n]v
Oltxf;sf]
sfnv08df dw]zn] u/]sf] jlnbfg
–
;'lw/ s'df/
g]kfnL hgo'4 ljleGg Iflt / pknlAw, ;kmntf / c;kmntf, ptf/–r9fj, 3'DtL /
df]8, cf/f]x / cj/f]xnfO{ kf/ ub]{ l5kl5k]af6 ulx/fOlt/ nDsb} cfh ( jif{
k"/f u/]/ bzf}++ jif{sf] ofqfdf lg/Gt/ cufl8 a9\b} 5 . /Iffsf] nfdf] r/0f /
/0fg}lts ;Gt'ngsf] 5f]6f] r/0fnfO{ kf/ ub}{ /0fg}lts k|Tofqmd0fsf] gof“ r/0fdf
k|j]z ul/;s]sf] 5 . cyf{t s]Gb|Lo ;Qfdfly rf}tkmL{ xdnf s]lGb|t ub]{ k'/fgf] ;QfnfO{
lj:yflkt u/L To;sf] 7fp“df ljlwjt ?kdf hgjfbL /fHo;Qf -hgu0ftGq g]kfn_ cyf{t :jtGqtf,
Gofo / ;dfgtfdf cfwfl/t ;d'Ggt Ps ;d[4 g]kfnsf] :yfkgf ug{ xfd|f] l;ª\uf]
kf6L{, hgd'lQm ;]gf, hj; / df]rf{x? nflu/x]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df ljutsf
cfGbf]ngx?df / xfn xfd|f] dxfg\ / uf}/jzfnL kf6L{sf] g]t[Tjdf dw]zn] u/]sf Tofu
/ pT;u{ Pj+ s'jf{gL tyf pHjjn eljioaf/] oxf“ yf]/} rrf{ ug]{ k|of; ul/g]5 .
xfdLn] dw]z / dw]zL ;d'bfosf] d'lQmsf] s'/f] ubf{v]/L o;sf] d"n cj/f]ws
Pj+ pTkL8gsf] h8 ->f]t_ ;fdGtL /fhtGqsf] pbo Pj+ lxGb'jfbL hudf cfwfl/t lg/ª\s'z
/fhtGqfTds ;+ljwfg g} xf] . o;sf ;fy} d'lQmsf nflu nfnflot dw]zLx?sf] ljleGg ;dodf
ljleGg ;ª\u7g -kf6L{_ ;“u cfj4 /lx u/]sf] ;ª\3if{ / c;kmntfsf sf/0fx? klg
cWoog cg';Gwfg ug'{ h?/L b]lvG5 . clxn] hgo'4;“u Psfsf/ eP/ cufl8 al9/x]sf]
dw]zL ;d'bfosf] bfloTj / ;'lglZrt eljZoaf/] klg :ki6 x'g' cfjZos b]lvG5 .
g]kfndf lxGb' cx+sf/jfbL ;fdGtL /fhtGqsf] pbo / dw]z tyf dw]zLx?sf]
d"n pTkL8s !@ cf}+ ztfAbLlt/ s]xL cfo{d"nsf v;x? g]kfnsf] klZrdL kxf8L
e"–efu s0ff{nL k|b]z -v;fg_ lt/ cfP/ j;] . To;kl5 ef/tdf ;–;fgf /fHox?dfly
a]nf–a]nfdf d';ndfg ;d|f6x?sf] xdnfsf] sf/0fn] !# cf}+ / !$ cf}+ ztfAbLlt/ cfºgf]
wd{, ;“:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh, hf]ufpg blIf0flt/af6 s]xL cfo{d"nsf afx'g–If]qLx?
klZrdL kxf8 / sf7df8f} pkTosflt/ cfP/ cf>d lnP . h'ga]nf ;'Ntfg cNnfpl2gn]
lrtf}8dfly klg ;g\ !#)# lt/ cfqmd0f u/]sf lyP . lo v;x? lglZrt ?kd} oxf“sf
cflbjf;L hghfltx? eGbf rnfv lyP . kl5 uP/ lo v;x? s0ff{nLlt/ a;f]af; u/]sf
v;x?;“u 5\of;ld; eP/ a:g yfn] / klZrddf v;x?;“u hftkft / j}jflxs ;DaGw klg
sfod u/] . logLx? k|fljlws / /fhg}lts ?kdf k|v/ / j'l4dfg ePsf] x'gfn] cfºgf]
efiff ;“:s[lt, wd{, /Lltl/jfh hf]ufpg ;lqmo lyP eg] c? dfly nfbg klg logLx?
plQs} l;kfn' / dflx/ ;fljt eP . kl5 uP/ logLx?s} j+zsf] k"vf{n] ndh'ª /fHo
sJhf u/] / logs} j+z k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] oxf“sf -xfn g]kfnsf_ ;–;fgf /fHox?nfO{
sJhf ub]{ lxGb" ;“:s[ltsf] s7f]/ tyf pRr 3[0ftd pkb|jx? nfb\b} /fHo lj:tf/sf]
cleofg cufl8 a9] . oxf“;Dd ls sf7df8f} pkTosf sJhf ul/;s]kl5 Toxf“sf g]jf/x?nfO{
/fHo lgsfnf ug]{ Pj+ gfs sf6\g] sfd eof] . clg ;g\ !&&$ lt/ k[YjLgf/o0f
zfxn] dsjfgk'/ -;]g /fHo, h;df dw]zsf klg y'k}| e"–efux? lyP_ nufotsf
dw]zsf ;–;fgf /fHox? sJhf u/] . k[YjLgfo0f zfx Pp6f :j]R5frf/L dg'jfbL lg/ª\s'z
;fdGtL zfifs lyP . pgn] dw]zsf ;–;fgf /fHox? sJhf u/]kl5 cfly{s ?kn] ;DkGg pj{/e"ld
cfºgf] k|zf;g, ;]gf Pj+ ef/bf/x?sf] vr{ k"lt{ ug{sf] nflu dfq} pkef]u u/]
. oxf“ a;f]af; ug]{ hfltx?nfO{ cfly{s, /hfgLlts, eflifs cyf{t rf}tkmL{ ?kdf
zf]if0f ub]{ cfP .
o;/L g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfTdLo ldng gu/L ;fdGtL / b[li6sf]0f cg';f/ ljzfn
g]kfn cyf{t oxf“sf ljleGg hft hflt, If]q, lnª\unfO{ dg'jfbL ljlwåf/f Pj+ lg/ª\s'z
/ qm'/td z}nLåf/f PsLs/0f u/] . h:t} Ps efiff Ps e]if, cbfntdf Ps hgf kl08t
/fv]/ srx/L ;~rfng ug'{, u}/ lxGb' ;flxTo / ;“:s[ltsf] gfz ug'{ h:tf 3[0fLt
sfo{x? ul/of] . pQm sfo{sf] lg/Gt/tf logsf j+zhx?n] klg lbb}+ cfPsf] b]lvG5 /
pgsf] d[To' kZrft\ g]kfnnfO{ pgsf j+zhx?n] ToxL z}nLdf lj:tf/ ug]{ sfo{ u¥of] .
/f0ffx?n] klg cfºgf] hxf“lgof zf;g /IFfsf] nflu c+u|]hx? ;fd' cfTd;dk0f{ Pj+
rfs8L u/] .
x'g t c+u|]h lj/f]wL o'4x?df hgtfsf] cxd\ e"ldsf ePklg -k|ToIf n8fO{
n8] klg_ st} st}sf hgtf r'k nfu]/ a;]sf lyP . k'gM lj=;= !(%) df ckdfghgs ;lGw
x'g k'u] . o;/L ef/t -To; a]nfsf] Oi8 Ol08of sDkgL_ ;“u ePsf ;lGwx? / To;sf
k|fjwfgx?n] g]kfn em\g cw{pklgj]z aGg uof] . o;/L b]zsf] clxn];Ddsf] /fhgLlts kl/j]znfO{
cWoog ubf{ cyf{t j]nfj]nfsf] cfGbf]ng / To;sf] ;kmntfsf] ?kdf s]xL ;'wf/ jf kl/jt{g
ePklg of] b]z clxn] klg cw{pklgj]z / cw{;fdGtL 9f“rfdf g} /x]sf] 5 . clg lo
;f/f lrhnfO{ oyf{ydf a'‰bf g]kfn Pp6f cw{;fdGtL / cw{pklgj]lzs d"n's t
5b}5 . clg To;df klg dw]z t emg\ of] /fhtGqfTds ;Qfsf] cfGtl/s pklgj]z (Internal
Colony) ag]sf] 5 / ;fy} g]kfnsf ax';ª\Vos
cflbjf;L hghfltx? em}+ dw]zL ;d'bfo cem emg\ emg\ eflifs cfly{s /fhgLlts
pTkL8gdf k/] .
dw]zL ;d'bfosf
jlnbfgL / Tofusf af/]dfM
dw]z
jf:tjdf of] /fhtGqfTds ;Qfaf6 cfGtl/s pklgj]z agfOPsf] Pp6f hflt / /fi6« (Nation)
xf] . x'g t o;leq klg y'k}| cNk;+Vos hflt, pkhfltx? klg 5g\ . clg oxf“ a;f]af;
ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ dw]zLx?n] s'zn g]t[Tj / :ki6 gLltsf] cefjdf a'‰g] hfltsf]
;fx;k"0f{ ;ª\3if{ / k|lt/f]w ub]{ cfP . h:t} /f0ff zf;gsf] lj?4 ;ª\3if{
u/]sf] sf/0fn] /fhnfn sNjf/sf] ;lDkQ hkmt Pj+ % jif{sf] s7f]/ sf/fjf;, ef/tdf
k9\g] dw]zL o"jfx?åf/f /f0ff zf;g lj?4 /utåf/f x:tfIF/ Pj+ r/0fj4
cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL eP . otf g]kfndf /f0fflj/f]wL cfGbf]ng rln/x]sf] j]nf ef/tdf
cu|]h eufp cfGbf]ngdf g]t[Tj ug]{ /fddgf]x/ nf]lxof hok|sfz gf/fo0f, czf]s d]xtf
nufotsf g]tfx? dw]zdf z/0f lng cfp“y] . otfsf] g]tf Pj+ sfo{stf{x? snsQf, agf/;
nufotsf h:tf 7fp“x? k|of]u u/]/ /f0fflj/f]wL ultljlw x'GYof] . o;}qmddf
cu|]hsf] Ozf/fdf /f0ff k|zf;sx?n] 8f=/fddgf]x/ nf]lxof, jh|lszf]/ zf:qL, ljho
k6j{bg nufotsf s]xL jl/i6 g]tf Pj+ cGo sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ;Kt/L lhNnfdf ;dftL
xg'dfggu/ rf}sLdf /fv] . jxf“x?nfO{ 5'6fpg ljleGg k|of; ePklg cGtdf s]xL
gnfu]kl5 rf}sL g} sJhf u/]/ dw]zL o'jfx?n] ltgLx?nfO{ 5'6fP . o;f] ubf{ s]xL
dw]zL o'jfx? 3fOt] eP . ;f] k|x/L rf}sLsf] ;]G6«L dfl/P . o;} 36gfdf hodª\un
l;x,+ zq'wg l;+x nufot @@ hgf kqmfp kl/ sf7df8f} h]n rnfg eP eg] cGonfO{ lhNnf
cGtu{t h]ndf /flvof] .
lj/f6gu/ dhb'/
cfGbf]ngM
of]
cfGbf]ng klg g]kfnsf] cfGbf]ngdf dxTjk"0f{ Pj+ P]ltxfl;s cfGbf]ng dflgG5 .
of] cfGbf]ng @))$ ;fnlt/ dgdf]xg clwsf/Lx?sf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf] klxnf] dhb'/
cfGbf]ng lyof] . h;df pNn]Vo ?kdf dw]zL ;d'bfon] efu lnPsf lyP . dgdf]xg clwsf/L,
dx]Gb| gf/fo0f lglw, lgu'{0f ofbj, eb|sfnL ld>, /fdgf/fo0f ld>x? nufotsf
cfGbf]ngsf ;xeflux?n] sof}+ jif{ h]n hLjg ljtfP .
P]ltxfl;s ls;fg
cfGb]fng / ;z:q ;ª\3if{df dw]zL ;d'bfoM
))(,
)!!, )!@ ;fnlt/ dw]zL ls;fgx?n] u/]sf] cfgbf]ng g]kfns} Oltxf;df k|yd ;ª\ul7t
cfGbf]ng dflgG5 . x'g t of] cfGbf]ngdf g]t[Tjsf] b'/bzL{tfsf] cefj, qmflGtsf/L
ljrf/df ljrng, cj;/jflbtf b]lvP klg dw]zL ls;fgx?n] Tof] cfGbf]ngnfO{ cfºgf]
qmflGtsfl/tf Pj+ :jtM:km"t{tfsf] andf ePklg Pp6f pTsif{d} k'¥ofPsf] b]lvG5
.
@))( ;fndf /f}tx6 lhNnfaf6 z'? ePsf] ls;fg cfGbf]ng af/f, k;f{{, ;nf{xL,
nufotsf b]zsf ljleGg efudf km}lnP/ uof] . ;fdGt hfnL km6fxfx?dfly ljleGg lsl;dsf
sf/afxLx? eP . h:t} df]5 -h'“uf_ pvf8\g] cleofg, hfnL td;'s hnfpg], hldg sJhf
;fy} :yfgLo :t/d} 3'lDt ;/sf/ klg rnfpg] sfo{x? ePsf lyP . clxn];Ddsf k|foM
qmflGtsf/Lx?sf nflu Tof] cfGbf]ng k|]/0ff Pj+ k|sfzk'~hs} ?kdf ;fljt ePsf] 5 .
o; cfGbf]ngdf klg sltko ls;fgx? zxLb eP / h]n klg k/]sf lyP . cGtdf :ki6 nIo ;lxtsf]
g]t[Tjsf] cefjsf sf/0fn] of] cfGbf]ng klg ;]nfP/ uof] .
o; cfGbf]ngsf] qmddf dw]zdf / dw]zL ;d'bfox?n] dxŒjk"0f{ pRr ;z:q
sf/afxLx?df efu lnPsf] b]lvG5 . h:t} /f}tx6 / af/fsf] ;b/d'sfd uf}/ / sn}of sJhf
ug{sf] nflu lzjk|;fb l;+x / xl/x/ ofbjsf] g]t[Tj ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . e}/xjf,
slknj:t'df ePsf] ;z:q ;ª\3if{, lj/u+h a}+s sJhf cflb o;sf pbfx/0fx? x'g\ . h;df
ly/ad dNn, s[kf bofn nufotsf JolQmx? zxLb eP . kl5 uP/ cGo y'k}| h]n klg k/] .
oL ;ª\3if{x? ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg g]t[Tjåf/f :ki6 gLlt / p2]Zo ljgf ul/Psf]
sf/0fn] dw]zsf ;ª\3if{zLn pTkLl8t hgtfx?n] oyf{y Pj+ plrt d'lQmsf nflu
d?e"lddf kfgLsf] cfjZostf em}+ nfnflot /x+b} cfP . ha )%@ ;fndf hgo'4sf]
z'?jft eof] / o;n] ;du| o'4 Pj+ ;du| d'lQm cyf{t dfS;{jfbL b[li6sf]0f cg';f/sf]
d'lQm h:t}M k|To]s If]q, lnª\u, ls;fg, hflt–hghflt /fi6«sf] d'lQmsf] nflu
hftLo :j;f;g / cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ ;lxtsf] cjwf/0ff Nofof] . ta dw]zsf] wtL{df
hgo'4sf dzfnx? ufp“–7fp“ s'gfsfKrfdf an]sf] b]lvG5 .
cfh dw]zL hgtfn] klg k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] lj?4 xltof/ p7fP/ hgo'4df ;xefuL eO{
;ª\3if{ ul//x]sf 5g\ . cfh k"jL{ dw]zb]lv klZrdL dw]z;Ddsf o'jfx? k'/fgf]
lg/ª\s'z ;Qfsf] lj?4 ljb|f]x u/L hgjfbL qmflGtdf nfdj4 eO/x]sf 5g\ . k6s k6s
wf]sf vfPsf dw]zLx?n] cfh g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ sf] em08fd'lg uf]naGb eP/ pT;fx /
uf}/jsf ;fy nl8/x]sf 5g\ . k"j{sfnb]lv g} sDo'lgi6k|lt pT;'s x'g] dw]zL ;d'bfo
jf:tjdf s=dfcf]n]æ/fhgLlts sfo{lbzf ;xL jf unt x'g'n] ;a} s'/fsf] lgwf] ub{5 Æ
eg] em}+ :ki6 / ;xL sfo{lbzf kfP/ cufl8 a9\bf cGo hftLo ;d'bfo em}+ dw]zLx? klg
n8\g / cfhsf] of] dxfg\ ;dodf pTsif{sf] gof“ gof“ 38Ldf lg/Gt/ cufl8 al9/x]sf
5g\ .
o;/L hgo'4sf] tof/Lb]lv clxn];Dd dw]zL ;d'bfosf ljleGg :yflkt Pj+ rlr{t
tyf nf]slk|o hgg]tf /fdj[If ofbj -hf] xfd|f] kf6L{sf] s]Gb|Lo ;b:o x'g'x'GYof]_,
To:t} csf]{ dw]zL ;d'bfosf qmflGtsf/L sDo'lgi6 g]tf s=chjnfn ofbj, z]v/ ofbj,
kl;Gb| k6]n, /fdcof]Wof d'lvof, /fhgf/fo0f ofbj, ljBfgGb zfx, dg7k dxtf], nfnafa'
kf;jfg, b]j]Gb| dxtf]-d's]z_, /fdbofn zfx-chfb_, wd]Gb| ofbj-uf]kfn_, /fdk[t
ofbj -/fh]z_, nufot ;of}+ g]tf tyf sfo{stf{ Pj+ hg;]gfsf s'zn sdf08/x?n] zxfbt
k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5g\ . To;/L g} hgo'4s} qmddf dw]zL ;d'bfosf xf]gfxf/ tyf s'zn
hglk|o hgg]tf tyf dw]zsf lzv/ JolQmTj tyf xfd|f] kf6L{sf] kf]ln6\Jo"/f] ;b:o
dft[sf ofbj, To:t} csf{ dw]zL g]tfx? h:t} ;Togf/fo0f eut, e/t ;fx, ;f]let ofbj
h:tf g]tf tyf sfo{stf{x?nfO{ ju{a}/Ln] lu/ºtf/ u/L j]kQf agfPsf 5g\ . h;sf]
cj:yfaf/] hfgsf/L aflx/ cfPsf] 5}g . 7Ls To;}u/L g} ;of}+ sd/]8x? b'Zdgsf] rf/lbjf/
kvf{nleq si6s/ hLjg ljtfO/x]sf 5g\ .
lgisif{M
o;/L dw]z / dw]zL ;d'bfo ;lbof}+b]lv dWoo"uLg /fhtGqfTds ;fdGtL
Joj:yfsf] a'6d'lg lklN;b} cfO/x]sf] 5 . h;af6 d'Qm x'gsf] nflu ljleGg ;dodf
dw]zLx?n] n8] klg pTkL8g Ho'“sf To"“ g} /x] . t;y{ s=k|r08sf] egfOdf
dw]zL ;d'bfo hgtGqsf of]4f tyf /fi6«sf kx/]bf/ x'g\ . o;af6 s] b]lvG5 eg]
g]kfnsf clwsf+z efux? d'Qm ePklg dw]zsf] d'lQm ePg eg] dw]zn] /fd|f] e"ldsf
v]n]g eg] Tof] cfGbf]ng cGttM h:tf];'s} /fd|f] p2]Zo ePklg l6sfp x'g ;Sb}g . ca
k'/fgf] ;Qf jf ;+;f/s} h'g;'s} zlQmsf] lj?4 dw]zLx? n8\g tof/ 5g\ . s=n]lngn] eg]
em}+ æ;j{xf/f ju{n] lg/+s'ztfsf] k|lt/f]wnfO{ jnk"j{s s'Nrg /
k'“hLkltju{sf] cl:y/tfnfO{ lgsDdf ;fljt ul/lbgsf nflu ljzfn hg;d'bfonfO{
cfkm"l;t ldnfP/ hgjfbL qmflGtnfO{ k"0f{tf k|bfg ug'{ kb{5 .Æ clg o;/L
hgjfbsf] cfwf/df cfºgf ;f/f pTkL8gaf6 d'Qm x'g] cj;/ x'g]5 .