ju{;+3if{, /fHo;Qf / ;fdflhs qmflGt

ls/0f

       ju{;+3if{, /fHo;Qf / ;fdflhs qmflGt ;+aGwL cjwf/0ffx? k/:k/ cfa4 /x]sf 5g\ . /fHo;Qf ju{;+3if{sf] clgjfo{ cleJolQm xf] . ;fdflhs qmflGt ;fdflhs ;+/rgf / /fHo;Qf;“u cleGg ?kn] uf“l;Psf] 5 . oL ;a} dflg;sf ef}lts hLjgsf kl/l:yltx? cyf{t\ pTkfbgsf ;fwgx?sf] :jfldTj / ;DklQ ;+aGw;Fu cfa4 /x]sf x'G5g\ .

-s_ ju{;+3if{

       ju{x?sf] pTklQ cflbd ;dfhsf] clGtd r/0fdf ePsf] xf] . bf;:jfdL, ;fdGtL, k"“hLjfbL, ;dfhjfbL– ;a} ;fdflhs cfly{s Joj:yfdf ju{ x'G5g\ / To;}n] ToxfF ju{;+3if{ klg x'G5 . ;fDojfbdf ju{ / ju{;+3if{ x'Fb}gg\ . ju{ eg]sf s] x'g\ < n]lgg eGg'x'G5– æju{ dflg;sf tL 7"nf–7"nf ;d"xx?nfO{ elgG5 h'g ;fdflhs pTkfbgsf] Oltxf;åf/f lgwf{l/t k4ltdf cfkm\gf] :yfgsf] b[li6n] pTkfbgsf ;fwgx?k|lt cfkm\gf ;+aGwx?sf] b[li6n] -clwsf+z dfldnfdf sfg"gx?df lglZrt k|flKtsf] ljlw tyf cfsf/sf] b[li6n] Pscsf{af6 leGg x'G5g\ .Æ^! bf; bf;:jfdL, ;fdGtL ls;fg, k"“hLklt ;j{xf/f, lgDg k"“hLklt nufotsf leGg ;fdflhs >]0fLx? g} ju{ x'g\ . bf; ;dfhdf bf; / bf;dflns, ;fdGtL ;dfhdf ls;fg / hldGbf/ tyf k|ltkflbt, >dsf] ;fdflhs ;+u7gdf cfkm\gf] e"ldsfsf] b[li6n] / kmn:j?k ;fdflhs ;Dkbfsf] To; efusf] h'g pgsf] ; /, k"“hLjfbL ;dfhdf k"“hLklt / ;j{xf/fju{sf aLrsf] ;+3if{ rNb} cfPsf] 5 . 7Ls To;}n] dfS;{–PË]N; eGg'x'G5– æclxn];Dd cflje"{t ;d:t ;dfhsf] Oltxf; cyf{t\ ;d:t lnlka4 Oltxf; ju{;+3if{sf] Oltxf; /x]sf] 5 .Æ^@ x/]s ;dfhdf oL b'O{ k|wfg ju{sf ;fy} cem ljrf}lnof ju{x? klg /x]sf x'G5g\ . oL ;a} ju{x? dWo] ;j{xf/fju{ g} ;a}eGbf qmflGtsf/L ju{ xf] . dfS;{–P+u]N; eGg'x'G5– æk"“hLklt ju{sf] ;6\6fdf cfh hlt klg ju{ v8f 5g\ tL ;a}df ;j{xf/fju{ g} jf:tjdf qmflGtsf/L ju{ xf] . c? ju{ cfw'lgs pBf]usf ;fd" x|f;pGd'v eP/ cGttM nf]k x'G5g\ , ;j{xf/fju{ g} To;sf] df}lns / ljlzi6 pkh xf] .Æ -pQm, k[= !$@_ .

       ju{ ;+3if{sf ljleGg ?kx? x'G5g\, k/Gt' ltgsf tLg d"n kIfx? x'G5g\– ;}4flGts, /fhgLlts / cfly{s . ;}4flGts ;+3if{ eg]sf] k|ltlqmofjfbL, ;+zf]wgjfbL / ;a} u}/;j{xf/f ljrf/wf/fsf lj?4 ;+3if{ ug'{ / ;j{xf/fjfbL ljrf/wf/fsf] kIfkf]if0f ug'{ xf] . /fhgLlts ;+3if{ k|ltlqmofjfbL /fHo;Qfsf] lj/f]w / hgtfsf] hgjfbL tyf ;dfhjfbL /fHo;Qfsf lglDt ;+3if{ ug'{ xf] . cfly{s ;+3if{ eg]sf] hg;d'bfosf ef}lts cfjZostf / b}lgs hLjg;Fu ;+alGwt cfly{s xslxtsf nflu ;+3if{ ug'{ xf] .

       ju{ / ju{;+3if{sf] cl:tTjnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug]{, k"“hLjfbL zf;gnfO{ Oltxf;sf] clGtd kmn / r/d pTsif{ dfGg] slyt dfgjtfjfbL asjf;sf lj?4 dfS;{n] eGg'ePsf] lyof]– æd}n] h'g gofF s'/f NofPF, Tof] s] l;4 ug'{ lyof] eg], !_ ju{x?sf] cl:tTj pTkfbgsf] ljsf;df vf; P]ltxfl;s k|lqmofx?sf ;fy hf]l8Psf] 5, @_ ju{;+3if{ :jfefljs ?kdf ;j{xf/f clwgfosTjsf] lbzfdf kl/nlIft x'G5, #_ of] clwgfosTj :jo+ ;a} ju{x?sf] pGd"ng tyf ju{xLg ;dfh tkm{ ;+qmd0f dfq xf] .Æ^# jf:tjdf ju{;+3if{sf] vf]h ju{;+3if{nfO{ P]ltxfl;s ljsf;k|lqmofsf] s8L;Fu hf]8\g], To;sf] ultnfO{ ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj / ju{ljxLg ;dfhsf] :yfkgf nkm{ kl/nlIft ug]{ s'/fdf /x]sf] lyof] . jf:tjdf dfS;{sf] of] vf]h P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfbsf] cToGt} dxfg\ pknlAw xf] .

-v_ /fHo;Qf

       jf:tjdf ju{, ju{;+3if{ / /fHo;Qfsf] pTklQsf] sf/0f JolQmut ;DklQ g} xf] . ha hLjgsf] ef}lts, cfly{s kl/l:yltn] JolQmut ;DklQ ;+aGwnfO{ Wj:tkfl/ lbG5 Tof] l:yltdf ju{, ju{;+3if{ / /fHo;Qfsf] klg cGt x'g k'U5 . cflbd uf]q Joj:yfdf cfwfl/t ;dfh ha cfly{s b[li6n] ljsl;t x'Fb} uof], lghL ;DklQ, ju{ / ju{;+3if{sf] k|fb'ef{j eof], >d ljefhg hl6n aGb} uof], Tof] l:yltsf To; ;dfh Joj:yfsf] Wj+;fjz]ifdf /fHo;Qfsf] lgdf{0f eof] . jf:tjdf /fHo c;dfw]o zq'tfk"0f{ ju{;+3if{sf] pkh xf], /fHo;Qf s'g} ljj]s jf g}lts cfbz{sf] cleJolQm g e} ;fdflhs P]ltxfl;s cfjZostfsf] pkh xf] / cfkm\gf] zlQm ;dfhaf6 lnP kl5 o;n] ;dfhf]kl/ :yfg u|x0f ub{5, / To;af6 clwsflws k[ys x'Fb} hfG5 . /fHo pTkLl8t ju{dfly pTkL8s ju{sf] cfly{s, /fhgLlts / ;fF:s[lts k|e'Tj / pTkL8g sfod ug]{ ;fwgsf ?kdf ljsl;t ePsf] xf] . jf:tjdf /fHo ;jf]{kl/ jf ju{;+3if{sf] ;Gt'ng ug]{ s'g} u}/ kIfkftL ;+:yf jf :jtGq /fHo x'g} ;St}g .

       /fHo;Qf Ps ju{n] csf]{ ju{nfO{ bdg / pTkL8g ug]{ dzLg/L xf] . z;:q zlQm– k'ln;, kmf}hL, gf]s/zfxLtGq, o; k|sf/sf] bdg / pTkL8gsf d"n ;fwg x'g\ . bf;;dfh, ;fdGtL ;dfh / k"“hLjfbL ;dfhdf ljsf;dfg ;a} /fHo;Qfsf] ;f/ pTkLl8t ju{sf] bdg xf] . h:tf] ls P+u]N; eGg'x'G5– æk|frLg sfnsf] /fHo ;jf]{kl/ bf;:jfdLx?sf] /fHo lyof] h:sf] p2]Zo bf;x?nfO{ bafP/ /fVg' lyof], o;}u/L ;fdGtL /fHo clehft ju{sf] :yfg lyof] h;sf] p2]Zo e"bf; ls;fgx? / aFw'jf dhb"/x?nfO{ bjfP/ /fVg' lyof] / cfw'lgs k|ltlglwd"ns /fHo k"FhLåf/f Hofnfbf/L >dsf] zf]if0fsf] ;fwg xf] .Æ -df=P+= ;+slnt /rgfPF, efu @, #, k[= @)!_ . /fHo;Qfsf] ;f/ / ?kdfly k|sfz kfb}{ n]lgg eGg'x'G5– æ/fHo Ps ju{åf/f csf]{ ju{sf] pTkL8gsf] dzLg xf], pRr dftxt ju{x?nfO{ cf1fsf/L agfO /fVg] dzLg xf] . o; dzLgsf gfgf ?k x'G5g\ . bf; :jfldTjx?sf] /fHodf /fhtGq, clehft tGqLo hgtGq jf hgjfbL hgtGq;Fu x'Gy] . j:t'tM zf;gsf ?kx?df cToGt ljljwtf lyof], k/Gt'M zf;gsf ?kx?nfO{ s'g} clwsf/ k|fKt lyPg / tL pTkL8s ju{ algg} /x], ltgnfO{ dfG5] g} dflgb}gYof] .Æ^$ To:t} n]lggsf zAbdf– æe"–bf; ls;fgx?dfly hdLGbf/x?sf] ;Qf sfod /fVg' ;fdGtL /fHo ;Qfsf] ;f/ xf] . k/Gt' ?kdf Tof] sxL+ hdLGbf/x?sf] ;dfhaf6 lgjf{lrt hgtGqLo /fHosf ?kdf b]vf kb{Yof] . To:t} k"“hLjfbL /fHo;Qfsf] ;f/ k"FhLsf] k|e'Tj P+j dhb"/sf] pTkL8g xf] eg] n]lggsf zAbdf– ;fj{hlgs dtflwsf/, ;+ljwfg ;ef, ;+;b– oL t dfq ?k x'g, Ps k|sf/sf x'F8L x'g\ , h;af6 j:t'sf] ;f/ clnslt klg abln+b}g . -pQm, k[= #!#_ .

       cfkm\gf] P]ltxfl;s ljsf; k|lqmofdf bf;:jfdL, ;fdGtL, k"“hLjfbL ;a} /fHo;Qfx? cfkm\gf] qmddf Pskl5 csf]{ cjZo} k|ultzLn /x]sf 5g\, k/Gt' cGttM ;j{xf/f /fHo;Qfsf t'ngfdf k"“hLjfbL /fHo;Qfsf] rl/q k"/} k|ltlqmofjfbL aGg uPsf] 5 . k"“hLjfbL / ;fDojfbL ;dfhsf] aLrsf] ;+qmd0f sfndf dfS;{sf] egfOdf /fHo ;j{xf/fsf] qmflGtsf/L clwgfosTj afx]s c? s]xL x'g ;St}g . ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj ;dfhjfbL /fHo;Qf xf] . o;sf] ;f/ k"FhLsf] k|e'Tj / ;d:t pTkL8gsf] cGt ug'{ xf] . ?kdf of] k]l/; sDo'g, ;f]leot ;Qf, h:tf ljljwtfdf k|utL x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 / cjZoDefjL x'g]5 .  

       k"“hLjfbL / ;j{xf/f /fHox?sf ;f/tTjdfly k|sfz kfb}{ n]lgg eGg'x'G5– æk"“hLjfbL /fHox?sf ?k cg]s 5g\ , t/ ltgsf] ;f/ Pp6} 5M tL ;a} /fHo, rfx] ltgsf ?k h:tf k"/} xf]pmg, clGtddf ljZn]if0fdf clgjfo{tM a'h'{jfju{sf] clwgfosTj x'G5g\ . k"“hLjfbaf6 sDo'lgHd ;+qmd0f lglZrt ?kn] cg]s ljleGg / ax'ljw /fhgLlts ?kx? ;[li6 ug]{5, t/ ltgsf] ;f/ clgjfo{ ?kn] Ps x'g]5M ;j{xf/fju{sf] clwgfosTj .Æ -n]lgg ;+slnt /rgfPF, v08 !) d], & v08, k[= %@_ .

       k"“hLjfbL /fhgLlts ;Qfsf lj?4 ank"j{s ;fdflhs qmflGt ;DkGg ePkl5 ;j{xf/f clwgfosTjdf cfwfl/t h'g ;dfhjfbL /fHo;Qf sfod x'G5, Tof] klg lghL ;DklQ, ju{ / ju{;+3if{sf] cGt;Fu} ljn'Kt x'G5 / To;sf] 7fpF ;fDojfbn] lnG5 . Tof] a]nf /fHo;Qfsf] gfd lgzfg /xFb}g . h:tf] ls sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ff kqdf elgPsf] 5– æljsf;qmddf ha ju{x?df e]b ld6\g]5g\ / ;f/f pTkfbg /fi6«sf] Ps ljzfn ;+Vofsf] xftdf ;+s]lGb|t x'g]5 Tof] a]nf ;fj{hlgs ;Qfn] cfkm\gf] /fhgLlts :j?k ;dfKt kfl/lbg]5 .Æ -dfS;{–P+u]N; sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] 3f]if0ff kq, ^# . o;} s'/fnfO{ :ki6 kfb}{ P+u]N; eGg'x'G5– æctPj, /fHo cufl8 sfnaf6 rNb} cfPsf] 5}g . o:tf ;dfh klg esf 5g\ h;n] ljgf /fHo g} cfkm\gf] sfd rnfP / h;nfO{ /fHo / /fHo;Qfsf] s'g} 1fg lyPg . cfly{s ljsf;sf] Ps lglZrt cj:yfdf, hf] ;dfhsf] ju{x?df ljefhg x'g'sf] ;fy;fy} clgjfo{ aGg uof] . ca xfdL pTkfbgsf] ljsf;sf o:tf cj:yf ukm{ t]hLsf ;fy al9/x]sf 5f}+, h;df oL ju{x?sf] cl:tTj g s]an cgfjZos, clkt', ptkfbgsf nflu lglZrt ?kn] Ps afwf aGg hfG5 . ju{x?sf] TolQg} cjZo+efjL 9+un] ljgfz x'g]5 hlt cjZo+efjL 9+un] ltgsf] hGg ePsf] lyof] . ltgsf] ;fy;fy} /fHo klg clgjfo{ ?kn] ljn'Kt x'g]5 . h'g ;dfhn] pTkfbsx?sf] :jtGq tyf ;dfg ;xof]usf] hudf pTkfbgsf] ;+u7g ug]{5, To;} ;dfhsf] /fHosf] k"/} dzLg/LnfO{ p7fP/ To;sf 7fpFdf /flvlbg]5, h'g Tof] a]nf To;sf nflu ;a}eGbf pkof]uL x'g]5, cyf{t\ To;n] /fHonfO{ xft] rvf{ / sfF;sf a~r/fsf ;fy;fy} k|frLg j:t'x?sf] ;+u|xfnodf /flvlbg] 5 .Æ^%

       sDo'lgi6x?sf] p2]Zo /fHo;Qfsf] cGt ug'{ xf] . t/ of] sfd JolQmut ;DklQ / ju{x?sf] cGt ljgf ;+ej x'Gg . of] l:yltdf /fHo;Qfsf] k|Zgdf tLg s'/f :ki6 x'g h?/L 5 . klxnf], /fHo;Qfsf] rl/q :jtGq, ;jf]{kl/ / lgikIf x''g ;St}g . bf];|f], k"“hLjfbaf6 ;fDojfbsf] ;+qmd0fsf] aLrsf] sfndf ;dfhjfbL /fHo;Qf, ;j{xf/fju{sf] clwgfosTj clgjfo{ ?kn] cfjZos x'G5 . t];|f] , /fHo;Qf an k|of]u;Fu cleGg ?kn] ufl;Psf] x'G5=. oL tLg s'/f dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL–dfcf]jfbL bz{gsf j}1flgs dxfjfSo x'g\ . 

       c/fhstfjfbLx? k"“hLjfbL /fHo;QfnfO{ ank"j{s Wj:t ug]{ s'/f t dfGb5g\, k/Gt' tL ;+s|d0f sfnsf nflu ;j{xf/fjusf] clwgfosTjsf] gof“ /fHo;Qf :yfkgf ug]{ s'/fsf] lj/f]wL /x]sf 5g\ . ;+zf]wgjfbLx? k"“hLjfbL /fHo;Qfsf] kljqtf, a'h'{jf ;+;b, To;sf :jtGqftf / ;dfgtfsf gf/fx?sf] ju{ lg/k]If :j?knfO{ c+uLsf/ ub}{, k"“hLjfbL /fHo;Qfsf] juL{o ;f/tTjnfO{ a'em\g], To;nfO{ ank"j{s Wj:t kfg]{ / ;j{xf/f clwgfosTjsf] :yfkgf ug]{ s'/fsf] k"/} lgif]w ub{5g\ . pgLx? k"“hLjfbsf] ;fd|fHojfbdf k|j]z ePsf] ;fd|fHojfb cGofok"0f{ o'4sf] ;|f]t aGg uPsf] s'/fnfO{ k"0f{tM lgif]w ub}{ ;fd|fHojfbsf] kmf;LjfbL /fHo;Qf / ;+;bLo Joj:yfsf] kljqLs/0f ub{5g\ . dfS;{jfbL–n]lggjfbL–dfcf]jfbL bz{g o; k|sf/sf c/fhstfjfbL tyf ;+zf]wgjfbL lrGtgsf lj?4 lg/Gt/ ;+3if{ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .

-u_ ;fdflhs qmflGt / ank|of]u

       s'g} klg ;fdflhs Joj:yfdf ha pTkfbs zlQm / pTkfbg ;+aGwaLr cGtlj{/f]w k}bf x'G5, ha k'/fgf pTkfbg ;+aGwx? gofF pTkfbg zlQmsf] ljsf;sf nflu afws aGb5g\ , ha ;dfhdf ljBdfg d'Vo ju{x?aLr tLj| ;+3if{ k}bf x'G5, tL cGtlj{/f]wx?sf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ;fdflhs qmflGt clgjfo{ x'G5 . o; k|sf/sf ;fdflhs qmflGt ;DkGg ug{sf nflu Oltxf;df x/]s ju{n] clgjfo{ ?kdf an k|of]u u/]sf] x'G5 . Oltxf;df hlt klg ;fdflhs qmflGt ePsf 5g\ , tL z:qandf g} cfwfl/t /x]sf 5g\ . /fHo;Qf h;/L ank|of]udf l6s]sf] x'G5, To;/L g} To;sf lj?4 ;fdflhs qmflGtsf nflu klg an k|of]us} cfjZostf kb{5 .               

       Oltxf;df /fHo;Qf s;/L an k|of]udf cfwfl/t /x]sf] 5 eGg] af/] n]lgg eGg'x'G5– æan k|of]usf t/Lsf abln+b} uP, k/Gt' ;b}j hlxn] klg /fHo /x\of], k|To]s ;dfhdf o:tf dflg;x?sf] u|'k cl:tTjdfg /x\of], h:n] zf;g ub{Yof], x's'd rnfpFYof], ltgs} k|e'Tj lyof], hf] ;QfnfO{ cfkm\gf] xftdf /fVgsf nflu zf/Ll/s hf]/ hah{:tLsf] sfo{oGq lx+;fsf] sfo{oGq, o:tf xftxltof/x?nfO{ cfkm\gf] clwsf/df lnPsf x'Gy], h'g k|To]s o'usf k|fljlws :t/ cg'?k x'Gy] .æ -dfS;{–P+u]N;–n]lgg P]ltxfl;s ef}ltsjfb, k[= #)$_ . k'/fgf] /fHo;Qfsf lj?4 gofF /fHo;Qfsf] :yfkgf ug]{ p2]Zodf cfwfl/t ;fdflhs qmflGtsf nflu Oltxf;df an k|of]usf] s] e"ldsf 5, dfS;{nfO{ p4t ub}{ P+u]N; eGg'x'G5— ædfS;{sf zAbdf k|To]s o:tf k'/fgf ;dfhsf nflu, h;sf] ue{df gofF ;dfhsf c+s'/ al9/x]sf 5g\ , an k|of]un] aRrf k}bf ug]{ ;'F8]gLsf] sfd ub{5, an Tof] cf}hf/ xf], h;sf] d2taf6 ;fdflhs ult k'/fgf, d[t, cZdLe"t /fhgLlts ?kx?nfO{ tf]8]/ cfkm\gf nflu af6f] agfpF5 .Æ -8\o'xl/+u dtv08g, k[=@(%_ . dfS;{, P+u]N; / n]lggdf pko'{Qm egfOaf6 /fHo;Qf To;sf] k|flKt / ;fdflhs qmflGtsf nflu an k|of]usf] e"ldsf clgjfo{ aGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 .

       s]lGb|s[t /fHo;Qf–n]lggsf zAbdf– æa'h'{jf ;dfhsf] ljz]iftf xf], To;sf] o; /fHo dlzg/Lsf nflu b'O{ ;+:yfx? vf; ?kdf nfIfl0fs 5g\ , gf]s/zfxL / :yfoL kmf}h .Æ -n]lgg ;+slnt /rgfPF, !) v=, & v, k[=$%_ . dfS;{n] k]l/; sDo'gsf] cg'ejdfly Wofglb+b} eGg'ePsf] lyof]– æk|mflG;;L qmflGtsf] cl3Nnf] sbd klxn] h:t} gf]s/zfxL kmf}hL dzLg/LnfO{ Ps xftaf6 csf]{ xftdf ;fl/lbg] xf]Og, clkt' To;nfO{ rsgfr'/ ul/lbg' x'g]5 .Æ -pQm, k[= %$_ .

       /fHo;Qf, ;fdflhs qmflGt / z;:q zlQmaLrsf] ;+3if{nfO{ dfcf]n] Pp6} jfSodf o;/L k|:t't ug'{ ePsf] 5– /fhgLlts ;Qfsf] hGd aGb"ssf] gfnaf6 x'G5 . jxfF cufl8 eGg'x'G5– æ/fHo;+aGwL dfS;{jfbL l;4fGt cg';f/ ;]gf /fHo;Qfsf] d'Vo tTj x'G5 . ?;L sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf aGb"sx?n] ;dfhjfbsf] ;[li6u/] . xfdLn] Ps hgjfbL u0f/fHosf] ;[li6 ug]{5f}+ . ;fd|fHojfbsf] o'udf ju{;+3if{sf cg'ejx?af6 s] lzIff ldNb5 eg] s]an aGb"ssf] andf g} dhb"/ ju{ / >dhLjL hg;d'bfon] ;z:q k"“hLklt ju{ / hdLGbf/x?nfO{ x/fpg ;St5g\ , o; cy{df xfdL s] eGg ;St5f}+ eg] s]an aGb"ssf] dfWodaf6 g} ;+k"0f{ b'lgofFsf] ?kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .Æ^{^}

-3_ qmflGtsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] l;4fGt

       dfcf]n] ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj cGtu{t qmflGtsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ug'{eof] . jxfFn] o; l;4fGt cGtu{t ;dfhjfbL ;dfhdf ;Qfdf 3';]sf k"“hLjfb k+yL / ;j{xf/fju{aLrsf] cGt/lj/f]wsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;fF:s[lts qmflGt ckl/xfo{ x'g] s'/f jtfpg' eof] . jxfFn] of] s'/f s'g cj:yfdf / lsg k|:t't ug'{ eof], To;sf] jf:tljs ;f/ s] xf] < xfdLn] of] s'/fnfO{ /fd|f];Fu a'em\g h?/L 5 .

       dfS;{ P+u]N;n] sDo'lgi6 3f]if0ffkqdf– zf;s ju{sf] ?kdf ;+ul7t ;j{xf/f ju{ eGg] s'/f pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . ====zf;s ju{sf] ?kdf ;+ul7t ;j{xf/fju{ jf:tjdf k"“hLklt ju{sf lj?4 ;j{xf/fju{sf] /fHo;Qf lyof] . o; kZrft km|fG;df ju{;3if{ -!*$*–!*%)_df dfS;{n] To; k|sf/sf] /fHo;QfnfO{ ;j{xf/fju{sf] clwgfosTj jtfpg' eof] / !*%@df j]8]d;]/nfO{ n]v]sf] kqdf To;}jf/] cem} /fd|f] k|sfz kfg'{ eof] . !*&! sf] k]l/; sDo'gsf] Oltxf;n] Tof] s'/fnfO{ /fd|f];Fu Jofjxf/df ;d]t k|dfl0ft ul/lbof] . nf;fnjfbLx?sf] lj?4 ;+3if{sf] qmddf –uf]yf sfo{qmdsf] cfnf]rgf -!*&%_df dfS;{n]–k"“hLjfbL / ;fDojfbL ;dfh aLr sf] ;+qmd0f sfnsfnflu /fHo–;j{xf/fju{sf] qmflGtsf/L clwgfosTj x'g] s'/f jtfpg' eof] . dfS;{n] ;dfhjfbL ;dfh k"“hLjfbsf] ue{af6 ljsl;t x'g] ePsf] / To;df k"“hLjfbsf] cfly{s, g}lts / af}l4s 5fk /lx/xg] x'Fbf tL ;jsf lj?4 ;3if{sf nflu –;j{xf/f qmflGtsf/L clwgfosTj clgjfo{ x'g] s/f jtfpg' eof] .

;j{xf/fju{sf] clwgfosTjjf/] :ki6kfb}{ n]lggn] eGg'eof]]– æ;j{xf/fju{sf] clwgfosTj Ps cToGt lgM:jfy{ / lgd{d o'4 xf], hf] Ps gofF ju{ cfkm'eGbf a9L zlQmzfnL zq' , a'h'{jfju{sf lj?4 rnfpF5, h;sf] k/fhoaf6 -dfgf} Tof] s]jn Ps b]zdf k/flht ePsf]xf];, p;sf] k|lt/f]w bz u'gf a9\5 / h;sf] zlQm g s]jn cGt/fli6«o k"FhLsf] zlQmdf, a'h'{jf ju{sf] cGt/fli6o ;DaGwx?sf] tfut / dha'tLdf, clkt' cfbtsf] tfutdf, ;fgf] k}dfgfdf pTkfbg zlQmdf klg lglxt 5 . sf/0f ls b'ef{Uon] ;fgf] k}dfgfsf] pTkfbg clxn] klg b'lgofFdf w]/}, w]/} ar]sf] 5 / Tof] 5f]6f] k}dfgfsf] pTkfbgn] nuftf/, x/lbg, x/306f cfkm' :jo+ / 7'nf] k}dfgfdf k"“hLjfb / a'h'Fjf ju{nfO{ k}bfu/L g} /xG5 . oL ;j}sf] sf/0fx?n] ;j{xf/fju{sf] clwgfosTj cToGt cfjZos 5 / Ps nfdf], s7f]/ lgd{d o'4 grnfO{ hLjg / d/0fsf] n8fO{+ gn8L, Ps o:tf] n8fO{ gn8L, h;df w}o{, cg'zf;g, b[9tf, cbDo ;fx; / OR5fsf] Pstfsf] cfjZostf x'G5, a'h'{jfju{dfly ljho k|fKt ug'{ c;+ej 5 .Æ^!)

       n]lggåf/f ;j{xf/f clwgfosTjsf] olt 7"nf] k|of; ubf{ub}{ klg ha ?;df k|ltqmflGt eof] / v|'Zrf]en] ;j{xf/f clwgfosTjsf 7fpFdf ;a} hgtfsf] /fHosf] k"“hLjfbL dfGotf cl3 ;f/\of], / ;dfhjfbL rLgdf klg k|ltqmflGtsf] ;+qmd0f b]vfkg{ yfNof], Tof] l:yltdf dfcf] lgs} uDeL/ aGg' eof] jxfFn] ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj ;+aGwL dfS;{, P+u]N; / n]lggsf ;f/ule{t ljrf/x?dfly ljz]if Wofglb+b} :tflng sfnLg ?; nufot cGt/fli6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] Oltxf;sf] k'gM cWoog ug{ yfNg'eof] .

       :tflng d"ntM ;xL eP klg jxfFsf sltko sdhf]/Lx?dfly k\sfz kfb}{ dfcf]n] eGg'eof]– ænfdf] ;do;Dd :tflngn] ;dfhjfbL k|0ffnLleq ljBdfg pTkfbg ;+aGwx? / pTkfbs zlQmx? aLr, pkl/;+/rgf / cfwf/aLrsf cGtlj{/f]wx?nfO{ gsfg'{ eof] . cfkm\gf] d[To' eGbf 7Ls Ps jif{ cl3 ha jxfFn] ;f]leot ;dfhjfbL ?;sf cfly{s ;d:ofx? n]Vg' eof], ToxfF lxlRsrfx6sf ;fy ;dfhjfbL k|0ffnLdf pTkfbg ;+aGw / pTkfbs zlQmx?aLrsf] cGtlj{/f]wsf] pNn]v ug'{ eof] / s] s'/f :jLsfg'{ eof] eg] unt gLlt / cg'lrt dfGotfn] ajf{bLlt/ 8f]/\ofpF5g\ . Tof] a]nf;Dd klg jxfFn] pTkfbg ;+aGw / pTkfbg zlQmx?aLr, pkl/;+/rgf / cfwf/aLr ;dfhjfbL k|0ffnLdf ljBdfg cGtlj{/f]wx?sf] k|ZgnfO{ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgsf] ?kdf k|:tt' ug'{ ePg / To; k|sf/sf cfwf/e"t cGtlj{/f]wx? ;dfhjfbL ;dfhnfO{ cl3a9fpg ;+rflnt x'G5g\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ cg'e"t ug'{ ePg . jxfFn] cfkm\gf] zf;gsfndf ;a} s'/f ;'/lIft /x]sf] 7fGg' eof] . xfdL cfkm\gf] tkm{af6 xfd|f] zf;gdf ;a} ;'/lIft 5 eGg] s'/f dfGg ;St}gf}+, Tof] ;'/lIft 5 / c;'/lIft klg 5 .(vol. v, p. 376-377)  . :tflngdf ljBdfg sdhf]/Lx?af/] jxfFsf] cy{zf:q ;+aGwL l6Kk0fLsf] k|Zgdf dfcf] eGg'x'G5– æ:tflngn] cfkm\gf] k':tsdf z'?b]lv cGt;Dd pkl/;+/rgfsf] af/]df s]xL atfpg' ePg . of] hgtfk|lt lrlGtt /xg] s'/f geO j:t'x?k|lt lrlGtt /xg] s'/f xf] .==== pgLx? Pp6f v'§fn] lx+8\5g\ xfdLx? b'O{j6f v'§fn] lx8\5f}+ . pgLx? k|ljlwn] x/]s s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ hgtfn] g e} sfo{stf{n] x/]s lrhsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{, nfnsf] g e} vfln lgk'0fdf e/kg]{ s'/fdf ljZjf; ub5{g\ .====pgLx? pTkfbg ;+aGwsf] dfq s'/f ub{5g\ , pkl/;+/rgf, /fhgLlt / hg;d'bfosf] e"ldsfaf/] xf]Og\ .æ^*

       ;f]leot ?; Pj+ k"jL{ o"/f]ksf b]zx?df k|ltqmflGt ePsf], rLgdf klg Tof] ;+efjgf k|an aGb} uPsf] l:yltdf dfcf]n] Psflt/ ?;L cfw'lgs ;+zf]wgjfb, rLgLofF ;+zf]wgjfbsf lj?4 s8f ;}4flGts ;+3if{ rnfpg' eof] eg] csf]{lt/ rLgdf pTkfbg zlQm / pTkfbg ;+aGw, cfwf/ / pkl/;+/rgf, k"“hLkltju{ / ;j{xf/fju{aLrsf] cGtlj{/f]wnfO{ k|wfg atfpFb} ltgsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu nfdf] 5nf+u sDo'lgs/0f, ;dfhjfbL lzIff cleofgnfO{ z;Qm 9+un] cl3 a9fpg' eof] . ha ?; emg kl5 emg lju|b} ;fdflhs ;fd|fHojfbL aGg k'Uof] / rLgdf klg k"“hLjfbsf] k'gM :yfkgfsf] k|Zg uDeL/ ?kdf b]vfk/\of] Tof] a]nf pxfFn] kf6L{, ;Qf / ;]gfdf 3';]sf k"“hLjfb k+yLx?sf lj?4 ;j{xf/fju{sf] clwgfosTj cGtu{t qmflGtsf] lg/Gt/tfsf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ub}{ uxg ;j{xf/f ;fF:s[lts qmflGtsf] ;+rfngsf] l;4fGt k|ltkfbg ub}{ dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;fF:s[lts qmflGtsf] ;+rfng ug'{ eof] . jxfFn] To; dxfg\ qmflGtnfO{ ;dfhjfbL qmflGtsf] ljsf;sf] gofF r/0f atfpg' eof] . ;dfhjfbL ;dfhdf ;fdflhs cGtlj{/f]wx? P+j ju{ ;+3if{sf] l:ylt s:tf] x'G5 / ltgsf] ;dfwfg s;/L ug'{ kb{5, dfcf]sf] g]t[Tjdf ;DkGg rL=s=kf= bzf}+ dxflwj]zgdf kfl/t ljwfgdf elgPsf] 5– æ;dfhjfbL ;dfh Ps w]/} nfdf] P]ltxfl;s cjlw;Dd ljBdfg /xG5 . of] k"/} P]ltxfl;s cjlwsf] qmddf ju{, ju{ cGtlj{/f]w / ju{;+3if{ ljBdfg/xG5g\ , ;dfhjfbL af6f] / k"“hLjfbL af6f]sf]aLr ;+3if{ ljBdfg /xG5 / ;fd|fHojfb tyf ;fdflhs ;fd|fHojfbåf/f if8\oGq, tf]8kmf]8 / xdnfsf] vt/f ljBdfg /xG5 . oL cGtlj{/fw ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj cGtut{ lg/Gt/ qmflGtsf] l;4fGtdf e/f]zf u/]/ / To;}sf] dfu{ lgb]{zgdf Jojxf/4f/f g} xn ug{ ;lsG5g\ .Æ⁽ t;y{ o; k|sf/sf] cGtlj{/f]wx? ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu rLgdf dxfg\ ;j{xf/f ;fF:s[lts qmflGt ;DkGg ul/Psf] xf] .

       pko'{Qm cWoogsf] qmddf ju{;+3if{, ;z:q ;fdflhs qmflGt, ;j{xf/f clwgfosTj / To; cGtu{t qmflGtsf] lg/Gt/tfsf l;4fGtx?sf] dxTjnfO{ dfS;{jfb–n]lggjfb–dfcf]fjfbsf] Oltxf;sf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGtsf ?kdf a'em\g' kb{5 . 

l6kf]6x?M

       !– n]lgg ;+slnt /rgfPF, v08–(, k[= ##–#$ .

       @– df=P= ;+slnt /rgfPF, v08–!, efu–!, k[= !#) .

       #– pQm, efu–@, k[= @(^ . 

       $– n]lgg ;+slnt /rgfPF, v08 !) d], & v08, k[= %@ .

       %– df=P= ;+slnt /rgfPF, v08–#, efu–!, k[= @)# .

       ^– dfcf] ;+slnt /rgfPF, u|Gy–@, k[= #(^ .

       &– df=P= ;+slnt /rgfPF, v08–!, efu–!, k[= #$( .

       *– Mao Selected works, vol. V, p. 432 .

       (– /fhgLlts cy{zf:q s]+ d"n l;4fGt, v08–!, k[= ( .

       !)– n]lgg ;+slnt /rgfPF, v08–(, k[= @%@ .

 d'Vok[i7 .. k'/fgf c+sx? .. ;Dks{ M janadesh@hotmail.com