|
gof+ t/+u
;+ljwfg;efsf] r'gfj / u0ftGqsf] k|Zg
g]kfndf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg lgwf{l/t ;dodf x'g g;Sg] lgjf{rg cfof]un] 3f]if0ff u/] kl5 g]kfndf /fhg}lts clglZrttf JofKt ePsf] 5 . xfd|f] kf6L{n] klxn] b]lv g} ;+ljwfg; efsf] lgjf{rg gu/fpg] 7"nf if8oGq e}/x]sf] / To;nfO{ t'xfpg] ;+efjgf ePsf] s'/f hgtfsf] ljrdf atfp+b} cfPsf] lyof] . w]/}nfO{ Tof] s'/f dfly ljZjf; eO{/x]sf] lyPg . t/ clxn] cfP/ of] s'/f ;a}sf] cufl8 :ki6 x'b} cfPsf] 5 . of] /fhgLlts l:yltdf g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts kf6L{x? cfkm\gf] juL{o b[li6sf]0f cg';f/ g} ljeflht ePsf5g\ . xfd|f] kf6L{n] ; +ljwfg;efsf]
lgjf{rg oltv]/ x'gg;Sg] eGg] lg0f{onfO{ Pp6f 7"nf] if8oGqsf] c+usf] ?kdf
lnPsf] 5 . olb oltv]/ s'g} klg afxgfdf ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg ul/Pg eg]
g]kfndf of] r'gfj x'b} gx'g] vt/f k}bf ePsf] 5 . of] l:yltdf !) jif{sf] dxfg\
hgo'4 Pjd\ hgcfGbf]ng @ sf] pknlAwnfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{ sfd gx'g] vt/f 5 . of]
cj:yfdf cGtl/d ;+ljwfgnfO{ ;+:ff]wg u/L u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff u/]/ lgjf{rgdf
hfg'g} clxn]sf] cfjZostf aGg uPsf] 5 . To;}n] xfd|f] kf6L{n] /fhg}lts
kf6L{sf] lzif{ a}7sdf of] k|:tfj a9fPsf] 5 / cGtl/d Joj:yflksfdf xfd|f
k|ltlglwn] Joj:yflksfdf ;+ljwfg ;+;f]wg u/]/ u0ftGq kfl/t u/fpg] k|:tfj u/L
;s]sf5g\ . Pdfn]n] cem} :ki6 b[li6sf]0f agfpg ;ls/x]sf]5}g . s'g} g]tfx? hgdt ;+u|x u/]/ of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug'{k5{ eg]/ w]/} klxn] pgLx?n] cfkm}n] :ylut u/]sf] gf/fnfO{ cufl8 ;fl//x]sf5g\ . s'g} g]tfx? eg] ;+ljwfg ;+;f]wg u/]/ u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff u/]/ ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgdf hfg' kg]{ g]skf –dfcf]jfbL_sf] dfunfO{ ;dy{g ul//x]sf5g\ . Pdfn] leqsf] of] j}rfl/s ;d:ofn] ubf{ h'g lsl;dn] ljljw ljrf/x? aflx/ cfO/x]sf5g\ To;n] hgtfdf 7"nf] e|d pTkGg e}/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL sfªu|]; leqsf ljleGg k|ltlqmofjfbL k|j[ltx?
clxn] v'n]/ aflx/ cfpg] k|lqmof cl3 al9/x]sf] 5 . Pp6f kIf oltv]/ v\'n]/
;+ljwfg ;+;f]wg u/]/ u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff u/]/ hfg] s'/fsf] lj?4 plqPsf] 5 .
ltgLx? lgn{Hh ?kdf ;+ljwfg ;+;f]wg u/]/ u0ftGqsf] sf] kIfdf hfg] s'/fsf] lj?4
s] vt/f cl3 ;fl/Psf] 5g\ eg] o;/L ;+ljwfg ;+;f]wg u/]/ hfg' eg]sf]
;+ljwfg;efsf] lj?4 hfg' xf] . cd]l/sf / b/af/sf] kIfkf]if0f ug]{ oL tTjx? ca
gf¨f] ?kdf u0ftGqsf] kIfnfO{ sdhf]/ kfg]{ sfd ul//x]sf5g\ . g]kfn sfªu|];
leqsf s]xL u0ftGqjfbLx? clxn] klg u0ftGqs} kIfdf cfkm'gf] ljrf/ k|:t't
ul//x]sf5g\ . g]kfnL sfªu|];n] cflw/sfl/s ?kdf u0ftGq jf /fhtGq s;}sf] kIfdf
7f]; lg0f{o lnO;s]sf] 5}g\ . ;a}n] cfkm\g} ljrf/x? ;fj{hlgs u/]/ lxl8/x]sf5g\
. t/ of] s'/f ;To xf] ls olb g]kfnL sfªu|];n] u0ftGqsf] lj?4 s'g} klg
k|sf/sf] /fhtGqsf] kIfdf lg0f{o lnof] eg] Tof] g]kfnsf] ;a} eGbf k'/fgf]
kf6L{ hgtfaf6 a9fl/g]5 . To;n] cfkm\gf] cl:tTj cfkm}n] ;dfKt kfg]{5 . klxn] b]lvg} /fhtGqjfbL / cd]l/sfsf] lk7\7"sf] ?kdf
lrlgb} cfPsf] b]pjfn] g]t[Tj u/]sf] g]kfnL sfªu|]; cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf ;+;f]wg
u/]/ u0ftGq 3f]if0ff u/]/ hfg] s'/fsf] 3f]/ lj/f]wLsf] ?kdf k|:t't x'b}
cfPsf] 5 . u0ftGq lj/f]wL / /fhtGqsf] kIfdf cleJolQm lbb} cfPsf b]pjfn]
cfkm\gf] ljrf/ clxn];Dd klg kl/jt{g ug{ ;ls/x]sf5}gg\\ . /fhtGq eGbf
dfcf]jfbLnfO{ k|d'v b'Zdg b]Vg] pgsf] gLltdf vf;} kl/jt{g cfPsf] b]lvb}g\ . hxf+;Dd c? ;fgf bnx?5g\, pgLx? df]6fdf]6L ?kdf u0ftGqs}
kIfdf /x]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . pgLx? jf:tljs l:ylt o:tf] 5 ls pgLx?n] g]kfnsf]
/fhgLltdf vf;} 7"nf] k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] l:ylt b]lvb}g\ tyflk & bndf
pgLx? klg /x]sf]n] pgLx?nfO{ klg ;+u} lnP/ hfg] s'/fsf] dxTj lj;{g'x'b}g\ . o;k|sf/ s] b]lvG5 eg] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts l:ylt cem} klg
u+le/ ;+s6s} l:yltaf6 u'lh|/x]sf] 5 . cem} klg /fhg}lts cGof]n sfod 5 . h'g
s'/f dxfg\ g]kfnL hgtfn] ;+3if{af6 ;8sdf :yflkt u/]sf lyP, To;nfO{ cem} klg
;+:yfut ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g\ . To;n] ubf{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] /fhg}lts kf6L{ k|lt
cljZjf; a9\g yfn]sf] 5 . u0ftGq lj/f]wL e"ldsf v]Ng] kf6L{x? k|lt t
hgtfn] 3[0ff ul//x]sf5g\ . u0ftGqsf] kIfkftL kf6L{x?n] klg u0ftGqnfO{ ;+:yfut
ug{ g;ls/x]sf] clxnsf] l:yltdf hgtfn] cfz+sfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] x]g{ yfn]sf efg
x'G5 . cfGbf]ngsf] a]nfsf] h:tf] qmflGtsf/L /fk geP klg hgtfsf] qmflGtsf/L
Jojxf/ cem} klg sfod} 5 . cfGbf]ngsf] dfu k'/f ug{ g;s]sf]df cGtl/d ;/sf/
k|lt hgtfsf] lj/f]w a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . u0ftGqnfO{ :Yffkgf ug{sf] nflu ;+3if{ cl3 ga9fpg] xf] eg] g]kfnL hgtfsf]
Ps dfq cfzfsf] s]Gb| xfd|f] kf6L{ g]kfn sDo"lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]jfbL+_
kf6L{ k|lt klg lj:tf/} hgljZjf; sd x'b} hfg;Sg] vt/f k}bf x'b} uO/x]sf] 5 . ev{/} ;DkGg kf6L{sf] s]lGb|o ;ldltsf] a}7sn] ;+3if{sf]
sfo{qmdx? lglZrt u/]sf] 5 . To; cg';f/ kf6L{n] & bn;+u cGt/lqmof ul/
cGtl/d Joj:yflksfaf6} u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff ugf{sf nflu kxn ug]{ . Tof] x'g
g;s]sf] cj:yfdf ;+o'Qm ;+3if{sf] nflu k|of; ug]{ . Tof] klg ;+ej gePsf]
l:yltdf xfd|f] kf6L{n] cfkm\g} kxndf ;+3if{nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg] / u0ftGqsf]
;8saf6} 3f]if0ff ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . cGtl/d Joj:yflksfaf6 u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff ug]{ s'/fnfO{
sltko JolQm Pj+d kf6L{x?n] j}w (legimate) gx'g] atfO/x]sf5g\ . oltv]/sf] Joj:yflksf cfGbf]ngsf] Dof08]6af6 ag]sf]
Joj:yflksf xf] . To;sf/0f o;nFO{ clwsf/ k|fKt 5 . cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj u/]sf *
kf6L{ dfly hgtfsf] clxn] klg ljZjf; 5 . ha * kf6L{sf] ;xdltn] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg
nfu' x'g ;Sof], cGtl/d Joj:yflksf aGg ;Sof], cGtl/d ;/sf/ aGg ;Sof] eg]
;+ljwfg ;+;f]wg u/]/ u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff ubf{ lsg j}w gx'g] < j}w / cj}w
5'§ofpg] clwsf/ g]kfnL hgtfdf 5 c? s;}nfO{ 5}g\ . ha cfGbf]ngsf] dfu g}
u0ftGqsf] :yflkt ug'{ lyof] eg] u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff u/]/ hfg] lg0f{o olb
cGtl/d Joj:yflksn] ub{5 eg] To;sf] g]kfnL hgtfn] eJo :jfut ug]{5g\ / Tof] g}
;a} eGbf 7"nf] j}wflgstf x'g]5 . g]kfnsf] /fhgLltsf] nflu cfufdL lbgx? lgs}g}
r'gf}ltk"0f{ x'g]5g\ . of] r'gf}ltnfO{ s'zntfk"j{s k"/f u/]/
g} xfdLn] @#( jif{ b]lvsf] /fhtGqnfO{ vtd u/]/ nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] :yfkgf
ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnL
ela:osf dxfg ;+efagf / u+le/ r'gf}ltx? —wd]{Gb|
af:tf]nf /.li6«o tyf
cGt/fli6«o gof pknAwL 7"nf]
;+3if{ / /fhg}lts s;/t kl5 g]kfndf cGt/Ld ;/sf/sf] u7g ePsf] 5 . of] cGt/Ld
;/sf/sf] P]ltxfl;s dxTj o;s'/fdf /x]sf] 5 ls hgo'4sf] anaf6 k'/fgf] ;fdGtL
;+;bLo Aoa:yfsf] cGTo u/L g] s kf -dfcf]afbL_ ;/sf/df ;fd]n ePsf] 5 . cflbd
aa{/ ;fdGtL pTkL8gaf6 b]zdf cfd'n k/Lat{g u/L g]kfnL hgtfnfO{ PssfO{;f}
ztfAbLsf dfgahflt agfpg bz aif{ ;Dd dxfg hgo'4 ;Grfng u/]sf] kf6L{ g] s kf
-dfcf]afbL_n] b]zdf gof k/Ll:yltsf] ;[hgf u/]sf] 5 . o4o]lk, g]kfnL
e"lddf k'/fgf] ;+;bafbsf] ktg e};s]sf] 5, t/ oxf k"0f{ k/Lat{g
e};s]sf] 5}g . / oxf hlt ePsf] 5 To;nfO{ k'g ;+;bafbdf ktg u/fpg] b/af/Lofx?
tyf ;+;bafbL bn leqsf ;fdGtafb / ;fd|fHoafbasf bnfnx?sf] xs{t hf/Lg} /x]sf] 5
. h;sf] sf/0f dfcf]afbL ;lxtsf] cGt/Ld ;/sf/ x'g' dfq} d'n'ssf] nflu
;+k"0f{ laho ePsf] x'g ;Sb}g . km]/L klg dxfg lab|f]xsf] hgtfutaf6
qmflGtsf/L ;lQm ;/sf/df ;fd]n x'g' cfkm}df hgtfsf] dTjk"0f{ laho xf],
;fd|fHoafbL / b]zLo ;fdGtafbL zlQmsf] P]ltxfl;s k/fho xf] / d'n'ssf] ;'Gb/
ela:osf] dxfg Wjts klg xf] . dfcf]afbL ;lxtsf] cGt/Lsd ;/sf/ ag] klg b]zsf
cfwf/e"t cGt/la/f]wx?df clxn] klg abnfa cfPsf] 5}g . b];Lo ;fdGtafb /
;fd|fHoafb / d'Votof ef/tLo la:tf/afbaf6 ;+/lIft gf]as/zfxL bnfn
k"hLafbL au{ af6 ag]sf] w/]n' k|ltlqmofafbL ;Qf / g]kfnL hgtfsf] larsf]
cGt/la/f]w clxn] klg k|wfg /x]sf] 5, o4]lk hgo'4sf] dxfg tfutn] k|ltlqmofabL
;Qf Wj+; / lav0l8t ePsf] 5 . /fli6«tf hgt+q hghLaLsf ;DalGw cGt/la/f]wx?
clxn] klg oyfat 5g . km]/L klg hgo'4sf] andf cGt/Ld ;Qfdf ;fd]n x'g :yLtLn]
/fli6«o / cGt/fli6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngd} of}6f gof b[i6fGt lbPsf] 5 . k'/fgf]
;+;bafbsf] /fhg}lts ktg / cGt/Ld ;/sf/sf] u7g kl5 /fhg}lts ?kn] laZj sDo'lgi6
cfGbf]ngdf s]xL P]txfl;s ;}4flGts dfGotfx? :yflkt ePsf 5g . k|yd, lab|f]x
ug'{ hgtfsf] clwsf/ xf] eGg] dfcf]afbL dfGotf ;}4flGts ?kn] dfq geP/ ca
Aoaxf/df klg ;lx k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . bf]>f], laZjdf zflGtsf Wjts s]an
dfcf]afbL qmflGtsf/L dfq x'g ;S5g eGg] s'/f Aoaxf/t k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 .
t]>f], zfGtL / qmflGt of zflGt / lab|f]x Ps l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f ePsf]
a}1flgs ;To klg ;+3if{af6} k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . rf}yf], k|ltlqmofafbL au{n]
h'g;'s} kl/lytLdf ePklg hgtfsf la?4 if9oGq ug{ 5f8\b}g eGg] s'/f c? :yflkt
ePsf] 5 . kf+rf}, dfn]dfafbsf l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t ;lx sfo{lbzf ckgfpg ;lsof] eg]
hlt;'s} k|lts"n ca:yf ePklg laZsf s'g} klg d'n'sdf qmflGt ;DkGg ug{
;lsG5 eGg] s'/f Aoaxf/t k|dfl0fLt ePsf] 5 . g]skf
dfcf]afbLn] /fli6«otf, hgt+q, hghLaLsf ;DalGw $) ;'lqo dfu /fv]/ g]kfnL
;dfhsf] k'g;+/rgfsf] k|:tfa u/]sf] lyof] . cw{;fdGtL cw{cf}klga]lzs pTkfbg
;DaGw ePsf] b]z g]kfn / g]kfnL zfifssf ?kdf pEofO{Psf ;fd|fHoafb /
la:tf/afbsf bnfnx?af6 tL dfux? k'/f x'g' ;Dea lyPg . dfn]dfafb / k|r08kysf]
;+4flGts Pa+ /fhg}lts lgb]{zgdf g]kfnL hgtfn] cfkm\gf] cfTdlg0f{osf]
clwsf/sf] k|of]u ub}{ ;+k"0f{ pTkL8gsf la?4 lab|f]xsf] dxfg em08f p7fof]
. hgo'4 yfngLsf] Ps bzs k'Ubf gk'Ub} g]kfnL hgtfn] klxnf] k6s cfkmgf] d'lQmsf
nflu n8\g] dxfg hgd'lQm z]gf lgdf{0f / lasfz u/\of] . hgafbL ;Qfx?sf] :yfkgf
u/\of] / b]zsf ;Dk"0f{ u|fld0f Onfsfaf6 ;fdGtafb / gf]s/zfxL bnfn
k"hLafbsf ;Dk"0f{ h/fx? sfl6g k'u] . ;fdGtL hdLGbf/Lsf] :yfg h;sf]
hf]t p;sf] kf]t n] lng yfNof] . cfwf/ Ifqx?df gf]s/ zfxL bnfn k"hLsf]
cv8f a}8=sx?sf] :yfg hgzxsf/Ltfn] lnof] . qmfGtLsf/L ;Qfx? :yfkgf eP . v;
clehft au{sf] ar{:j /x]sf] s]Gb|Ls[t zfdGtL ;Qfsf] :yfg hftLo tyf If]qLof
u0ft+q ;xLtsf] ;+3fTkd /fHo k|0ffnLn] lng yfNof] . o;/L cfTdlg0f{osf]
clwsf/sf cfwf/df hflto tyf Iflqo :jfoQm u0ft+qx? 3f]if0ff eP . ;+k"0f{
b]zn] hftLo tyf IfqLo ;fdflhs u7gsf cfwf/df agfO{Psf ( j6f hftLo tyf IfqLo
:jfoQ u0f/fHox? d4] sf7df08f} pkTosfsf] g]jf/ :jfoQm k|b]z afx]s ;]tL
dxfsfnL, e]/L s0ff{nL, yf?jfg, du/ft, td'jfg, tfdf8= ls/ft tyf ;w]z nufotsf
;a} :jfoQm k|b]zx?df qmflGtsf/L :jfoQ ;/sf/x? ;d]t lgdf{0f u/Lo . g]kfnL
hgtfn] Oltxf;df klxnf]rf]6L ;fe{ef}d gul/ssf] x}l;otn] cfkmgf] zfifg k|0ffnL
cfkm\gf] xftn] lgdf{0f u/\of] . zflGtk"0f{
t/Lsfn] /fhg}lts lgsfz x'GYof] eg] hgtfsf] lab|f]x ;fx]b cfa:os lyPg . t/ au{
;dfhsf] Oltxf;df k|ltlqmofafbL ;Qfn] slx klg cfkm'v';L hgtfnfO{ clwsf/ lbPsf]
5}g . /, g]kfn To;sf] ckafb x'g] s'/f klg lyPg . ha hgtf lab|f]xdf p7\of],
k'/fgf] zfifs au{n] s/La !# xhf/ g]kfnL hgtfsf] Hofg nLof] . hgtfsf] dxfg
hgo'4sf qmddf zfifs au{n] s/La !! xhf/ g]knL hgtfx?, gof Oltxf;sf >i6f
dfcf]afbL hgof]4fx?sf] xTof u/\of] . l;uf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ Wj:t kfg{, n"6 /
e|i6rf/df l6s]sf] ;+;bLo kfv08 arfpb} g]kfnL hgtfdfly ;fd|fHoafbL pTkL8g sfod
/fVg / cfbLd ;fdGtL /fhzfxLsf] tVtf a+rfpg k'/fgf] ;Qfn] u/La g]kfnLsf
5f]/f5f]/L k'nL; / zfxL ;]gfnfO{ g/;+xf/dfsf] ;fdflhs ck/fwdf emf]Sof] .
qmflGt / k/Lat{gsf la?4 of] ck/flws cleofgdf nfu]sf] z]gf k'nL; / ;'/fsLx?
d4] s/La b'O{xhf/sf] ;kmfo klg eof] . ;fd|fHoafb, la:tf/afb / b/af/Lof ;fdGt
h:tf ck/flws uL/f]xsf] afx'No /x]sf] / plgx?s} x'Nn8afhLdf l6s]sf] k'/fgf]
;Qfn] hgtfsf la?4 hlt;'s} xTof, cft+s / laWj; dRrfP klg cGtt xf/ vfg} k/of] .
cGtt cd]/LsL ;fd|fHoafbsf] k|ToIf lgb]{zgdf rn]sf] zfxLz]gf dxfg g]kfnL
hgtfsf] dxfg lab|f]xsf cufl8 k/fhLt x'g} k/\of] . ;fdGtL
o'4;/bf/afb / zflGtsf k|oTgx? g] s kf
dfcf]afbLn] lautdf b'O{ b'O{ k6s zfGtLsfnflu aftf{sf] k|lqmofaf6 b]znfO{
/fhg}lts lgsfz lbg k|oTg u/\of] . x/]s k|oTgx?df ;fdGtL tyf ;fd|fHoafbLx?n]
hgtfdfly k/fho yf]kg{ vf]h] . dfcf]afbLn] vf]h]sf] /fhg}lts lgsfznfO{ plgx?n]
k|ltlqmofafbL au{sfnflu n'6sf] zf]u{ arfpg] if9oGqdf abNg vf]h] / hgtfdfly
pTkL8g sfod /fVg] ;+zlbo kfv08 arfpg] k|oTg dfq u/] . kmf}hL ?kn] o'4df k/fho
ef]u]sf] ;Qfn] dfcf]afbLsf] /fhg}lts lgsfzsf]] rfxgfnfO{ p;sf] /fhg}lts
o'4df]rf{ agfpg k'Uof] . /fhg}lts df]rf{df ;d]t k/fho ef]u] kl5 k'/fgf] ;Qf
k'g o'4df kmls{of] . /fhg}lts tyf kmf}hL n8fO{df af/+af/sf] k/fho kl5 1fg]Gb|
zfxLn] zfxL s' u/L ;+;bafvLx?nfO{ ;d]t gh/aGb ug{ k'Uof] . 1fg]Gb|n] u/]sf]
zfxL s" sf] sf/0f n'6, e|:6frf/, t:s//L / sd;gvf]/Lo'Qm ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltdf
/d]sf] ;+;bafbL bnx?nfO{ cfGbf]ng/t bn x'g afWo kf/Llbof] / plgx? klg ogs]g
1fg]Gb| zfxLsf] kmf;Lafbsf la?4 ;+3if{ ug{ afWo eP . g]kfnL hgtfdfly pTkL8g
dRrfpg] ;fd|afbsf b'O a}zflifx? ;fdGtL /fhf / gf]s/zfxL bnfn k"hLafbL
;+;bafbLx? nfO{ Pp6} lsQfdf pEofpg ;fd|fHoafbsfnflu klg ;Dea ePg . o'4d}bfgdf
zfxLz]gfsf] lg/+t/ k/fhox'g' / z]gf cfkm\gf] arfasfnflu Aof/]s leq s}bx'g
k'Ug' / ;+zbafbLx? klg of}6f lgZrLt laGb'df gk'Ubf ;Dd cfGbf]ng g5f8\g]
dgl:ytLdf k'Ug'sf] k/L0ffd ;fd|fHoafbLx? km]/L Psrf]6L /fhg}lts lgsfzsfnflu
t}of/ x'g afWo eof] . g]kfnL hgtfsf la?4 zfxL z]gfnfO{ xltof/ / uf]nfaf?b
lbP/ slyt b'O{ v+Daf lgtL ;+a}wflgs /fht+q / ax'bnLo Aoa:yf sf] arfa ug]{
ef/tn] cGtt cfkm\gf] lgtLdf abnfa Nofof] . h;sf] k/L0ffd b/af/sf] cufl8
af/af/ cfTd ;dk{0f ug]{ ;+;bafbL kf6L{x? ax|a'b] ;xdltdf cfP . afxa'b]
;xdltn] cfd g]kfnL hgtfdf, / vf; u/L ;x/Lof dWod auL{o lgDg k"hLafbL tKsfdf of}6f cfTdlaZjf;
k}bf u/\of] ls dfcf]afbL kf6L{sf] ;+;u{df cfO{;s] kl5 b/af/af6 krf; x08/
vf+bf klg b/af/sf] 5xf/L g5f]8g] ;+zbafbLx? b/af/ elQm ToUg afWo x'g]5g .
/fhb"t df]/Lof6L{ / ;+;bafbLbn leqsf df]/Lof6L{sf k|ltd"lt{
bnfnx?n] afx a'b] ;xdlt tf]8\g] s;/t u/L/x] . ;xdltsf la?4 ;+zbafbLx?nfO{
b/af/sf cufl8 cfTd ;dk{0f u/fpg' / hgtfdfly 7"nf] g/;+xf/ rnfpg' plgx?sf]
p4]:o /x]sf] lyof] . t/ dxfg hgo'4n] k}bfu/]sf] lalzi6 l:yltn] plgx?sf
;Dk"0f{ xs{tx? rSgfr"/ x'g k'u] . cGtt tu ck|]ndf !( lbg ;Ddsf]
leif0f hgcfGbf]ng lasfz eof], h;n] 1fg]Gb| zfxLnfO{ p;sf] kmf;LafbL ;Qfaf6
k5fl8 x6\g afWo kf/\of] . km]/Lklg cd]/LsL ;fd|fHoafb / b]zLo ;fdGtafbn]
g]kfnL hgtfsf la?4 x/st ug{ 59]g / 5f8]sf] 5}g . /fht+qsf] cGTo x'g}nfUbf
b/af/n] cGtLd kf;f k|of]u u/\of], ;+;bsf] k'g:yfkgf . g]kfnL /fhg}lts a[Qdf
Aofks laZjf; u/LG5 ls ;+;bsf] k'g:yfkgfsf] 3f]if0ff ug'{ cufl8 g]kfnsf]
/fhg}lts dfldnfdf x:tIfdk u/L/xg] k|d'v v]nf8L d'n'ssf /fhb"tx?, g]kfnsf
k|d'v ;+zbafbL dflgg] lu/Lhf sf]O{/fnf / z]/axfb'/ b]pjf sfu|];sf k|d'v
g]tfx? / Pdfn] sf k|d'v g]tfx?n] /fht+qsf] arfa ug]{ / dfcf]afbLnfO{ ;+;bafbL
k|ltlqmofafbdf krfO{lbg ;xdlt u/]sf 5g . en}, of] b/afb/ ;+zbafbL /
;fd|fHoafbLx? lar ePs] lqklIfo ;xdlt k|ltsf] ;TotYo ef]nLsf lbgx?df k|i6 x'b}
hfg] 5 . /, a]nf avt oyf:yLtLafb / /fht+qsf] arfasf] kIfdf / hgtfsf] d'lQm /
kl/at{gsf la?4 b]lvg] ;+;bafbL kf6L{x?sf lalaw x/stx?n] oL egfO{x? k|lt
laZjf; ug]{ 7fp+ lbP klg ut ck|]n cfGbf]ng kZrft ;fdlGt /fht+qsf] cGTosf nflu
hgtfsf] n8fO{df lasfzx'b} u/]sf] plgx?sf] ;xof]un] b/af/ / ;fd|fHoafb k|ltsf]
cfTd;dk{0f plgx?sf] tft\sflns afWotf ePsf] g} dfGg ;lsG5 . cfGtl/s ?kdf
;fdGtL /fht+q k|ltsf] ulx/f] laZjf;sf afah"b dxfg hgo'4 / To;n] k}bf
u/]sf] /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o ;lQm ;Gt'ngsf] ca:yfdf afXo ?kdf cfk'mnfO{
u0ft+qsf] kIfdf pEofpg] ;+zbafbLx?sf] k|oTg Oltxf;sf] a]udf k}bfePsf]
plgx?sf] /fhg}lts ?kfGt/0f xf] of hgtf la?4sf] if9oGqdf ktg eGg] tYo klg
cfufld lbgx?df c? k|i6 x'b} hfg] 5 . ;+;bafbLx?af6
qmflGtsf/L ;lQm ;+u u/]sf af/af/sf ;xdltx? / af/+af/sf laZjfz 3ftsf
afah"b dxfg g]kfnL hgo'4sf] andf k}bf ePsf] g]kfnL hgtfsf] tfutn]
;+;bafbLx?nfO{ /fhfsf] kf]N6fdf kg{ lbPg . plgx?nfO{ ;fd|fHoafbsf] gf+uf]
bnfnLaf6 arfpg hgtfsf] cfGbf]ngn] g} dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf v]Nof] . /,
cfGbf]ngsf] of}6f lalzi6 :yLtLdf klxnf] rf]6L cWoIf k|r08af6 afn'jf6f/sf]
k|wfgd+qL sfo{noaf6} /fht+qsf] cGTo, k'/fgf] ;+;bafbL ;Qfsf] la36g tyf cGt/Ld
;+lawfgsf] lgdf{0f / cGt/Ld ;/sf/sf] u7g, zfxL ;]gfsf] la36g tyf /fli6«o
z]gfsf] lgdf{0f, /fHosf] k'g;{/rgf, cflbsf] 3f]if0ff u/Lof] . of] 3f]if0ff
;+3if{/t ;a} kf6L{x?sf] ;xdltdf u/LPsf] lyof] . of] 3f]if0ff :jo+df g]kfnL
Oltxf;df of}6f qmflGtg} lyof] . of]
qmflGtsf la?4 ;+zbafbLx?af6 k|ltqmflGt t'?Gt} ;'? e}xfNof] . cd]/LsL
;Fd|fHoafbsf] bafadf ;xdlt pNn+3g ub}{ / oL pknAwx?dfly cfqmd0f ub}{ /fhtq
arfpg] ;+;bafbL xs{t :j?k Pdfn]n] /fhfsf] ;DklQdf s/ nufpg], /fhfsf] 5f]/L
klg /fhf x'g kfpg] ts{ ug{ yfNof] . lu/Lhf k|;fb sf]O{/fnfn] la/f6gu/ af6
/fhfnfO{ 7f+plbg' kg]{ s'/f af]n] . t/ hgtfsf] cfGbf]ngn] /fht+qsf] arfasf]
nflu vx|f] p7\g] plgx?sf] if8\oGq of afWotfnfO{ t'xfO{ lbof] / plgx?sf
k|ltqmflGtsf/L xs{t x? km]/L t'xLg k'u] . 7"nf] /hg}lts ;+3if{ /
k|oTgsf] k/L0ffd :j?k a[xt zflGt ;+emf}tf ;DkGg eof], cGt/Ld lawfg lgdf{0f
eof] / nfu' u/Lof] / ;+zbafbLx?af6 cGt/Ld ;/sf/ ;DalGw ;xdltsf pn+3gsf
afah"b cGt/Ld ;/sf/ aGg] ca:yf ;Dd d'n's cfO{ k'Uof] . o;
lardf zflGt / k|ultsf lgDtL lasfz ePsf x/]s pknAwLx?sf] Wj+; ug{ / hgtfnfO{
k'g o'4df emf]+Sg b/af/Lof / ;fd|fHoafbL xs{tx? x'b} u/] . lo ;a} 36gfx?n]
k'li6 u/]sf 5g ls cd]/LsL ;fd|fHoafb / ;+;bafbL kf6L{ leq /x]sf ;fd|fHoafbL
bnfnx? g]kfnnfO{ lg/+t/ o'4df ws]Ng rfxG5g . t/ hgsfsf] zfGtL / k|ultsf]
rfxgf, d'lQm / lasfzsf] rfxgfn] dfcf]afbL bz{gsf] cfnf]sdf cfa:os kbf{
lab|f]x / cfa:os kbf{ ;flGtsf] af6f]df g]kfn / g]kfnLnfO{ dfu{ lgb]{z u/]sf]
5 . /, cfh lab|f]xaf6 k|ltlqofafbLx?nfO{ 3'8f 6]sfpg] kf6L{ g]kfndf gof
hgafbL qmflGt ;DkGg ug{, k'/fgf] ;Qfsf] la36g u/L gof ;Qfsf] lgdf{0f ug{
lasfz ug'{ kg]{ cfa:os /0flgtL / sfo{lgtLsf] th'{df ug{ of}6f lalzi6
k|lqmofdf cGt/Ld ;/sf/df ;fd]n ePsf] 5 . rLnL /
lgsf/fu'jfsf ;+s]tx? clxn]
g]kfnL hgtfsf cufl8 dxfg ;+Defagf / u+le/ r'g}ltx? v8f ePsf 5g . dxfg ;+efagf
of] /x]sf] 5 ls g]kfnaf6 cflbd aa{/ /fhzfxLsf] cGTo x'g] 5 / cw{;fdGtL
cw{cf}klga]lzs pTkfbg ;DaGwsf] cGTo ;+u} gof g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ;'? x'g] 5 .
h;sf]nflu ca af6f] ;kf6 / ;/n alg;s]sf] 5, ;fd|fHoafb / b/af/Lofx?n] ;+lawfg
;efsf] r'gfa x'g glbg] lgZrLt ag]kl5 dfcf]afbL ;lxtsf] cGt/Ld lawflosfa6
/fht+qsf] cGTo / u0ft+qsf] 3f]if0ff u/]/ hfg ;lsG5 . t/
r'gf}tLx? w]/} u+le\/ / k]rLnf /x]sf 5g . cd]/LsL ;fd|fHoafbaf6 g]kfnnfO{
csf]{ OG8f]g]zLof, rLnL tyf gof lgsf/fu'jf agfpg] k|oTg e}/x]sf] k|i6} b]lvG5
. dfcf]afbLn] hftLo tyf IfqLo :jfoQ u0ftqsf] d'4fnfO{ k/Ltofu u/]sf] xNnf
ug'{, db]zdf ck/flwx?nfO{ ;xof]u ug'{, k]6«f]nLPd kbfy{df cgfa:os /f]sfj6
b]lvg', b]zdf c/fhg}lts cl:y/tf k}bf x'g vf]Hg', Aofkf/Lx?nfO{ psfx6df NofOg'
/ gf/fh'n'; u/fO{g', xf]6n Aoa;fo tyf pWof]u Aoa;fox? aGb u/fpg' / k/Lat{g
la?4 hgdt l;h{gf ug]{ xs{t u/fO{g'n] rLnL / O{G8f]g]zLofsf x/stx?sf ;+s]tx?
b]vf kb{5g . OG8f]g]zLof / rLnLdf klg / laz]ift rLnLdf Toxfsf qmflGtsf/Lx?sf
la?4 cd]/LsL ;d|fHoafbn] o:t} k|sf/sf xs{tx? u/]sf] lyof] . cWoIf k|r08n]
atfO{;Sg' ePsf] 5 ls dfcf]afbL g]tfx?sf] xTof ug{ b/af/n] ^) s/f]8 ?kLof ;Dd
vr{ u/L;s]sf] 5 . ;fdGtL b/af/ / cd]/LsL ;fd|fJoafbn] b]zdf hflto tyf Iflqo
;fDk|bflostf, lav08g / b\j]z k}bf u/L hgtf+lqs t/fO{ d'lQmdf]rf{ gfdsf]
pb08tf dRrfO{ ;s]sf 5g / To;n] b]zdf lgsf/fu'jfsf ;+s]tx? b]vfO{ ;s]sf] 5 .
lgsf/fu'jfdf cd]/LsL u'Kt o'4 h:t} slyt dw];L kmf]/dsf] g]t[Tjdf uf}/df @(
hgfsf] g/;+xf/ u/LPsf] 5 / To;sf] sltko o'/f]kLog ;fd|HoafbLx?n]
dfcf]afbLnfO{ kf7 l;sfpg' kg]{ s'/f u/L/x]sf lyP . o;af6
k|i6 x'G5 ls g]kfnL hgtfsf] ela:o ;fdGtL / ;fd|fHoafbLx?sf] u+le/ if8\oGq /
leif0f 6s/fjsf] 3]/faGbLdf k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL hgtfn] oL ;a} ;d:ofx?sf] ;fdgf
s]an /fhg}lts, a}rfl/s / ;+u7gfTds Pstfaf6 / ;fdGtafb, ;fd|fHoafb /
;fd|fHoafbL ;+;bafbsf la?4 leif0f ;+3if{af6 dfq ug{ ;Sg] 5 . of}6f qmflGtsf/L
kf6L{, To;sf] qmflGtsf/L sfo{lbzf / To;sf] qmflGsf/L g]t[Tj k+lQm ePsf]
sf/0fg} PssfO{;f} ztfAbLsf] k|lts'n cfTdut kl/l:yltdf g]kfnL ;a{xf/fn]
g]kfndf qmflgtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] lasfz u/L PssfO{;f} ztfAbLsf] laZj qmflGtsf]
gof df]8]n b]vfpg vf]h]sf] xf] . bz aif{sf] hgo'4n] lasfz u/]sf] gof
kl/:ytLdf k}bf ePsf gof r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf klg /fhg}lts, a}rfl/s, ;+u7gfTds
lasfz / To;sf] k|of]uaf6 dfq ug{ ;Dea x'g] 5 . / dfn]dfafb / k|r08 kysf] dfu{
l;gb]{zgdf ef]nLsf s}of} r"gf}tLx?sf] ;fdgf g]kfnL hgtn] ug]{ s'/fdf
s'g} ;+b]x 5}g . bz
aif{sf] hgo'4n] >[hgf u/]sf] Oltxf;n] cfh g]kfnsf x/]s gful/snfO{ gof
l:ytLdf NofO{ lbPsf] 5 . b]zsf] cfd hgtf /fht+qsf] cGTo / nf]stf+lqs u0ftGq
:yfkgf ePsf] x]g{ cft'/ 5 . t/ ;fd|fHoafbsf] v}/ftdf af+r]sf tdfd dflg;x?sf
;+:sf/ / ;+:s[ltx?df eg] oyf]lrt k/Lat{g x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . o; k|sf/sf] h9
;+:sf/, kZrufdL ;f]+r / ;dembf/L ;+zbafbL kf6L{x?, tLgsf sltko a/Li6 g]tfx? /
tLgsf dltof/x?df kfO{G5 . plgx?sf] ;fdGtL ;+:sf/, gf]Ss/ zfxL bnfn
k"hLafbL ;+:s[tLn] b]znfO{ laifQm kf/]sf] 5 . b]zn]
nf]stf+lqs u0ft+qsf] dfu ub}{ /fht+qsf] ca;fg ug{ vf]Hbf ;Dd plgx?sf] /fh
elQm d/]sf] 5}g . oLg} k|ltlqmofafbLx? pN6} dfcf]afbLn] cfkm'nfO{ abNg' kg]{
/ pgLx? h:t} ;fdGt, ;fd|fHoafbsf bnfn tyf gf]s/ zfx aGg' kg]{ x'+Oof
kL6L/x]sf 5g . cfh b]zdf ;fdGt / hldgbf/sf hldgx? hkmt u/L e"ldxLg
lsiffg x?df lat/0f ug{ cfa:os 5 . s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{ a}1flgs/0f /
cf}Wof]uLs/0f ug{ cfa:os 5 . b]zsf s'gf s'gfdf cfdhgtfsfnflu af6f], lah'nL
alQ, cfuf] kfgL tyf k|ofKt ef]hgsf] Aoa:yf ug{ cfa:os 5 . x/]s gful/ssf nflu :jf:Yo,
lzIff, /f]huf/Lsf] ;'lglZrt ug{ cfa:os 5, h'gs'/fdf a[xt ;flGt ;+emf}tfdf
dfkm{t ;+zbafbLx?n] ;d]t ;xdlt hgfO{ ;s]sf 5g . cfh g]kfnL gful/sx?n] /fhfaf6
zflzt /}tL, ef8fsf l;kfxL, ef+8f w'g] cfw'lgs bf;sf] ?kdf ge} laZjsf] s'g}
klg d'n'sdf ;Ddfghgs hLag kfpg] gful/ssf ?kdf lasfz ug'{ cfa:os 5 . To;sfnflu
b]znfO{ cf}Wof]uLs/0f ug'{ cfly{s lasfz ug'{, cfd hgtfsf] cfo:t/df cfhsf]
t'ngfdf ;of+} u'0ff lasfz ug'{ clgafo{ x'g cfp+5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, la1fg,
k|lawL, Gofo, k|zfzg, lasfz lgdf{0f, cflbdf cfd hgtfsf] ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] nflu
htLo, IfqLo, nL+uLo, wfld{s lae]bsf] cGTo ub}{ cfTdlg0f{osf cfwf/df hflto tyf
Iflqo :jfoQ u0ft+qx?sf] :yfkgf x'g cfa:os 5 . To;sf nflu k+rfotL kmf;LafbL
sfn / ;+;bLo n'6v;f]sf] calwe/ ;fdGtx?n] hgtfaf6 n'6]sf] hldg hgtfdf kmLtf{ ug'
cfa:s 5 / hgtfsf] /ut k;Lgf n'6]/ y'kf/]sf] cs't ;+klQ /fi6«sf] lasfzsfnflu
/fli6«o s/0f ug'{ clgafo{ x'g cfp+5 . t/
cfhsf lo P}ltxfl;s /fhg}lts k.Lat{gx? / Oltxf;n] ;'Dk]sf] lhDd]jf/L
;+;bafbLx?sfnflu ;'+u'/nfO{ :ju{ eg] h:t} ePsf] 5 . ;'u'/nfO{ :ju{d}
k'/ofPklg 8x/ vf]Hb} lx8\5 eg] em} dxfg hgo'4n] gof g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{
cleofg ;Dd k'/ofpbf klg ;+;bafbL g]tfx? k'/fg} e|i6, cw{;fdGtL cw{
cf}klga]l;s pTkfbg ;DaGw ePsf] k|ltqmLofafbL ;+;bLo Aoa:yf tkm{g} kms{g
vf]hL/x]sf 5g . plgx? s]an cfkm'dfq k|ltlqmofafbL lsRr8df k+:g rfx+b}gg,
plgx? g]skf dfcf]afbL / cfdhgtfnfO{ ;d]t Tolx e|i6 Aoa:yfdf cEo:t agfpg
rfxG5g . ;+;bafbL kf6L{x?n] dfcf]afbLsf la?4 ;fdGtsf ;DklQ lkmtf{ gu/]sf]
cf/f]k nfufO{/x]sf 5g / dfcf]afbL kf6L{ dfly cfqmd0f u/L/x]sf 5g . t/ a[xt zflGt
;+emf}tfdf ;xdt eo d'tflas /fhfsf] ;+klQ 6«i6df /fVg] s'/fdf plgx?sf] s'g}
Wofg uPsf] 5}g . ;fdGtsf hdLg hkmt u/L e"ldxLg hgtfdf lat/0f ug]{
qmflGtsf/L e"dL ;'wf/ nfu' ug]{ s'/fdf plgx?sf] Wofg uPsf] 5}g . a? of]
laifonfO{ dfcf]afbL af]Nb} hfG5g, b/af/n] cfkmgf] pNn" l;wf ub}{ u5{
eGg] ;fdGt k/:t /a}of ckgfPsf] b]lvG5 . ha dfcf]afbLn] :yfkgf ug{nfu]sf]
nf]stf+lqs u0ft+qdf cfd hfgtfsf] /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs hLagdf
cfd'nr"n k/Lat{g u/L /fhfsf /}tL / ;fdGt tyf hldGbf/sf] bf;Tjsf] cGTo
u/L PSsfO;f} ztfAbLsf] ;Ao / ;DkGg gful/s agfpg] lbzfdf b]z cufl8 a9L/x]sf] 5
eg] hgtfnfO{ k'/fg} e"bf; agfpg] k|oTg ;+;bafbLx?af6 lsg e}/x]sf] 5 <
o;k|sf/sf ;fdGtafb tyf ;fd|fHoafb k/:t xs{tx?n] ;+zbafbL g]tfx?sf ;]+r /
;dembf/Ldf tdfd k|ltlqmofafbL vf]6x? b]vf kb{5g . ;+lbafbLx?af6
zflGt ;+emf}tfsf] af/+af/ pNn+wg ;+;bafbLx?n]
a[xt zflGt ;+emf}tfsf] klg kfngf gu/]sf] dfq xf]O{g af/+af/ To;sf] pn+3g klg
u/L/x]sf 5g . zfxL z]gfsf] gfd abn]/ g]kfnL z]gf agfO{Psf] 5 . t/ To;sf]
nf]stf+qLs/0f ug]{, zfxL z]gfsf] lau7g ug]{ / /fli6«o z]gfsf] lgdf{0f ug]{
s'/fnfO{ ;+;bafbLx?n] k'/} pk]Iff u/]sf 5g . b]znfO{ k/Lat{gsf] of] P]ltxfl;s
df]8df k'/\ofpg] dxfg hgd'lQm z]gfsf] ;+k"0f{ ?kn] pk]Iff u/LPsf] 5 .
;+;bafbL bndf ePsf sltko kfv08L x?n] zflGtsfnflu hgd'lQm z]gf b'O{rf/ lbg lsg
ef]s} a:g ;Sb}g ;Dd eGg kl5 k/]sf 5}gg . o;af6 plgx?sf] k|ltqmfGtLsf/L tyf
k|ltlqmofafbL dgf]bzf g} k|i6 x'G5 . clxn]
d'n'sdf ;+lawfg;efsf] r'gfa ;a}sf] ;femf gf/f ag]sf] 5 . ;+lawfg;efsf] r'gfa
;femf gf/f ePklg To;sf p4]:ox? km/s km/s /x]sf 5g . /fhfafbLx? ;+lawfg ;ef
dfkm{t /fht++q :yflkt ug{ rfxG5g . ;+;bafbLx? ;+a}wflgs /fht+q / ax'bnLo
Aoa:y sfod /fVg rfxG5g / b]znfO{ k|ultaf6 /f]s]/ oyfl:ytLdf /fVg rfxG5g .
b]zsf] cfd'n k/Lat{g ug]{ zlQm g]skf -dfcf]afbLn]_ ;+lawfg;emsf] r'gfa dfkm{t
b]zsf] /fhg}lts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, Pa+ ;f:s[lts ?kfGt/0fsf] 9f]sf vf]Ng rfxG5
. ;fdGtLx? /fhfsf] arfadf nfUg' p;sf] rf/Llqs laz]iftf xf] . t/ afx|a'b]
;xdltd} g]knsf] k|ult / lasfzsfnflu /fhf afws xf] eGg] s'/fdf ;+;bafbLx? ;xdt
ePsf lyo / x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyo . t/ cfh plgx?n] Tof] ;xdltsf] af/+af/ pn+3g
ub}{ u}/x]sf 5g / /fht}qsf] arfadf nfu]sf 5g . ha /fhfafbLx? / ;+;bafbL kf6L{
leq /x]sf b/af/Lof, ;fd|fHoafbsf bnfnx? tyf gf]s/zfxL k"hLkltx?af6
;+lawfg ;efdf /fht+qsf] arfa gx'g] b]Vg] 5g, plgx?n] of] r'gfa slxNo} x'g lbg]
5}gg . plgx?sfnflu of] r'gfa Tolta]nfdfq ;Dea x'g] 5 ha ;fd|fHoafb / zfxL
z]gfsf andf r'gfa dfkm{t /fht+qsf] arfa ug{ ;lsg] 5 . plgx?n] ;dfhsf]
k/Lat{gsf] ;+3f/df Nofpg] hgd'lQm z]gfn] r'gfa layf]Ng] xf}jf kL6] . of]
xf}jf cd]/LsLx?n] tyf b/af/Lofx?n] lk6]sf lyP . To;sf k5fl8 ;+;bafbLx?
Nflu/x] / plgx?n] ;+lawfg;efsf] r'gfa :jt+q, lgZkIf / wf+bnL/lxt agfpg
hgd'lQm z]gf lg;:q ug'} kg]{ dfu /fv] . plgx?sf] ;+b]x ;dfKt ug{ hgd'lQm
z]gfnfO{ SofG6f]gd]G6df /flvof] / g]kfnL z]gfnfO{ Aof/]sdf /flvPsf] 5 . t/
oyfy{ of] xf] ls ;+;bafbLx?sf] dfGotfsf]= lak/Lt /fht+qsf] ;d'n gi6 gx'+bf;Dd
r'gfa lgikIf / wf+bnL/xlg x'g ;Sb}Yof] . h;sf] kl/0ffd /fht+qaf6, tyf
;fd|fHoafbL / la:tf/afbLx?af6 r'gfasf la?4 leif0f if8\oGq e};sf] 5 . /
lgwf{l/t ;dodf r'gfa gx'g] lgZrLt e};s]sf] 5 . ;+;bafbL lk6L{x?df b]vfk/]sf]
9'n d'n plgx?df b]vf kg]{ r/+ ca;/afb b]zsf] ela:osf nflu 7'nf] vt/f ag]sf] 5
. ;+;bafbL kf6L{x?df b]vfk/]sf] gf/fdf u0ft+q / Aoaxf/df /fht+q 3f]/ ca;/afbL
/f]u xf] . u0ft+qsfnflu dg, arg / sd{n] nfUg' cfhasf] P]ltxfl;s cfa:ostf xf]
. t/, ;+zbafbLx? leqsf] u0ft+q eGg]x?sf] klg arg u0ft{q ePklg dg / sd{
/fht+q, ;fdGtL /fHo Aoa:yf / ;d|fHoafbL bnfnLdf /x]sf] :ki6 5 . ;+;bafbLx?df
of] 9'nd'n k}bf x'g'sf] k|d'v sf/0f klg /fht+qsf] pkl:yltg} xf] . To;sf/0f,
cfh /fht+qsf] cGTo gu/Lsg ;+lawfg ;efsf] rgfa x'g ;Sb}g / nf]stf+lqs
u0ft+qsf] :yfkgf x'g klg ;Sb}g . wfbnL/xLt ls;Ldn] ;+lawfg;efsf] r'gfa
ug{sfnflu / nf]stflqs u0ft+qsf] :yfkgf ug{sfnflu /fht+qsf] cGTox'g' cfhsf]
klxnf] ;t{ xf] / g]kfnL hgtfsf] sf+wdf /fht+qsf] cGTo clxn]sf] k|d'v sfo{ef/
ag]/ cfPsf] 5 . gof cfGbf]ngsf]
cfa:ostf ;du|
k/Ll:ytLn] :ki6 u/]sf] 5 ls cfh g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfGbf]ng gof r/0fdf gof
r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ug{ clt 3lge"t / k]rLn] ag]/ lasfz ePsf] 5 . cfd
g]kfnL hgtfn] cfkmgf] efUosf] km};nf cfkm} ug]{ n8fO{df gof :t/sf] o'4 n8\g'
k/]sf] 5 . lxhsf] z;:q o'4 / cfhsf] /fhg}lts o'4 ?kdf km/s b]vf kb{5g, t/
To;sf] ;f/ of}6} /x]sf] 5 . ?kdf g]skf dfcf]afbL cGt/Ld lawfoLsfdf / ;/sf/df
5, ;f/df hgtfsf] hgafbL ;Qfsf] n8fO{ hf/Lg} /x]sf] 5, lsgeg], hgtfsf] k/Lat{g
lawfgsf sfuhx?df xf]O{g, dflg;sf hLagdf cfpg cfa:os x'G5 . cfhsf]
;+3if{sf] bfo/f o;k|sf/ b]lvG5 . l;4fGtdf dfn]df afb / k|r08 kysf] lasfzsf]
k|lqmof cem 3lge"t x'g cfa:os 5 . /fhlgtLdf ;fd|fHoafbsf la?4 /fli6«o /
cGt/fli6«o :t/d} cfd hgtfsf] df]rf{aGbL x'g c? cfa:os 5 . / Aoaxf/df gof
hgafbL qmflGt ;+kGg ub}{ ;dfhafbdf cufl8 a9\g cfa:os 5 . o;sfnflu ca of}6f
gof cf+wLa]z/L ;Lh{gf ug{ cfa:os 5, h;n] s]an /fht+q dfq xf]O{g ;+k"0f{
;fdGtL / gf]s/zfxL bnfn k"hLafbL Aoa:yfsf] cGTo u/L ;Rrf nf]sf+lqs u0ft+qsf]
:yfkgf u/f]; . ;]K6]Da/ @))&
sd/]8 uf}/asf] o'/f]k ofqf kf6L{ sfdsf] zLnzLnfdf ;g @))# df o'/f]k hfg nfUbf
r]Gg} ladfg :yndf kqmfp k/L tLg aif{ ;Dd h]n hLag latfpg' ePsf s= uf}/a cGtt
ut ;g @))& dfr{df k'Ug' eof] . dfr{ rf/ b]lv ck|]n % ;Dd Ps dlxgf s= uf}/e
a]nfot :jLh/Nof08 / hd{gLsf laleGg sfo{qmdx?df ;l/s x'g'eof] .
n+8gdf ePsf sfo{qmdx?======== a]nfotsf] /fhwfgL n+bgdf g]kfnL ;dfh o' s] / ljZj hgk|lt/f]w cfGbf]ng
o's] Rofk6/sf] cfof]hgfdf laleGg sfo{qmdx? ;DkGg eP . sfo{qmddf sd/]8 uf}/an]
g]skf dfcf]abLsf at{dfg /0flgtL / sfo{lgtLsf af/]df k|sfz kfg'{ ePsf] lyof] .
sd/]8 uf}/enfO{ cf}krfl/s lgd+q0ff ug]{ l8kmL8 sf] 5nkm sfo{qmddf klg jxf
;xeflu x'g' eof] . a]nfotdf /x+bf jxfn] aLaL;L, cnhlh/f 6LeL nufot :yflgo kq
klqsfx?nfO{ ;d]t cGt/jftf{ lbg' ePsf] lyof] . :jLh/Nof08df ;DkGg sfo{qmdx?==== tu dfr{ @$df :jLh/Nof08df :jLh/Nof08 sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] cfltYodf s=
uf}/asf] ;fdfGo lrofkfg eof] . Tof] ;df/f]xdf pkl:yt :jLh/Nof08 sDo'lgi6
kfl6{sf g]tfx?n] s+ uf}/anfO{ k'/fgf] ;+zf]wgafbL kf6L{af6 lab|f]x u/L ev{/
dfq gof qmflGtsf/L kf6L{ lgdf{0f u/Lsf] s''/f atfP . plgx?n] cfkmgf] kf6L{sf]
Oltxf;, g]kfnL hgo'4n] Toxfsf] kf6L{ / hgtfnfO{ kf/]sf] k|efasf laifodf klg
rrf{ u/] . sd/]8 uf}/en] of]6f qmflGtsf/L kf6L{x'g qmflGtsf/Lx?n] ;}4flGts
k|Zgdf k|Z6x'g' kg]{ s"/fdf hf]8 lbg' eof] . h]g]efdf lbgsf] cfltYotfsf] ;df/f]x kZrft laZj hg k|lt/f]w
cfGbf]ng / :jLh/Nof08 sDo'lgi6 kf6L{sf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf cfof]lht ;femsf]
cGt/lqmof sfo{qmddf ;xeflu x'g' eof] . pQm sfo{qmddf o'/f]kLog, t'sL{;,
g]kfnL, nufot laleGg d'n'ssf dflg;x?sf] pkl:ylkt /x]sf] lyof] . cGt/lqmof
kZrft laleGg dflg;x?n] kf6L{sf] /fhg}lts sfo{ lbz, aftf{ / ;xdlt, cG/Ld
;+lawfg / ;/sf/ ;DalGw cf cfkmgf lh1f;fx? /fv]sf lyP . csf]{ sfo{qmd :jLh/Nof08sf] /fhwfgL a]g{df dfr{ @%df ;DkGg eof] . ;+o'Qm
g]kfnL df]rf{ o'/f]k, laZj hgk|tL/f]w cfGbf]ng, cGt/fli6«otfafbL g]kfnL
P]Soa4tf d+r sf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgdf eosf] pQm sfo{qmdsf] ;efkltTj ;+o'Qm g]kfnL
df]rf{ o'/f]ksf cWoIf z'/]Gb| e';fn n] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] / pb\wf]if0f g]kfnL
;dfh o's] sf cWoIf s0f{ zfxLn] ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . qmfo{qmdsf] lardf of}6f
qmflGtsf/L uLt k|:t't u/Lof] . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] zflGt / k|ultsf] sfdgf ub}{
rr{sf kfb/Laf6 k7fO{Psf] z'esfdgf kq klg pQm sfo{qmsf] lardf k9]/ ;'gfO{Psf]
lyof] . sd/]8 uf}/an] cfkmgf] l/xfO{sf nflu ;+3if{ ug]{ ;a} ;+3 ;+:yf /
dxfg'efax?df wGoafb AoQm ub}{ kf6L{sf] /fli6«o / cGt/fli6«o lgtLx?sf af/]df
la:t[t rrf{ ug'{ eof] . pkl:lyt hg;d'bfox?af6 g]kfnsf] at{dfg /fhg}lts l:ylt,
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ela:o, ;dfhafb / ;fDoafb ;DaGwL cg]s lh1f;fx? /fv]sf lyP . dfr{ @^ df sd/]8 uf}/en] :jLh/Nof08 l:lyt laleGg ;+3 ;+:yfx? ;+u
e]63f7 ug'{ eof] . :jL; Ph]G;L km/ l8e]nf]kd]G6 P08 sf]cf]k/]zg–P; 8L ;L sf]
k"aL{ ol;of laefusf pRr kb:y kbflwsf/L ;+u g]kfnsf] lasfz / ;xof]u
;DaGwL 5nkmn eof] . s/La Ps 306f ;Dd rn]sf] 5nkmnsf] qmddf g]kfnsf] lasfz
k|lt clwsf/Lx?sf] ;sf/fTds wf/0ff /x]sf] kfO{of] . To;} u/L csf]{ sfo{qmd :jL; kL;sf kbflwsf/Lx? ;+u /x]sf] lyfo] .
:jL; kL;sf kbflwsf/Lx?n] g]kfndf zflGtk"0f{ ls;Ldn] s;/L lgaf{rg ug{
;lsG5 eGg] laifodf lh1f;fx? /fv]sf lyP . T:t} u/L :jL; ;/sf/sf] km]8/n l8kf6{d]G6 ckm km/]g Plkmo;{,
kf]nL6Lsn l8eLhg $, Xodg ;]So'/L6Lsf pRr kb:t clwsf/L ;+u 5nkmn eof] .
5nkmnsf qmddf clwsf/Lx?n] g]kfnsf] zflGtk"0f lgsfzdf cfkm\gf] ;xof]u /x]sf]
atfo . To; kl5sf] sfo{qmd lyof] OG6Lro"6 ckm km]8/nLhd, o'lge/;L6L
ckm k|mLau{sf ;+lawfg ;DalGw la1 k|f]km];/ yf]d; kmNo]g/ ;+usf] s'/fsfgL .
k|f]km];/ kmNo]g/n] g]kfnL hgtfn] agfpg nfu]sf] ;+3fTds /fHo k'g;+/rgfsf nflu
g]skf dfcf]afbLn] s'g k|sf/sf] ;+lawfg lgdf{0f ug{ vf]h]sf] 5 eGg] s'/fsf]
lh1f;f /fVg' eof] . k|f]km;/sf] lh1f;f k'/f ub}{ s uf}/an] ;+3fTds /fHo
Aoa:yfsf] ;+/rfgsf] cfa:otf / aGg ;Sg] ;+lawfgsf 9frfsf af/]df rrf{ ug'{ eof]
. sd/]8 uf}/e :jh/Nof08sf sfo{qmd ;s] kl5 hd{g tkm{ nfUg' eof] , hd{gLdf ;DkGg sfo{qmdx? ======== hd{gLdf k|a]z u/]kl5 sd/]8 uf}/asf] klxnf] ?rL ;a{xf/f au{sf dxfg
bfz{lgs sfn{dfs{;sf] 3/ x]g]{ /Xof] . Ps b'O{ lbgsf] la>fd ;fy} sfn{
dfs;{sf] Pltxfl;s 3/ x]g]{ sfo{qmd cg';f/ Toxf k|:yfg ug'{ eof] . To; kl5 ;+o'Qm
g]kfnL df]rf{ o'/f]k, cGt/fli6«otfafbL g]kfnL P]Soa4tf d+r hd{gL, laZj
hgk|lt/f]w cfGbf]ng o'/f]ksf] cfof]hgfdf hd{gLsf k|mof+skm6{, anL{g /
Xofdau{df cGt/lqmof sfo{qmx? ;DkGg eP . anL{gsf] sfo{qmddf hd{gLsfnflu g]kfnL
/fhb'tsf] klg pkl:yLtL /x]sf] lyof] . dfr{ #!df hd{gLsf] cfly{s oa /fhg}lts /fhwflg dflgg]
k|m\of+skm6{df eAo cGt/lqmof sfo{qmd eof] . hd{g, t'sf{O{ efiffdf cg'afb
u/LPsf] sfo{qmddf s/La Ps ;o hgf /fhg}lts sfo{stf{x?sf] pkl:ytL /Xof] .
sfo{qmd df cfkmgf] dGtAo /fVb} s uf}/en] cd]/LsL ;fd|fHoafbn] ;fd|fHoafbL
ePs} sf/0f ef/t / rLgsf] lardf /x]sf] d'n's g]kfndfly x:tIfk u/L/x]sf] atfpg'
eof] . jxfn] g]kfnL /fhg}lts dfldnfdf Psflt/ cd]/LsL ;fd|fHoafb / csf]{lt/
lxGb' cltafbLx?n] g]kfnsf] kmf;LafbL /fhzfxLnfO{ l6sfpg rfx]sf] s'/f atfpg' eof]
. sd/]8 uf}/an] g] s kf dfcf]afbLn] ;lx /0flgtL / sfo{lgtLx? cVtLof/ ub}{
qmflGtsf/L cfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj u/]sf] rrf{ ub}{ eGg' eof], xfdLnfO{ /fd|f]
yfxf 5 ls g]kfndf ;kmn x'g] qmflGtn] laZje/sf s/f]8f} dflg;x?nfO{ pT;flxt
agfpg] 5 / lakmn eof] eg] klg laZje/s} s/f]8f} dflg;x?nfO{ lg?T;flxt agfpg] 5
. hd{gLsf] /fhwfgL anL{gdf ePsf] ck|]n ! sf] sfo{qmddf / hd{gLs}
k'/fgf] zx/ Xofdau{df ;DkGg ck|]n # sf] sfo{qmdf klg sd/]8 uf}/an] g]kfnL
hgqmflGtsf /0flgtL sfo{lgtL, clxn]sf] laZj kl/:yLtL, ;fd|fHoafbsf] ca:yf
cflbsf laifodf rrf{ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . anL{gsf] sfo{qmddf hd{lgsf nflu g]kfnL
/fhb"t nufPt Toxf cWog/t g]kfnL laWofyLx?sf] pkl:ytL lyof] . To:t} u/L
Xofdau{df ePsf] sfo{qmddf Toxf /x]sf tdfd g]kfnLx?sf] pk:yLlt lyof] . sd/]8 uf}/a a]nfot af6 :jLh/Nof08 cfpbf cGt/fli6«otfafbL g]kfnL
P]Soa4f d+rsL pkfWoIf zLnf xdfn] h'/Lr cGt/fli6|\o ladfg :yndf :jfut ug'{
ePsf] lyof] eg] Xodau{ cGt/fli6\|o ladfg :ynaf6 nf]stf+lqs u0ftf+lqs df]rf{
hd{lgsf ;+of]hs u+ufnfn >]i7n] lawfO{ ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . s+/]8 uf}/a ;LdLt o'/f]ksf] ! dlxgfsf] Ao:t sfo{qmd 5f]6\ofp+b}
ck|]n %df g]kfn kmsg' eof] . ;+o"Qm g]kfnL df]rf{,
o"/f]ksf] Ps ;+lIfKt kl/ro lai0f' e'h]n kl/l:ylthGo ljljw sf/0fx?n]
ubf{ g]kfnLx? nfdf] ;dob]lv k|jfl;g] qmd hf/L 5 / xfnsf lbgx?df t of] ;+Vof
XjfQ} j9\g k'u]sf] 5 . k|jfl;g]x? dWodf lemgf] ;+Vofdf cWoogsf nflu / cGo
Jojfl;os tflndx?sf nflu ePtf klg 7"nf] ;+Vofdf dhb'/Lsf nflu g} /x]sf
5g\ . b]zsf] ;+/rgnfO{ j'em\g g;Sbf jf j'em\g] rfxgfaf6 g} ljd"v x'g]
sf/0fn] ubf{ tyf ef}uf]lns sf/0fn] ubf{ ef/t jfx]s cGo d'n'sdf /x]sf
g]kfnLx?df Tolt /fhg}lts rf;f] /x]sf] b]lvb}g . h;n] ubf{ /fhg}lts ultljlw,
;+u7g lgdf{0f / lj:tf/df lgs} sl7gfO{ x'G5 . o;/L k|jfl;g] qmddf
g]kfndf /xbf g} jfdkGyL tyf k|ultzLn /fhlgltdf ;fd]n /x]sf JolQmx? klg
o"/f]ksf ljleGg b]zx?df :yfoL tyf c:yfoL j;f]jf; ul/ /x]sf 5g\ / g]kfnL
;fdfGtjfbL /fh;+:yfsf] cGTo u/L u0ftGq :yfkgfsf] nflu g]kfndf rln/x]s]f
cfGbf]ng k|lt nfdf] ;dob]lv JolQmut
?kdf tyf ;+ul7t ?kdf P]Soj4tf hfx]/ ub}{ cfO/]x]sf 5g\ . ljutsf lbgx?df hj g]kfnL /fh;+:yfsf] g]kfnL
hgtfnfO{ uf]nLn] e'6\g] zf]v lyof] / To;sf nflu g]kfnsf tTsflng k|wfgdGqLx?
xltof/ vl/b u/]/ g]kfnL hgtfsf] sTn]cfd ug]{ / csf]{tkm{ xltof/sf] vl/bdf
df]6f] /sd sldzg vfg] bfpdf lyP Toltj]nf o"/f]kjf;L k|ultlzn g]kfnLn]
7f]; ?kdf lj/f]w u/]sf lyP / cfGbf]ngn] 7"nf] ;kmntf klg xfl;n u/]sf]
lyof] . Psftkm{
g]=s=kf=-df]cfjfbL_ sf] g]t[Tjdf cufl8 jl9/x]sf g]kfnL hgo"4n] ;kmntf
xfl;n ub}{ uO/x]sf] lyof] / g]knfL hgtnfO{ c9fO ;o jif{ zf]if0f / pTkL8gdf
/fVg] ;fdfGtjfbL ;+/rgfx? Wj:t x'b} uO/x]sf lyP eg] csf]{ tkm{ ;fdfGtjfbLx?,
ltgsf bnfnx?, ;fd|fHojfbLx? tL dxfg\ g]kfnL 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ cft+ssf/Lsf] ljNnf
le/fP/ sTn]cfd ul//x]sf lyP . g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_n] p7fPsf gofF g]kfnsf]
cjwf/0ffnfO{ ljZj hg;d'bfosf] Wofgaf6 df]8L hgtfsf] pknJwLnfO{ e|dk"0f{
tj/af6 k|rf/k|;f/ ug{ tlNng lyP . l7s Tolt g} j]nf o"/f]kl:yt k|ultlzn
g]kfnLx? g]kfnL hgtfsf] qmflGtsf/L l:kl/6, To;n] xfl;n u/]sf pknJwLx? /
cGt/fli6«o hg;d'bfox?sf] e"ldsfsf] jf/]df k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{, g]kfnL
;fdfGtjfbL /fHo;Qfsf] kmfF;LjfbL bdgsf] lj/f]w ug{, o"/f]kl:yt
afdzlQmx?,k|ultzLnx? Tfyf Gofok|dL
hg;d'bfo;+u cGt/lqmof ug{, ;fd|fHojfbL / o;sf] x:tIf]ksf] lj/f]w u g{ tlNng
/x]sf lyP . dWoo"lug kmfF;LjfbL
jj{/ bdg /x]sf] 6sL{sf] :tfgj'ndf bzf}+ xhf/ qmflGtsf/L tyf k|ultlznx?sf]
jLrdf g]kfnL hgo'4sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ xf];\, 1fg] zfxLsf] kmfF;LjfbL sbdsf]
?kdf lrlgPsf] km]j|'j/L ! nfO{ sfnf] lbgsf] ?kdf lj/f]w k|b{zg ug{
o"/f]ksf] /fhwfgL j|;]N;l:yt o"/f]lkog o"lgog cufl8 xf];\,
o"/f]lkog o"lgogn] g]kfn ;DjGwL l/hf]No';g kf; ubf{ hgklIfo x'g'
kb{5 eg]/ o"/f]lkog o"lgogsf dGqL tyf ;f+;bx?;Fu cGt/lqmof ug{
xf];\, o"/f]lkog ;f]l;on kmf]/ddf pkl:yt
nfvf}+ ;fd|fHojfb lj/f]wL hg;d'bfodf g]kfnL hgo'4sf] k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{
xf];\, g]kfnL hgo'4 k|lt P]Soj4tf hfx]/ ug{ ljleGg kf6L{ tyf ;+u7gx?n]
cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{qmdx?df efu lng
xf];\ tyf g]kfnL tyf cGo k|jf;Lx?sf xslxtsf nflu n8\g xf];\, o"/f]kl:yt
k|ultlzn g]kfnLx?sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . o"/f]kl:yt k|ultlzn
g]kfnLx?n] g]kfnL hgtfsf] d"lQmo'4df o"/f]kl:yt qmflGtsf/L tyf
k|ultlznx?nfO{ PSoj4tf hfx]/ u/fpg / To;df k|ToIf ;xefuL u/fpg] sfddf
dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf 5g\ . pgLx?n] g]kfnsf] ljs6 kxf8L lhNnf
?s'd / /f]Nkf hf]8\g] zlxb dfu{ lgdf{0f ug{ ;xeflu u/fpg], hg c:ktfndf
k|lzIf0f lbg] tyf tL pknJwLx?nfO{ / tL qmflGtsf/L ljrf/nfO[ o"/f]lkog
hg;d'bfo dfem k|rf/ k|;f/ u/fpg] sfddf
;d]t dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgefPsf 5g\ . xf] To:t} r]tglzn sfddf
;f+u7lgs tyf JolQmut ?kdf o"/f]ksf ljleGg b]zsf lqmoflzn jfdkGyL tyf
k|ultlznx?sf] ;femf ;+u7g xf], ;+o'Qm
g]kfnL df]rf{ o"/f]k . ljZj ;j{xf/f ju{sf] Ps 6's'8L g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_
sf] dfn]dfjfb / k|r08kyLo ljrf/ >[v+nfn] h'g gofF g]kfnsf] cjwf/0f jg]sf]
5, / To;sf] ;lx cy{df sfof{Gjog, nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] :yfkgfsf] h'g cfGbf]ng
rln/x]s]f 5, To;nfO{ x/t/xn] P]Soj4tf hgfpg of] ;+u7g lqmoflzn /xg] 5 .
jf:tjdf ;+o"Qm g]kfnL
df]rf{ o"/f]kn] g]skf –dfcf]jfbL_sf] g]t[Tjdf ;+rflnt hgcfGbf]ng / cGo
Gofo k|]dL cfGbf]ngx?nfO{ lsg P]sa4tf hfx]/ ub{5 t< g]kfn xfn cfP/ PSsfO;f}+ ztfJbLdf gofF g]kfn lgdf{0f ug{ /fli6«o d'lQmsf
nflu qmflGt u/L ljZjsf zf]lift lkl8t hg;d'bfonfO{ ;d]t dfu{ lgb]{zg ug]{
lbofnf]sf] ?kdf kl/lrt ePsf] 5 . ;dfh jlu{o 5 / ju{x?sf
ljrdf ;+3if{ rln/xG5, ;+3if{ Tolt j]nf;Dd rln/xG5, hltj]nf;Dd ju{sf] cGTo
x'Fb}g, cflv/ wgL / u/Lj ju{sf], zf]ifs / zf]lift ju{sf], dhb"/ / dflns
ju{sf,] pTkL8s / pTkLl8t ju{sf] jLrsf] ;+3if{nfO{ prfO{df k'¥ofO{ >dhLlj
ju{sf] sJhfdf ;Qf /xg] / b]zsf] ;Dk"0f{ k"FhLnfO{ /fli6«os/0f u/]/
;dfhjfbL ;Qfdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ sl8nfO{ j'‰g cToGt h?/L 5 . cfb{zjfbL lxGb"
bz{gn] pTkLl8t xfd|f] g]kfnL ;dfhdf ;dfg cj;/ kfPsf] v08df ;j} gful/sx? /fHo
lgdf{0fdf ;xefuL x'g ;S5g eGg] s'/f g} kbf{ k5fl8 /fVg ;fdGtjfbLx? /
gf]s/zfxL bnfn k"FhLkltx? nfdf] ;do;Dd ;kmn /x]sf 5g\ . zf]ifs / clehft
ju{sf] sJhfdf ;Qf /x]sf] sf/0faf6 hglxt ljkl/tdfq gLlt lgdf{0f ul/g] x'gfn]
;dfhsf] k"g;+/rgf tkm{ geP/ b]zsf] gful/ssf] eljio skf]nslNkt zlQmsf]
xftdf x/sf] j'emfpg] cfb{zjfbL lzIffn] JolQmnfO{ b]z ;dfhk|lt k"0f{
u}/lhDd]jf/ jgfO{ wg;Dklt cfh{g ug'{ g} hLjgsf] Ps dfq nIo xf] eGg] jfWofTds
l:ylt v8f u/fOlbPsf] 5 . l:ylt o:tf] v8f ul/Ptf klg ;Dk"0f{ gful/snfO{
To;} p2]Zodf klg k'Ug g;Sg] ul/ c;Ifd agfpg] pTkL8gd"ns gLlt b]zdf nfu'
5 . kmn:j?k xfdL g]kfnL gful/sx? u/Lj b]zsf wgL gful/s
jGg] ;kgfdf clNdlnPsf 5f}+, h'g ljMNs'n c;Dej 5 . olb s;}n] wgL jGg] ;kgf
b]V5 eg] ToxfF csf]{ sf]xL ul/j x'G5 eGg] ;f]em} j'em\g' kg]{ x'G5, Tof] g}
oyfy{ xf] / 4G4jfb xf] . sf]xL ul/j eP klg l7s} 5 , d cfkm" jGg' k5{,
wgL x'g' k5{ eGg' g} ;fdfGtjfbL ;f]r xf] / Tof] ;f]r ef}lts ?kn] dfq geO{
dfgl;s ?kdf g} x6fpg' g} ;dfgtfsf] bz{g x'G5 / ;dfhjfbL ljZj b[li6sf]0f
x'G5g\ . To;}n] ;j} ;dfg x'g' kb{5, ;j} ;Ifd x'g' kb{5, ,z]fif0f pTkL8g x'g'
x'b}g eg]/ n8]/ dfq x'b}g To;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;fFrf] cy{df n8\g]x?sf]
xftdf g} ;Qf x'g' / ;Qf ;+rfng x''g h?/L 5 . oxfF :ki6 x'g' kg]{ s'/f
s] 5 eg] u/Lj ju{nfO{ / zf]if0f / bdg ug]{sf nflu jg]sf ;Qfx? ;lhn} 9N5g\ t < lxhf] g]kfnL
;dfhsf] ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf k"g{;+/rgf ug'{ kb{5 eg]/ cfGbf]ng ug]{
g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ lsg e"ldut x'g' k/\of] / g]kfnsf] k|ltlqmofjfbL
;/sf/n] tyf ljZjsf ;fd|fHojfbL / ltgsf
lk5nUu' ;/sf/x?n] pgLx?nfO{ cfts+sf/Lsf] ljNnf le/fof] / !# xhf/ g]kfnL
xf]gxf/ 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] xTof u/\of] . olb lo ;fdfGtjfb / To;sf] bnfnL ;/sf/x?
g]kfnL ;dfhsf] k"g{;+/rgf ug{ !@ jif{ klxnf g} tof/ ePsf] eP g]kfnL
hgtfn] oqf] g/;+xf/ b]Vg kb}{GYof] . g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ nf]stflGqs u0ftflGqs
g]kfn jgfpg] zt{df zflGtk"0f{ ;+qmd0fdf cfPsf] klg Ps jif{ ljlt;s]sf] 5
. g]kfnL ;dfhsf] k"g{;+/rgf eof] t < b]z nf]stflGqs u0ftGqdf uof] t
< lj8Djgf t s] 5 eg] ;fdfGtL /fh;+:yfsf] cGTo ug]{, ;fdGtjfbL ;+/rgfx?sf]
cGTo ug]{, bnnf k"hLkltx?sf] cGTo ug]{, ljljw ?kdf /x]sf]
zf]if0fd"ns ;dfhsf] cGTo ug]{ g]kfnL hgtfsf] rfxgfdf km]/L t'iff/f]
k/]sf] 5 . clk|n cfGbf]ng ePsf] ! jif{ ljlt;Sbf klg ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg
x'g g;Sg', nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff x'g g;Sg' j? /fh;+:yfnfO{ hf]ufO{
/fVg if8\oGq eO/fVg'n] o;sf] k'li6 ePsf] 5 . g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ;fFrf]
cy{df k"g{;+/rgf ug]{ xf] eg] / To;sf] nflu ;j} /fhg}lts bnx? tof/ ePsf
x'g\ eg] To;sf] z'?jft cfkm}+af6 lsg z'? gug]{< bnx?sf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf
;/sf/df ;fd]n ePsf g]tfx?n] cfkm\gf] ;DklQ /fli6«os/0f lsg gug]{ < To;}ul/
/fi6« lxtdf ;Dk"0f{ kf6L{sf sfo{stf{nfO nufpg / pgLx?df ;fdflhs efjgfsf]
ljsf; u/fpg g]tfx? g} pbfx/0f jGg] ls gjGg] < nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf]
/y lo / o:t} cxd\ ;jfnx?df g}
/f]lsPsf] 5 . cj of] /y s;/L cufl8 j9\g
;S5 t < ;j} nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] kIfdf v/f] plqPsf b]lvG5g\ . ;j}nfO{ Tof]
rflxPsf] 5 / ;j} /fhg}lts bnx? To;}sf] nflu u[xsfo{df Jo:t 5f}+ eg]sf 5g\, t/
crDd nfUbf] s'/f nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff ug{ plgx? lsg lxlRsrfPsf 5g\ . of] t To;} cfpg] xf]Og /
gfd km]/]/ x'g] xf]Og, To;sf] nflu s]xL kl/jt{g x'g' kb{5 . kl/jt{g sxFFaf6 x'g] xf] < lglZro klg /fhg}lts kf6L{x? / To;sf
g]t[Tjaf6 x'g' k/\of] lg Û g]kfnL
hgtfsf nflu cfhLjg n8]sf g]tfx? g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfly{s x}ltotsf] j/fj/L eP/ j:g]
ls gj:g] < ,b]zsf] ljsf; ug{sf nlfu :j3f]lift g]tfx? hgtfsf] ljsf;sf nlfu
cfˆgf] ;DklQ hgtfnfO{ jf8\g] ls gjf8\g] < olb of] k|Zgdf km};nf x'gf;fy
u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff l5§} x'g]5 / ;+:yfut klg x'g]5 . g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ n]
eg]h:t} ;j} hgtf ;dfg eP/ jfFrg' kb{5 / /fhg}lts bn / To;sf g]tf tyf
sfo{stf{x? ;j} hgtfsf] cfly{s x}l;ot j/fj/ x'g' kb{5 . g]kfnL ;dfhdf laWodfg
juL{o,hftLo,If]qLo tyf ln+uLo ;d:ofx?sf] a}1flgs ?kdf xn ug{ ;j} bnx? tof/ ePdf
zflGtk"0f{ ?kn] g]kfn cu|udgdf hfg]5 . cGTodf l9nf] rf8f] g]kfnL
hgtfn] h;/L eP klg g]tfsf] x}l;otnfO{ hgtfsf] x}l;otdf Nofpg] 5g\ / g]kfnL
hgtfn] g} nf]stflGqs u0ftGq 3f]if0ff ug]{5g\ . ;Dkfbssf] tkm{af6 M g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ / ;ft /fhg}lts bnx? ;fdGtjfbL /fhtGqsf] cGTo ub}{
g]kfnnfO{ nf]stflGqs u0ftflGqs Joj:yfdf n}hgfsf nflu xfn Ps} d~rdf plqPsf 5g\
. b]lzo k|ltlqmofjfb / ljZj ;fd|fHojfbnfO{[ cfˆgf] zlQmsf] kl/ro lbb}+ u0ftGq
:yfkgfsf nflu g]kfnL hgtfn] cfGbf]ngnfO{ pTsif{df k'¥ofPsf] Ps jif{
ljlt;s]sf] 5 . g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfjZostf / rfxgf tyf ljZj hg;d'bfosf] cfzfsf]
s]Gb| gofF g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f xfn cfP/ l;km{ cfzfdf g} l;ldt ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ljleGg
/fhg}lts bnx? / To; leq /x]sf] k|ltlqmofjfbL tyf ltgsf bnfnx?n] ljutdf g]kfnL
hgtfnfO{ wf]vf38L ub}{ cfPsf] ;a{lalwt} 5 . ;ft /fhg}lts bnx?sf]
u0ftGqk|ltsf] c:ki6 wf/0ff, ljZj ;fd|fHojfb / g]kfnL /fhtGqsf] if8oGq cflbn]
ubf{ g]kfn cu|udgdf hfg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . o:tf] cj:yfdf g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_sf]
e"ldsf lgZro g} cem} j9]/ uPsf] 5 . bz aif{sf] hgo'4n] k}bf u/]sf]
hgzlQmn] ca zflGtk"0f{ tj/af6 u0ftGqsf]
3f]if0ff u/fpgsf] nflu k|of;/t g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ nfO{ p;sf] /fhg}lts
nrstfsf] kmfO{bf p7f+b} ;fdGtL / ;fd|fHoafbLx?n] u/]sf if8\oGqk"0f{
xs{tsf sf/0f cfd g]kfnL hgtfdf Ps k|sf/sf] z+sf plJh/x]sf] 5 . cfˆgf] :yfkgf sfn b]lv g}
g]=s=kf=-dfcf]jfbL_ n] g]t[Tj u/]sf] hgo"4nfO{ PSo]j4tf hfx]/ ub}{
cfPsf] ;+o'Qm g]kfnL df]rf{ o"/f]kn] g]kfnsf] /fhg}lts cj:yf, To;sf
;Defjgf / r\gf}ltsf jf/]df o"/f]kl:yt k|jf;L g]kfnLx?, cGo /fhg}lts
zlQmx? tyf cGo hg;d'bfox?df k|rf/ k|;f/ ub}{ cfO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] g]kfnL hgtfx?
ljZjsf] h'g;'s} s'gfdf /x]tf klg /fi6« lgdf{0fsf nflu ;+ul7t eP/ ;+3if{lzn
x'g' kb{5 / ;fFFrf] cy{df ;+3if{lzn /x]df b]zsf] cfGbf]ng;Fu Psfsf/ x'g ;lsG5
/ g]kfnL hgtfsf] cfGbf]ngnfO{ plgx?sf] dgf]j}1flgs phf{ lbg] vfnsf ;+3if{sf
sfo{qmdx? Ufg{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . k|jf;L g]kfnLx?sf cfˆgf xs
lxtsf nflu klg ;+ul7t eP/ 7f]; ;+3if{ ub}{ cfO/x]sf] o; ;+u7gsf] g]t[Tjdf
;+o"Qm g]kfnL df]rf{, o"/f]k dfl;s j'n]l6g k|sflzt ul/Psf] 5 .
;+o'Qm g]kfnL df]rf{, o"/f]ksf ultljlwx?nfO[ ;s];Dd ;Dk"0f{ ?kdf o;
dfkm{t k|sfzg ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/g] 5 . ;fy} pknJw /fhg}lts n]vx?, k|ultlzn
/rgfx? c+u|]hL efiffsf n]v tyf /rgfx? klg ;jfj]z ul/g]5 . नेपालको शान्ति प्रक्रियामा अमेरिकी साम्राज्यवाद तथा घरेलु प्रतिक्रियावाद बाधक डा. कृष्ण प्र. अर्याल आजसम्मका राजनैतिक घटनाक्रमलाई विश्लेशण गर्दा नेपालको सामन्ती राजतन्त्रसित अमेरिकी साम्राज्यवादको लगनगाठो कति धेरै कस्सिएकोरहेछ भन्ने कुरा बुझ्न अब कुनैपनि नेपालीका लागि गाह्रो बिषय रहेन। नेकपा (मा |
