{dfg cGt/;+3if{nfO{ c:j:y agfpg yk e"ldsf v]n]sf] cg'e't ePsf] 5 . s;}nfO{ s;}n] ;fdfGo cf/]fk nuf+pb}df k|f/lDes 5fgaLg;d]t gul/ cyjf k|yd b[li6 of 36gfdf ;+nUgtfsf] kof{Kt cfwf/ k'li6 geO{ o;/L sfjf{xL -/fhLgfdf ugP afWofTds lgb]{zg H.Q.n] lbg' Ps k|sfsf] …sfjf{xLÚ g} xf]_ ug]{ ghL/ a;]df eljiodf kf6L{df u+eL/ ;d:of gcfpnfg\ eGg ;lsGg . s=;'lgnsf] ;Gbe{df kf6L{ s]Gb|n] Ps 9+un] a'em\g] t/ tn eg] cs}{ 9+un] sfjf{xLs} cy{df a'em\g] / JofVof ug]{ k|jlQ b]lvPsfn] of] k|s/0f c? k]lrnf] aGg k'u]sf] 5 . ;aeGbf u+eL/ s'/f t lbNnLb]lv l;lnu'9L x'+b} k6gf;Ddsf lu/km\tf/Lsf 36gfx?nfO{ dgf]ut9+un] Pp6} >[+vnfdf pGg] / To;df kf6L{ leqsf] Ps tKsfnfO{ b'lt{otfk"0f{ tl/sfn] d'5\g vf]Hg] jf k|sf/fGt/n] cf/f]lkt ug{ vf]Hg] k|j[ltn] jt{dfg cGt/;+3if{nfO{ c:j:y dfq xf]Og zq'tfk"0f{;d]t agfpg ;Sg] vt/gfs ;+s]t b]lvPsf 5g\ . ljz]iftM lbNnLsf] 36gfnfO{ H.Q. nfO{ ;d]t nlIot u/]/ 36fOPsf] x'g ;Sg] elgg' / To;df ;+nUg b]lvg] pk]Gb| ofbjsf] s=/fdl;+x;+usf] ljz]if ;DaGw / /fdl;+xn] bfaL ug]{ u/]sf] s=cWoIf;+usf] lgs6sf] ;DaGwaf/] rfxL+ kf6L{ k+lQmnfO{ kof{Kt hfgsf/L gx'g' jf gu/fOg'n] ef/tdf 36]sf b'Mvb lu/km\tf/Lsf 36gfdf laNs'n k"jf{u|xL / b'/fu|xL 9+un] s=;'lgn x'+b} kf6L{sf] Pp6f tKsfnfO{ g} cf/f]lkt ug]{ jf abgfd ug]{ vt/gfs k|j[lQ k|ToIf jf k/f]If9+un] b]vfkg]{ ;+s]t kfOPsf] 5 . of] l:yltdf Psflt/ k4lt / k|lqmofsf] lx;fan] s=;'lgndflysf] k|sf/fGt/sf] sfjf{xL q'6Lk"0f{ /xg uPsf] / csf]{lt/ ;Dk"0f{ ef/tsf] lu/km\tf/Lsf] 36gfnfO{ jt{dfg jt{dfg cGt/;+3if{;+u hfg]/ jf ghfg]/ hf]8\g] k|j[lQ cToGt unt, c;}4flGts / vt/gfs ePsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] s=;'lgnsf] afWofTds /fhLgfdf k|s/0fdf To;nfO{ /f]Sg cfkm" :jo+n] pbf/tfjz s'g} k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ g;s]sf]df cfTdfnf]lrt x'+b} ;f] q'6Lk"0f{ lg0f{o oyflz3| ;Rofpg cg'/f]w ub{5' / ef/tdf lu/km\tf/Lsf] 36gfnfO{ jt{dfg cGt/;+3if{;+u hf]8\g] ;a} k|ToIf jf k/f]If k|of;nfO{ t'?Gt} /f]Sg / lgikmn kfg{ s]Gb|Lo sfo{fnosf] tkm{af6 cfjZos kxnsf] lglDt cfu|x ub{5' .

$= xfn} ;DkGg ;L=;L=sf] a}7sn] kf6L{sf ;a} s]Gb|Lo ljefux?sf] OGrfh{ s=cWoIf :jo+ /xg] lg0f{o u/]sf] / ljleGg ljefux?sf 5'§f5'§} ;lrjx? lgo'Qm e};s]sfn] sltko ljefux?df d]/f] pkl:ylt cfjZos / cf}lrTok"0f{ b]lvPsf] 5}g . To;}n] cfh}sf ldltb]lv nfu" x'g] u/L d}n] s]Gb|Lo :s"lnª ljefu / k|rf/ tyf k|sfzg ljefuaf6 /fhLgfdf lbPsf] 5' .

ldlt M– @)^! sflt{s @^

qmflGtsf/L clejfbg;lxt

nfnWjh

:yfoL ;ldlt ;b:o,

g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_

cGt/kf6L{ 5nkmnsf d"ne"t ljifox?

xfd|f] dxfg\ Pj+ uf}/jzfnL kf6L{ g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] pRr g]t[Tj k+lQm aLrdf ut nfdf] ;dob]lv 5nkmn / ;fk]If ;xdlt sfod x'"b} cfPsf t/ af/Daf/ ljljw ?kdf dtfGt/ /x“b} cfPsf cfwf/e"t ljifoxnfO{ != ljrf/–bz{g @= /fhg}lts–kmf}hL k|Zg #= ;f+u7lgs k|Zg $= ;f+:s[lts k|Zgdf juL{s/0f u/L lgDg jdf]hLd a'"bfut ?kdf k|:t't ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 . h;af/] kf6L{ leq Jofks 5nkmn eP/ plrt qmflGtsf/L lgisif{df k'Ug' h?/L ePsf] 5 M

!= ljrf/–bz{g ;+aGwL k|Zg

s= dfn]dfjfb / k|r08kynfO{ a'em\g], nfu" ug]{ / ljsf; ug]{ k|ZgM

k|r08ky dfn]dfjfbsf] g]kfnL wtL{df k|of]uaf6 l;lh{t ljlzi6 ljrf/–>[+vnf xf] ls ;fj{ef}d lj1fg xf] <

– sltko lhDd]jf/ sd/]8x? / vf;u/L s= k|r08sf] a+9L lgs6 /x]sf] bfjL ug]{x?af6 k|ToIf jf k/f]If ?kdf k|=k=n] ;fj[ef}d rl/q u|x0f u/L;s]sf] / To;nfO{ …k|r08 ljrf/ wf/fÚsf] ?kdf cleJolQm lbg' k5{ eGg] vfnsf egfO af/+af/ cfO/xbf s= k|r08 :jodaf6 tL af/] s'g} ;fy{s k|ltjfb gx'g' nfO{ s;/L a'em\g] <

– ;j{xf/fjfbL lj1fgsf] ljsf; Pp6f cd"s kmf}hL jf u}/kmf}hL sf/jfxLsf] ;kmntfdf dfq gfKg] xf] ls To; lglDt Pp6f ;du| tYo ;+ut / ts{ ;+ut ljrf/k|0fnLsf] cfjZostf x'G5, h'gnfdf] ;dosf] qmdaf6 k'li6 x'g'kb{5 <

– s'g} Pp6f kmf}hL jf u}/kmf}hL of]hgf ;kmn x'g] ljlQs} …k|=k=n] gof“ km8\sf] df/\of]Ú eGg] vfnsf cleJolQm kf6L{ leq cfO/xg' slt ;xL / pko'Qm xf] <

– k|To]s b]zsf sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/Lx?n] cf–cfkm\g} ljrf/wf/f jf jfbsf] cfljisf/ ug'{ slQsf] dfn]dfjfb ;Ddt xf] < ;a} b]zsf kf6L{x?n] To;f] ub}{ uPdf ;j{xf/f cGt/f{li6«otfjfbsf] s] xljut xf]nf <

– k|r08ky ;fd"lxstfsf] s]Gb|Ls[t cleJolQm xf] ls JolQm s= k|r08sf] dfq b]g xf] < bf];|f] /f=;=n] k|=k=nfO{ ;fd"lxstfsf] s]Gb|Ls[t cleJolQm xf] eg]/ kl/eflift u/]sf] / s= k|r08sf] To; lglDt d'Vo of]ubfg /x]sf] ls6fg ul/;s] kl5 klg lhDd]jf/ JolQmx? af6 k|=k=nfO{ JolQm s= k|r08sf] kof{ojfrLsf] ?kdf k|:t't ul//xg'sf] cy{ / cf}lrTo s] xf] <

– cWoIf s= k|r08sf] kmf]6f] dfS;{, P¿]N;, n]lgg, :6flng / dfcf]sf] ;dsIf jf xf/fxf/Ldf /fVg' slQsf] pko'Qm xf] < sltko kf6L{ k|sfzg / sfo{qmddf d+rx?df To;/L kmf]6f] /flvbf s= k|r08 :jo+af6 s'g} k|ltjfb g x'g'nfO{ s] eGg] <

v_ cfb{zjfbL PstTjjfbnfO{, b}tjfb≈jx'tTjjfb / ef}ltsjfbL PstTjjfbnfO{ a'em\g] / cfTd;ft\ ug]{ k|Zg M

ef}lts hut\ / ;dfhsf] pTklQ / ljsf; ;+aGwL cfwf/e't bfz{lgs / j}1fgLs k|:yfkgx?nfO{ a'em\g] / cfTd;ft\ ug]{ jf/] kf6L{ g]t[Tj k+lQmdf JoQm jf cJoQm cGt/ nfdf] ;do b]lv b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] k|ToIf c;/ ;dfh / kf6L{ ;+u7g leqsf cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ a'em\g] / ;+rfng ug]{ qmddf b]lvb} cfPsf] 5 . o; qmddf vf;u/L cfb{zjfbL PstTjjfb (Idealist monism) ,2}tjfb (Dualism) , ef}ltsjfbL PstTjjfb (Materialist Monism) ;+jGwLt a'emfO / k|of]udf ;d:of x'g] u/]sf] 5 . sDo'lgi6x?n] bfz{lgs ?kdf 2}tjfb jf jx'tTjjfbsf] xf]Og, PsTjjfbsf] g} kIfkf]z0f ub{5g\ jf ug'{ kb{5 . t/ qmflGtsf/L sDo'lgi6x?n] cfb{zjfbL PstTjjfb, h;sf] j}rfl/s– ;f+:s[lts cleJolQm Ps]Zj/jfb / /fhg}lts cleJolQm Psdgfjfb (Monolithism) x'G5, sf] xf]Og, ef}ltsjfbL PstTjjfb, h;sf] j}rfl/s–/fhg}lts cleJolQm 4GbfTds ef}ltsjfb - jf ljk/ltx?sf] PsTj_ x'G5, sf] cg'z/0f ub{5g\ . k/Gt' xfd|f] g]t[Tjsf sltko lhDd]jf/ JolQmx?n] ef}ltsjfbL PstTjjfbsf] ;ºf cfb{zjfbL PstTjjfbsf] hfg]/ jf ghfg]/ kIfkf]z0f ug]{ u/]sf] / e}ltsjfbL PstTjjfbsf kIfw/x?nfO{ σ}tjfbL , h;sf] /fhg}lts cleJolQm ax'njfbL ( Pluralism) x'G5 eg]/ abgfd ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . vf;u/L ljkl/tx?sf] PsTj Pssf] b'O{df ljefhgsf] ef}ltsjfbL 4Gbjfbsf] cfwf/e"t lgodnfO{ ltnf~hnL lbg] jf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ k|j[lQn] kf6L{leq / afxL/sf] cGt/lj/f]wnfO{ a'em\g] / xn ug]{ ljifodf 7"nf] ;d:of k}bf ug]{ u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] xn v'nf / :ki6 j}rfl/s ;+3if{sf] tl/sfn] ug{ h?/L 5 . kf6L{ leq x's{b} uO/x]sf] JolQm k""hfjfbL lrGtgsf] bfz{lgs >f]t cfb{zjfbL PstTjjfbdf ePsfn] o;nfO{ j]n}df lr/kmf/ u/]/ lg/fs/0f ug'{ h?/L 5 . ;fdGtL jf gf]s/zfxL k""hLjfbL bfz{lgs cfwf/ / cfbz{jfbL PstTjjfbsf] lj/f]wsf] cy{ jf ljsNk k""hLjfbL ax'njfbsf] kIfkf]if0f geP/ ;j{xf/fjfbL ef}ltsjfbL PstTjjfbsf] cfTd;ftLs/0f xf] eg]/ a'em\g' klg plQs} h?/L 5 .

u_ cfjZostf -afWotf_ / :jtGqtf -d'lQm_sf] ;+;f/nfO{ a'em\g] k|Zg M

– cfjZostfsf] ;+;f/af6 :jtGqtfsf] ;+;f/df k'Ug] sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf] d"n ceLi6 xf] . cfjZostfsf] ;+;f/ eg]sf] ju{ ljefhLt ;dfhsf ;Ldf / afWotfn] el/Psf] ;+;f/ xf] . cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;df ;+zf]wfgjfbL / cj;/jfbLx?sf] d"n ljz]iftf tTsfnLg cfjZostfsf] a9f"O–r9f"O ug'{ jf cfbzL{{s/0f ug'{ / :jtGqtfsf] ;+;f/ jf ;fDojfbL ;+;f/ tkm{sf] ofqfnfO{ Go"lgs/0f jf lgif]w ug'{ /lxcfPsf] 5 . h:tf] ls jg{:6Lgn] eGg] ub{Yof] …cfGbf]ng ;a} yf]s xf], nIo s]xL xf]OgÚ / sfpT;sLn] eGg] ub{Yof] …lj1fgsf] ;fOgf] cfjZostfsf] 1fg;+u dfq x'G5 .Ú xfd|f] kf6L{sf sltko g]tfx?n] klg hfg]/ jf ghfg]/ cfjZostfsf] b'lgof“nfO{ a9f“Or9f“O ug]{ / :jtGqtfsf] b'lgof“nfO{ e|i6Ls/0f jf Go"lgs/0f ug]{ k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] 5 . cfd sfo{stf{x?df …cfjZostfÚ / …:jtGqtfÚ sf] kl/efiff g} ljs[t 9+un] k]; ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ cfkm\gf ;a} sdhf]/L / ljs[ltx?nfO{ …cfjZostfÚsf] cfj/0fn] 9fs5f]k ug]{ / :jtGqtf jf d'lQmsf] b'lgof“ tkm{sf] dxTj tyf nfdf] ofqfnfO{ c/fhstfjfbsf] ljNnf nufP/ k|tfl8t ug]{ jf cf]em]ndf kfg]{ vt/gfs k|j[lQ a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] …cfjZostfÚ / …:jtGqtfÚsf] ;xL tyf j}1flgs kl/efiff / a'emfO :yflkt ug{ o;af/] kf6L{ leq u+le/ ax;–5nkmnsf] h?/L 5 .

–sDo'lgi6 qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] d'Vo klxrfg / bfloTj ljwdfg cfjZostfsf] ;+;f/nfO{ l7s 9+un] a'em]/ / abn]/ …:jtGqtfÚsf] ;+;f/ tkm{sf] dfu{ bz{g ug'{ xf] . ;+zf]wgjfbL / cj;/jfbLx?n] cfjZostfsf] ;+;f/df g} 6f+l;O/xg] gLlt cg';/0f u/]sfn] dfcf]n] P+u]N;sf] …cfjZostfnfO{ a'em\g] g} :jtGqtf xf]Ú eGg] egfO{nfO{ yk kl/dfh{g / ljsf; ub}{ …:jtGqtf eg]sf] cfjZostfnfO{ a'em\g' / cfjZostfnfO{ abNg' xf]Ú eGg' ePsf] lyof] . xfd|f] kf6L{ leq clxn] klg dfcf]jfbL p4/0f / egfOsf] d"n :kLl/6nfO{ aª\ufP/ …cfjZostfÚ dfly dfq PsklIfo hf]8 lbg] k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] 5 . kf6L{sf cflwsf/Ls j}7s / e]nfsf] qmddf 6f“l;g] Aofg/x?df dfcf]sf] p4/0fnfO{ ck"0f{ jf ljs[t 9+un] k|:t't ul/bf klg pRr g]t[Tjaf6 To;sf] s'g} k|ltsf/ x'g] u/]sf] kfOGg . o;jf/] kf6L{ leq u+le/ jx;sf] cfjZostf 5 . lsgls of] cd"t{ zf:qLo 5nkmnsf] ljifo geP/ kf6L{sf] /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{ / cfr/0f tyf z}nL lgwf{/0f ug]{ w]/} dxTjsf] a}rfl/s k|Zg xf] .

3_ cg'ejjfb, h8;"qjfb / ;f/;+u|xjfb af/]M

xfd|f] kf6L{leq 1fgl;4fGtsf] b'O{ 5nfª\sf] l;4fGt cyf{t\ Jojxf/af6 1fg / 1fgaf6 k'gM qmflGtsf/L Jojxf/nfO{ 7Ls;+u cfTd;ft\ u/]/ nfu" ug'{ eGbf cfkm\gf] :jfy{ cg'?k slxn] cg'ejjfbL / slxn] h8;"qjfbL aGg] / l;4fGt / Jojxf/sf] ;xL ;+of]hgdf Wofg glbg] vt/gfs k|j[lQ a9\b} uPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf oL b'a} Psf¬\uL / clwe"wjfbL k|j[lt Ps–csf{sf k"/s / ;xof]uL x'g] ub{5g\ . ;fy} oL b'a}sf] ld>0faf6 ag]sf] ;f/;+u|xjfb (Eclecticism) emg\ 3fts / vt/gfs x'G5 . To;}n] o;af/] u+le/ j}rfl/s–;+3if{sf] cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 . vf;u/L ;}4flGts 1fgsf] dxTjnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ / c1fgtfnfO{ cfbzL{s/0f ug]{ k|j[lQn] kf6L{ / cfGbf]ngnfO{ u+le/ Iflt k'/fpg ;Sg] vt/f ljBdfg /x]sf] 5 .

@= /fhg}lts / kmf}hL k|Zg

;j{xf/f clwgfosTj / lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] ;+of]hgsf] k|ZgM

–dxfg\ lrlgof“ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGt / s= dfcf]sf] b]xfGt kl5 cGt/f{li6«o qmflGtsf/L sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf ;aeGbf dxTjk"0f{ / k]lrnf] /fhg}lts k|Zg ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj / lg/Gt/ qmflGTfsf] ;xL ;+of]hgsf] k|Zg g} /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj g} kl/Tofu ug]{ v'|:rf]ek+yL blIf0fk+yL ;+zf]wgjfbLx? cs}{ lsQfdf kg]{ ePsfn] pgLx?;+usf] ;+3if{ tTsfn xfd|f] rf;f]sf] ljifo xf]Og . qmflGtsf/L lsQf leq d'Vo ;d:of ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj cGtu{t lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] k|ZgnfO{ pk]Iff jf Go"gls/0f ug]{ tyf ;j{xf/f clwgfoTjsf] k'/fg} df]8]n -ljwL_df dfq 6"fl;O/xg vf]Hg] xf]Shfk+yL h8;"lqo ;+zf]wgjfbL k|j[lQ /x]sf] 5 . k|sf/fGt/n] dfn]dfjfbsf] /IFf, k|of]u / ljsf;sf] k|Zg o;} ljifo;+u ulx/f];+u hf]l8Psf] 5 / o;af/] kf6L{leq u+eL/ ax;–5nkmnsf] cfjZostf 5 .

–;j{xf/f clwgfosTj / lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] k|Zg kf6L{, ;]gf / ;Qfsf] cGt/;+aGw;+u cleGg ?kn] uf"l;g k'u]sf] 5 . To;}nfO{ cfTd;ft\ u/]/ xfd|f] kf6L{n] bf];|f] P]ltxf;ls /fli6«o ;Dd]ngdf ;fdfGo ?kdf / @! cf}+ ztfAbLdf hgjfbsf] ljsf; ;+jGwL k|:tfjdf 7f]; ?kdf of] k|ZgnfO{ p7fPsf] lyof] . vf;u/L kf6L{sf] lg/Gt/ ;j{xf/fs/0f ug]{ / kf6L{, ;]gf / ;Qfdfly hg;d'bfosf] lgu/fgL, lgo+Gq0f / x:tIf]k ;'lglZrt ub}{ ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj k|efjsf/L 9+un] nfu" ug{ tyf lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] af6f] x'“b} ;fDojfb;Dd k'Ug kf6L{, ;]gf / ;QfnfO{ ljutsf ;dfhjfbL df]8]ndf em}+ Ps} 7f“pdf 5\of;ld; gug]{ nufotsf h'g ljrf/ / ljlw ljsl;t ul/Psf] lyof], To;nfO{ xfn}sf] s]Gb|Lo ;ldltsf] j}7sn] pN6fpg vf]h]sf] k|ltt x'G5 . To;}n] of] cx+ k|Zgdf kf6L{ leq u+eL/ ax;–5nkmn h?/L ePsf] 5 .

r_ /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltsf] ;xL ;+of]hgsf] k|ZgM

hgjfb / /fli6«otfsf] k|ZgnfO{ 7Ls 9+un] ;+of]hg ub}{ b]z leq / afxL/sf juL{o tyf /fhg}lts cGt/lj/f]wx?nfO{ ;xL 9+un] kl/rfng ub}{ /0fgLlts b[9tf / sfo{gLlts nrstfsf] gLlt cg';/0f u/]/ xfd|f] kf6L{n] clxn];Dd qmflGtsf/L hgo'4sf] ;kmn g]t[Tj ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . t/ sltko lhDd]jf/ g]tfx?df ;d;fdlos ;fd|fHojfbL ljZjdf ;fdGtjfb / xfd|f] ;Gbe{df d"ntM /fhtGq / ;fdf|Hojfb–lj:tf/jfb larsf] ;+aGwnfO{ a'em\g] ;Gbe{df ePsf q"l6k'0f{ ;f]rfOx? / d"n g]t[Tjdf b]lvg] u/]sf 9'nd'nkgfsf] sf/0fn] /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltsf >[vnf ldnfpg] qmddf sltko ;d:ofx? b]lvg] u/]sf 5g\ . kmn:j?k ljleGg ?kdf k+rfot sfndf em}+ /fhtGq / ;+;bjfbL zlQmx? / ltgLx?sf ljb]zL dflnsx?nfO{ x]g]{ ljifodf unt ;f]rfOx? b]vf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . vf;u/L b/af/ xTofsf08 kl5sf] bnfn / gSsnL /fhtGqnfO{ x]g]{ ljifodf sltko ;d:of /xg] u/]sf 5g\ . ;+;b\jfbL zlQmx?;+u 5'º} ;z:q ;]gf gePsf] / afxLl/ b'Zdg zlQmx? / vf;u/L ef/tLo lj:tf/jfbn] k|ToIf ;}lgs x:tIf]k gul/;s]sf] l:yltdf zfxL;]gfsf] an / ;fd|fHojfbL–lj:tf/jfbL zlQmx?sf] cf8df l6s]sf] /fhtGq;+u g} qmflGtsf/Lx?sf] k|d'v cGt/lj/f]w /xg] ;Lwf / ;kf6 s'/fdf klg obfstf c:ki6tf / 9'nd'nkgf b]vfkg'{ lrGthgs ljifo xf] . xfd|f] qmflGtsf] cfkm\g} ljlzi6tfdf hGd]sf] hgjfbL qmflGtsf] pkr/0fsf] k|Zg / nf]stfGqLs u0ftGqsf] sfo{gLltaf/] cndndf k/]sf] h:tf] b]lvg' / /fhtGqk|lt cfzfsf] gh/n] x]/]sf] h:tf] b]lvg' ;f]egLo / ;xL s'/f x'g ;Qm}g . To;}n] gof“ hgjfbL qmflGtsf] jt{dfg r/0f / g]kfnsf] ljlzi6tfdf /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltsf] ;xL ;+of]hgsf] k|Zgjf/] kf6L{df 5nkmn cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .

5_ /fhg}lts / kmf}hL sfo{lbzfsf] ;+of]hgsf] k|Zg M

– PsLs[t kf6L{ ag]b]lv g} /fhgLlt / kmf}hL sfo{lbzfsf] plrt ;+of]hg jf ljrf/ / jGb"ssf] ;+of]hg cyjf hglbzf / hgo'4sf] ;+of]hg ldnfpg ;Sg'g} xfd|f] kf6L{ / qmflGTfsf] d"n klxrfg /x“b} cfPsf] 5 . k/Gt' sltko cj:yfdf /fhg}lts / kmf}hL sfo{lbzffsf] ;Gt'ng gldn]sf] , b]j|] jf bflxg] e8|sfjlt/ em's]/ Pp6f jf csf]{ kIfnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{ u/]sf] ;+s]t b]lvg] u/]sf] 5 . PsLs[t kmf}hL–/fhgLlts (Politico- Military) lrGtg ljsf; ug'{ ;ºf Psf¬\uL ;'wf/jfbL jf kmf}hLjfbL lrGtg xfjL x'g vf]h]sf] / Ps kIfn] csf]{ kIfnfO{ lgif]w jf Go"gLs/0f ug{ vf]h]sf] b]vf kb{5 . o;af/] qmflGtsf/L dfn]dfjfbL lrGtg / Jojxf/ :yflkt ug{ :j:y cGt/;+3if{ h?/L ePsf] 5 .

– cfd ?kdf qmflGtsf/L hglbzf nfu" ug]{ / 7f]; ?kdf kf6L{ / hgd'bfo aLrdf k'nsf] sfd ug]{ ljleGg h=j=;= / df]rf{x?sf] qmflGtsf/L lqmofzLntf phfu/ ug]{ ljifodf kf6L{leq ;d:of b]vf kg]{ u/]sf 5g\ . o;af/] klg l;4fGtlgi6 j:t'jfbL 5nkmn–jx; cfjZos 5 .

#= ;+u7gfTds k|ZgM

h_ hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf] ;xL cEof;sf] k|ZgM

n]lggsf] ;'k|l;4 egfO µ –cfnf]rgf–5nkmnsf] :jtGqtf / sfd–sf/jfxLdf Ps ?ktfÚ / dfcf]sf] egfO …hgjfbsf] hudf s]Gb|Lotf / s]Gb|Lotfsf] dfu{lgb]{zgdf hgjfbÚnfO{ kf6L{ leq cEof; ug{ g;Sg' u+eL/ ;d:of /xg] u/]sf] 5 . kl/0ffd :j?k cfkm" g]t[Tjdf g/x“bf c/fhstfjfbL aGg] / g]t[Tjdf k'u]kl5 gf]s/zfxL aGg] cfd k|j[lQ h:t} alg/x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L ljleGg txsf] g]t[Tjdf /xg]x?n] cfkm\gf] clnslt klg cfnf]rgf ug]{nfO{ c/fhstfjfbLsf] ljNnf nufP/ b'Tsfg]{ / kf6L{leq ;j{xf/fjfbL cg'zf;g / :j]lR5s s]Gb|Lotf -n]lgg_ sf] ;ºf kfv08kgf, bAj"kg, / cfd c/fhstfsf] l:ylt JofKt x'g] jftfj/0f alg/x]sf] 5 . h'g xfd|f] h:tf] lhjg / d/0fsf] o'4 nl8/x]sf] kf6L{sf] lglDt slt 3fts 5 :jtM l;4 5 . To;}n] n]lggkl5 6'6]sf] ;Rrf hgjfbL s]Gb|Lotfsf] s8LnfO{ hf]8]/ lrlgof“ dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;f+:s[lts qmflGtn] ljsl;t u/]sf gof“ d"No / dfGotfx?af6 cl3 a9\b} gof“ ;j{xf/fjfbL ;+u7gfTds l;4fGtsf] ljsf; ug{ kf6L{ leq :j:y cGt/;+3if{ h?/L ePsf] 5 .

em_ g]t[Tjsf] s]Gb|Ls/0fsf] k|ZgM

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